“ Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2010 Deviance 10e Chapter Thirteen: Privileged Deviance This...

“Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2010

Deviance 10eDeviance 10eDeviance 10eDeviance 10e

Chapter Thirteen: Chapter Thirteen: Privileged Deviance

This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law:• any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network;• preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any images;• any rental, lease, or lending of the program.

Alex ThioAlex ThioAlex ThioAlex Thio


IntroductionIntroduction

Privileged deviance can be divided into Privileged deviance can be divided into white-collar deviance, or corporate and white-collar deviance, or corporate and occupational deviance, and governmental occupational deviance, and governmental deviance deviance

Example: the head of Tyco Corporation Example: the head of Tyco Corporation stole $150 millionstole $150 million


What is White-Collar Deviance?What is White-Collar Deviance?

Sutherland: crime committed by "the Sutherland: crime committed by "the upper, white-collar class, which is upper, white-collar class, which is composed of respectable, or at least composed of respectable, or at least respected, business and professional respected, business and professional men." men."

Also includes corporations participating in Also includes corporations participating in deviant activities deviant activities


Corporate DevianceCorporate Deviance

Corporate devianceCorporate deviance takes place in takes place in corporations; it is carried out for benefit corporations; it is carried out for benefit of the company or an individual; the of the company or an individual; the FOUR major types of deviance inlude:FOUR major types of deviance inlude:

1.1. Deviance against employeesDeviance against employees2.2. Deviance against customers Deviance against customers 3.3. Deviance against the GovernmentDeviance against the Government4.4. Deviance against the environment Deviance against the environment


A Social Profile of Corporate A Social Profile of Corporate CrooksCrooks

In 2002 alone, corporate crooks were In 2002 alone, corporate crooks were responsible for devaluing their responsible for devaluing their companies by $530 billion and costing companies by $530 billion and costing 162,000 jobs162,000 jobs

Most famous: Kenneth Lay of Enron; top Most famous: Kenneth Lay of Enron; top executives at Arthur Anderson; founder of executives at Arthur Anderson; founder of AdelphiaAdelphia


A Social Profile of Corporate A Social Profile of Corporate Crooks – cont.Crooks – cont.

Typical illegal practices: Typical illegal practices: moving corporate headquarters to avoid moving corporate headquarters to avoid

taxestaxes overpaying executivesoverpaying executives stacking the Board of Directorsstacking the Board of Directors giving money to candidates of both parties giving money to candidates of both parties

to ensure government favor and tax breaksto ensure government favor and tax breaks


Occupational DevianceOccupational Deviance

White-collar crime committed by employees for White-collar crime committed by employees for individual gain is usually less costly than that individual gain is usually less costly than that committed by corporations, but still far more costly committed by corporations, but still far more costly than street crimesthan street crimes

It is estimated that as many as 60% of American It is estimated that as many as 60% of American employees may steal from their employers if the employees may steal from their employers if the opportunity is presentedopportunity is presented

Embezzlement: Embezzlement: stealing of money; costs as much as stealing of money; costs as much as $27.2 billion in one year (commercial banks lose five $27.2 billion in one year (commercial banks lose five times as much to embezzlers as armed robbers). times as much to embezzlers as armed robbers).


Occupational Deviance – cont.Occupational Deviance – cont.

Financial frauds are very prevalentFinancial frauds are very prevalent tax evasiontax evasion securities fraudsecurities fraud

Deviance in the professions is those acts committed during Deviance in the professions is those acts committed during the course of the individual's occupationthe course of the individual's occupation

medical misconduct – fee splitting, unnecessary surgery medical misconduct – fee splitting, unnecessary surgery and fraudulent payment claimsand fraudulent payment claims

lawyerly lawlessness – overcharging, and intentionally lawyerly lawlessness – overcharging, and intentionally causing delays in courtcausing delays in court

accounting abuses – assisting clients in falsifying accounting abuses – assisting clients in falsifying deductions during auditsdeductions during audits


What Makes White-Collar What Makes White-Collar Deviance Unique?Deviance Unique?

Use of power, influence, or respectability Use of power, influence, or respectability to minimize detectionto minimize detection

Rational execution to maximize profitsRational execution to maximize profits Non-criminal self-imageNon-criminal self-image Victim's unwitting cooperationVictim's unwitting cooperation Society is relatively indifferentSociety is relatively indifferent


Causes of White-Collar Causes of White-Collar Deviance Deviance

Three reason why some people are more Three reason why some people are more likely than other to be deviant:likely than other to be deviant:

1.1. Stronger criminal motivation (greed is Stronger criminal motivation (greed is stronger than fear)stronger than fear)

2.2. Great criminal opportunityGreat criminal opportunity

3.3. Weaker social control (lax law Weaker social control (lax law enforcement)enforcement)


Governmental DevianceGovernmental Deviance

Many public officials abuse their power in a variety Many public officials abuse their power in a variety of waysof ways

Official devianceOfficial deviance: abuse of power by : abuse of power by governmental officials or politicians running for governmental officials or politicians running for officeoffice

Political corruptionPolitical corruption: abuse of power for personal : abuse of power for personal gaingain

Election improprieties include the illegal or Election improprieties include the illegal or unethical means used to win electionsunethical means used to win elections

Official violence against citizens has a long history Official violence against citizens has a long history


Global Perspective: Official Global Perspective: Official CorruptionCorruption

Official corruption is very common Official corruption is very common around the world, and especially in around the world, and especially in poorer countries, where corruption of poorer countries, where corruption of public officials is seen as normalpublic officials is seen as normal

Causes of official corruption:Causes of official corruption:1.1. povertypoverty2.2. large populations large populations 3.3. lack of democracylack of democracy


Official Ways of Neutralizing Official Ways of Neutralizing Deviance Deviance

Official deviants practice “the ritual of Official deviants practice “the ritual of wiggle”wiggle”

Continually deny that wrongdoing has Continually deny that wrongdoing has occurredoccurred

Ignore the devianceIgnore the deviance Accusing the accuserAccusing the accuser Promising an investigationPromising an investigation Claim the action was necessary Claim the action was necessary


Causes of Governmental Causes of Governmental DevianceDeviance

Abundance of ambiguous lawsAbundance of ambiguous laws Complex nature of the government; lack Complex nature of the government; lack

of information (greater complexity leads of information (greater complexity leads to greater confusion and diminished to greater confusion and diminished awareness that deviance is being awareness that deviance is being committed) and responsibilitycommitted) and responsibility

“ Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2010 Deviance 10e Chapter Thirteen: Privileged Deviance This...

Documents

Transcript of “ Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2010 Deviance 10e Chapter Thirteen: Privileged Deviance This...