სემიოტიკა #6

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saqarTvelos semiotikis sazogadoebasaqarTvelos semiotikis sazogadoebasaqarTvelos semiotikis sazogadoebasaqarTvelos semiotikis sazogadoebasaqarTvelos semiotikis sazogadoeba

semiotikis kvlevis centrisemiotikis kvlevis centrisemiotikis kvlevis centrisemiotikis kvlevis centrisemiotikis kvlevis centri

s e m i o t i k as e m i o t i k as e m i o t i k as e m i o t i k as e m i o t i k asamecniero Jurnalisamecniero Jurnalisamecniero Jurnalisamecniero Jurnalisamecniero Jurnali

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S E M I O T I C SSCIENTIFIC JOURNAL

Tbilisi

Tbilisi2009

2

mTavari redaqtori

cira barbaqaZe

guCa kvaracxelia

zurab kiknaZe

mixeil qurdiani

merab RaRaniZe

emzar jgerenaia

nodar ladaria

manana kvaWantiraZe

zaza SaTiriSvili

daviT andriaZe

zaal kikviZe

mamuka biWaSvili

UDC 81´22

dagvikavSirdiT: E-mail: [email protected]

ISSN 1512-2409

© semiotikis kvlevis centri 2009

saredaqcio sabWo

Editor-in-ChiefTsira Barbakadze

Gucha KvaratskheliaZurab KiknadzeMikheil KurdianiMerab GhaghanidzeEmzar JgerenaiaNodar LadariaManana KvachantiradzeZaza ShatirishviliDavit AndriadzeZaal KikvidzeMamuka Bichashvili

Editorial Board

redaqtorebi

Tamar berekaSvili

Tamar lomiZe

izabela qobalava

xaTuna maisaSvili

Editors

Tamar BerekashviliTamar LomidzeIzabela KobalavaKhatuna Maisashvili

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S i n a a r s i

enisa da literaturis semiotika

cira barbaqaZe

mzis semiotika poeziaSi 7

konstantine bregaZe

galaktioni da novalisi 26

irakli cxvediani

jeimz joisis “ulise~: teqsti da struqtura 38

Tamar lomiZe

meoreuli semantika poetur teqstSi 55

kulturis semiotika

xaTuna maisaSvili

samSoblo, eri-saxelmwifo da qarTuli elitebi 66

irakli mWedliSvili

sivrcobrivi forma da ori mTavari metafora 80

izabela petriaSvili

metafora da politikuri diskursis pragmatika 95

mamuka surmava

arawminda gonebis kritikis bunebisTvis, m. fuko _

frankfurtis skola 105

arqiteqturis semiotika

guram yifiani, nodar amaSukeli

“mowesrigebuli qaosi~ qarTul arqiteqturaSi 120

semiotika da kritika

daviT andriaZe

xelaxali RENDEZ-VOUS (kultursemiologiuri

kontaminaciebi) 140

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dalila bedianiZe

lia sturuas Semoqmedeba da folklori 150

mirian ebanoiZe

teqsti da realoba (venis arSia) 157

giorgi kekeliZe

ararsebuli sazRvrebis gamo 163

nona kupreiSvili

enobrivi orientaciidan kulturis

orientaciamde 186

cira kilanava

“qalaqi, sadac ver ipoves adamiani” 195

malxaz xarbedia

cinikuri sibrZne 205

nana trapaiZe

teqstis gagebis Tanamedrove problemebi 209

reziumeebi inglisurad 214

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C O N T E N T S

Semiotics of Language and Literature

Tsira BarbakadzeThe Sun Semiotics in Poetry 214

Konstantine BregadzeGalaktion and Novalis 215

Irakli TskhvedianiJames Joyce’s Ulysses: Texture and Structure 216

Tamar LomidzeThe Second Semantics in Poetic Text 217

Semiotics of Culture

Khatuna MaisashviliThe homeland, the nation-stste, and the Georgian elites 218

Irakli MchedlishviliThe spatial form and two main metaphors 219

Mamuka SurmavaThe Critique of Impure Reason: Foucault and Habermas 220

Izabella PetriashviliMetaphor and Pragmatics of Political Discourse 221

Mirian EbanoidzeText and Reality (Contoure of ,,Wen’’) 222

Giorgi KekelidzeBecause of the non-existent borders 223

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e n i s a d a l i t e r a t u r i se n i s a d a l i t e r a t u r i se n i s a d a l i t e r a t u r i se n i s a d a l i t e r a t u r i se n i s a d a l i t e r a t u r i s

s e m i o t i k as e m i o t i k as e m i o t i k as e m i o t i k as e m i o t i k a

Ecira barbaqaZe

mzis semiotika poeziaSi

ori mze

mikrokosmosi – makrokosmosi

`msuris qeba da dideba naTlisa warualisa,

mzeTa-mzis vaxSi Tavs maZes, mmarTebs gardaxda valisa,

Wirs sacnauris mzisaca swored gamarTva Tvalisa,

aramc-Tu ucnaurisa cnoba gzisa da kvalisa~.

daviT guramiSvili

`jer saWiroa, movipovoT Wvretis organo, romelic

msgavsi da analogiuria TviT Wvretis obieqtisa.

Tvali verasdros dainaxavda mzes,

jer TviTon rom ar mieRo mzis forma.~

plotini

War nicht das Auge sonnenhaft,

Wie konnten wir das Licht erblicken?

Áóäü íå ñîëíå÷åí íàø ãëàç,

Êòî áû ñîëíöåì ëþáîâàëñÿ?

Ãeòå

ori mze – sacnauri da ucnauri! – ase gan-

martavs mas daviT guramiSvili. erTi mze –

astronomiuli planeta da meore mze – uf-

lis metafora. sacnauri mzisTvis Tvalis

gasworebac ki Wirs, xolo ucnauri mzis

(uflis) gza-kvalis cnoba kidev ufro rTu-

lia: `o! RmerTis simdidreTa da sibrZnisa

da Semecnebis siRrme! rogor Cauwvdomel-

ni arian misni samarTalni da miukvlevel-

ni misi gzebi!~(romaelTa,12, 33).

filologiis mecniere-

baTa doqtori, ilia Wav-

WavaZis saxelmwifo uni-

versitetis humanita-

rul mecnierebaTa da

kulturis kvlevebis fa-

kultetis asocirebuli

profesori.

ZiriTadi naSromebi: mo-

nografiebi: poeziis se-

miotika(2009); qarTuli

mWevrmetyvelebis lin-

gvopragmatika(2003);

qarTuli sakanonmdeblo

stili (1996); poeturi

krebulebi: `dumilis

a(m)bebi”(2008); ̀ gamoaReT

sarkmeli~ (2003); `leqse-

bi~ (1996) .

interesTa sfero: semi-

otika, ritorika, sti-

listika, kritika.

8 cira barbaqaZe

sainteresoa marina cvetaevas `ori mzec~: erTi – caze rome-

lic anTia da meore – mkerdSi...

`Äâà ñîëíöà ñòûíóò – î Ãîñïîäè, ïîùàäè! –

Îäíî – íà íåáå, äðóãîå – â ìîåé ãðóäè.”

poeti TiTqos mikrokosmosia da samyaros analogia... poetis-

Tvis garesamyaro da iq arsebuli movlenebi yovelTvis Sinagan

gancdaTa metaforebia.

Mm z e – erT-erTi universaluri koncepti da saxe – simboloa,

romelic uamrav konotaciur mniSvnelobas aCens. maT Soris

aris: bibliuri, arqetipuli, miTosuri, astronomiuli, asocia-

ciuri, poeturi da sxva mniSvnelobebi. Mmainc ras aRniSnavs mze?

Mastronomiulad: mze irmis naxtomis galaqtikaSi, mzis sistemis

centrSi, yviTeli varskvlavia, romlis garSemo, orbitaze, moZ-

raoben sxva ciuri sxeulebi da, maT Soris, dedamiwac. is aris

sinaTlisa da siTbos wyaro...

mze gavlenas axdens adamiansa da bunebaze imiT, rom is gan-

sxvavebuli siCqaris energiebs asxivebs... sinaTle da magnetiz-

mi qmnis miwier formebs.

mze umaRlesi kosmiuri Zalis simboloa, yvelganmWvreti

RvTaebaa, miuxedavad imisa, rom samyaros uZvelesi suraTebi ge-

ocentrulia, mze aris simboluri centri, kosmosis guli, yo-

fierebis centri; is aris agreTve simbolo intuiciuri codni-

sa, gonisa, gasxivosnebisa, didebisa da didebulebis, meufebis...

mze samyaros `Tvalia”, RvTaebrivis xiluli xati, sinaTlis tran-

scendentuli arqetipi; mze `samyaros karia~ – codnasa da uk-

vdavebaSi Sesasvleli.

bevr tradiciaSi mze aris mamakacuri sawyisi, zog kulturaSi

– qaluri. qarTuli folkloruli tardiciis mixedviT: `mze –

dedaa Cemi, mTvare – mamaCemi, bRuja-bRuja varskvlavebi – da da

Zmaa Cemi!~

mze – uZravad myofi caze – drois miRmaa. Ees aris mudmivi `ax-

la~.

alqimikosebisaTvis: mze gonebaa, Sol et Luna – oqro da vercxli,

mefe da dedofali, suli da sxeuli...

`mzis Tavgadasavali~ (rogorc Tavad avtori uwodebs mas)

dawvrilebiT aqvs gamokvleuli viqtor nozaZes `vefxistyaos-

nis mzismetyvelebaSi~. Aam Tavgadasavlis gamokvleva mas sWir-

deba imisaTvis, rom Tavisi adgili miuCinos am istoriaSi `vef-

9mzis semiotika poeziaSi

xistyaosnis mzes~. Cven ki vixsenebT am Tavgadasavals imisaT-

vis, rom davinaxoT rogor anaTebs qarTuli `poeturi mze~, ras

aRniSnavs, poetis romel gancdaTa simboloa, risi metaforaa,

ras adareben mzes qarTveli poetebi da sxva.

`vefxistyaosanSi~ mze aris personaJebis metafora, anu: mze–

adamiania... es gamomdinareobs ufro didi metaforidan: mze uf-

lis xiluli saxea; gavixsenoT avTandilis mimarTva mzisadmi:

`ityvis: he, mzeo, vin xatad gTqves mzianisa Ramisad, erT-arse-

bisa erTisa, mis uJamosa Jamisad~... adamiani Seqmnilia RmerTis

saxed da xatad, amitom aris is `mzis wili~ anu: `uflis wili~; miT

ufro, es iTqmis Seyvarebul adamianze (RmerTi siyvaruli ars).

swored amitom: qajeTis cixeSi gamoketili nestani satrfos

wers: `mze uSenod ver iqmnebis, radgan Sen xar misi wili~.

aqac ori mze: mze – ufali da mze – adamiani.

`mze – Tvali~ – universaluri semantikuri

formula qarTuli enis leqsikaSi

«Èç îðãàíîâ áîãè ïðåæäå âñåãî óñòðîèëè ñâåòîíîñíûå ãëàçà, êîòîðûå ïðèëàäèëè ñ

òàêèì íàìåðåíèåì: ïî èõ çàìûñëó äîëæíî áûëî âîçíèêíóòü òåëî, êîòîðîå íå èìåëî

áû æãó÷èõ ñâîéñòâ îãíÿ, íî äîñòàâëÿëî êðîòêèé îãîíü, ñâîéñòâåííûé âñÿêîìó äíþ.

È áîãè ñäåëàëè òàê, ÷òî ðîäñòâåííûé äíåâíîìó ñâåòó îãîíü, íàõîäÿùèéñÿ âíóòðè

íàñ, âûòåêàåò î÷èùåííûì ÷åðåç ãëàçà, êîòîðûå áîãè ñãóñòèëè, îñîáåííî â ñåðåäèíå,

òàê, ÷òîáû îíè çàäåðæèâàëè ãðóáåéøóþ ÷àñòü îãíÿ è ïðîïóñêàëè òîëüêî â ÷èñòîì

âèäå. È âîò, êîãäà äíåâíîé ñâåò îêðóæàåò ïîòîê çðåíèÿ, òîãäà ïîäîáíîå, èñõîäÿ ê

ïîäîáíîìó, ñîåäèíÿåòñÿ ñ íèì è ïî ïðÿìîìó íàïðàâëåíèþ çðà÷êîâ îáðàçóåò â ñâÿçè ñ

ðîäñòâåííûì îäíî òåëî - ãäå áû ïàäàþùåå èçíóòðè íè íàòîëêíóëîñü íà òî, ÷òî

âñòðå÷àåò åãî èçâíå. È êàê ñêîðî âñå âìåñòå, ïî ïîäîáèþ, ïðèõîäèò â ñîñòîÿíèå

ïîäîáíîå, òî ïðèêàñàåòñÿ ëè ê ÷åìó ñàìî èëè ÷òî äðóãîå ïðèêàñàåòñÿ ê íåìó, äåéñòâèå

òåõ ïðåäìåòîâ ðàñïðîñòðàíÿåò îíî ÷åðåç âñå òåëî, äî äóøè, è ïðîèçâîäèò òî ÷óâñòâî,-

êîòîðîå ìû íàçûâàåì çðåíèåì. À êîãäà ñðîäíûé îãîíü íà íî÷ü îòõîäèò - ýòîò (ò. å.

îãîíü ãëàç) îáîñîáëÿåòñÿ, ïîòîìó ÷òî, èñõîäÿ ê íåïîäîáíîìó, îí è ñàì èçìåíÿåòñÿ è

ãàñíåò, íå ñîåäèíÿÿñü áîëåå ñ áëèæíèì âîçäóõîì, òàê êàê â íåì íåò îãíÿ».

Ïëàòîí «Òèìåé»

mzis erT-erTi gavrcelebuli metaforaa `mze – Tvali~. Aam

wyvils Soris arsebuli semantikuri kanonis mixedviT, es mimar-

Teba aris mimarTeba: mikrokosmosi–makrokosmosi, anu adamia-

nis grZnobis organoebs samyaroSi daeZebneba analogi. Bbevr ena-

sa da kulturaSi es mimarTeba aisaxeba ara mxolod leqsikaSi,

aramed miTebSi, gamosaxulebebSi, poeziaSi...

sainteresoa am mxriv qarTuli enis masala. Mmze–Tvalis meta-

foruli mimarTeba yvelaze kargad Cans sawyisSi `mzera~. qar-

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Tvel enaTmecnierTa sarwmuno mtkicebiT: mzera–Si swored mz–

Ziri (anu mze) dasturdeba. (mz-er-a; amave tipisaa warmoebis

TvalsazrisiT Zg-er-a). maSasadame, Tvalis funqcia yureba, cqe-

ra aRiniSneba leqsemiT, romelic semantikurad mzes ukavSir-

deba, rac Zalian saintereso da mniSvnelovani movlenaa da rac

adasturebs am universaluri mimarTebis (mze–Tvali) qarTul

enaSi arsebobas.

mzeras sulxan–saba ase ganmartavs: Wvreta. Mmzeraca esreT

ganiyofebian: xedva ars ra TvaliT keTilad xedvides; Cena ars

ra akldes da mcired xedvides; mzera ars ra SoriT xedvides;

Wvreta ars ra xangrZliT dakvirvebiT umzerdes rasme; cqera

ars garCeviT xilvisaTvis axlore dacqeriT Tvali daapyras;

Wviroba ars ra sarkmliT gare gamoixedvides.

mze arqetipi saerToqarTveluri fuZe-enis donisTvis aRad-

gina giorgi klimovma.

qarT: mze

megr: mJa/bJa

laz. mJa/bJa

svan. miJ/mgJ

mze, rogorc arqetipuli fuZe, saintereso sityvawarmoebas

qmnis qarTulSi.

iwarmoeba atributebi: mziuri, mzegrZeli, mzebneli, mzedak-

ruli, mzedaleuli, mzedasanbelebeli, mzeTunaxavi, mzeCamqra-

li, mzisdari, enamze da sxva. sawyisi: mzeoba; zmna: amzianebs,

mzeobs (`mze veRar mzeobs CvenTana, dari ar darobs daru-

lad”(SoTa).

adamianis saxelebi: mzia, mzisa, mzeqala, qalTamze, mzevinari,

mzeWabuki;

frinvelis saxeli: mzewvia;

yvavili: pirimze, mzesumzira, mziura;

sofeli: mzeTamzia;

adgili: mzisyuri, samzeo;

sagalobeli: mzeSina da sxva;

`mz~ Ziria agreTve mziralSi, mzirSi, mzveravSi;

mziri qarTuli enis ganmartebiT leqsikonSi ganmartebulia:

Zv. damzveravi, moTvalTvale; mstovari, jaSuSi. (`mun axlos wya-

ro dioda, masTan tye iyo xSirado, iq mogveparnen, dagvisxdnen

TxuTmeti kaci mzirado~(d.g)).

mzirali – vinc an rac umzers, – macqerali, mayurebeli,

mWvreteli;

cira barbaqaZe

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Tanamedrove qarTuli enis sityva zvari momdinareobs Zve-

li formidan: mzvare, mzvari, rac niSnavs mzian, uCrdilo adgils

(pir-mziTebi anu mzvareebi, male Sreba, iq male iRebs Tovls (va-

Ja) (qegli, t. V);

gamzirSi agreTve mzir – Ziria, romelic, Tavis mxriv, mz-idan

iwarmoeba. sainteresoa agreTve mweveli forma, romelic mom-

dinareobs mzevelidan, da romelSic `mz” Ziri dasturdeba. (aR-

niSnuli forma dasturdeba sulxan-sabasTan, mzeveli – mweve-

li, momwevi).

Zvel qarTulSi mzis-Tuali mzes, mzis diskos aRniSnavda (`ga-

nanaTlos yoveli queyanai ufrois mzis-Tualisa~ – m. sw. 212, 13

– ilia abulaZe, Zveli qarTuli enis leqsikoni). aRniSnul leq-

semaSi mze da Tvali erTad aris warmdgenili, rac Tvalisa da

mzis universalur funqciur kavSirze miuTiTebs.

mze qmnis qarTulSi idiomebsa da frazeologizmebs: mze amos-

dis, mze daubnelda, mzem Sexeda, mze miyurebs, mzem Tvali daxu-

Wa, mzem Tvali gaaxila, mze gauqra, mzis sinaTleze gamoitana,

mze moekida, mzis dakvra, mzis guli, mzeTa-mze... idiomebsa da

frazeologizmebze dakvirveba aRmogvaCeninebs Tvali–mzis me-

taforul urTierTkavSirs, rodesac Tvalis funqcia gadata-

nilia mzeze da piriqiT, mzis funqcia Tvalze. MmagaliTad: Tva-

lebi gaubrwyinda, Tvalis sinaTle, Tvalebi gaunaTda, Tvale-

bis cecxli – yvelgan mzis funqcia – naTeba, brwyinva, wva – aris

gadatanili.

mze Sedis ficis formulebSic, magaliTad: Cemma mzem, Senma

mzem, Cems mzes vficav... `Senman mzeman, uSenosa vervis mihxvdes

mTvare Seni...~ (SoTa); da sxva.

sepiris mixedviT: adamianebi cxovroben ara mxolod saganTa

obieqtur da sazogadoebrivi Semoqmedebis samyaroSi, isini mniS-

vnelovanwilad imyofebian konkretuli enis gavlenaSi; im eni-

sa, romelic mocemuli sazogadoebis urTierTobis saSualebaa.

Secdoma iqneboda gvefiqra, rom Cven SegviZlia enis gareSe

srulad gavacnobieroT realoba; ena aris damxmare saSualeba

azrovnebisa da urTierTobis zogierTi problemis gadasawyve-

tad. `realuri samyaro~ mniSvnelovanwilad igeba mocemuli

jgufis enobrivi normebis safuZvelze.

Cven vxedavT, gvesmis da viRebT ama Tu im faqtsa da movlenas

ase Tu ise imis SemweobiT, rom Cveni sazogadoebis enobrivi nor-

mebi gvTavazobs mocemul formebs (sepiri 1993:181).


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qarTuli poeturi mze

`vardTa da nexvTa vineTgan

mze sworad moefinebis~

SoTa rusTaveli

mze – RvTaeba, ufali, uzenaesia da amitom poetisaTvis mze

aris orientiri, marad Seucnobeli, mzisken svla – mTavari gza!

`mzisken mimafrens faskunji,

faskunjs ufskrulis aqvs kuWi,

mena sagzali var misi,

magram veyofi?!–

ar vici!~; (muxran maWavariani)

`Sen ki, samefo visac gepyra

usazRvrod vrceli,

Senc –

ofli visac gaRvrevina

monis uRelma, –

aRar xar, –

radgan mzis xelTaa

sikvdilis celi!

aRar xar, –

radgan sulerTia mzisTvis suyvela!~;

`fexze macvia irmis tyaviT Sekruli xamli,

vaRmerTeb mzesa, vanTeb cecxlsa,

da mzisken midis rZisferi kvamli...

vaRmerTeb mzesa, vanTeb cecxlsa

da vwirav msxverplsa...~; (ana kalandaZe)

`es simReraa mzis sasalamo,

martispiruli.....~;

`Tavs movikazmav

siraqlemas lamazi frTebiT

da mzes vumRereb

okeaniT mimavals mZimed~;

`mze mTis wveridan amobrialda

cira barbaqaZe

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da miriadi Caqra varskvlavi...

swored masaviT daiwye brwyinva

Cems karvis karTan...

o, rogor hgavdi Sen im Zvel RmerTebs,

rom dagyurebdnen mTebidan, cidan,

Sen Zirs dauSvi grZneuli mSvildi,

mzeT udideso!

madli mivage didebul mzesa,

rom dagnaToda yornisfer Tmebze~;

àq daibada `suliko~,

mzisken gafrinda `merani~...

