1. 1. 92 : , ?
2. 2. 1976 7 27 M7.5 ~255 ( : 65)
3. 3. 2004 12 26 M9.1 28 [figure credit: M. Ishii]
4. 4. 2008 5 12 M7.9 87,000
5. 5. 2010 1 12 M7.0 Before After 31
6. 6. 2011 3 11 M9.0 2
7. 7. 2015 4 25 M7.8 ~7800 []
8. 8. Date UTC Location Deaths Mag 1556 01 23 Shaanxi (Shensi), China 830,000 ~8 1976 07 27 Tangshan, China 255,000 (official) 655,000 (known) 7.5 2010 01 12 Haiti region 316000 7.0 1138 08 09 Syria, Aleppo 230000 2004 12 26 Sumatra 227,898 9.1 856 12 22 Iran, Damghan 200,000 1920 12 16 Haiyuan, Ningxia (Ning-hsia), China 200,000 7.8 893 03 23 Iran, Ardabil 150000 1923 09 01 Kanto (Kwanto), Japan 142,800 7.9 1948 10 05 Ashgabat (Ashkhabad), Turkmenistan (Turkmeniya, USSR) 110,000 7.3 1290 09 27 China, Chihli 100,000 2008 05 12 Eastern Sichuan, China 87,587 7.9 2005 10 08 Pakistan 86,000 7.6 1667 11 Caucasia, Shemakha 80,000 1727 11 18 Iran, Tabriz 77,000 1908 12 28 Messina, Italy 72,000 7.2 1970 05 31 Chimbote, Peru 70,000 7.9 1755 11 01 Portugal, Lisbon 70,000 8.7 1693 01 11 Italy, Sicily 60,000 7.5 1268 Asia Minor, Silicia 60,000 1990 06 20 Western Iran 40,000 to 50,000 7.4 1783 02 04 Italy, Calabria 50,000
9. 9. (5-15 km ) , . .
10. 10. [Minoura et al., 2001] : 600-1300 : 3000-6000 years (Zhang et al., 2008) 2011 M9.0 2008 M7.9
11. 11. [USGS] Seismic intensity expected in 50 years with a probability of 10 % [ERI]
12. 12. : , [Schaff and Richards, 2004] - Repeating earthquakes in China - Periodic occurrence mechanism
13. 13. [Bird, 2003]
14. 14. ? Red: h35 km yellow: 35
15. 15. []
16. 16. (1978-2011) [Houng and Hong, 2013, BSSA]
17. 17. [, 2008]
18. 18. : , , ,
19. 19. [, 13, 5 15 Seismic intensity: 8-9 , , , , , , , , , () () . () , () , , , () . () . [KMA]
20. 20. [, 1, 5 23 Seismic intensity: 8 , , , , , : , , , , , , : , , , , , , . . () . , . , () . ()() ., (), . , . [KMA]
21. 21. (1392-1904) (1978-2011) vs [Houng and Hong, 2013, BSSA]
22. 22. (1392-1904) [Houng and Hong, 2013, BSSA]
23. 23. [Hong et al., 2015, PEPI] [USGS]
24. 24. Events with M>=4.9 during 1978-2012: 7 Events with M>=4.9 for 1 year since 2013: 3
25. 25. ( ) [Hong et al., 2015, PEPI]
26. 26. [figure credit: ]
27. 27. [Satake, 2007] [figure credit: ] (, 2011) 1940 8 2 10 10 7.5 , : 2m 1964 6 16 7.5 , : 0.3~0.4m 1983 5 26 , 3, 2 80 44 4 7.7 3~4m 1993 7 12 35 4 7.8 : 0.8~2.5m [figure credit: ] 1983 M7.7
28. 28. 1983 M7.7 ( ) 5 10 . 3.6~4 [figure credit: ]
29. 29. () () 15(1415) 4 5 () 1415.05.13 () . () () 5, 13 , 5,6, , () () . () () 5,6 , 5,60 , 40 . , . 21(1643) 6 9 () 1643.07.24 . ()()() () () () . () . . 9 , 10 . . 13 , , 1,2 . 6 , , 1,2 . , . 9(1668) 6 23 () 1668.07.31 , . ( ), ()()()()( )()(), ()(), (), ()() . () () , . , . [, 2011]
30. 30. [Choi, Hong, He and Baag, 2012, Tectonophysics]
31. 31. [Choi, Hong, He and Baag, 2012, Tectonophysics] [Oh, 2006]
32. 32. Geodetic measurement [Liu et al., 2007] [Hong and Choi, 2012, Tectonophysics]
33. 33. 6-7km : / : 2744 m : 5 km : 4.4 km, 3.3 km : 370 m, : 20 [figure credit: W. Kim] /
34. 34. [figure credit: W. Kim] VEI 7 * VEI: Volcanic Explosivity Index
35. 35. 10 [Horn and Schmincke, 2000] - Distribution of tephra [Zou, 2010] -
36. 36. No more our own concern! [Science, 2010]
37. 37. [Zhao et al., 2009]
38. 38. [Song et al., 2007][Hill et al., 2002]
39. 39. [figure credit: YS Lee]
40. 40. 1985: , 1 ( 3 km , ) 1999: 365 , 1 ( , ) 2002 : 15 ( )
41. 41. [Wu et al., 2005]
42. 42. [Hetland et al., 2004]
43. 43. ? [Zhang et al., 2002]
44. 44. [USGS]San Andreas Fault Zone Observatory at Depth (SAFOD)
45. 45. 2009 4 6 M6.3 : 308 , 11000 4
46. 46. ( ) ( , , ). , . ( ). . .