_____________ D eoxyribo- N ucleic A cid A ladder twisted Double helix.
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Transcript of _____________ D eoxyribo- N ucleic A cid A ladder twisted Double helix.
_____________Deoxyribo-Nucleic Acid
A ladder
twisted
Double helix
DNA makes up genes that determines the ______ of all living things….such as:
traits
Eye color, skin color, texture, freckles, hair color, style…etc
Makes up _____________
Controls ____________
Forms _______________________
Found in the __________ of all cells
GENES
TRAITS
CHROMOSOMES
NUCLEUS
The code is found in the
“________” of the ladder.
Each rung is a combination of ______ ________________ bonded together.
The Nitrogen bases are:
C = CYTOSINE
G = GUANINE
T = THYMINE
A = ADENINE
RUNGS
2 nitrogen bases
“A” bonds ONLY with “___”
“C” bonds ONLY with “___”
A
T
C G
T A
A
C
T
G
G C
C
T A
GThis goes on for the entire length of the DNA molecule, which consists of __________ of nitrogen bases.
T
G
billions
The ____________________ in DNA will determine what the trait is.
“O W L” means
If you change the letters to
“L O W”
it no longer means…
However…
For example: Lets take a look at the letters of the alphabet…
sequence of letters
“A predatory bird”
“A predatory bird”
Since DNA consists of billions of nitrogen bases, the amount of variation among organisms is HUGE. If you change only one letter, the entire code will be changed, and therefore the organism will be different!!
•DNA makes up a _______________.
•Chromosomes are found in the nucleus of every cell in the body!!
chromosome
A gene is a
________________________that codes for one __________________.
There are about __________ genes in an entire DNA molecule
geneSmall piece
Of DNA
specific
trait
30,000
(Physical trait)
ribosomenucleus
RNA is a “__________” molecule. It helps carry the DNA code to the __________ so it can make the protein.
Skin color/texture
Eye color/shape
Height
Bone density
Hair texture
Etc…
DNA contains the code for what protein will be made by the cell
helper
ribosome
•When the sequence of letters is changed. Since the code no longer reads the correct way, the cell does not make the correct protein.
•Consequently, a different trait may appear.
•They are usually BAD
Oops!!
1. What does DNA mean? _____________________________________
2. Suppose one side of a DNA molecule had the bases
A-A-G-T-C- G- A-T-G-G-C-A-C-C. What would the other side of the DNA look like? ____________________________________________
3. What is the function of RNA? _____________________________
4. What is a mutation? ______________________________________
5. What term best describes what a DNA looks like? _________________
6. Explain the relationship between DNA, chromosomes, and genes?
__________________________________________________________
7. If everyone consists of only 4 nitrogen bases (A-T-C-G), why are no two people alike? __________________________________
8. How many chromosomes does a human have? ___________
9. How many genes does a human have? ___________
10. Therefore, approximately how many genes are on a single chromosome? ______
11. If 24% of a DNA molecule is Adenine, what percent would be…
Thymine = ____% Guanine= _____% Cytosine= _____%
Deoxyribo-nucleic acid
T-T-C-A-G-C--
T-A-C-C-G-T-G-Gcarry the DNA code to the ribosome
A random change in the DNA code
Double helix
A chromosomes is made up of DNA, which is consists of about 30,000 genes
bc it’s the sequence of nitogen bases that makes us different46
About 30,000
~ 650
24 26 26
DNA MOLECULE
_______________(SHAPE)
SIDE PARTS RUNG PARTS
___________ ___________
___________
& ___________
___________ ___________
What is the difference between a cell, nucleus, chromosome, genes, and DNA?
How are they related?
WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN…
Cell: ________________________________
Nucleus: ________________________________
Chromosome: _________________________________
Gene(s): _____________________________________
DNA: ________________________________________
How are they related? ____________________________________________________________________________
A MUTATION is any _________________ in copying the DNA message.
CHANGE = WRONG ______________
A wrong base in the DNA gives the cell the wrong __________________.
If a cell has the wrong message, the wrong type of ________________ is made.
If the wrong protein is made, the wrong ________________ may appear.
CHANGE
BASE PAIR
MESSAGE
PROTEIN
TRAIT
1. Simple copying mistakes during cell reproduction
1. A mutation causes a change in an offspring’s traits only when it takes place in the ___________________ sex cells.
2. Chemicals
1. _______________
2. _______________
3. Radiation
1. _______________
2. _______________
__________________: Any agent that can cause alterations to DNA
PARENTS
NICOTINE
ASBESTOS
SUN
X-RAY
MUTAGEN
HELPFUL MUTATIONSHARMFUL MUTATIONS
Any trait that interferes with the ______________________
and _________________ of an organism.
Any trait that enhances an organisms ability to______________________
and _________________ in its _____________________.
REPRODUCTION
SURVIVAL
REPRODUCE
SURVIVE ENVIRONMENT
1. The term “clone” refers to organisms having ____________________
Two “clones” are exact _______________ of each other.
Same _______ = Same __________ = Same _________
2. Examples of clones:
a. _________________: form from the splitting of _____ fertilized egg
b. Clone organisms produced in ___________________
IDENTICAL DNA
copies
DNA GENES TRAITS
IDENTICAL TWINS ONE
LABORATORY
10
20
20
20
20
20
10
RemoveUnfertilized
Ovum
Destroy Nucleus
RemoveBody Cells
Insert Nucleus from Dark frog
into egg of Light frog