`miwas swydebian verxvebi maSin

da goliaTur mxrebis SerxeviT

mzisken midian zRapruli raSiT

Cemi verxvebi...~;

`ha, laJvardebi mcxunvare mziTa,

kvlav Sens TaRebSi avardna minda,

usazRvroebav!...~...

mze, rogorc ufali, yvelgan da yvelaferSia:

ìqneb mze Camovarda babilonis godlidan,

Camoimsxvra daxlebze da Rvinod gadmodinda?

anda, devma sazamTro daagora zRapridan

da kldis Ziras miafSvna mtkvris elvare napirTan?

mziT daxoxbda tyeebi, zvrebic mziT moiCiTa,

mze moJonavs leRvidan, mze mowveTavs fiWidan,

mzes yidian doqebiT, woniTa da calobiT,

yelamdea es miwa mzis madliT da wyalobiT.

mzea xmaSi, sityvaSi, mzea gamoxedvaSi,

mzea, Semodgomis mze da surneli zedaSis...~; (SoTa niSnianiZe)

da roca mze Tavdeba sulSi, mTavrdeba yvelaferi...

èxla Sens sulSi yvavilisTvis mze aRar aris,

mze aRar aris da ar aris araraime!~ (galaktioni)


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`mzis sadRegrZelos maradi WiqiT

vsvam, mixaria cecxlis kdemani...~;

`miuwvdomelo, Sen dageZeb xeliscecebiT,

sxivi xar mzisa...~ (jansuR Carkviani)

`Tu patroni mzes ugalobs,

saqarTvelos ra moklavso!~;

`mzisken mivdevdiT gafrenil mernebs!~;

`mwvane foTlebi, tuCebrZiani,

yviTldebian da mzisken midian...~

`is aTamaSebs burTiviT miwas,

ugzavnis wvimas, Takara sicxes,

puriT da wyaliT Worflavs da winwklavs

da caze xatavs droTa aRmricxvels.

ex, Cveni brali, Sen rom ar gvyavde,

ra gveSveleba, mzeo, maRalo,

iganTiada, nuSi ayvavda,

me kidev Senze fiqrma damRala~;

`he, mzeo, mzeo, xelebgawvdili

me vdgever Sen win...~;

`me vgrZnob, Zvirfaso, mzisa misarqmels,

rogor mivyavar sinaTlisaken...~;

`sul mzisken hqondaT gaWrili kari...~; (oTar WilaZe)

`mzeo, nurasdros nu waxval Cvengan.

mze yvelas unda da yvelas uWirs

misi gayofa da darigeba,

radgan yvelafers advilad vitanT,

roca sxeuli mziTaa savse~;

cira barbaqaZe

15

mze–adamiani

metaforuli kavSiri `mze–adamiani~ qarTul poeziaSi dama-

xasiaTebeli movlenaa, da raki mze sulieriviT, adamianiviT ga-

nicdeba poetebis mier, amitom mzes axasiaTebs adamianis Tvise-

bebi:

`mze icinis, vardfurclobis daria~; (ana kalandaZe)

`mzis Rimili aRaCina caman~;

`Sen mismen ise, viT mze usmens okeaneebs~;

`mze iyo civi da mSvidi~.

`dacemula riyis qvaze,

mzeo, maxsovs Seni sisxli...

Wrilobaze TuTuns gayri,

perangs vxev da gixvev frTxilad,

silaSi ki, rogorc balRi,

aTinaTi amoTxvrila.~ (jansuR Carkviani)

`Tumca gvelebma veli moSxames

da mzis xelebi moigeries...~, (lado asaTiani)

`mze monadire megona,

saxudars mofarebuli~;

`mze ki kuTxeSi mimjdara mileul dedaberiviT,

abrunebs oqros TiTistars biisfrad gadaferili~;

(SoTa niSnianiZe)

mze – satrfo (mze–siyvaruli)

`Sen Camoxvedi, etyoba, mzidan,

rom wamsve cecxlis damwvdnen Rvarebi,

gaqrnen qalebi – prospeqtze darCi,

daginaxe da gtace Tvalebi...~; (murman lebaniZe)

`vaJao, dilis mzis sxivo~; (ana kalandaZe)

`irgvliv mzis naTeli dasdgomia mTebsa,

caSi gafrenilan nislisni mTebi,


16

mzei SeniT mzeobs,

mzed enTebi, zeobr...

Cemi gulis Zaxils,

o, RaRadiss Cemsas,

Sen arsaiT ismen?....~;

`rac ufro Sors xar, miT ufro vtkbebi,

me SenSi miyvars ocneba Cemi,

xeluxlebeli, rogorc mzis sxivi...~; (galaktioni )

`wavida, gaqra... ver SevekiTxe,

risTvis gamSorda, risTvis wavida...

gamiqra sulis ocneba wminda...

iluleba mze,… iZarcveba tye…~;

`usiyvarulod mze ar sufevs cis kamaraze~;

`dRes yvelgan mzea, exla am baRebs

da myinvars, maral zraxvaTa mefes,

maisi aliT aazambaxebs,

viT Seyvarebuls da meocnebes.~;

`rac ca umzeod – dedamiwac dRes igivea...

gemic uSenod igivea, rac ca – umzeod~;

`TiTqos Sens sxeulSi mzea momwyvdeuli...~; (SoTa niSnianiZe)

`Sen amodixar zRvidan mzesaviT –

Tavisufali da moTenTili~; (oTar WilaZe)

`Seni xeliviT Tbili da mSvidi

Cems sulSi wveba mzis anarekli~;

`Soridan gimzer mzesaviT daRlils~; (jansuR Carkviani)

mze – dro, adgili, individualoba

mzis erT-erTi mTavari funqcia drois aRniSvnaa... metaforu-

lad mze saaTia, amqveynad yvelaferi droSi da droiT cxov-

cira barbaqaZe

17

robs... yvelafers Tavisi dro aqvs... TiToeul adamians cxovre-

bis garkveuli, Tavisi wili, Tavisi saaTi, poetebi ki ityvian: rom

Tavisi mze aqvs... is dro, romelic mziT aRiricxeba, aris sicoc-

xle, amitom aseT SemTxvevaSi mze – droa da es udris sicoc-

xles. swored es semantika Cans ficis formulebSi: Sens mzes vfi-

cav... rac niSnavs: Sens sicocxles vficav...

ara marto adamians aqvs Tavisi dro, anu mze... aramed yvela

dRes, Tves, faqtebsa da movlenebs, awmyos, warsulsa da moma-

vals... yvelafers aqvs Tavisi mze (anu sicocxle), Tavisi `saku-

Tari” mze aqvs agreTve adgilsac... mze erTia, romelic dedami-

was anaTebs da aTbobs, magram igi sxvadasxva mxareSi sruliad

gansxvavebulad ganicdeba da aRiqmeba, miTumetes, poetebis mi-

er. Aamitom erTi mze SeiZleba bevric iyos, gaaCnia, ras gulis-

xmobs poeti. magaliTad, galaktioni wers: `magram Tvalma daT-

vala bevri mze da cxraTvala... oh, mziT gadanacxaro, cxra muxa

da cxra wyaro!~

`ymawvilqalobam waiRo

mzeebi, oqromfinarni,

neta ki vinme momgondes,

rom umisoba vinano~; (ana kalandaZe)

`garindebulxar aprilis mzeze...~;

`oqtombris mzeSi

aSoltili verxvebis rigis

da RvTaebrivi askilis xati

dgas gulsa Sigan...~;

`oh, rogor midis axalgazrdoba,

daundobeli survili lomis

da yovelive rogor nazdeba,

roca axloa mze Semodgomis~; (gakaltioni)

`magram Seni mze sibneles gaxevs

da daadgeba Subls naTeliviT...~;

`mzeo, TibaTvisa, mzeo, TibaTvisa,

locvad muxlmoyrili

graals Sevedrebi...~;


18

ò, yoveldRe mzeebi qimerebSi vardeba,

qaravani dReebis mZimed miemarTeba”;

`Tu gazafxulis mziTa var mTvrali~; (oTar WilaZe)

ìcinis gogo da miabijebs sakuTar mzeSi,

sakuTar mzeSi da puris mtverSi~;

`Cemi wili mtkvari daSra,

Cemi wili mze Cavida...~;

`mamam cecxli damabara,

var Cemi mzis anabara...~; (jansuR Carkviani)

`Tqveni mzisa var, Tqveni tyisa var~;

`Turme garbodnen lamazi wlebi,

Cven rom gvegona gavrbodiT mzisken~;

ùnda gavuZlo dRis garindebas,

qarTlis cxeli mzis naamborebTa...~;

`da xmaSi udgas Tbilisuri mze da yirmizi~;

`Cven isev zeviT mivdivarT

Seni mzis mosagoneblad...~;

`mze aqauri miduRs me sisxlSi~; (muxran maWavariani)

`ra Seedreba am Cvens mxaresa?!

am Cvens mzesa da am Cvens mTvaresa?!~;

`xval diliT sxva mze amova...~; (lado asaTiani)

`Sen Cemi wigni saxsovrad gqondes, –

me mzis qarTulis miTqvams sicxovle...~ (murman lebaniZe)

mze – saqarTvelo

`Sors ki, mTis Ziras,

sadac mzea, sadac vazia......

cira barbaqaZe

19

mcire defisad Casdgomia did evr-azias –

erTi patara, pawawina saqarTveloa~; (murman lebaniZe)

`saqarTvelo – es zRapruli mzea,

ukeTesis bedisaa Rirsi!~; (galaktioni)

`Sen, romelic marad mzeebr gvinaT,

ara guSin gaCndi Tvalis Cinad,

aramed mziT amoenTe brwyinvad –

ocdaeqvsi saukunis winaT...~;

`sxva mze ara mwams, Seni mze

sxeulSi gavinawile...~; (jansuR Carkviani)

`raic mTavaria, Cveni mze davicvaT,

RmerTo, moumarTe xeli saqarTvelos~;

mze – sasmeli

`xonCiT mzis sxivi mogarTvi,

mzis sxivis Camonawuri~; (jansuR Carkviani)

`bevri mziT vavseb sulis fialas

da vsvam brZolebis did sadRegrZelos”;

`Tu gazafxulis mziTa var mTvrali...~ (oTar WilaZe)

mze – sicocxlis simbolo

mzeo, daude sazRvari mwuxare fiqrTa qrolasa,

– mzeo, amodi, amodi, nu efarebi gorasa!

galaktioni

sainteresoa mzis metafora folklorul teqstebSi. ker-

Zod, `xmiT natirlebSi~. motiralisaTvis saaqao da saiqio cxov-

reba moTqmis dros upirispideba erTmaneTs. Tu cocxalTaTvis

saaqao cxovreba, es qveyana, erTaderTi realobaa, sikvdiliT ga-

mowveuli mwuxareba adamians im cxovrebis – saiqios siaxlove-

sac ganacdevinebs. motiralis azrovneba ZiriTadad kontras-

tebze igeba da Sesabamisi enobrivi gamoxatulebiTac formde-


20

ba. saaqao–saiqios axali sinonimebi uCndeba `xmiT natirlebis~

teqstebSi. saaqaos, amqveynis sinonimebia: samzeo, mzis qveyana:

`Tuki gvaCuqe e qalai,

rad ar didi dRe dauwese,

raad maswyvite samzeosa?!

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

`Zmao, mamgone geqneboda,

mamgone, Zmao, samzeosa~;

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

`gamamacxade samzeosao,

Sen amaZraxe samzeurTao~;

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

`Zmao, samzeos gaTaulo,

Zmao, samzeos daleulo~.

xolo saiqios, im qveynis sinonimebia suleTi da SaveTi:

`suleTis RmerTo, madliano,

mame nebai saubrisao~;

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

`SaveTis kari gamiRodi,

ukven aravin damabrunos~;

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

`netavi gaumarjvos, RmerTsa,

SaveTsac misca, SaveTs, kari~.... Dda sxva.

motirali xSirad Sestiris mzes, rogorc sicocxles, mis-

Tvis xom es qveyana samzeoa, mzis qveyanaa:

`mzes ver Savxeneb uSenodao,

mzes, uSenobiT daCrdilulsao~;

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

`mzeo, dadeg da Camoxeneo,

mova ymawvili umzeurTao~;

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

`cocxalT ra gviWirs, mzes vxedavT,

daRamdeba da gaTendeba,

bralia, visac dauRamda,

visTvisac aRar gaTendeba!~

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

cira barbaqaZe

21

`dReo, raira gamzianebs,

mzeo, raira gecineba?~

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

`daica, mzeo, ar dabrZande,

RamiT me versa gavarigeb~; da ase Semdeg...

sikvdils sicocxle, mze upirispirdeba, SaveTs – samzeo, dRes

– Rame... adamiani kvdeba, sicocxle grZeldeba: isev Tendeba da

amodis mze, Tumca motirali ityvis: `mwuxarebis mze~ varo.

leqsemebis: mzis da sikvdilis aqtualizeba `xmiT natirle-

bis~ teqstebSi albaT yvelaze ukeT xsnis motiralis kontras-

tebze agebul azrovnebas (barbaqaZe 2003:200).

Mmzis individualuri poetika

mzis universaluri poetikis gamokvlevis Semdeg saintere-

sod gveCveneba mzis individualuri poetika erTi poetis poe-

ziis mixedviT. Aam niSniT sainteresod gvesaxeba SoTa niSniani-

Zis poezia.

`ficxobda, sxioda mzis cxeli daira,

sicxe ZunZulebda mTlad daTvisnairad~;

`klanWiani agvistos mze miminosebr cerze mizis~;

`mze ki ZnasaviT CaSlili,

mTel saqarTvelos Svenoda~;

`mze ki kuTxeSi mimjdara mileul dedaberiviT~;

`Saib, sayvarelo, mzis oqros maxvili,

mec winapariviT qudze kacs gavyviri~;

`mze sayeloSi xels Camavlebda

da gamiyvanda gakveTilidan~;

`mze mxarze gaido ToxiviT

da mTvare namglad moRuna~;

`gaiRviZa, gaizmora... daixura mzis CaCqani~;

`da mze exveva zebrasaviT yviTel silaSi~;


22

`mze ki torebs scems arabuli bedauriviT~;

`da mze hgavda cxenis floqviT axrColebul Radars~;

`Cemi mzerisgan mzec yioda yalyze Semdgari~;

monRolTa sisxlSi mze Wixvinebs udabnoebis~;

`Semodgomis uRels mze xariviT ubia~;

`Toxispirebze gamoukravs mze sagzaliviT

da mindor–mindor saToxarSi midis aprili~;

`sarze mamalma xma Caiwminda,

mze gadaylapa Toxlo kvercxiviT~;

`iqneba Rames es mze CaxCaxa,

uCinmaCinis qudad exura?~

mze, mze, Camobardne, mzian butkoebad~;

`mze aRdgomis kvercxs Sevadare...~;

`es mze, es miTi damxureT qudad~;

`mzis sviringebiT moxatulxar Wreli gveliviT~;

`mze am gorakebs svaviviT kortnis,

mziT CaJangula papis saZvale~;

`da mzec meomar mamaliviT igrZelebs kisers~;

`mze, rogorc didi, wiTeli buSti~;

`sityva macvia jaWvis perangad,

muxis foToli, mze da mtevani~;

`mze gamaZRari glexkaciviT mTlad gazarmacda~;

`jer ki adrea... mze venaxs wamlavs~;

cira barbaqaZe

23

`samxreTis tilo, mziT adRvebili,

laJvardebiT da mziT ixateba~;

mzis individualuri poetika SoTa niSnianiZesTan kargad xa-

tavs im samyaros, romelSic poeti cxovrobs sulierad. Mmze So-

Ta niSnianiZisaTvis aris: daTvi, mimino, Zna, dedaberi, mamali,

Toxi, qudi, zebra, bedauri, svavi, xari, sagzali, Toxlo kver-

cxi, aRdgomis kvercxi, wiTeli buSti, samosi, glexkaci, mevena-

xe da sxva...

aRniSnuli metaforebiT, SedarebebiT, hiperbolebiT da sxva

mxatvruli xerxebiT kargad ixateba soflis garemo, romelic

kvebavs poetis fantazias... mze poetisaTvis yvelagan da yvela-

ferSia... sulier da usulo sagnebSic.

d a s k v n i s T v i s:

maSasadame, qarTuli poeturi mze aris: ufali, RvTaeba, si-

cocxle, adamiani, satrfo, saqarTvelo... is axdens adgilisa da

drois metaforizebas; qarTul poeziaSi mze aris erTaderTi,

rogorc ufali da amave dros, bevri, rogorc adamiani... yvelas

da yvelafers aqvs Tavisi wili mze, anu sicocxle samzeoSi, anu

dedamiwaze, mzis samyofelSi; mze yvelgan da yvelaferSia, ro-

gorc RmerTi...

mze, rogorc sicocxlis, sinaTlisa da siTbos wyaro, poezi-

aSi xdeba Semdeg gancdaTa da grZnobaTa aRmniSvneli: siyvaru-

li, sixaruli, bedniereba, imedi, nugeSi... Tumca, rodesac av-

tors naRvliani gancda gadaaqvs mzeze, maSin is SeiZleba iyos:

`mkvdris mze~, `daRaluli mze~, `sapyari mze~ (`Rrubelo Savo,

mzeo sapyaro~ (ana);

mzis zemowarmodgenili metaforuli da simboluri mniSvne-

lobebi qarTul poeziaSi universaluri xasiaTisaa, magram am

mniSvnelobebis garda TiToeuli poeti sakuTari `mzis poeti-

kiT~ gamorCeva, rac poetis individualobis Sesaswavlad sain-

tereso meTodia.

sakvlev masalaze dakvirvebam gviCvena, rom qarTveli poete-

bi SegviZlia asec davaxasiaToT: mzis poeti, qaris poeti, nislis

poeti, mTvaris poeti, sisxlis poeti, wvimis poeti, Tovlis poe-

ti... zogjer ki ramdenime koncepti Tanabradaa erTi poetis Se-

moqmedebaSi.


24

Tanamedrove qarTul poeziaSi gamorCeulad mzis poetebi

arian galaktioni da ana kalandaZe (Tumca anasTan varskvlavebi

da qaric aqtualuria).

Lliteratura

aruTinova 1999: Àðóòþíîâà Í.Ä. ßçûê è ìèð ÷åëîâåêà. Ì.;

barbaqaZe 2003: cira barbaqaZe, qarTuli mWevrmetyvelebis pragmatika,

Tbilisi.

eko 2004: Óìáåðòî Ýêî, Îòêðûòîå ïðîèçâåäåíèå, Ñàíêò_Ïåòåðáóðã.

iakobsoni 1975: Ð. ßêîáñîí, Ëèíãâèñòèêà è ïîýòèêà, Ìîñêâà.

losevi 2008: À. Ô. Ëîñåâ, Âåùü è èìÿ, Ñàìîå ñàìî, Ñàíêò_Ïåòåðáóðã.

postmodernizmi 2002: Ïîñòìîäåðíèçì: íîâàÿ ìàãè÷åñêàÿ ýïîõà,

Õàðüêîâ.

barti 1989 – Ðîëàí Áàðò, Èçáðàííûå ðàáîòû, Ñåìèîòèêà, Ïîýòèêà,

Ìîñêâà;

pirsi 2000 – ×. Ñ. Ïèðñ, Èçáðàííûå ôèëîñîôñêèå ïðîèçâåäåíèÿ,

Ìîñêâà;

morisi 2001 – ×. Ó. Ìîððèñ, Îñíîâàíèÿ òåîðèè çíàêîâ, â êí:

Ñåìèîòèêà, àíòîëîãèÿ, Åêàòåðèíáóðã;

uilraiti 1990: Ô. Óèëðàéò, Ìåòàôîðà è ðåàëíîñòü, Â êí: Òåîðèÿ

ìåòàôîðû, Ìîñêâà;

rifateri 1984: Michael Riffaterre. Semiotics of Poetry. Bloomington:

Indiana University Press;

lotmani 1972: Ëîòìàí Þ. Ì. Àíàëèç ïîýòè÷åñêîãî òåêñòà. Ë.;

lotmani 1970: Ëîòìàí Þ.Ì. Ñòðóêòóðà õóäîæåñòâåííîãî òåêñòà.

Ì.;

kristeva 2004: Êðèñòåâà Þ. Èçáðàííûå òðóäû: Ðàçðóøåíèå ïîýòèêè.

Ì.;

ivanovi 1985: Èâàíîâ Âÿ÷.Âñ. Áåññîçíàòåëüíîå, ôóíêöèîíàëüíàÿ

àñèììåòðèÿ, ÿçûê è òâîð÷åñòâî (Ê ïîñòàíîâêå âîïðîñà) //

Áåññîçíàòåëüíîå: ïðèðîäà, ôóíêöèè, ìåòîäû èññëåäîâàíèÿ. - Ò. IV.

- Òáèëèñè, 1985. - Ñ. 254-259.

cira barbaqaZe

25

mxatvruli literaturis komparatiu-

li meTodiT kvlevisas, rodesac ori met-

naklebad TanabarmniSvnelovani avtoris

Semoqmedebis SedarebiT-istoriuli

kvleva warmoebs, SesaZloa, rom erTi av-

tori meoris mimbaZvelad warmoCndes.

amitom, amgvari kvlevisas imTaviTve un-

da iqnas daSvebuli winapiroba, rom WeS-

marit SemoqmedTa SemoqmedebiT proces-

Si – gansxvavebiT saSualo SemoqmedTa Se-

moqmedebiTi procesisagan, sadac didia

mimbaZvelobisa da gavlenis wili – a prioriarsebobs SemoqmedebiTi inspiracia da

ara gavlena da mimbaZveloba. es Semoqme-

debiTi inspiracia erTgvari ucilobeli

esTetikuri ontologiaa, rasac verc er-

Ti didi Semoqmedi ver gaeqceva, ramdena-

dac avtori ar qmnis cariel adgilze, mi-

si mxatvruli teqsti ar aris sagani Tavis-

Tavad, aramed konkretuli ontologiu-

ri, ideologiuri da esTetikuri inspira-

ciis Sedegad warmoqmnili mocemulobaa

(aq CemTvis amosavalia esTetikuri zedna-

Senis principi). Sesabamisad, aq raime gav-

lenebze saubari aramarTebulia. am Tval-

sazrisiT sakmarisia vaxsenoT, rom mTeli

dasavleTevropuli mxatvruli litera-

tura, da zogadad kultura, erTi mxriv

bibliuri, xolo meore mxriv ZvelberZnu-

li da Zvelgermanuli miTologiuri arqe-


baTa kandidati; ivane ja-

vaxiSvlis Tbilisis sa-

xelmwifo universite-

tis asistent-profeso-

ri; SoTa rusTavelis

literaturis institu-

tis mecnier-TanamSro-

meli;

ZiriTadi naSromebi:

„novalisis saxismetyve-

lebis ZiriTadi aspeqte-

bi”, „novalisis enis fi-

losofia”, „literatu-

ruli da enisfilosofi-

uri narkvevebi (novali-

si, goeTe, v. f. humbol-

dti...)”.

interesTa sfero: ger-

manuli romantizmi, her-

menevtika, enis filoso-

fia.

konstantine BbregaZe

galaktioni da novalisi

26 konstantine bregaZe

tipebiT sazrdoobs da maTgan iRebs SemoqmedebiT inspiracias.

Sesabamisad, ama Tu im avtoris sidiade da originaloba aRniS-

nul arqetipTa individualur da unikalur esTetikur gadamu-

SavebaSi mdgomareobs, ris Sedegadac avtori qmnis sakuTar

TviTmyofad, ganumeorebel poetur saxismetyvelebas (poetu-

ri da tropuli metyvelebis sinTezi), rodesac avtori, fr. Sle-

gelis sityviT rom vTqvaT, afuZnebs sakuTar progresul da uni-

versalur poezias (progressive Universalpoesie), xolo novalisis mi-

xedviT – transcendentur poezias (transzendentale Poesie); anu, av-

tori qmnis mxatvrul teqsts, romelic arRvevs da afarToebs

yofierebis sazRvrebs da gadadis droiT da sivrciT ganzomi-

lebaTa miRma (rusTavelis enaze amas saRmrTo siaxle hqvia). rus-

Tavelis, dantes, Seqspiris, goeTes mxatvruli teqstebi swored

SemoqmedebiTi inspiraciis esTetikuri gadamuSavebis Sedegad

Seqmnili teqstebia, romelTa esTetikuri individualoba, ori-

ginaloba da ganumeorebloba maTs TviTmyofad saxismetyvele-

baSia sagulvebeli, isini progresul-universaluri da tran-

scendenturi poeziis nimuSebia.

amdenad, mxatvruli teqstebis komparatiuli kvlevis dros apriori amosavali da gaTvaliswinebuli unda iyos ama Tu im avto-

ris SemoqmedebiT procesSi imTaviTve impliciturad mocemu-

li SemoqmedebiTi inspiracia. Sesabamisad, kvleva upirveles

yovlisa (xazs vusvam, upirveles yovlisa) mimarTuli unda iyos

swored imis warmosaCenad, Tu ramdenad maRal xarisxSia ama Tu

im avtoris SemoqmedebaSi esTetikuri inspiraciiT miRebuli

STabeWdilebebis originalur-SemoqmedebiTi, TviTmyofadi

aTviseba-recefcia da ara raRac gavlenebis Cxreka (ra Tqma un-

da, ama Tu im `meorad~ mweralTan arsebuli gavlenebis warmoCe-

na da dadgenac komparatiuli litmcodneobis sferoa, ris masa-

lasac uxvad iZleva epigonuri mwerloba, magram gavlenebis mo-

Zieba komparatiuli litmcodneobis meoradi amocanaa). Sesaba-

misad, komparatiuli litmcodneobis amosavali debuleba unda

iyos inspiraciis wyaroTa dadgena da mikvleva da ara imTaviTve

ararsebuli gavlenebis gamovlena, ramdenadac litmcodneobi-

saTvis Rirebulebas warmoadgens swored inspiraciaTa, da ara

gavlenaTa, hermenevtika.

aqedan gamomdinare, komparatiulma litmcodneobam ori met-

naklebad TanabarmniSvnelovani avtoris, Sesabamisad, sxvadas-

xva Tu erTi da imave literaturul mimdinareobaTa warmomad-

genlebis Semoqmedeba, erTi mxriv, unda gamoikvlios tipolo-

27

giuri TvalsazrisiT (mag. rusTaveli da volfram fon eSenbaxi,

novalisi da baraTaSvili, galaktioni da georg Traqli da a. S.),

xolo, meore mxriv, esTetikuri inspiraciis TvalsazrisiTac

(mag. germaneli romantikosebi da frangi simbolistebi, frangi

simbolistebi da galaktioni da a. S.), rac kvlevis Semdgom faza-

ze qmnis avtorTa originaluri da TviTmyofadi poeturi saxis-

metyvelebis interpretaciisa da recefciis winapirobas.

rodesac kvleva warmoebs ama Tu im avtorTan ararsebuli gav-

lenebis moZiebis, da ara inspiraciebis marTebuli recefciis mi-

marTulebiT, ai, am `sacTuris~ winaSe dgas mkvlevari, rodesac saq-

me midgeba galaktionis poeturi teqstebis komparatiul kvleva-

ze. aq mkvlevari unda ecados, rom galaktioni, misdauneburad, ar

warmoaCinos sxva avtorTa gavlenebis qveS myof epigon Semoqme-

dad. Sesabamisad, galaktionis poeturi teqstebis komparatiuli

meTodiT interpretaciis procesSi mkvlevaris mizani upirveles

yovlisa unda iyos galaktionis poeturi teqstebis inspiraciis

wyaroTa dadgena da am esTetikur sawyisTa da galaktionis poe-

tur teqstTa tipologiuri kvleva, maTi esTetikuri recefcia ga-

laktionis mier da Semdgom, kvlevis bolo etapze Tavad galakti-

onis poetur teqstTa hermenevtika da amis safuZvelze maTi TviT-

myofadobisa da ganumeoreblobis warmoCena.

dRes galaktionologiaSi aRiarebuli faqtia Sarl bodleris

pre-simbolisturi poeziisa da franguli simbolizmis, rogorc

erT-erTi SemoqmedebiTi inspiratoris, roli galaktionis po-

eziaSi. magram naklebi yuradReba eTmoba germanuli romantiz-

mis SemoqmedebiT inspiracias galaktionis poeziaSi. marTalia,

am problemis erTi aspeqtis `gaxsnaa~ r. burWulaZis gamokvle-

va `vagneri da galaktioni~ (burWulaZe 1980: 63-94), magram, Cemi

azriT, germanuli romantizmisa (da zogadad romantizmis) da

galaktionis poeziis urTierTmimarTebis TvalsazrisiT kvleva

unda gaRrmavdes da gaiSalos da mxolod vagneris musikiT ar

unda Semoifarglos.1

rac Seexeba r. burWulaZis gamokvlevas, avtoris mier galak-

tionis poeturi teqstebi vagneris musikasTan kavSirSi isea gaa-

nalizebuli, rom warmoCenilia ara am ori Semoqmedis ideuri da____________________________

1 sainteresoa, rom Tavis mxriv franguli simbolizmi SemoqmedebiT inspiraci-

as iRebda germanuli romantizmisagan. kerZod, aq sakmarisia vaxsenoT Tundac

igive rihard vagneri da misi musikis “gavlena” bodlersa da malarmeze, anda

germanuli romantizmis usasrulo mogzaurobis motivis poeturi recefcia

artur rembos mier (Sdr. misi leqsi “mTvrali xomaldi” da vagneris opera “mfri-

navi holandieli”, anda iozef fon aihendorfis romantikuli poeziis usasru-

lo mogzaurobis motivi) (zafranski 2007: 214, 273-274).


28

____________________________

2 sainteresoa, rom galaktioni Tavissave Jurnalis mowinaveSi (ix. galaktion

tabiZis Jurnali # 2, 1922) axsenebs germanel romantikosebs vilhelm hainrix

vakenrodersa da novaliss, romelTa poezias igi akavSirebs rogorc zogadad

poeziis, ise sakuTari poeziis ontologiur arsTan, rac konceptualurad gu-

lisxmobs poetur teqstebSi da poeturi teqstebiT transcendenturobisadmi

swrafvasa da mis wvdomas, rasac upirispirdeba empiriuli sinamdvilis pragma-

tizmi, warmavloba da amaoeba: “me vicodi, rom adamianebs Soris aRar aris ara-

viTari kavSiri, usulo da ugulo angariSebis garda, rom amaod wyurodaT am

adamianebs ideali da harmonia, rom egoisturma angariSebma sruliad walekes

ltolva araqveyniur ocnebisadmi, gahqra mwuxareba vakenroderis, gahqra zma-

nebebi novalisis” (tabiZe 1975: 20). aq impliciturad mocemulia galaktionisa

da germanuli romantikuli poeziis konceptualur-esTetikuri siaxlove.

konceptualuri erTianoba yofierebis esTetikuri Semecnebis

TvalsazrisiT (tipologia), avtoris mier galaktionis leqsebi

(`angelozs eWira grZeli pergamenti~, `mzeo TibaTvisa~, `gemi da-

landi~, `dabruneba~ da sxv.) warmoCenilia ara rogorc TviTmyo-

fadi poeturi teqstebi, aramed rogorc vagneris operebis (`lo-

engrini~, `mfrinavi holandieli~) Taviseburi poeturi ilustra-

ciebi, ris Sedegadac galaktioni warmoCenilia ara rogorc TviT-

myofadi Semoqmedi, aramed rogorc rigiTi, saSualo epigoni po-

eti. aSkaraa, rom kvleva moikoWlebs meTodologiuri Tvalsaz-

risiT, risi mizezicaa hermenevtikuli meTodis ugulebelyofa.

amitomac, avtoris kvlevis sferoSi ar Semosula Tavad galakti-

onis leqsebis WeSmariti Sinagani logosis hermenevtika, anu, kom-

paratiuli kvlevis saboloo da umaRlesi faza.

Cemi azriT, Sarl bodleris pre-simbolisturi poeziisa da

franguli simbolizmis garda, galaktionis poeziis erT-erTi

STagonebis wyaroa germanuli romantizmic, kerZod, novalisis

(fridrix fon hardenbergi, 1772-1801) romantikuli poezia, ri-

si aSkara nimuSia galaktionis Tundac Semdegi cnobili leqsi

`aRar aris menestreli~ (ra Tqma unda, sxva leqsebic), sadac igi

pirdapir axsenebs germanuli romantizmis erT-erTi fuZemdeb-

lisa da udidesi romantikosi poetis novalisis romantikuli

poeziis umTavres simbolos lurj yvavils (die blaue Blume). Ce-

mi azriT, mocemul leqsSi novalisis yvavilis (anu lurji yvavi-

lis) poeturi koncepti SemoqmedebiT procesSi warmoqmnili

SemTxveviToba ki ar aris, aramed igi cnobierad Tu aracnobie-

rad gamoxatavs novalisis poeziidan momdinare SemoqmedebiT

inspiraciasa da impulsebs. faqtobrivad, es leqsi unda gaviaz-

roT, erTi mxriv, rogorc Taviseburi poeturi miZRvna novali-

sisa da misi romantikuli poeziisadmi, xolo, meore mxriv, ro-

gorc germanuli romantizmisa da galaktionis konceptualur-

esTetikuri Tanamoazreoba.2

konstantine bregaZe

29

Cemi statia aris galaktionis am leqsisa da misi sxva leqsebis

safuZvelze galaktionis modernistuli poeziisa da novalisis

romantikuli poeziis konceptualur-saxismetyvelebiTi siax-

lovis Cvenebisa (tipologia) da germanuli romantizmis, ro-

gorc galaktionis poeturi teqstebis erT-erTi mainspirebe-

li wyaros, warmoCenis cda.

Tavdapirvelad aq mTlianad moviyvan galaktionis zemoT aR-

niSnul leqss `aRar aris menestreli~:

`es ocneba aris Wreli

fiqri bneli Ramisa,

aRar aris menestreli

unazesi damisa.

iyo irgvliv zianeba

da yornebis Cxavili,

Tovlma silas mianeba

novalisis yvavili.

magram gulSi dards nu isev,

ocneba nu gSordeba,

yovelive igi isev

ise ganmeordeba~ (tabiZe 1973: 192).

leqsSi ikveTeba Semdegi poetur saxeebi da konceptebi – Ra-

me, ocneba, (novalisis) yvavili. marTalia, poeturi saxismetyve-

lebis TvalsazrisiT, aq gansakuTrebuli araferia, vinaidan ne-

bismier epoqaSi nebismieri poetis `sayvareli~ poeturi saxeebi

da konceptebia Rame, ocneba/sizmari, yvavili. magram Tu gaviT-

valiswinebT Tavad leqsis mTel Sinaarsobriv-esTetikur kon-

teqsts, leqsSi es poeturi saxeebi warmoCndeba rogorc kon-

kretuli TviTmyofadi Sinaarsis (Sinagani logosis) Semcveli

poeturi xatebi: kerZod, isini SemoqmedebiT-konceptualurad

ukavSirdebian da mianiSneben novalisis romantikul poeziaze,

ramdenadac leqsSi galaktioni erTi mxriv pirdapir axsenebs no-

valisis romantikuli poeziis centralur simbolos lurj yva-

vils (`novalisis yvavili~), xolo meore mxriv leqsSi aris alu-

ziebi novalisis roman `hainrix fon ofterdingenzec~ (sadac

swored lurji yvavilis simbolo gvxvdeba), razec mianiSneben

yvavilisa da menestrelis poeturi saxeebi.

am TvalsazrisiT SeiZleba iTqvas Semdegi: novalisis roma-

nis centraluri simboloa lurji yvavili, romelsac romanis


30

mTavari gmiri (hainrixi) sizmarSi ixilavs da Semdgom mTels ro-

manSi gmiris personaJismieri ontologia am lurji yvaviliTaa

determinebuli. xolo Tavad romanis mTavari gmiris, hainrixis,

prototipia Suasaukuneebis minezengeri (menesterli), anu ra-

indi-poeti hainrix fon ofterdingeni, volfram fon eSenbaxis

Tanamedrove. Tumca novalisis romanis hainrixi da romanSi asa-

xuli Suasaukuneobrivi interieri pirobiTi, fiqciuri mocemu-

lobania da isini eqvemdebareba novalisiseuli romantikuli po-

eziis poetikisa da saxismetyvelebis principebs. Sesabamisad,

novalisis romanis hainrixi aris sakuTriv romanis teqstis ha-

inrixi da ara konkretuli istoriuli piri. aqedan gamomdinare,

galaktionis menestreli erTi mxriv aris swored novalisis ro-

manis personaJze aluzia, xolo meore mxriv am poeturi koncep-

tis qveS galaktioni gulisxmobs Tavad novalissac. amitomac,

SemTxveviTi araa, rom galaktioni menestrelTan erTad iqve ax-

senebs novalisis yvavilsac, anu novalisis romanis mTavar sim-

bolos, lurj yvavils, rac romanSi aris transcendenturobis,

usasrulobis, saRvTo siyvarulis poeturi simbolo (bregaZe

2009: 28-69). aqedan gamomdianre, galaktionis leqsis teqstSi po-

eturi konceptebi menestreli da novalisis yvavili erT saxis-

metyvelebiT sibrtyes qmnis da saerTo poeturi koncefciis

farglebSi jdeba: leqsSi novalisis yvavilis poetur koncepts

igive mxatvruli funqcia akisria, rac novalisis romanSi, – ker-

Zod, igi aris transcendenturi saRvTo realobis simbolo, rom-

lis moxmobiTac galaktioni mianiSnebs im egzistencialur Cix-

ze, rac gamowveulia RvTaebrivis, romlis simboloc novalisis

yvavilia, yofierebasa da adamianis sulier cxovrebaSi reduci-

rebiT – `Tovlma silas mianeba novalisis yvavili~.

xolo am saxismetyvelebiTi konteqstidan gamomdinare, ro-

gorc novalisis poetur teqstebSi, ise galaktionis aRniSnul

leqsSi ocnebis poeturi koncepti warmoadgens dakargul RvTa-

ebriv yofierebaze ocnebisa da mogonebis aluzias, xolo Ramis

poeturi koncepti mianiSnebs swored im pirvelqmnil, metafizi-

kur Rameze, romlis wiaRSic iSvis Semdgom RvTaebrivi naTeli.

Tuki gaviTvaliswinebT zemoTqmuls, absoluturad aramar-

Tebuli da miuRebelia r. burWulaZis daskvna, TiTqos es leqsi

`dawerilia al. blokis dramis, vardisa da jvaris STabeWdile-

biT~, rom TiTqos novalisiseuli lurji yvavilis, da Sesabami-

sad, galaktioniseuli novalisis yvavilis poeturi simboloebi

sikvdilis poeturi saxeebia (burWulaZe 1980: 117). rogorc ze-

moT aRvniSne, novalisTan yvavilis poeturi simbolo aris ara

konstantine bregaZe

31

sikvdilis poturi saxe, aramed transcendenturobis, usasru-

lobis, sulieri srulyofilebisa da ukvdavebis poeturi simbo-

lo. xolo yvavilis sikvdilis simbolod gageba ukavSirdeba ger-

maneli simbolistis Stefan georges poezias, da misi poeziis sa-

xismetyvelebis centralur simbolos Sav yvavils. savaraudoa,

rom al. blokiseuli Savi vardic swored aqedan iRebs saTaves.

novalisTan ki gvaqvs lurji yvavili, rasac r. burWulaZe ara-

marTebulad imave simbolur datvirTvas miawers, rasac bloki-

seul Sav vards (Sesabamisad, georgeseul Sav yvavils) (burWu-

laZe 1980: 117).

axla mivubrundeT sakiTxs, Tu raSi mdgomareobs galaktioni-

sa da novalisis poeturi teqstebis konceptualur-esTetikuri

da saxismetyvelebiTi Tanamoazreoba da ra formiT vlindeba ga-

laktionis poetur teqstebSi novalisis romantikuli poeziis

SemoqmedebiTi inspiracia. kerZod: Cemi azriT, novalisisa da ga-

laktionis poetur teqstebSi saerToa satrfos poeturi saxis

rogorc transcendenturi saRvTo realobis simbolod gageba,

rac saTaves savaraudod swored novalisis poeturi teqstebi-

dan unda iRebdes (Sdr. galaktionis `aRar aris menestreli~, `vin

aris es qali?~ `qari qris, qari qris...~…, aseve meris ciklis leqse-

bi, xolo novalisis – `Ramis himnebis~ poeturi cikli). maT poe-

tur teqstebSi aseve saerToa Ramis rogorc transcendenturo-

bis poetur simbolod gageba, rac saTaves, Cemi azriT, aseve nova-

lisis poeziidan unda iRebdes (Sdr. galaktionis `me da Rame~,

`mTawmindis mTvare~, `aRar aris menestreli~, `lilian frTebiT~;

xolo novalisis `Ramis himnebi~). galaktionisa da novalisis poe-

tur teqstebSi saerToa aseve RvTismSoblis, madonas kultis po-

eturi recefcia, sadac RvTismSoblis poeturi saxe gvevlineba

saRvTo siyvarulisa da transcendenturobis simbolod. galak-

tionTan am aspeqtis esTetikuri inspiraciac savaraudod aseve

novalisis poeziaSia sagulvebeli (Sdr. galaktionis `silaJvar-

de anu vardi silaSi~, `xomalds mihyveba TeTri madona~, `saRamo~,

`damSvidobeba~; xolo novalisis – `Ramis himnebisa~ da `sasulie-

ro simRerebis~ poeturi ciklebi).3

____________________________

3 calke kvlevis Temaa lurji feris saxismetyveleba novalisTan da galakti-

onTan – erTi mxriv, lurji yvavilis simbolo novalisis roman “hainrix fon

ofterdingenSi”, meore mxriv, lurji feris simbolikis vagneriseuli laitmo-

tivi galaktionis poetur teqstebSi (“lurja cxenebi”, “gviani ocneba”, “sasaf-

laoni”, “lilian frTebiT”, “me araerTxel mqonia frTebi”, “dgeba TeTri dRee-

bi...”, “saRamo”, “Tovli”, “i. a.” da sxva). magram amjerad es problema Cemi kvlevis

sagans ar warmoadgens da mas statiaSi ar ganvixilav. Tumca am sakiTxis herme-

nevtikas momavalSi uTuod gadmovcem.



____________________________

4 statiaSi novalisis citatebis Targmani statiis avtors ekuTvnis

novalisTan satrfos poeturi saxis rogorc transcenden-

turobisa da saRvTo realobis simbolod gageba gvxvdeba mis po-

etur-mistikur ciklSi `Ramis himnebi~ (bregaZe 2009: 121-123),

rac Semdeg varirebuli saxiT gadadis missave romanSi `hainrix

fon ofterdingeni~ (bregaZe 2009: 53-62). novalisis poetur teq-

stebSi asaxuli siyvarulis istoria, satrfosadmi gmiris ltol-

va warmoadgens ara sayofacxovrebo, `biurgeruli~ siyvarulis

ambavs, aramed aq simbolizebulia iniciaciis procesi, anu Sem-

mecnebeli subieqtis swrafva sulieri srulyofis, usasrulo-

bisa da transcendenturobisadmi (bregaZe 2009: 53-62). Sesabami-

sad, novalisTan satrfos poeturi saxe gvevlineba transcen-

denturobisa da samoTxiseuli egzistenciis simbolod:

`nislSi STainTqa MmTa da vixile satrfos naTliTmosili

nakvTebi. mis TvalebSi daevana maradisobas. xeli Sevavle

sasurvels da cremlebi iqcnen mbrwyinav uwyvet mZivad.

aTaswleulebi wariltvnen SoreTSi, viT avdris qarebi.

mis yels davadine netarebis cremlebi axali cxovrebi-

saTvis. da es sizmari erTaderTia. mxolod mas Semdeg Ca-

mesaxa maradi, Seuryeveli rwmena Rameuli zecisa da misi

naTlisadmi – satrfosadmi~ [Ramis himnebi, III] (novalisi

2007: 18).4

swored amgvari saxismetyvelebiTi funqcia aqvs galaktio-

nis teqstebSi satrfos poetur saxes merisadmi miZRvnili leq-

sebis ciklSi. (`meri~, `Sen zRvis pirad midiodi, meri~..., `meris

TvalebiT~..., `o, dRes Semodgomaa...~). am SemTxvevaSi, Tuki ga-

viTvaliswinebT galaktionis poeturi teqstebis specifikas,

rac gulisxmobs imas, rom isini warmoadgenen transcendentu-

ri poeziis nimuSebs, anu romelTa poetur-esTetikuri inten-

ciac transcendenturobis `gaxsna~ da wvdomaa (am Tvalsazri-

siT mxolod `lurja cxenebis~ xsenebac kmara), maSin am WrilSi

galaktionis poetur teqstebSi intencirebuli siyvarulis Te-

misa da satrfos (meris) poeturi saxis sayofacxovrebo siyva-

rulis ambavze reducireba imTaviTve gamoricxulia. aqedan ga-

momdinare, meris ciklis poetur teqstebSi satrfos poeturi

saxe unda gaviazroT rogorc transcendenturobisa da dakar-

guli RvTaebrivi pirvelsawyisis simbolo. oRond, novalisisa-

gan gansxvavebiT, galaktionTan, satrfos saxiT simbolizebu-

33

li RvTaebrivi yofiereba ukve warmoadgens miuwvdomelis sfe-

ros, rac ontologiurad galaktionis lirikuli gmirisaTvis

(Sesabamisad galaktionisaTvis) warmoSobs egzistencialur Cix-

sa da SiSs: kerZod, masSi (zeciuri) satrfosadmi ltolva da mis-

dami trfoba ukve aRar iwvevs da aRar niSnavs sulier srulyo-

fasa da usasrulo transcendenturobaSi ukvdav egzistencias:

mimafrenda napirebze lurja cxeni,

gadviCexe,

ukurneblad daWrili var...

damexseni!

……………………………………………………………..Caxmaxis wuTi. bnel sivrceSi aSlili boli,

Savi yvavilis samudamod mkvdari foToli.

lÁuciferi: –

vin aris es qali, vin aris es qali

aseTi cisferi?~ [`vin aris es qali?~] (tabiZe 1973: 92).

[...] da Srialebda toti verxvisa,

raze – vin icis! vin icis, meri!

bedi, romelic me ar meRirsa –

qars mihyveboda, rogorc namqeri.

sTqvi: uecari gasxivosneba

rad Caqra ase? vis vevedrebi?

rad aSrialda Cemi ocneba,

rogorc gafrenil arwivis frTebi?

………………………………………………qari da wvimis wveTebi xSiri

wydebodnen, rogorc mwydeboda guli

da me avtirdi – viT mefe liri,

liri, yvelasgan mitovebuli~ [`meri~] (tabiZe 1973:63).

… novalisTan da galaktionTan satrfos poetur saxes ukavSir-

deba RvTismSoblis (madonas) poeturad gaazrebuli da recifi-

rebuli saxe, romelic, iseve rogorc satrfos poeturi simbo-

lo, ganasaxierebs saRvTo yofierebas. aqac, Tuki, novalisis po-

etur teqstebSi RvTismSoblisadmi (madonasadmi) lirikuli gmi-

ris mistikuri swrafva simbolurad ganasaxierebs dakarguli

saRvTo yofierebis kvlav mopovebas da amavdroulad implici-

turad gulisxmobs am RvTaebrivi yofierebis mopovebis rwme-



nas lirikuli gmiris pirovnuli nebelobidan gamomdinare (fix-

teanuri nakadi), maSin galaktionis lirikuli me aRar avlens pi-

rovnul nebelobas, igi usaxelo araras winaSe dgas da eqvemde-

bareba yofierebis mier SemoTavazebul empiriul Tu metafizi-

kur saganTmimarTebebs – `rogor SeviZloT uRvTismSobloba?

viT avitanoT umadonoba? gahqra zmaneba, gahqra feria...~ (tabi-

Ze 1973: 274):

novalisi:

mariam gixile aTas xatebSi,

vervin Segicnobs viT suli Cemi.

me vuwyi mxolod, wuTisofeli

mas mere sizmrad ganmiqardeba,

da utkbilesi, uTqmeli zeca

marad Cems sulSi Camesaxeba~

[`sasuliero simRerebi~ XV] (novalisi 1981:

198). … … … …

N

dedav RvTisao, satrfov!

tanjuli kaci TqveniT aris ganaTlebuli.

maradi wyaloba Tqvengan mogveca.

oh, vici, matilde, Sen xar,

Cemi ltolvis wminda mizani~

[`hainrix fon ofterdingeni~] (novalisi 1981:

372).

galaktioni:

`dedav RvTisao, mzeo mariam!

rogorc nawvimar silaSi vardi,

Cemi cxovrebis gza sizmaria

da Soreuli cis silaJvarde.

………………………………………….sad aris CemTvis samagiero?

sabedniero sad aris suli?

viT samoTxidan aligieri,

me jojoxeTiT var dafaruli!

da roca bediT dawyevlil gzaze

sikvdilis landi momeCveneba,

35

gansasvenebel ziarebaze

CemTan ar mova Seni xseneba!

davikref xelebs da grigaliviT

gamaqaneben swrafi cxenebi!

RamenaTevi da namTvralevi

Cems samareSi Cavesvenebi~

[`silaJvarde anu vardi silaSi~] (tabiZe 1973:

141).

rac Seexeba Ramis poetur simbolos, orive avtorTan Rame

gvevlineba saRvTo misteriebisa da sulieri Semecnebis (inici-

acia) sferod. amasTanave, rogorc novalisi, ise galaktioni Ra-

mis poetur saxes ukavSireben sikvdilis, sizmrisa (ocnebis) da

satrfos poetur konceptebsa da saxeebs: sikvdilisa da sizmris

poeturi saxeebi rogorc novalisTan, ise galaktionTan aris

iniciaciis Sualeduri, gardamavali safexuri axali saRvTo eg-

zistenciisaken, romlis gavlis Semdgomac xorcieldeba liri-

kuli gmiris (iniciantis) sulieri srulqmna da RvTaebriv yofi-

erebaSi damkvidreba. sainteresoa, rom am SemTxvevaSi, Ramis po-

eturi saxis gagebaSi galaktioni diametrulad upirispirdeba

mag. Sarl bodlers, romelTanac Rame apokalifsuri daqcevisa

da aRsasrulis simboloa da ara spiritualuri QWvretis (inicia-

cia) sfero, axali saRvTo egzistenciis dasawyisis wiaRi, rogorc

es galaktionTan da novalisTanaa (zafranski 2007: 121):

bodleri:

Ramea, wvims da Camqrala zeca,

TiTqos daseres samrekloebma.

qalaqis goTur siluets lewavs

ruxi siSoris amaoeba.

saxrCobelebiT savsea veli,

gvamebs yvavebis niskarti kortnis,

sanukvar sakvebs moelis mgeli,

haerSi cekvavs gvamTa eskorti.

ekal-bardebi, buCqebi, xeni

foTolTa yviTel zmanebebs qmnian

da monaxazis pirquSi fskeri

mihyveba qaoss – avbediT niavs. [...]

[`Ramis efeqti~, Targmna qeTevan mindaZem] (anTologia...

2004: 393).



novalisi:

`da me veswrafvi iqiT SoreTSi wminda, uTqmel, idumal Ra-

mes. [...] keTilSobili balzami iRvreba Sens (Ramis – k. b.)

yayaCoTa Taigulidan. damaSvral suls ezidebi zecad. eni-

TuTqmeli da miuwvdomelia kacTa gonebisaTvis sulis

Cvenis aRtaceba. [...] da ha, lurji SoreTidan eSveba sanat-

reli mwuxris saburveli. salxenad Cemda gafanta naTeli

dRisa – borkili sulisa. gaqra wuTisoflis didebuleba,

naRveli Cemi ganaqarva axalma, eniTuTqmelma samyarom.

Ramem da zecam momivlines maradi Zili. qveyana SenivTda

da zecad afrinda Cemi axladSobili da gamoxsnili suli.

[...] Cemi idumalTmetyveli guli Ramisa da misi asulis –

satrfos erTgulia~ [Ramis himnebi I, III, IV] (novalisi 2007:

9-10, 18, 23).

galaktioni:

da mec movkvde simRerebSi tbis sevdian gedad,

oRond vTqva, Tu Ramem sulSi rogor Caixeda,

Tu sizmarma viT Seisxa cidan camde frTebi,

da gaSala ocnebaTa lurji ialqnebi;

Tu sikvdilis siaxlove rogor asxvaferebs

momakvdavi gedis hangTa vardebs da CanCqerebs,

Tu rogor vgrZnob,

rom sulisTvis, am zRvam rom aRzarda,

sikvdilis gza arra aris, vardisfer gzis garda;

rom am gzaze zRaparia mgosanT siTamame,

rom arasdros ar yofila ase Cumi Rame.

rom, aCrdilno, me Tqvens axlo sikvdils vegebebi,

rom mefe var da mgosani da simReriT vkvdebi,

rom wayveba saukunes TqvenTan Cemi qnari...

jer arasdros ar Sobila mTvare ase wynari~

[`mTawmindis mTvare~] (tabiZe 1973: 64).

galaktionisa da novalisis zemoTmoxmobili poeturi teq-

stebis SedarebiTi analizis safuZvelze SesaZlebelia davas-

kvnaT, rom galaktionis modernistul poeziaSi mocemulia no-

valisis romantikuli poeziisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli saxismet-

yvelebisa da poeturi konceptebis axleburi poeturi gaazreba

da recefcia, ris Sedegadac isini fuZndebian galaktionis uni-

kalur poetur saxismetyvelebaSi da gadaiqcevian mis ganuyrel

da organul Semadgenel elementebad (am SemTxvevaSi ki gvaqvs

37

ara gavlenebi, aramed SemoqmedebiTi inspiracia). amitomac, mi-

maCnia, rom galaktionis poeziis SemoqmedebiTi inspiracia

frangul simbolizmTan erTad Seicavs germanuli romantizmi-

dan momdinare impulsebs.

literatura

anTologia... 2004: frangul-qarTuli anTologia: Sarl bodleri, pol

verleni, stefan malarme, artur rembo; Semdgeneli z. meZvelia,

Tsu gamomcemloba, Tbilisi.

bregaZe 2009: k. bregaZe, novalisis romani ̀ hainrix fon ofterdingeni~

bibliuri arqetipebisa da esqatologiis TvalsazrisiT (gv. 28-75);

wignSi: k. bregaZe, literaturuli da enisfilosofiuri narkvevebi,

gamomc. ̀ meridiani~, Tbilisi.

bregaZe 2009: k. bregaZe, novalisis ̀ Ramis himnebis~ saxismetyveleba (gv.

119-133); wignSi: k. bregaZe, literaturuli da enisfilosofiuri

narkvevebi, gamomc. ̀ meridiani~, Tbilisi.

burWulaZe 1980: r. burWulaZe, vagneri da galaktioni (gv. 63-94); wignSi:

r. burWulaZe, mxolod integralebi, gamomc. ̀ merani~, Tbilisi.

zafranski 2007: R. Safranski, Romantik. Eine deutsche Affäre, Hanser, München.

novalisi 2007: novalisi, Ramis himnebi, germanulidan Targmna da

komentarebi daurTo k. bregaZem, gamomc. meridiani~, Tbilisi.

novalisi 1981: Novalis, Werke in einem Band, hrsg. von H.-J. Mähl, Carl Hanser

Verlag, München.tabiZe 1973: g. tabiZe, rCeuli, Semdg. gr. abaSiZe da m. lebaniZe, gamomc.

`sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, Tbilisi.

tabiZe 1975: g. tabiZe, Txzulebani 12 tomad, t. XII, gamomc. `sabWoTa

saqarTvelo~, Tbilisi.


38

irakli cxvediani

jeimz joisis ùlise`:

teqsti da struqtura

jeimz joisis ùlises~ struqtura Se-

iZleba pirobiTad orad gaiyos: zedapi-

rul, garegan konstruqciad da interna-

lur struqturad.

romanis zedapiruli konstruqciis

asagebad joisi, erTi SexedviT, tradici-

ul xerxebs mimarTavs: ùliseSi~ moqmede-

ba xdeba erT dReSi da erT qalaqSi, ase

rom, garegnulad mainc, daculia sivrci-

sa da drois erTianobis tradiciuli, kla-

sikuri principi. garda amisa, romani Sed-

geba sami nawilisagan, rac Seesatyviseba

klasikuri ritorikis Sesavals, eqspozi-

ciasa da daskvnas. k. sanduleskus azriT,

ùlises~ formalur struqturas naTlad

gamokveTili klasikuri implikacia gaaC-

nia – romani sam nawilad iyofa aristote-

leseuli terminebis: dasawyisis, Sua nawi-

lisa da dasasrulis mixedviT, rac aris-

toteles `poetikaSi~ xazs usvams mizez-

Sedegobrivi kavSirebis mWidro erTob-

liobas (sandulesku 1979: 82).

ùlises~ TiToeul nawilSi dominirebs

romanis romelime mTavari personaJi Sem-

degi TanmimdevrobiT: stiveni, blumi, mo-

li. samive nawili simbolurad iwyeba mTa-

var moqmed pirTa saxelebis inicialebiT:

S – stiveni; M – moli; P – poldi (leo-


baTa doqtori, akaki we-

reTlis saxelmwifo uni-

versitetis sruli pro-

fesori, amave universi-

tetis dasavleTevropu-

li da amerikuli lite-

raturis departamentis

koordinatori

ZiriTadi Sromebi: ‘Mythin J. Joyce’s Ulysses and W.Faulkner’s The Sound and theFury (Comparative Study)’(2002); ùlises~ miTopo-

etika~ (2006); ̀ jeimz jo-

isi da jon dos pasosi:

transatlantikuri li-

terturuli moderniz-

mis poetika~ (2006); ̀ wmin-

da~ romani da èpikuri~

romani: modernistuli

romanis ori SesaZleb-

loba~ (2006); `Dante, Eliotand Joyce: Creating Order outof Chaos~ (2008); `SpatialForm in James Joyce’s Ulysses:`Nausicaa~ Episode~ (2009)

39

pold blumi). u. Tindalis interpretaciiT, `pirveli nawili, ro-

melic stivens eZRvneba, iwyeba S-iT, rac mianiSnebs mis erTgu-

lebas sakuTari Tavisadmi. meore nawili, romelic blums eZRvne-

ba, iwyeba M-iT, rac aCvenebs mis erTgulebas molisadmi. mesame

nawili, romelic eZRvneba molis, iwyeba P-iT, rac aCvenebs mis

gatacebas poldiT, anu leopoldiT.~ amasTanave, S, M, P silo-

gizmis nawilebis aRmniSvneli tradiciuli niSnebia, rac, u. Tin-

dalis azriT, ùlises~ struqturis logikur `progresze~ miu-

TiTebs (tindali 1995: 126).

mWidro urTierTkavSiri romanis formalur nawilebsa da

personaJTa ganlagebas Soris mxolod am sam ZiriTad nawilTan

mimarTebaSi rodi mJRavndeba. es nawilebi, Tavis mxriv, epizo-

debisagan Sedgeba. yoveli epizodi fokusirebulia an erT ro-

melime personaJze, an ori personaJis urTierTobaze, an dub-

linze (X epizodi), romelic erTgvar meoTxe personaJs warmo-

adgens. ramdenadac am epizodebs Soris ar arsebobs Txrobis gab-

muli Zafi, romanis konstruqcia epizoduria, igi warmoadgens

erTi SexedviT daukavSirebel situaciaTa jams, amitomac gau-

marTlebelia, rom zogierTi mkvlevari romanis epizodebs `Ta-

vebs~ uwodebs. garda amisa, isini epizodebs warmoadgenen imde-

nad, ramdenadac TiToeul maTgans sakuTari struqturuli age-

buleba da Txrobis teqnika gaaCnia. rogorc vladimir nabokovi

aRniSnavda kornelis universitetSi ùlises~ Sesaxeb wakiTxul

leqciaSi, `romanis yoveli Tavi gansxvavebuli stiliTaa dawe-

rili, ufro sworad, yovel TavSi garkveuli stili mefobs.~ mwe-

rali iqve dasZens, rom àr igrZnoba araviTari gansakuTrebuli

mizezi imisa, rom erT TavSi Txroba martivad, yovelgvari oine-

bis gareSe, meoreSi moCuxCuxe cnobierebis nakadis meSveobiT,

mesameSi ki parodirebis prizmis gavliT miedinebodes~ (16, 83),

magram saqmec is aris, rom ùliseSi~ yvelafers `gansakuTrebu-

li mizezi~ gaaCnia: romanis epizodebis teqnika, maTi stili, uwi-

nares yovlisa, `homerosul~ saTaurebs ukavSirdeba, rac naT-

lad Cans Tundac III epizodSi (`protevsi~). mesame zRvis mraval-

saxovani RvTaebis, protevsis joisur saxes qmnis am epizodSi

stivenis Sinagani monologis iseTi organuli elementi, rogo-

ric aris gardasaxva, saxecvlileba stivenis cnobierebaSic da

mis mier aRqmul garemoSic. stivenis fiqrTa dineba inglisuri-

dan uceb berZnul, italiur Tu germanul enebze `xorcielde-

ba~ (25, 356-357). ùlises~ erT-erTi epizodis – `lestrigonebis~

saintereso interpretacias am kuTxiT Tavad mwerali gvTava-

jeimz joisis ùlise~: teqsti da struqtura

40

zobs: `lestrigonebSi~ stomaqi dominirebs da epizodis ritmic

peristeruli moZraobis ritmia... sasauzmod rom mieSureba, Ce-

mi gmiri, leopold blumi, fiqrobs mis colze da TavisTvis am-

bobs: `Molly~s legs are out of plumb.~ dRis sxva monakveTSi mas SeiZle-

boda, igive azri sakvebze yovelgvari miniSnebis gareSe gamoe-

xata, magram me minda, rom mkiTxvelma yovelTvis miniSnebiT ga-

igos da ara pirdapiri gadmocemiT~ (65, 21). ase rom, marTebulia

r. miler-budnickaias mosazreba, rom ùlises~ stiluri siste-

ma iqmneba MmTeli rigi calkeuli stilisagan, romelTagan TiToe-

uls – MmTlianad an nawilobriv – eTmoba esa Tu is epizodi, moce-

muli epizodis ideur-filosofiuri Sinaarsisa da misi emociu-

ri Seferilobis Sesatyvisad; zogjer erTsa da imave epizodSi

ramdenime stili monacvleobs ZiriTad fonze~ (54, 166). Tavad

mwerlis gancxadebiT, misi ganzraxva iyo ara marto `gardameq-

mna miTi sub specie tempus nostri, aramed TiToeuli Tavgadasavli-

saTvis mimeca saSualeba, Tavad ganepirobebina da Seeqmna kidec

sakuTari teqnika~ (bajeni 1960: 271).

rogorc vxedavT, TiToeuli epizodis Temas joisma iseTi

teqnika miusadaga, romelic ise Seesatyviseboda mas rogorc, u.

Tindalis sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, `glove to hand~ (tindali 1995: 132).

amrigad, ùlises~ zedapiruli struqtura sakmaod martivia:

moqmedebis dro mxolod erT dRes moicavs (1904 wlis 16 ivnisi),

adgili mxolod erTi qalaqia (dublini), romanSi warmodgeni-

lia erTaderTi moqmedeba – stiven dedalosisa da blumis Sex-

vedra, romlebic Tavidan simetriulad arian daSorebulni er-

TmaneTisagan da TandaTanobiT uaxlovdebian erTmaneTs, moli

blumi ki warmoadgens ambis ganviTarebis erT-erTi Zafis saw-

yissac da sasrulsac.

ùlises~ zedapiruli struqturis simartive ganapirobebs ro-

manis internaluri organizaciis sirTules, magram aqve ar unda

daviviwyoT isic, rom amgvari danawevreba romanis struqturisa

dasaSvebia mxolod pirobiTad, kvlevis miznebidan gamomdinare,

vinaidan struqturis cneba gulisxmobs, upirveles yovlisa, sis-

temuri mTlianobis arsebobas. rogorc cnobilia, struqturas

sistemuri xasiaTi aqvs. misi Semadgeneli elementebis Tanafar-

doba imgvaria, rom romelime maTganis cvlileba iwvevs danarCe-

nis Secvlasac. ase rom, ar SeiZleba ùlises~ mravalSriani struq-

turis komponentebis sruli gamijvna da izolireba erTmaneTi-

irakli cxvediani

41

sagan, vinaidan isini urTierTzemoqmedeben da garkveul urTi-

erTmimarTebas amyareben, qmnian erT mTlian sistemas. marTlac,

joisis mier ùlises~ zedapiruli konstruqciis romanis struq-

turis sxva Sreebisagan izolirebulad ganxilvisas iqmneba STa-

beWdileba, rom joisi droisa da sivrcis erTianobis klasikuri

principis moTxovnebs icavs, magram, Tuki joisis romanis poeti-

kis ZiriTad Taviseburebebs gaviTvaliswinebT (erTiani siuJetu-

ri xazis, Txrobis gabmuli Zafis ararseboba, avtoris `gaqroba~

teqstidan, Txrobis rakursis ganuwyveteli monacvleoba, erTi

SexedviT erTmaneTTan daukavSirebel detalTa naturalistu-

ri sizustiT gadmocema da sxva), naTlad davinaxavT, rom moqme-

debis droisa da sivrcis `SekumSva~ joisTan sruliad axal fun-

qciur datvirTvas iZens1 da, amdenad, mxolod garegnulad ukav-

Sirdeba berZnuli tragediisa Tu klasicisturi dramis (romel-

Ta struqturac sruliad gansxvavebul konstruqciul princi-

pebs efuZneba) `sami erTianobis~ kanons da misgan uaRresad gan-

sxvavebuli mxatvruli daniSnulebis Sesrulebas emsaxureba. am-

rigad, ùlises~ struqturis analizisas mkvlevaris umTavresi

amocana misi Semadgeneli elementebis funqciuri urTierTmimar-

Tebis dadgenaa, rac, bunebrivia, mxolod joisis mxatvruli me-

Todis specifikis (`cnobierebis nakadis~teqnikis Tavisebureba-

ni, literaturul-miTologiuri aluzia-reminiscenciebi, asoci-

aciuri xatovaneba, èpifaniis~ teqnika da sxva), romanis mxatvrul

qsovilSi realizebuli mxatvruli xerxebis kompleqsuri siste-

mis gaTvaliswinebiTaa SesaZlebeli. aqedan naTlad ikveTeba ro-

manis struqturis analizTan dakavSirebuli meore mniSvnelova-

ni amocanac: teqstisa da struqturis urTierTmimarTebis gan-

sazRvra, struqturuli (sistemuri) da arasistemuri elemente-

bis urTierTgamijvna, vinaidan, iuri lotmanis TvalsazrisiT,

marTalia, struqtura teqstisgan meti sistemurobiT, `siswo-

riT~, abstraqtulobis siWarbiT gansxvavdeba, magram umarTebu-

lo iqneboda maTi imgvari dapirispireba, rom teqsts realuro-

bis Tviseba mivaweroT, struqtura ki ganvixiloT rogorc raRac

gonebaWvretiTi mocemuloba, romlis arseboba gacilebiT uf-

ro problemuria... struqtura arsebobs teqstis empiriul rea-

lobaSi, teqsti da struqtura urTierTs ganapirobebs da mxo-

lod am urTierTTanafardobis meSveobiT iZens realurobas.

TviT teqsti, i. lotmanis mixedviT, struqturasTan mimarTebaSi

gvevlineba, rogorc gansazRvrul doneze misi realizacia da in-

terpretacia. maSasadame, teqsti ierarqiulia. es ierarqiulobac

Sinagani organizaciis, struqturulobis arsebiTi niSania da igi


42

organizebulia abstraqtulobis gaZlierebis niSnis mixedviT

(lotmani 1988: 171).

teqstisa da struqturis urTierTmimarTebis es zogadi mo-

deli zedmiwevniT Seesabameba ùlises~ mxatvrul qsovils. ùli-

ses~ struqturis analizisas aucilebelia, erTi mxriv, teqstis

èmpiriuli qaosis~ organizebisaTvis gamoyenebuli ierarqiu-

li Sreebis gansazRvra da, meore mxriv, am Sreebis urTierTgan-

pirobebulobis, maTi mWidro kavSiris warmoCena, rac saSuale-

bas iZleva, romanis konstruqcia gaviazroT rogorc sxvadas-

xva ierarqiuli Srisagan Semdgari kompleqsuri, mTliani mxat-

vruli sistema. saamisod saWiroa joisis SemoqmedebiTi meTo-

dis TaviseburebaTa gaTvaliswineba, vinaidan misi TiToeuli

komponenti teqstis èmpiriuli qaosis~ mowesrigebis funqcias

asrulebs garkveul doneze da, Sesabamisad, abstraqtulobis

gaZlierebis niSnis mixedviT organizebuli struqturis sxva

doneebze `moqmed~ konstruqciul principebsa Tu xerxebs ga-

nuyoflad ukavSirdeba.

rogorc cnobilia, ùliseSi~ joisi uars ambobs romanis for-

mis organizebis klasikuri principebis gamoyenebaze – romanSi

ar gvxvdeba e.w. socialuri `tipebi~, empiriul doneze erTma-

neTTan dakavSirebuli siuJeturi movlenebi, rac qmnis STabeW-

dilebas, rom romanis garegnuli moqmedeba mxatvrulad aramo-

tivirebuli SemTxveviTobebisagan Sedgeba da qaoturia, magram

am qaoturobis daZleva empiriul doneze, nawilobriv mainc, ro-

manis ZiriTadi personaJebis `cnobierebis nakadis~ saSualebiT

xdeba – `cnobierebis nakadi~ mWidrod ukavSirdeba romanSi ga-

mosaxul empiriul realobas urTierTarekvlis xerxiT: gareg-

nuli faqtebi xSirad warmoadgens biZgs garkveuli asociacie-

bisaTvis, romlebic imavdroulad Sinagan logikas eqvemdebare-

bian, xanac ki, piriqiT, Sinagani monologi empiriuli faqtebis

`nakadis~ interpretacias iZleva. ase magaliTad, `kalifsos~ epi-

zodSi daglaCis maRaziidan blumis ukan dabrunebisas Rrubeli

mzes faravs. am dros blumi Tvals mohkravs welSi moxril mo-

xucs, es yovelive ki mas misi eris amJamindel savalalo mdgoma-

reobasa da bedkrul istorias agonebs:

À cloud began to cover the sun slowly, wholly. Grey. Far.

No, not like that. A barren land, bare waste. Volcanic lake, the dead sea, no fish,

irakli cxvediani

43

wheedles, sunk deep in the earth. No wind could lift those waves, grey metal, poison-ous foggy waters. Brimstone they called it raining down: the cities of the plain: Sodom,Gomorrah, Edom. All dead names. A dead sea in a dead land, grey and old. Old now.It bore the oldest, the first race. A bent hag crossed from Cassidy~s clutching, anagging bottle by the neck. The oldest people. Wandered away over all the earth,captivity, multiplying, dying, being born everywhere. It lay there now. Now it couldbear no more Dead: an old woman~s: the grey sunken cunt of the world.

Desolation~ (joisi 1986: 50).

amave dros, personaJis asociaciebis aseTi mdinareba garkve-

ul Sinagan logikas eqvemdebareba: mTeli dilis ganmavlobaSi

blumi fiqrobs aRmosavleTis fantastikur plantaciebze, Sem-

deg ki – misi Tanamemamuleebis – citronisa da mastianskis bed-

ze, maTTan erTad gatarebul dReebze, bolos misi asociaciuri

azrovneba citronisa da mastianskidan mTeli eris beds gadas-

wvdeba. ocneba aRmosavleTze, `aRTqmul miwaze~ (The PromisedLand) mTeli dRis ganmavlobaSi Tan sdevs blums, romelic dub-

linSi Tavs gariyulad, martosulad grZnobs. amdenad, bunebri-

via, rom aRmosavleTTan dakavSirebuli nebismieri detali mas-

Si aRmosavleTis asociacias iwvevs. `lotofagebis~ epizodSi mi-

si asociaciebisaTvis amgvari biZgis mimcemad aRmosavluri Cais

kompaniis vitrinaze amokiTxuli reklama gvevlineba:

`In Westland row he halted before the window of the Belfast and OrientalTea~s Company and read the legends of leadpapered packets: choice blend, finestquality, family tea. Rather warm...

The far east. Lovely spot it must be: the garden of the world, big lazy leaves tofloat about on, cactuses, flowery meads, snaky lianas they call them. Wonder is itlike that. Those Chinghalese lobbing about in the sun... not doing a hand~s turn allday. Sleep six months out of the climate. Lethargy. Flowers of idleness. The airfeeds most. Azotes Hothouse in Botanic gardens. Sensitive plants. Waterlilies.Petals too tired to. Sleeping sickness in the air~ (joisi 1986: 59).

ase rom, `cnobierebis nakadis~ doneze asociaciaTa erTi Se-

xedviT qaoturi `dinebis~ kompoziciuri kavSiris xarisxi mkveT-

rad izrdeba. swored Sinagani monologi warmoadgens `Txrobis~

umniSvnelovanes mamoZravebels. romanis teqstis `sintagmatu-

ri~ gaSlis kvaldakval xdeba calkeuli fragmentuli, empiri-

uli faqtebis `CamontaJeba~ saerTo suraTSi da maTi konceptu-


44

aluri naTelyofa.

amrigad, romanSi `Txrobis~ ori plani – realuri (skrupulo-

zuri, naturalisturi xasiaTisa) da warmosaxviTi (personaJTa su-

bieqturi asociaciebi, refleqsiebi da sxva), romlebic `kontra-

punqtulad~ viTardeba, organulad ukavSirdeba erTmaneTs, rac

personaJTa asociaciebis iracionaluri dinebis mowesrigebisa

da empiriuli faqtebis qaosis mxatvrul mTlianobad Sekvris amo-

canas emsaxureba, magram ùliseSi~ uamravi iseTi naturalistu-

ri detalia, romelic TiTqosda aferxebs àmbis~ ganviTarebas da

mkiTxvelisaTvis arTulebs rogorc personaJTa cnobierebaSi

mimdinare procesebis, aseve avtoris saTqmelis gagebas, Tumca

es mxolod erTi SexedviTaa ase – am detalebis mxatvruli daniS-

nulebis garkveva mxolod mwerlis ideur-esTetikuri koncef-

ciisa (pirvel rigSi – èpifaniis Teoriis~) da misi mxatvruli me-

Todis TaviseburebaTa gaTvaliswinebiT xerxdeba.

amgvari daintereseba yofiTi wvrilmanebiT, SemTxveviTi Jes-

tebiT, ganuzraxveli impulsuri saqcieliT, erTi sityviT, ga-

regnulad umniSvnelosaTvis gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobis mi-

niWeba niSandoblivia ara marto joisisaTvis, aramed sazogadod,

misi epoqis mecnieruli Tu mxatvruli azrovnebisaTvis, vinai-

dan swored es impulsuri qmedebani da Jestebi, romlebic, Cveu-

lebriv, SeumCneveli rCeba, warmoaCens adamianis WeSmarit bu-

nebas, maT `represirebul~ namdvil `me~-s, radganac isini ar arian

marTulni cnobierebis `cenzuris~ mier. yuradRebis gamaxvile-

ba garegnulad umniSvnelo wvrilmanebze Tanabrad axasiaTebT

joissa da, vTqvaT, zigmund froids, magram es ar niSnavs imas,

rom joisi froidis uSualo gavlenas ganicdis da misi fsiqoana-

litikuri koncefciebis mxatvrul ilustrirebas axdens. ufro

safiqrebelia, rom, rogorc klaus raiherti aRniSnavs, ùwvril-

manesi detalebis fokusSi moqceva ` haerSi trialebda~ sxvadas-

xva sferoSi saukunis dasawyisSi~ (`...an approach valorizing a focus onthe minutest details was ìn the air~ in various fields at the turn of the century.~)(raiherti 1997: 60)). swored trivialuri sagnebis zedapiruli,

garegnuli mxaris miRma dafaruli arsis Ziebas efuZneba joisis

èpifaniis~ Teoria, romelsac mwerali jer kidev Tavisi Semoq-

medebis adreul etapze ayalibebs romanSi `xelovanis portre-

ti axalgazrdobisas~. am Teoriis mixedviT, saTanado analizis

Sedegad miiRweva `gasxivosneba~– sagnisa Tu movlenis WeSmari-

ti, siRrmiseuli arsis wvdoma.

irakli cxvediani

45

amrigad, joisi, erTi mxriv, uaRresad did yuradRebas iCenda

eqsternaluri detalebis mimarT, meore mxriv ki, iyenebda maT

raRac Sinaganisa da zogadis warmosaCenad da am gziT simbolur

datvirTvas aniWebda maT. joisis mxatvruli meTodis es Tavise-

bureba davis sagnad aris qceuli ùlises~ kritikosebs Soris:

maTi nawili ùlises~ naturalistur nawarmoebad miiCnevs, sxvani

ki fiqroben, rom igi `simbolisturi~ romania. ase magaliTad, re-

zo yaralaSvili joisis teqnikas naturalizmis gagrZelebas, uf-

ro metic, èqstremul naturalizms~ uwodebs, eqstremuls imi-

tom, rom `mwerali kidev ufro aRrmavebs da adamianis Sinasuli-

er procesebzec avrcelebs naturalizmisaTvis damaxasiaTebel

skrupulozulad zusti aRweris tendencias~ (yaralaSvili 1984:

74). sruliad sapirispiro poziciaze dgas deklan kiberdi, ro-

melic miiCnevs, rom Tanamedrove mwerlebis gatacebas primi-

tiuli, naivuri xelovnebiT Tan axlda XIX s-is realizmis uar-

yofa da sinamdvilis asaxvaze uaris Tqma, vinaidan modernistebs

ar hqondaT imedi, rom SesZlebdnen, gasjibrebodnen fotoapa-

rats an xmis Camwers am TvalsazrisiT. aqedan – wers d. kiberdi,

– maTi aRtaceba Zveli, primitiuli xelovnebiT, romelic rea-

luri samyaros zedapirul, garegnul mxares ki ar asaxavda, ara-

med sakuTar samyaros qmnida. mkvlevari imowmebs goeTes afo-

rizms – Àrt was art because it was not nature~ – da askvnis:

`Farewell Zola, goodbye Flaubert~ (kiberdi 1992: 31).

Sualeduri pozicia uWiravs uiliam Tindals, romelic, erTi

mxriv, aRiarebs, rom joisi naturalistiviT akvirdeboda Tavis

qalaqs (`Joyce observed his city as naturalist would~), meore mxriv ki, mi-

iCnevs, rom misi meTodi, arsebiTad, naturalisturi ki ara, sim-

bolisturia, magram deklan kiberdisagan gansxvavebiT, mas swo-

red floberisa da bodleris weris maneras unaTesavebs (tinda-

li 1995: 127). msgavs Tavlsazriss gamoTqvams sidni botic, ro-

melic realizmisa da simbolizmis Serwymas miiCnevs joisis Se-

moqmedebiTi niWis gansakuTrebul niSnad (bolti 1992: 133). r.

miler-budnickaiac fiqrobs, rom romanis enciklopediur mra-

valferovnebaSi gamoikveTeba ori ZiriTadi urTierTgamsWva-

lavi stiluri xazi – joisis Semoqmedebis Suasaukuneobriv-sqo-

lastikuri nakadiT ganpirobebuli simbolika da froidistuli

msoflaRqmiT gamsWvaluli naturalizmi. ùlises~ simboluri

plani, miiCnevs mkvlevari, dafarulia naturalisturi saxeebis


46

feniT, romelic joisis eposis ZiriTad fons qmnis. amgvari na-

turalizmis genetikur Zirebs igi garkveulwilad XIX saukunis

frangul naturalistur romanSi xedavs, romlisganac joisma

imemkvidra miswrafeba sityvis sizustisa da socialur urTier-

TobaTa biologizebisaken. joisiseuli naturalizmis geneti-

kuri kavSiri am tipis romanTan uSualod ki ar mJRavndeba, ara-

med dekadentobis (hiuismansi, mirbo) saSualebiT. XIX saukunis

miwurulis frangul dekadentobasTan joiss anaTesavebs mid-

rekileba paTologiis, simaxinjis, Rrma pesimizmisa da sicoc-

xlisadmi siZulvilisagan gamomdinare tanjvis gamosaxvisaken,

kavSiri mistikasTan, neokaTolicizmTan, aseve mibruneba cno-

bierebis Suasaukunoebrivi formebisaken, im epoqis xelovnebi-

sa da filosofiisaken (miler-budnickaia 1934: 166-167, 171). ro-

gorc vxedavT, miler-budnickaia `uliseSi~ or, marTalia, er-

TmaneTTan dakavSirebul, magram mainc damoukidebel stilur

nakads – Sua saukuneebis cnobierebis sqolastikuri, feodalur-

saeklesio formisagan namemkvidrev simbolikasa da froidis-

tul msoflaRqmasTan dakavSirebul naturalizms – gamohyofs,

magram joisis mxatvruli meTodis amgvari danawevreba gaumar-

Tlebeli unda iyos, vinaidan igi mwerlis erTiani ideur-esTe-

tikuri koncefciis gamoxatulebaa da ara misi msoflmxedvelo-

bis winaaRmdegobrivi aspeqtebis gansxeuleba. am TvalsazrisiT,

uaRresad sainteresoa emil zolasa da rihard vagneris Semoq-

medebis Tomas maniseuli Sedareba: miuxedavad maT Soris arse-

buli uzarmazari sxvaobisa, miiCnevs mwerali, am SemoqmedTa qmni-

lebebi saerTo epoqaluri niSniTaa aRbeWdili. adarebs ra er-

TmaneTs `rugon-makarebsa~ da `nibelungebis beWeds~, igi aRniS-

navs, rom maT akavSirebs ara marto miswrafeba uzarmazari mas-

Stabebisaken, SemoqmedebiTi ltolva grandiozulisa da masiu-

risaken da ara marto (teqnikis TvalsazrisiT) epikuri laitmo-

tivebi. mTavari, rac maT anaTesavebs, naturalizmia, romelic

simbolomde maRldeba da miTSi gadaizrdeba:

`vis SeuZlia, uaryos zolas epikaSi simbolizmi da miswrafeba

miTiurobisaken, mis mier Seqmnil saxeebs sinamdvileze rom aRa-

maRleben? gana meore imperiis astarta, igi rom nanas uwodebs,

simbolo, miTi ar aris? saidanaa aRebuli misi saxeli?.. nana babi-

loneli iSTaris zedsaxelTagania. icoda Tu ara zolam amis Se-

saxeb? Tu ara, es Tanxvedra kidev ufro gansacvifrebelia da

mravlismTqmeli~ (mani 1974: 104).

irakli cxvediani

47

zolas Semoqmedebis T. maniseuli daxasiaTeba, garkveuli mo-

difikaciiT, SeiZleba, joisis romansac mivusadagoT: ùlises~

simbolizmi da naturalizmi or calkeul stilur nakadad ki ar

gvevlineba, aramed naturalizmi `maRldeba simbolomde~ da miT-

Si gadaizrdeba. cxadia, es ar niSnavs imas, rom joisis mxatvru-

li meTodi zolasas enaTesaveba, vinaidan `simbolizmi da miTiu-

robisaken miswrafeba~ am ukanasknelis epikaSi, rogorc Cans, ga-

ucnobierebeli rCeba, maSin, rodesac joisis `miTologizmi~

mwerlis mier gamoyenebuli savsebiT gacnobierebuli xerxia. es

bunebrivicaa: zolas romanebi tradiciuli, klasikuri kompo-

ziciuri principebis mixedviTaa agebuli, joisis qmnileba ki yve-

la klasikur normas arRvevs da mwerals `miTosuri meTodi~ maT

sakompensaciod – romanis struqturis organizebisaTvis sWir-

deba. aseTi funqciuri midgomisas arsebiTi mniSvneloba arca

aqvs imas, icoda Tu ara zolam, rom nana babiloneli iSTaris sa-

xelTagania, vinaidan joisis ùlisesagan~ gansxvavebiT, mis na-

warmoebSi miTologiur Tu sxva saxis simbolikas (gacnobiere-

buls Tu gaucnobierebels) kompoziciuri funqciebi ar daekis-

reboda.

aqve unda aRiniSnos isic, rom terminSi `simbolizmi~ vgulis-

xmob ara konkretul literaturul mimdinareobas bodleridan

aleqsandr blokamde, aramed simbolizms rogorc azrovnebis,

logikuri operirebis meTods, romelic Tavisi bunebiT ar war-

moadgens Semoqmedebas. marTalia, isini erTmaneTs ukavSirde-

bian, magram literaturuli `simbolizmi~ logistikas Semoqme-

debiTad gadaamuSavebs, mxatvrul SemoqmedebasTan mimarTeba-

Si igi centriskenulia, modernizmSi ki kultivirebulia sakuT-

riv simboluri azrovneba, is centridanuli Zala, romelsac mo-

dernistebTan swrafad `gavyavarT~ periferiaSi, Semdeg ki – Se-

moqmedebis farglebs gareTac.

ùlisesadmi~ amgvari midgomisas umTavresi mniSvneloba eni-

Weba imas, rogor axerxebs mwerali `naturalizmis simbolomde

amaRlebas~, anu, sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, ra xerxebs mimarTavs

igi imisaTvis, rom umniSvnelo, trivialur detals simboluri

datvirTva, epifaniuri `gasxivosneba~ SesZinos da gansakuTre-

buli mniSvneloba mianiWos mas mkiTxvelis TvalSi, Tanac es ise

moaxerxos, rom empiriuli masalis qaosis mowesrigebas, swored,

simbolikis saSualebiT miaRwios? joisi saamisod or erTmaneT-


48

Tan mWidrod dakavSirebul xerxs mimarTavs: asociaciuri pa-

ralelis gavlebas TxrobiT detalsa da romelime movlenasa Tu

obieqts Soris (e. w. coincidental detail – Tanmxvedri detali, sidni

boltis terminia (bolti 1992: 113)) da laitmotivis teqnikas.

pirveli xerxis mkafio nimuSs warmoadgens xomaldi, romel-

sac `ulises~ erT-erTi mTavari personaJi, stiven dedalosi xe-

davs `protevsis~ epizodSi:

`Moving through the air high spars of a threemaster, her sails brailed up on thecrosstrees, homing, upstream, silently moving, a silent ship~ (joisi 1986: 42).

Sinisaken dinebis sawinaaRmdegod mcuravi xomaldi, rasakvir-

velia, ulises Sin dabrunebaze mianiSnebs, magram joisis xerxis

specifika, uwinares yovlisa, mJRavndeba sityvaSi `crosstrees~. am

sityvam mkiTxvels jvarcmis asociacia unda aRuZras, vinaidan,

wesiT da rigiT, `jvaredini salingebis~ aRsaniSnad joiss unda

gamoeyenebina sazRvao termini `yards~; mis nacvlad sityvis

`crosstrees~ gamoyenebiT ki mwerali mkiTxvels mianiSnebs, rom igi

am detals gansakuTrebul datvirTvas aniWebs. jvarcmasTan

asociacias unda ganamtkicebdes ricxvi `samic~~ – xomaldi sa-

manZiania (`threemaster~). miuxedavad amisa, imdenad didia gansxva-

veba TxrobiT detalsa da masTan Sedarebul obieqts Soris, rom

mkiTxvelma, SeiZleba, mainc ver aRiqvas analogia. garda amisa,

gaurkveveli rCeba, es asociacia personaJis cnobierebis mimarT

internaluria Tu eqsternaluri, magram es sityva meordeba `bib-

lioTekis~ epizodSi, sadac stiveni RmerTs moixseniebs rogorc

`starved to crosstrees~. aqedan naTeli xdeba, xomaldis asocireba

jvarcmasTan stivenis cnobierebaSi xdeba da amave dros mkiT-

xvelsac uadvildeba am asociaciis aRqma. amasTan, calkeuli aso-

ciaciuri detalebis amgvari ganmeorebiT mwerali maT erTgvar

`niSansvetebad~, personaJis asociaciaTa `dinebis qaosis~ mom-

wesrigeblad aqcevs. meore mxriv, es xerxi mkiTxvelis cnobie-

rebaSi auqmebs romanis Sinagan mxatvrul dros da uzrunvel-

yofs mis simultanur, meyvseul aRqmas. swored amas gulisxmobs

jozef frenki, roca wers:

`joisis wakiTxva SeuZlebelia – misi mxolod xelmeored wa-

kiTxvaa SesaZlebeli~ (frenki 1988: 90).

aviRoT kidev erTi magaliTi, oRond amjerad saxe-simbolo

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49

romanSi Tavidan eqsternaluria personaJis cnobierebis mimarT

da mxolod Semdeg iqceva misi Sinagani monologis organul na-

wilad. es aris stivenis ifnis joxi (ashplant). joisi misTvis sim-

boluri datvirTvis misaniWeblad aqac imave xerxebs mimarTavs:

nacvlad imisa, rom daewera ubralod àsh stick~, igi iyenebs sit-

yvas àshplant~( ifnis mcenare), riTac migvaniSnebs, rom es Cveu-

lebrivi ki ara, simboluri joxia. igi mravalgzis gvxvdeba la-

mis mTeli romanis manZilze da uamrav metamorfozas ganicdis:

`protevsis~ epizodSi igi stivenis cnobierebaSi xan ìfnis

xmlad~ (àsh sword~) iqceva, xanac avgurebisa Tu piligrimis kver-

Txad. `biblioTekis~ epizodSi stiveni mas moixseniebs, rogorc

mis muzaradsa da maxvils ( `My casque and my sword~), da bolos,

`saroskipos~ epizodSi SeZaxiliT `Nothung!~ igi am joxiT am-

sxvrevs Sandals (joisi 1986: 475).

rogorc vxedavT, stivenis àshplant~ sxvadasxvagvar asociaci-

ebs iwvevs: ifani skandinaviuri miTologiidan cnobilia, ro-

gorc sicocxlis xe, simbolo samyaros erTianobisa, romelic,

Tavisi mravalferovnebis miuxedavad, ganuyofelia da mTlia-

ni. amave dros, ùfrosi edas~ mixedviT, swored ifnis xis – ig-

drasilis – fesvebidan moedineba msoflio sibrZnis wyaro ur-

di. am xis totebze CamoixrCo Tavi da cxra dRe da Rame iyo Camo-

kidebuli odini – Crdilouri warmarTuli panTeonis umaRlesi

RvTaeba, – raTa Caswvdomoda runebis saidumloebas. aRsaniSna-

via, rom `saroskipos~ epizodSi stiveni Tavadve xsnis am saxe-

simbolos: saroskipoSi ayalmayalSi gareuli stivenis dayoli-

ebasa da Sin wayvanas cdilobs leopold blumi da eubneba mas:

`Bloom: (Runs to Stephen): Come along with me now before worse happens.Here’s your stick.

Stephen: Stick, no. This feast of pure reason~ (joisi 1986: 490).

am pasaJze dayrdnobiT, SeiZleba, vivaraudoT, rom stivenis

ifnis joxiT `wminda gonebacaa~ (pure reason) simbolizebuli. ama-

ve dros stiveni Sandlis damsxvrevisas mas `noTungTan~ – zig-

fridis maxvilTan aigivebs. am moqmedebis joisiseuli komenta-

ria: `ruin of all space~ (joisi 1986: 475), mTeli es pasaJi ki vagneri-

seuli zigfridis mizandasaxulobis parodiuli reinterpreta-

ciis efeqts qmnis. garda amisa, ùlise~ aq `Ria~ teqstad, erTgvar


50

`interteqstadac~ gvevlineba da am pasaJis asociaciur-azrob-

rivi simdidre kidev ufro Rrmavdeba, Tu imasac gavixsenebT, rom

`xelovanis portretSi axalgazrdobisas~ joisi stivens nawi-

lobriv zigfridTan aigivebs. marTalia, mas zigfridiviT axali

xmali – Nothung – ar gamouWedavs, magram, samagierod, miznad isa-

xavs `to forge in the smithy of his soul the uncreated conscience of his race~

(joisi 1996: 288), anu, faqtobrivad, imasve, risi miRwevac surda

zigfrids sakuTari xmliT vagneris musikalur dramaSi. `por-

tretSi~ zigfridisa da stivenis erTmaneTTan parodiuli aso-

cirebis mizniT joisi erT detals iyenebs: stivens esmis `The birdcall from Siegfried whistled softly~ (joisi 1996: 270), rac masSi garkveu-

li fiqrebis aRmZvrel impulsad gvevlineba:

`How could he hit their conscience (i.e. of Irish patricians) or how cast hisshadow over the imaginations of their daughters, before their squires begot uponthem, that they might breed a race less ignoble than their own?~ (joisi 1996:

271).

`ulises~ zemoTganxilul pasaJSi ki stivenis joxsa da zig-

fridis maxvils Soris paralelis gavlebiT joisi parodiul

planSi gvixatavs rogorc zigfridis, aseve stivenis ganzrax-

vebsac.

amrigad, ama Tu im sagnisa Tu detalisaTvis simboluri dat-

virTvis miniWebas joisi ori xerxis – asociaciuri paralelisa

da ama Tu im detalis garkveuli sixSiriT ganmeorebis – lait-

motivis teqnikis – kombinirebis saSualebiT aRwevs. Tanac, es

ori xerxi mWidrodaa erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli: joisi ama Tu

im TxrobiT detalsa da romelime eqstrateqstur obieqts So-

ris asociaciuri kavSiris damyarebisas sruliad ugulebelyofs

im garemoebas, Tu ramdenad iZleva amgvari kavSiris damyarebis

safuZvels Tavad Sesadarebeli obieqtebi – ra SeiZleba saerTo

hqondes, magaliTad, xomaldsa da jvarcmas? mwerlis meTodis

am Taviseburebas e. paundi joisis `mediavelizms~ uwodebs. `la-

itmotivis~ teqnika joiss swored naturalistur faqtebsa da

maT uaRresad `TviTnebur~ simbolur Tu fsiqologiur mniSvne-

lobas Soris kavSiris dasamyareblad sWirdeba: calkeuli fra-

zis, sityvisa Tu detalis ganmeorebiT an varirebiT sxvadasxva

konteqstSi mwerali misi simboluri mniSvnelobis `vizualize-

bas~ axdens. saerTod, unda iTqvas, rom enigmaTa umravlesoba

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51

ùliseSi~ teqstSivea dekodirebuli swored laitmotivis teq-

nikis saSualebiT. meore mxriv, laitmotivebi gvevlineba kom-

poziciur meqanizmad, romelic erTmaneTTan daukavSirebel

faqtebsa Tu SemTxveviT asociaciebs erT mTelad hkravs da maT

konceptualizacias axdens.

amrigad, laitmotivebi mniSvnelovan rols TamaSoben cxov-

rebiseuli masalis fragmentulobis, qaoturobis daZlevaSi.

isini erTgvar `gamWol Temebad~ gvevlineba. sayuradReboa isic,

rom joisi musikaluri teqnikis sxva principebsac iyenebs ro-

manSi (mag., mwerlis mcdeloba sityvieri xerxebiT musikaluri

formis imitirebisa ùlises~ erT-erT epizodSi (barSi simRe-

ris scena), misi miswrafeba kontrapunqtis teqnikis gamoyenebi-

saken romanis kompoziciaSi). musikis aseTi kulti romantiko-

sebisa da Sopenhauerisagan, uwinares yovlisa ki vagnerisagan –

literaturisa da musikis sinTezirebis miseuli mcdelobisagan

momdinareobs. wminda teqnikuri TvalsazrisiT, swored vagne-

ris musikaluri drama axdens yvelaze did gavlenas joisis mxat-

vrul meTodze: vagneri calkeul musikalur erTeulebs – me-

lodia iqneboda es, akordi, ritmi Tu instrumentebi – Tavisi

operis ama Tu im Temasa da personaJebs ukavSirebda ise, rom msme-

neli garkveuli sayviris signalis gagonebisas xvdeboda, rome-

li personaJi unda Semosuliyo scenaze. swored amas uwodebda

vagneri `laitmotivs~. es SedarebiT martivi xerxi mas uaRresad

rTuli, amouwuravi kombinaciebis Seqmnis saSualebas aZlevda.

am gziT mas SeeZlo, Temebisa da personaJebis ganviTarebis rTu-

li safexurebi gamoexata. ase magaliTad, roca personaJi mRe-

ris erT romelime simReras, orkestris ama Tu im akords, melo-

dias, ritms SeuZlia acnobos msmenels, rom am dros personaJi

sul sxva rameze fiqrobs, an raRac iseTi ikveTeba, yalibdeba

mis aracnobierSi, ris Sesaxebac man jer kidev araferi icis, an

raRac Tu viRac iseTi arsebobs misi `me~-s romelime SreSi, ro-

melic man manamde gandevna Tavisi cnobierebidan. am gziT vag-

ners eZleva saSualeba, simultanurad warmoadginos misi per-

sonaJebis cnobierebis mravalSriani `totaloba~ (froidis ter-

minebiT, maTi aracnobieri, cnobieri da super ego) nebismier mo-

cemul momentSi, Tanac personaJis sulis moZraobis swrafi Tu

TandaTanobiTi gradaciebic aRnusxos orkestrirebaSi, tonSi,

dinamikaSi niuansuri cvlilebebis SetaniT. misi mizani iyo Se-

eqmna erTgvari Gesamtkunstwerk – À Total Artwork~, vinaidan misi per-


52

sonaJebis Sinagani samyaros amgvari Rrma wvdoma SeuZlebeli iq-

neboda enis, kognituri qmedebis gareSe, mxolod abstraqtuli

musikis saSualebiT. swored erTgvari Gesamtkunstwerk-is Seqmna

hqonda ganzraxuli joissac. ùliseSi~ is mimarTavs ara marto

yvela literaturul Janrs – prozasa Tu dramas, satirasa Tu

parodias, Txrobis sxvadasxva stils, aramed ise iyenebs enas, rom

udidesi mniSvneloba eniWeba mis JReradobas, ritms, erTi sit-

yviT, musikalur aspeqts. amasTanave, mas surda moecva grZnoba-

di aRqmis totaloba, Tanac ise, rom ama Tu im grZnobadi aRqmis

procesi deskripciuli terminebiT ki ar gadmoeca, aramed mo-

exdina misi sruli transponireba enis iseT niSnebSi, rogori-

caa, vTqvaT, sintaqsuri procedurebi. swored amitomaa, rom sa-

ra daniusma ùlises~ uwoda `Tvalisa da yuris modernistuli

monumenti~ (À modernist monument to the eye and the ear~ (71, 250). Tavad

joisic Tavis romans frenk bajenTan saubarSi àdamianis sxeu-

lis eposs~ uwodebs (`the cycle of human body~) (65, 21). daaxloebiT

imave terminebiT axasiaTebs igi ùlises~ karlo linatisadmi mi-

weril werilSi: àdamianis sxeulis cikli~ (`the epos of the humanbody~) (102, 146). rogorc cnobilia, joisma Tavisi romanis TiToe-

ul epizods sxeulis romelime organo Seusabama, tviniT dawye-

buli, sqesobrivi organoebis, Tvalisa da yuris CaTvliT. er-

Tad aRebulni, epizodebi qmnian adamianis sxeulis ènciklope-

dias~. Tanac, am SemTxvevaSi joiss marto SesabamisobaTa forma-

luri sqema ar hqonia mxedvelobaSi. rogorc Tavad ganumarta

frenk bajens, mis wignSi sxeuli cocxlobs da moZraobs sivrce-

Si da adamianis mTliani pirovnebis saxlia, xolo sityvebs ise

iyenebs, rom maT gamoxaton sxeulis funqciebi (bajeni 1960: 21).

amave dros, vagneris darad, joissac surda, Caswvdomoda mi-

si personaJebis koleqtiur aracnobiers – blumi, misi Canafiq-

riT, èvrimeni~ unda yofiliyo, moli ki – `sayovelTaod qalu-

ris~ (àll women~) gansaxiereba. yvelaze didi gavlena joisze ma-

inc vagneris teqnikam iqonia. rogorc klaus raiherti aRniS-

navs, laitmotivis teqnika mwerals saSualebas aZlevda, teqstSi

Seetana enis SedarebiT mcire erTeulebi da maTi ganvrcobiT

Seeqmna mimarTebebisa da gadakveTebis mzardi sistema (raiherti

1997: 77).

swored vagneris teqnikisagan iswavla joisma, Tu rogor war-

moedgina personaJis cnobierebis sxvadasxva Sre simultanurad

irakli cxvediani

53

– rogor moexdina fokusireba erTdroulad `cnobieris~, `arac-

nobierisa~ da `qvecnobieris~ Sreebze. amgvari laitmotivis ni-

muSad gvevlineba fraza `jaunty jingle~, romelic mravalgzis meor-

deba romanSi: `kalifsos~ epizodSi molis sawolis spilenZis

rgolebi Wrialeben:

`He heard then a warm heavy sigh, softer, as she turned over and the loosebrass quoits of the bedstead jingled. Must get those settled really~ (joisi 1986:

46).

`sirinozebis~ epizodSi amgvarsave xmas gamoscems molis say-

varlis – bleizes boilanis – etli:

`He (Bloom-i.c.) eyed and saw afar on Essey bridge a gay hat riding on ajaunting car...

Jingling on supple rubbers it jaunted from the bridge to Ormond quay... Jinglejaunted by the curb and stopped~ (joisi 1986: 217).

blumis cnobierebaSi es xma adiulteris asociacias iwvevs:

`By Bachelor~s walk jog jaunty jingled Blazes Boylan, bachelor, in sun in heat,mare~s glossy rump a trot... Horn. Have you the? Horn. Have you the? Hawhorn~ (joisi 1986: 222).

igive xma – `jaunty jingle~ – ismis bleizes boilanis gamgzavrebi-

sas, romelic molisTan Sesaxvedrad mieSureba. es fraza mra-

valgzis amotivtivdeba blumis cnobierebaSi, riTac mwerali

migvaniSnebs, rom mas ar Sordeba colis Ralatis mtanjveli eW-

vi:

`Piano again. Cowley it is. Way he sits into it like one together, mutual under-standings. Her high, long snore. Night we were in the box. Trombone, under blow-ing like a grampus, between. He acts, other brass chap unscrewing, emptyingspittle. Conductor~s legs too, bagstrouses, jiggedy jiggedy. Do right to hide them.

Jiggedly jingle jaunty jaunty~ (joisi 1986: 223).

igive fraza gaielvebs blumis cnobierebaSi musikis mosmeni-

sas:

`Which air is that? asked Leopold Bloom.


54

– All is lost now.Bloom bent leopold ear, turning a furnin of doyley down under the vase order...

In sleep she went to him. Innocence in the moon. Don~t know their danger. Stillhold her back. Call name. Touch water. Jingle jaunty. Too late. She longed to go...Yes: all is lost~ (joisi 1986: 224).

amrigad, ama Tu im frazisa Tu detalis ganmeoreba personaJ-

Ta fsiqikis sxvadasxva SreSi mimdinare procesebis simultanu-

rad gadmocemas emsaxureba.

amave dros vagneris musikalur dramebSi, iseve, rogorc jo-

isis `uliseSi~, laitmotivebi ubralod ideis ilustracia ki ar

aris, aramed ideis melodiuri Wvreta, cxadia, im esTetikuri da

funqciuri aspeqtiT, romliTac `melosi~ literaturuli Semoq-

medebis nawilad SeiZleba iqces. am TvalsazrisiT, uaRresad sa-

interesoa z. qarumiZis Sexeduleba melosis – `musikis sulis~,

romlis obieqtivizacia ritualSi xdeba – ritmul-procesua-

lur bunebaze da mis msgavsebaze epifaniis bunebasTan: `melo-

sis ritmul-procesualuri buneba enaTesaveba ritualis meore

mniSvnelovani sawyisis – epifaniis – bunebas, romelic iseve, ro-

gorc melosi, ukavSirdeba dafarulis daufaraobis gancdas,

magram, moklebulia vrceulobas da warmoadgens wamier afeT-

qebas, `gansxivosnebas~. epifaniisagan gansxvavebiT, melosi, mu-

sika ara marto Tan axlavs rituals, aramed (haidegeris termi-

nologiiT) `sruldeba~, `mimdinareobs~ ritualSi dafarulis

daufaraobis gancdis ritmulobisa da procesualobis saxiT~

(qarumiZe 1986: 191). es ori sawyisi – `melosi~ da `epifania~ ukve

romanis mxatvrul qsovilSi realizebuli konkretuli xerxiT

– `laitmotivebis~ teqnikis saSualebiT – uaRresad mWidrod

ukavSirdeba erTmaneTs da romanis teqstis organizebaSi mniS-

vnelovan rols asrulebs. miuxedavad amisa, musikaluri struq-

tura ar aris literaturisaTvis, gansakuTrebiT ki romanisaT-

vis damaxasiaTebeli specifikuri niSani. rogorc marTebulad

miuTiTebs e. meletinski, `musikaluri saSualebebiT SeuZlebe-

lia danakargebis sruli kompensireba romanis masalis Sinagani

organizaciis sferoSi~ (meletinski 1976: 307). meore mxriv, `Si-

naarsis~ organizebis Tavisufali musikaluri principebis mibaZ-

va gzas uxsnis miTis simboluri enis gamoyenebas, magram es ukve

calke kvlevis Temaa.

irakli cxvediani

55jeimz joisis ùlise~: teqsti da struqtura

literatura

bajeni 1960: Budgen F., James Joyce and Making of Ulysses. Bloomington,1960.

bolti 1992: Bolt S., A Preface to James Joyce, NY: Logman, 1992.daniusi 1997: Danius S., The Senses of Modernism: Technology, Perception

and Modernist Aesthetics. Durcham: Duke University Press, 1997.elmani 1975: Ellman R. (ed.), Selected Letters of Joyce. London: Faber and

Faber, 1975kiberdi 1992: Kiberd D., Introduction. In: James Joyce, Ulysses. London:

Penguin Books, 1992.lotmani 1988: lotmani i., poeturi teqstis struqturuli ana-

lizis amocanebi da meTodebi. rusulidan Targmna T. lomi-

Zem, àxali paradigmebi”, 1988, #1

mani 1974: Ìàíí Ò., Ñòðàäàíèå è âåëè÷èå Ðèõàðäà Âàãíåðà. Â êí.: Ìàíí

Òîìàñ. Ñîáðàíèå ñî÷èíåíèé â 10-òè òîìàõ. Ì., «Õóäîæåñòâåííàÿ

ëèòåðàòóðà». 1974, ò. 10.

meletinski 1976: Ïîýòèêà ìèôà. Ì., «Íàóêà», 1976.

miler-budnickaia 1934: Ìèëëåð-Áóäíèöêàÿ Ð., Îá «Óëèññå»

Äæåìñà Äæîéñà. «Ëèòåðàòóðíûé êðèòèê», 1934, ¹1.

nabokovi 1999: nabokovi v., fragmenti leqciidan ùlises” Sesa-

xeb. kornelis universitetSi wakiTxuli kursi (1948-1958 ww),

`mnaTobi”, 1999, ##11-12.

raiherti 1997: Reichert K., The European Background of Joyces~s Writing.In: Cambridge Companion to James Joyce. Ed. By Derek Attridge, Cam-bridge University Press, 1997.

sandulesku 1979: Sandulescu C., The Joycean Monologue, Colchester: Uni-versity of Essex, 1979

tindali 1995: Tindall W., A Reader~s Guide to James Joyce, Syracuse Uni-versity Press 1995

frenki 1988: Frank J., Spatial Form of Modern Literature. In: Essentials of theTheory of Fiction. Ed: by Michael Hoffman and Patrick Murphy. Durhamand London: Duke University Press, 1988.

qarumiZe 1986: Êàðóìèäçå Ç., Ìèôîïîýçèÿ è ìóçûêàëüíîå ôîðìîòâîð-

÷åñòâî. `Ëèòåðàòóðíàÿ Ãðóçèÿ~, 1986, ¹6.

yaralaSvili 1984: yaralaSvili r., drois gauqmeba. j. joisisa

da h. heses TxrobaSi. j. joisi 100 (saiubileo krebuli), n.

yaisaSvilis redaqciiT. Tbilisi: Tbilisis universitetis

gam., 1984.

56 irakli cxvediani

yiasaSvili 1983: yiasaSvili n., komentarebi. j. joisi `ulise”, t.

I Targmani n. yiasaSvilisa. Tbilisi: `merani”, 1983

joisi 1986: Joyce J., Ulysses. Ed by W. W. Gabler, London: Penguin Books,1986

joisi 1996: Joyce J., A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, London: PenguinBooks, 1996.

57

Tamar lomiZe

meoreuli semantikapoetur teqstSi

qarTul mwerlobaSi riTmis saxesxvao-

bebis (zusti, arazusti) gamoyenebis mi-

xedviT erTmaneTisgan mkveTrad gan-

sxvavdeba winareromantikuli da roman-

tikuli poezia. kerZod, Tu pirvel maT-

ganSi arazusti riTma mxolod sporadu-

lad gvxvdeba, romantikul poeziaSi misi

gamoyeneba sistemur xasiaTs iRebs da gan-

pirobebulia romantikosTa mier Cveuli,

“avtomatizebuli~ fonikuri asociacie-

bisa da sariTmo sityvaTa paradigmatuli

kavSirebis ugulebelyofiT. arazusti

riTma ganapirobebs sityvaTa TavisTava-

di mniSvnelobebis xazgasmas, TiToeuli

sariTmo sityvis semantikur damoukideb-

lobas (zust riTmaSi ki sityvaTa bgeriTi

Tanxvedra maTi sinonimiis iluzias war-

moqmnis). amitom SeiZleba iTqvas, rom

qarTvel romantikosTa poeziaSi aqcen-

tirebulia sariTmo sityvaTa semantiku-

ri aspeqti, da ara maTi keTilxmovaneba.

amgvari sariTmo sityvebis urTierTmi-

marTeba warmoadgens, ZiriTadad, gan-

sxvavebul da ara msgavs (rogorc es zus-

ti riTmis SemTxvevaSi gvaqvs) elementTa

sintagmatur kavSirs.

amasTan, qarTvel romantikosTa, da,

gansakuTrebiT, nikoloz baraTaSvilis

poetur teqstebSi vlindeba is fenomeni,

romelsac, Cveni azriT, uSualo kavSiri

aqvs arazust riTmasTan da ganpirobebu-


baTa doqtori, ilia

WavWavaZis saxelmwifo

universitetis humani-

tarul mecnierebaTa

da kulturis kvleve-

bis fakultetis asoci-

rebuli profesori;

ZiriTadi naSromebi:

`qarTuli riTmis isto-

riidan~, `feris mxat-

vruli gaazrebis Tavi-

seburebebi n. baraTaS-

vilis poeziaSi~, `Teo-

riuli dafuZnebis

problema poetikaSi,

`me~-s koncefcia qar-

Tvel romantikosTa Se-

moqmedebaSi~.

interesTa sfero: se-

miotika, leqsmcodne-

oba, literaturis is-

toria da Teoria, mxat-

vruli Semoqmedebis

fsiqologia.

58

lia imave faqtorebiT, romlebmac gansazRvres tradiciuli

zusti riTmis Canacvleba arazusti riTmiT. esaa e. w. paronimu-

li atraqcia.

qarTul literaturaTmcodneobaSi paronimuli atraqciis

problema saerTod ar aris Seswavlili, arc Teoriulad da arc

konkretuli mxatvruli teqstebis magaliTze.

paronimuli atraqcia specifikuri enobrivi movlenaa. er-

TmaneTisgan ganasxvaveben paronimebsa da paronimias, anu paro-

nimul atraqcias. Tu paronimebad miiCneva, zogadad, msgavsi

KJReradobis, magram gansxvavebuli mniSvnelobis mqone sityve-

bi (e.w. omofonebi), paronimuli atraqcia warmoiSoba maSin, ro-

desac bgeriTi Tanxvedra akavSirebs sityvaTa Semadgeneli mor-

femebis nawilebs da ara am morfemebs mTlianad.1

paronimebs erTmaneTTan akavSirebs paradigmatuli mimar-

Tebebi, anu isini mocemulia enaSi, xolo paronimuli atraqcia

axasiaTebs sityvaTa sintagmatur mimarTebebs, warmoiSoba met-

yvelebiT jaWvSi da aucileblad anawevrebs paronimuli urTi-

erTmimarTebiT SekavSirebul sityvebs. am dros xorcieldeba

sityvaTa erTgvari semantikuri deformacia, razec qvemoT vi-

saubrebT.

amgvarad, paronimuli atraqcia gulisxmobs sityvaTa gar-

kveuli elementebis fonetikur msgavsebas, im pirobiT, rom es

elementebi aucileblad warmoadgens sityvaTa Semadgeneli ama

Tu im morfemis nawils, an, sxvagvarad, esaa sityvaTa (ZiriTadad,

ori sityvis) konsonanturi Semadgenlebis omofonuri urTi-

erTmimarTeba. paronimuli atraqciis Sedegad sityvebSi gamo-

iyofa ara is morfemebi, romlebic konvenciurad ukavSirdeba

am sityvebis mniSvnelobebs, aramed – e.w. kvazimorfemebi (kva-

zifuZeebi).

paronimuli atraqcia akavSirebs erTsa da imave, da, aseve,

sxvadasxva gramatikuli kategoriebisadmi mikuTvnebul sit-

yvebs. davakvirdeT Sesabamis nimuSebs nikoloz baraTaSvilis

lirikul nawarmoebebSi:

arsebiTi saxeli – arsebiTi saxeli: velsa – yvavilni (vl –______________________________

1 `Tu ori fonetikuri sityvis Tanxvedra imgvaria, rom Tanmxvedri nawilebis

zRvari emTxveva winsarTis, Ziris, sufiqsis zRvars, maSin – amis wyalobiT

–

gamoiyofa maTi saerTo winsarTi, Ziri, sufiqsi, magram aq paronimia jer ar

arsebobs... magram Tu Tanmxvedri nawilebis zRvari gadis winsarTis, Ziris,

sufiqsis, daboloebis SigniT, kveTs Tundac erT-erTs sityvis am elementTagan,

maSin warmoiqmneba pirobebi paronimiisaTvis~ [stepanovi 1975 : 35].

Tamar lomiZe

59

vl); gulisTqma – sadgurs (Tq – dg); mTovares – varskvlavi (vrs

– vrs); mWmunvareba – mwuxri (mW – mw); aremare – kamaras (mr – mr)

(“SemoRameba mTawmindazed~); naTeli – Tvalsa (Tl – Tvl) (“Rame

yabaxzed~); gvamSi – gvirgvinsa (gv – gv) (“napoleon~); sasufev-

lis – sofeli (fvl – fl) (“Cvili~); sadguri – myudroebisa (dg –

yd); navsa – vnebisa (nv – vn) (“Cemi locva~); sulis – wadilsac (sl

– ls); usxiv – ucecxlod (sx – cx) (“***ar ukiJino, satrfoo~);

sevda – wyvdiadi (vd – vd) (“***vhpove taZari~); wyali – kldeni –

Rreni (yl – kl – Rr); mdeloTa – mindvris (md – mnd); moZmesa –

siZnele (Zm – Zn) (“***mirbis, mimafrens...~); aCrdilsa – qarTlsa

(rdl – rTl) (“saflavi mefis iraklisa~); vardT – velad (vr –

vl); sikvdilSi – ukvdavebas (kvd – kvd) (“***miyvars Tvalebi..~);

soflad – Tavisuflebas (fl – fl); jojoxeTs – samoTxeda (xT –

Tx) (“***sulo boroto~); SrialiTa – Cinarsa (Sr – Cnr) (“Cina-

ri~);

arsebiTi saxeli – zmna: xelmwifebam – SemiZina (mw – mZ) (“na-

poleon~); naberwkalni – momayare (kl – yr) (“Cems varskvlavs~);

gulisa – ganigrilebdes (gl – gr) (“sayure~); RimiliT – sul-

dgmulobs (Rml – gml) (“CCvili~); sakravisa – ganaxarebs (kr –

xr); mkerdzed – emuqmkebodnen (mk – mk) (“..na fortopianozed

momRerali~); Rrubels – vumRerde (Rr – Rr) (“***aRmohxda mna-

Ti~); niavmanc – moCnda (“mnc – mCn~) (“Rame yabaxzed~); vardica –

gardaiSalos (rd – rd) (“ar ukiJino, satrfoo~); netareba – asa-

darebs (tr – dr); ukvdavebiT – agvirgvinebs (kv – gv) ) (“***rad

hyvedri kacsa~).

zmna – arsebiTi saxeli: movSorde – mSobelTa (mvS – mS)

(“***mirbis. mimafrens...~); wagarTo – Semogareni (gr – gr);(`Zia

g...s~); amxanagad – myavs (mx – my) (“***madli Sens gamCens~); gar-

dmoavlo – Tvali (vl – vl); ixila – msxverpli (xl – xv) (“napole-

on~); miyvars – yrmis (yvr – yrm); ganicdis – sawuTros (cd – wT);

xar – yrmao (xr – yr); xar – momRerali (xr – Rr) (“CCvili~); gan-

masvene – vnebaTagan (vn – vn) (“Cemi locva~); ganacocxlo – sic-

xiTa (cx – cx) (“*** ar ukiJino, satrfoo~); ikroda – qnari (kr –

qnr) (“vhpove taZari~); Sevswiravdi – siyvaruls (rv – vr) (“vhpo-

ve taZari~); ikrZalvis – grZnoba (krZ – grZ) (“suli oboli~); ga-

kurcxle – sicxesa (cx – cx); damitiros – satrfom (tr – tr)

(“***mirbis, mimafrens...~); damqrola qarman (qr – qr) (“***dam-

qrola qarman sastikman~); gafrindi – merano (rn – rn) (“***mir-

meoreuli semantika poetur teqstSi

60

bis, mimafrens~); aRsrulda – azri (sr – zr) (“saflavi mefis irak-

lisa~); daitanjebis – mijnuri (nj – jn) (“Cinari~); movediT – sev-

diT (vd – vd); giqarvoT – gulisa (qr – gl) (“***vlocav dRes

Cemis gaCenis~);

zmna – zmna: gaTendeba – gananaTlebs (Tn – nT) (“SemoRameba

mTawmidazed~); modi – gamomedare (md – md) (“Cems varskvlavs~);

daawyluleb – esalbunebi (lb – lb) (“Tavadis W....Zis asuls,

ek...nas~); Searxevs – oxravs (rx – xr) (“Cinari~); vWvretdi – Se-

vetrfodi (vrt – vtr) (“...na fortopianozed momRerali~);

hyvedri – emduri (dr – dr) (“***rad hyvedri kacsa...~).

arsebiTi saxeli – zmnizeda: fiqrT – gasarTvelad (rT – rT)

(“fiqrni mtkvris piras~); idayv-dayrdnobil (dyv – dyr); mcena-

reT – ganmacxovleblad (mc – mc); soflisa – gansaTaveblad (fl

– bl) siyvaruli – sxvaTaebr (syv – sxv) (“***ar ukiJino, sat-

rfoo~).

zedsarTavi (mimReoba) – zedsarTavi (mimReoba): damafiq-

rvelni – veranani (rvln – vrn); guldaxurulTa – Rrubliano

(xr – Rr); mcinaro – cremliano (cnr – crml) (“SemoRameba mTaw-

mindazed~); sanatri – damdnari (ntr – dnr) (“***cisa fers~);

mdgari – uqrobeli (gr – qr) (“*** vhpove taZari...~); SenamsWva-

lebi – cvalebadia –warmavali (vl – cvl – wrmvl ) (“***rad hyved-

ri kacsa~); macTuro – boroto (Tr – rt) (“***sulo boroto~);

warmwymedi – macxonebeli (wy – cx) (“***SeviSrob cremlsa~); mra-

val-Stovani – haerovani (rv – rv) (“Cinari~); sworTa – Tanzrdil-

Ta (wr – zr) (“xma idumali~).

zmnizeda – arsebiTi saxeli: krZalviT – qurciki (krZ – qrc)

(“Rame yabaxzed~); zvirTebSi – laJvardi (zv – Jv) (“fiqrni

mtkvris piras~); SerxeviT – sicxes (Srx – scx) (“sayure~); pirve-

lad – fers (pr – fr) (“*** cisa fers~); upatronod – mteri (tr –

tr) (“***mirbis, mimafrens...~).

zedsarTavi (mimReoba) – arsebiTi saxeli: macxovlebeli –

sicocxlis (cx – cx) (“***damqrola qarman sastikman~); wrfelni

– zraxvani (wr – zr) (“sulo boroto~); cremlsa – ciurs (cr –

cr) (“***cisa fers~); sakvirveli – naRveli (kvr – Rvl) (“xma idu-

mali~); tkbilis – bulbuls (bl – bl) (“Tavadis W..Zis asuls,

Tamar lomiZe

61

...ek…nas~); mSvenierisa – cvari (Sv – cv); uxrwneli – grZnobaT (xrw

– grZ) (“***ar ukiJino, satrfoo~); warsrulTa – droTa (rlT –

rT) (“Congurs~); cremli – ucnauri (cr – cnr) (“***satrfov, max-

sovs~); ciurTa – cvarTagan (cr – cvr) (“***damqrola qarman

sastikman...~); mwiri – wrfeliTa (wr – wr) (“***vhpove taZari~);

xelT – mosalxino (xl – lx) (“***vlocav dRes Cemis gaCenis..~);

qveyniers – siyrmiTgan (ynr – yrm) (“***cisa fers~); Sav-Tvale-

biano – mTovarev (Tvl – Tvr) (“***madli Sens gamCens~).

zedsarTavi (mimReoba) – zmna: uZlevelni – aRiZvrian (Zlv –

Zvr) (“fiqrni mtkvris piras~); haerovano – aronineb (rvn – rn)

(“Tavadis W..Zis asuls, ek...nas~); wrfeli – rbioda (rf – rb) (“su-

li oboli~); mSvenieris – amiSlis (mSv – mSn) (“..na fortepiano-

zed momRerali~); miyruebulni – ganmiaxlo (yr – xl) (“***aRmoh-

xda mnaTi~).

zmna – zedsarTavi: meCveno – mSvenieris (Cvn – Svn) (“Cems var-

skvlavs~).

nacvalsaxeli – zedsarTavi: Senni – mSvenierni (Sn – Svn)

(“***satrfov, maxsovs~).

mimReoba – arsebiTi saxeli: axrils – sayure (xr – yr) (“sayu-

re~); moklulis – gulis (kl – gl) (“Congurs~);

arsebiTi saxeli – mimReoba: Rawvni – damwvelni (wvn – wvln)

(“..na fortopianozed momRerali~); gulsa – moklulsa (gl – kl)

(“***vhpove taZari~).

zmnizeda – zmna: mecnierad – xelmwifebdes (mc – mw) (“napo-

leon~); vardebr – mohberven (br – br) (“..na fortopianozed mom-

Rerali~); Seupovrad – mWvretelobs (rd – rt) (“CCvili~); gu-

lamoskvniT – vigoneb (kvn – vgn) (“***satrfov, maxsovs~).

zmna – zmnizeda: Sevmose – saSvenad (Sv – Sv) (“napoleon~).

zmna – mimReoba: arxevs – axrils (rx – xr) (“sayure~); dakar-

gos – moklebuli (kr – kl) (“suli oboli~); gaciebuli – vficav

(cb – fc) (“***cisa fers ~).


62

mimReoba – arsebiTi saxeli: mWvreti – satrfo (rt – tr)

(“***ros bednier var..~).

zmna – nacvalsaxeli: moeRos – viRam (mR – Rm) (“fiqrni

mtkvris piras~); aRmiCndi – Cemis (mC – Cm) (“***aRmohxda mnaTi~).

zedsarTavi (Sedgenili Semasmenlis wevrad) – zmna: sasaci-

loa – ymawvilobdes (cl – wvl); sabraloa – berikacobdes (br –

br) (“CemT megobarT~).

zedsarTavi – zmnizeda: boroto – aRmaSfoTrad (brt – fTr)

(“sulo boroto~).

zmnizeda – zedsarTavi: esreT – sazari (sr – zr) (“***aRmoh-

xda mnaTi~).

sawyisi – zmna: lodiniT – vsuldgmulvar (ld – ld) (“madli

Sens gamCens~). RrialiT – momayris (Rr – yr) (“merani~); siSuriT

– Semusravs (sSr – Smsr) (“Cinari~).

nacvalsaxeli – zmnizeda: bevri – uebrod (bvr – br) (“napo-

leon~).

nawilaki – arsebiTi saxeli: nacvlad – cvars (cvl– cvr)

(“***cisa fers~).

zedsarTavi – kavSiri: morbedi – rom (mr – rm) (“***ar ukiJi-

no, satrfoo~).

zmna – kavSiri: mrwams – rome (mr – rm) (~napoleon~).

zmnizeda – arsebiTi saxeli: gare – fiqriT (gr – qr) (“Rame

yabaxzed~).

sawyisi – zedsarTavi: daqanculobiT – Tavganwirulsa (qncl

– gnwr) (“***mirbis, mimafrens~).

sawyisi – arsebiTi saxeli: Relva – gulsa (Rl – gl) (“napo-

leon~).

Tamar lomiZe

63

mimReoba – sawyisi: damaSvrali – RelviT (vrl – lv) (“***vhpo-

ve taZari~).

kanonzomierebebi, romlebic SeimCneva paronimuli atraq-

ciis zemomoyvanil nimuSebSi, SeiZleba, ase davaxasiaToT:

1. Tu ori kvazifuZidan erT-erTi wyvilTanxmovniania (CC),

maSin, rogorc wesi, meore maTgani CVC tipisaa (magaliTad, mw –

miZ, xr – yur, lod–ld da sxv.), iSviaTi gamonaklisebis garda.

2. erTi kvazifuZis mJRer Tanxmovnebs Seesabameba meore kva-

zifuZis yru Tanxmovnebi (magaliTad, krZ - qrc, fl – bl, qncl –

gnwr, xr – Rr, Tq – dg da sxv.), anda mkveTr yru Tanxmovnebs See-

sabameba fSvinvieri yru Tanxmovnebi (mc – mw, kr – qnr, cd – wT

da sxv.).

3. xSirad gvxvdeba TanxmovanTa gadaadgilebebi kvazifuZe-

ebSi: sl – ls, xT – Tx, vrt – vtr da a.S.

vfiqrobT, yovelive es mowmobs, rom paronimuli atraqciis

mravalricxovani nimuSebi nikoloz baraTaSvilis poeziaSi sit-

yvaTa SemTxveviT bgeriT Tanxvdenad ar unda miviCnioT.

ra kavSiri SeiZleba arsebobdes paronimuli atraqciis sis-

temur gamoyenebasa da arazusti riTmis aseve sistemur gamoye-

nebas Soris nikoloz baraTaSvilis poeziaSi?

rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, arazust riTmaSi sariTmo sityve-

bis urTierTmimarTeba warmoadgens gansxvavebul (da ara

msgavs) elementTa sintagmatur kavSirs. analogiurad, paroni-

muli atraqciis gavleniT erTsa da imave sityvaSi erTmaneTTan

sintagmatur mimarTebas amyarebs ori gansxvavebuli morfema –

erTi maTgani aris sityvis fuZe, romelTanac tradiciis ZaliT

dakavSirebulia sityvis uzualuri mniSvneloba, meore ki gamo-

iyofa am sityvis garkveuli elementebis sxva sityvis elemen-

tebTan sintagmaturi urTierTmoqmedebis wyalobiT. amgvari

sityva semantikurad TviTkmaricaa (radgan is arsebobs calke

aRebul sityvaSi) da, imavdroulad, Tavisi sxvadyofnis saxiTac

gvevlineba (sintagmaturi mimarTebebis garkveuli saxeobis, anu

paronimuli atraqciis zegavleniT).

aSkaraa, rom aseT SemTxvevaSi SeiniSneba sityvisTvis orma-

gi semantikis miniWebis tendencia, romelic misi orgvari wakiT-

xvis SesaZleblobas gulisxmobs. Sesabamisad, konkretul teq-

stSic, sadac gvxvdeba paronimuli atraqcia, warmoiqmneba am

teqstis orgvari wakiTxvis SesaZlebloba, anu teqstis konkre-

tuli mniSvneloba TviTkmari aRaraa da amitom daumTavreblo-


64

bis, semantikuri bundovanebis, erTgvari orazrovnebis STabeW-

dilebas warmoqmnis.

SesaZlebelia, es meore “teqsti~ davaxasiaToT, rogorc in-

terteqstualobis Taviseburi gamovlineba. i.kristevas mixed-

viT, “nebismieri teqsti aigeba, rogorc citaciaTa mozaika, ne-

bismieri teqsti – esaa romeliRac sxva teqstis SeTviseba da

transformacia. amis meSveobiT intersubieqturobis cnebis ad-

gils ikavebs interteqstualobis cneba da SesaZlebeli xdeba

poeturi teqstis, minimum, ormagi wakiTxva~ [kristeva 2004: 167].

magram rogoria es meore teqsti, romelic Tavs iCens niko-

loz baraTaSvilis lirikul nawarmoebebSi? Seesabameba Tu ara

is interteqstualobis kristevaseul koncefcias?

aSkaraa, rom es teqsti ar warmoadgens citaciis nimuSs, am

terminis zusti gagebiT, vinaidan is araa sxva konkretuli teq-

stis (an teqstebis) fragmentTa mozaikuri erToblioba. is arc

mkafiod gamoxatuli semantikiT xasiaTdeba. am SemTxvevaSi uc-

xo, meoreuli teqsti, romelic warmoiSoba paronimuli atraq-

ciis Sedegad, Sedgeba “sityvebisgan~ (kvazifuZeebisgan), romel-

Tac SeiZleba hqondes nebismieri semantika, ise, rogorc es xor-

cieldeboda enis ganviTarebis sawyis etapebze, rodesac nebis-

mieri mniSvneloba SeiZleboda dakavSireboda nebismier bgeriT

kompleqss. amgvarad, am “sxva~ teqstSi Tavs iCens aracnobieris

SreebSi Caleqili “winare~ metyvelebis niSan-Tvisebebi. misi yo-

veli sityva, romelic monawileobs paronimul atraqciaSi, “Ta-

visTavSi inaxavs winamorbedi elementis nakvalevs da saSuale-

bas aZlevs momaval elementTan Tavisi mimarTebis nakvalevs,

rom am ukanasknelma Ziri gamouTxaros mas~ [derida 1967: 42]

cxadia, enobrivi niSnebis konvenciur mniSvnelobaTa des-

truqcia baraTaSvilis poetur teqstebSi xorcieldeba sagan-

gebo daniSnulebiT. misi Sedegia teqstis semantikis gaoreba,

“dialoguroba~, rac uSualo kavSirSia baraTaSvilis poeziis

iseT TaviseburebebTan, rogorebicaa lirikuli gmiris “me~-s ga-

orebuli struqtura, erTsa da imave movlenis ori urTierTsa-

pirispiro daxasiaTeba da gansxvavebul TvalsazrisTa Tanaba-

ruflebianoba erTsa da imave teqstSi. amitom paronimuli at-

raqciis gamoyeneba baraTaSvilis poetur teqstebSi misi Semoq-

medebiTi maneris organul nawilad unda miviCnioT. TviT is faq-

ti, rom teqstis bgeriTi organizaciis am xerxs esoden mniSvne-

lovani roli ganekuTvneba baraTaSvilis SemoqmedebaSi, adas-

turebs poetis sagangebo yuradRebas enobrivi saSualebebis mi-

Tamar lomiZe

65

marT. iseT mxatvrul fenomens, rogoricaa nikoloz baraTaS-

vilis poezia, zustad axasiaTebs m. m. baxtinis sityvebi: “mxolod

poeziaSi aaSkaravebs ena mTel Tavis SesaZleblobebs, vinaidan

am SemTxvevaSi mas maqsimaluri moTxovnebi waeyeneba,...da ena aq

Tavis SesaZleblobebs aWarbebs~ [baxtini 1986 : 65].

literatura

baxtini 1986: Áàõòèí Ì.Ì. Ëèòåðàòóðíî-êðèòè÷åñêèå ñòàòüè. Ì.,

`Õóäîæåñòâåííàÿ ëèòåðàòóðà~.

derida 1968: Derrida, J. Théorie d’ensemble. P., Seuile.kristeva 2004: Êðèñòåâà, Þ. Ñëîâî, äèàëîã è ðîìàí: Èçáðàííûå

òðóäû, Ì., ÐÎÑÑÏÝÍ.

stepanovi 1975: Ñòåïàíîâ Þ.Ñ. Îñíîâû îáùåãî ÿçûêîçíàíèÿ.

Ì.,Ïðîñâåùåíèå.


66

xaTuna maisaSvili

samSoblo, eri-saxelmwifoda qarTuli elitebi

erovnuli identobis reprezentacia

1990-1991 wlebis qarTul presaSi

Sesavali

am statiis mizania mTavlitis cenzuri-

sagan gaTavisuflebuli qarTuli beWdu-

ri mediis rolis Cveneba erovnuli iden-

tobis SeqmnaSi saxelmwifoebrivi damou-

kideblobis mopovebis pirvel wlebSi.

kvleva Seexeba: a) mediuri reprezentaci-

is mniSvnelobas gaziarebuli koleqtiu-

ri identobis Seqmna-ganviTarebaSi saer-

To teritoriis gaziarebuli gancdis sa-

fuZvelze, da b) wyaros tipis mniSvnelo-

basa da gavlenas mediaSi erovnuli iden-

tobis damamkvidrebeli enis, diskursis

SeqmnaSi.

kvlevis mignebebs warmoadgens: a) saxe-

lisuflebo elita da inteligencia iyvnen

is ZiriTadi aqtantebi, romlebic qmnidnen

erovnuli identobis gamamyarebel enas

mediaSi; b) rom Jurnalistebi mxolod ukan

an paralelurad mihyvebodnen maT am eni-

sa da diskursis SeqmnaSi.

statiis idea eyrdnoba 1990-iani wleb-

Si Sobil, ernest renanis, benediqt ander-

sonis, maikl biligis da sxvaTa mier gamoT-

qmul konceptualur mosazrebebs mediis

k u l t u r i s s e m i o t i k ak u l t u r i s s e m i o t i k ak u l t u r i s s e m i o t i k ak u l t u r i s s e m i o t i k ak u l t u r i s s e m i o t i k a

ilia WavWavaZis saxelo-

bis saxelmwifo univer-

sitetis filosofiisa

da socialur mecniere-

baTa fakultetis doq-

toranti, gazeT „axali 7

dRisa“ da Jurnal „sit-

yvis“ damfuZnebeli da

Tanaredaqtori.

ZiriTadi Sromebi:

„erovnuli identobisa

da erovnuli ideologi-

is reprezentacia qar-

Tul beWdur mediaSi.

1990–1991 wlebi“ (“TheRepresentation of National Iden-tity and National Ideology in theGeorgian Printed Press. 1990-1991”). narkvevebi qarTu-

li mediis uaxlesi isto-

riis Sesaxeb; „sad midian

„propis adamianebi“?, anu

erTi meToduri eqsperi-

mentis Sesaxeb“; saxel-

mZRvanelos proeqti „Se-

savali komunikaciaT-

mcodneobaSi“.

interesTa sfero: medi-

uri kvlevebi, sainfor-

macio struqturebi, ko-

munikaciuri procesis

modelebi

67

rolis Sesaxeb erovnuli identobis reproducirebasa da evo-

lucionirebaSi. ernest renanma „eris arsebobas“ „yoveldRiu-

ri plebisciti“1 uwoda. renaniseul „plebiscitis“ metaforaSi

mocemulia kavSiri erad yofnis fsiqologiur ganzomilebasa

(erad yofnis neba da survili) da mis yoveldRiur mediur mani-

festacias Soris. renanis gacnobierebuli nebis fsiqologia

warmosaxvis fsiqologiis ZaliT benediqt andersonma (1991) ga-

amyara. andersoni Tavis yvelaze gavlenian naSromSi „warmosax-

viTi erToba“ gansakuTrebulad warmoaCenda mediis dominantur

rols eris, rogorc warmosaxviTi erTobis, SeqmnaSi. medias

erovnuli identobis yvelaze gavleniani „Semxseneblis“ fun-

qcia maikl biligma ganusazRvra 1995 wels gamoqveynebul naS-

romSi “Banal Nationalism”2 . SekiTxvas: ratom ar iviwyeben adamiane-

bi Tanamedrove msoflioSi TavianT erovnul identobas, bri-

tanelma mecnierma ase upasuxa: imitom, rom maT hyavT Semxsene-

beli - media, Tavisi rutinuli simboloebiTa da enobrivi Cveve-

biT.

ramdenime mniSvnelovani cvlilebis Sesaxeb

gulubryviloba iqneba imis mtkiceba, rom axali qarTuli sa-

xelmwifos SeqmnisTanave Seiqmna axali qarTuli media. 1990-ia-

ni wlebis dasawyisSi mimdinare formaciuli cvlilebebis fon-

ze iqmneboda molodini, rom qarTul mediaSi, rogorc Ria sis-

temaSi, mzaddeboda niadagi axali mediis socialuri, kultu-

ruli, normatiuli, operaciuli safuZvlebisTvis.

Zalian mniSvnelovania imis aRniSvna, rom im periodis qarTu-

li media arsebobda post-glasnosturi sabWoTa mediis parale-

lurad, romelic mniSvnelovan rols asrulebda mTlianad

post-sabWoTa sivrceSi da romelic uzrunvelyofda anti-sab-

WoTa (anti-stalinistur) diskurss. am kvlevaSi aRvniSnav mxo-

lod damdgar da ara mosalodnel cvlilebebs, romlebic jer

kidev glasnostis periodidan iReben saTaves da grZeldebian

post-glasnostur periodSic. upirvelesad Seicvala sivrce.

igi daviwrovda - sabWoTa samSoblos masStabebidan - axal er-

saxelmwifomde, saqarTvelomde. sivrce „sabWoTa samSoblo“

sxvadasxva komponentad daiSala qarTul sazogadoebriv cno-

bierebaSi da identobiT binarulobaSi aisaxa: „aq“ da „iq“, „Cveni“

____________________________1 Renan, E. (1990) ‘What is a nation?’ in H.K. Bhabha (ed.), Nation and Narration. London: Routledge2 Billig, M. (1995) Banal Nationalism. Thousand Oaks, London: SAGE Publications

samSoblo, eri-saxelmwifo da qarTuli elitebi

68 xaTuna maisaSvili

da „maTi“... media iqca ideologiuri Sromis im nairsaxeobad, ro-

melsac Tavisi mkiTxvelebisaTvis unda Seeqmna erisa da erov-

nulobis, nacionalizmis, rogorc ideologiisa da rogorc iden-

tobiTi fenomenis, gansazRvreba; unda uzrunveleyo naciona-

listuri diskursis ritorikuli sivrce da erovnulobis dam-

kvidreba yoveldRiuri cxovrebis praqtikaSi. cxadia, amgvari

ideologiuri Sroma mimarTuli iyo `axali” mkiTxvelisadmi.

1990-iani wlebis media mkiTxvels mimarTavda, rogorc eris

wevrs. socialur-politikurma konteqstma radikalurad Sec-

vala mediaSi is predikati, romlis mimarTac identobis gazia-

rebuli gancdis Seqmna socialurad moTxovnadi iqneboda. me-

diaSi asaxul koleqtiur identobaSi aqcentma klasobrivi

(mSromelTa) solidarobidan erovnul solidarobaze gadainac-

vla.

e. w. eqskoloniuri qveynebisTvis saxelmwifoebrivi damou-

kideblobis mopovebis pirvel wlebSi gansakuTrebul mniSvne-

lobas iZens oficialuri da araoficialuri istoriebis urTi-

erTCanacvlebis procesis asaxva mediaSi. istoriis sabWoTa ver-

siebi adgils uTmoben alternatiul istorias, warsuli movle-

nebisa da procesebis sabWoTa versiisagan radikalurad gansxva-

vebuli rakursiT asaxvas.

Teoriuli argumentebi sakvlevi sakiTxis Camosayali-

beblad

erT-erTi yvelaze cxadi cvlileba mediaSi komunikatorebis,

adresantebis, wyaroebis struqturaze aisaxa. is garemoeba, rom

partiuli (komunisturi) nomenklatura aRar qmnida mediur Si-

naarss, ar niSnavda qarTuli mediis ideologiuri dominaciisa-

gan gaTavisuflebas. 1990-iani wlebis qarTuli media namdvilad

iyo komunisturi ideologiisgan Tavisufali, magram masSi axa-

li, nacionalisturi ideologia mkvidrdeboda, da am ideolo-

gias Tavisi damamkvidrebeli da gamxmovanebeli Zalebi hyavda.

2008 wlis oqtomber-noemberSi Cems mier Catarebuli saeqsper-

to gamokiTxvis dros, 1990-1991 wlebSi qarTul beWdur mediaSi

moRvawe sxvadasxva Tanamdebobrivi cenzis mqone pirovnebebs

mivmarTeT SekiTxviT: wyaros romeli tipi migaCndaT upirate-

sad erovnul-identobiTi enis SeqmnaSi 1990-1991 wlebis qarTul

beWdur mediaSi? gamokiTxvaSi monawileobda 18 respondenti. Ppa-

suxebi amgvarad ganawilda:

69

cxrili 1. ZiriTadi wyaroebi erovnul-identobiTi diskur-

sis SeqmnaSi mediaSi

zemoT Tqmulze dayrdnobiT, marTebulia sakvlevi sakiTxis

Semdegnairad Camoyalibeba kontent-analizis meTodiT gasaa-

nalizebeli empiriuli masalisTvis (1736 erTeulisTvis):

1990-1991 wlebis qarTul beWdur mediaSi warmodgenili ro-

meli tipis wyaro iyo dominanturi komunikatori erovnuli

identobis gamamyarebeli diskursis SeqmnaSi?

meTodi

Kkonstruqtis “erovnuli identobis diskursis” sifarTovis

gamo me virCev mis specifikur versias – `diskursi, romelic war-

moaCens mediaSi samSoblosa da er-saxelmwifos”. 1990-1991 wle-

bis qarTuli beWduri media, rogorc cneba, amgvarad SeiZleba

iyos operaciulad gansazRvrebuli: 1990-1991 wlebSi gamomava-

li beWduri gamocemebis simravle, romelic aerTianebs: a) sxva-

dasxva komunikaciuri funqciebisa da miznebis gamocemebs; b)

romlebsac axasiaTebT damoukideblobis sxvadasxva xarisxi; g)

gaaCniaT sxvadasxva socialuri damokidebulebebis struqtu-

ra. sakvlev populaciad SeirCa Semdegi gamocemebi: “komunis-

ti”, “saqarTvelos respublika”, “mamuli”, “7 dRe”, “droni”. Ti-

Toeuli maTganis sruli kompleqtis mkvlevarebisTvis xelmi-

sawvdomobam ganapiroba empiriuli masalis Seswavlis uwyveto-

ba. mTlianad gaanalizda 1736 sazrisiseuli erTeuli: 142 – “ko-

munistidan”, 998 – “saqarTvelos respublikidan”, 231 – “7 dRi-

dan”, 194 – “dronidan”, 171 – “mamulidan”.

kontent-analizis sazrisiseul erTeulad aRebul iqna Set-

yobinebis wyaros tipi, vinaidan Cems sakvlev interess warmoad-

genda prioritetulobisa da gansxvavebulobis identificire-

ba wyaros tipebs Soris, raTa gamomecada maTi Setyobinebebis

erovnul-identobiTi ena da valentobebi. gamoiyo yvelaze ti-

procentebSi

saqarTvelos prezidenti 22,2% inteligencia 33,3% saxelisuflebo oficialuri pirebi 5,6% Jurnalistebi 16,7% sazogadoebrivi azri 16,7% sazogadoebriv/politikuri gaerTianebebi 5,6%



puri da validuri wyaroebis 5 kategoria: a – saqarTvelos uze-

naesi sabWos Tavmjdomare/saqarTvelos prezidenti; b – saxe-

lisuflebo elita, romelic moicavs: premierministrs, minis-

trTa kabinetis wevrebs, saministroebis umaRlesi rangis moxe-

leebs, uzenaesi sabWos wevrebs, adgilobrivi mmarTvelobebis

moxeleebs; c – arasaxelisuflebo elita, romelic moicavs: in-

teligenciis warmomadgenlebs; erovnuli kongresis wevrebs; d– Jurnalistebi, TiToeuli relevanturi mediuri ambis avto-

rebi, mikuTvnebul iqnen erovnul-identobiTi diskursis mata-

reblebs; e - moqalaqeebi: wyaroebis kategoria, romelic ar ak-

mayofilebs zemoT CamoTvlil arcerT kategorias da moiazrebs

saqarTvelos moqalaqeebs, romlebic Cndebian an koleqtiur we-

rilebSi, an axali ambebis gaSuqebisas.

wyaroebis gancxadebebi da komentarebi kodirebul iqna maT-

Si erovnul-identobiTi diskursis Semcvelobis niSniT saqar-

Tvelos teritoriis mediuri reprezentaciisas.

Aatribucia “samSoblos miwa-wyali da saxelmwifos terito-

ria”: am cvladisTvis kodi “1” mieniWa wyaroebs, romelTa Setyo-

binebebSi saqarTvelos teritoria warmoCenili iyo rogorc

eTnikur qarTvelTa samSoblo; kodi “2” mieniWa wyaroebs, ro-

melTa gancxadebebiTac saqarTvelo warmoCenili iyo rogorc

saqarTvelos yvela moqalaqis saxli. am jgufisTvis kodirebul

iqna 565 sazrisiseuli erTeuli.

Aatribucia “saqarTvelos teritoriu;li mTlianoba”: am cvla-

disTvis kodi “1” mieniWa wyaroebs, romelTa gancxadebebsa da

komentarebSi saqarTvelos teritoria warmoCenilia rogorc

erTiani da ganuyofeli; kodi “2” mieniWa wyaroebs, romelTa gan-

cxadebebSi saqarTvelos miwa warmoCenil iyo rogorc danawev-

rebuli an mosalodnelad danawevrebuli - arsebuli, an mosa-

lodneli eTno-politikuri konfliqtebis Sedegad. Aam jgufSi

mTlianad kodirebul iqna 621 sazrisiseuli erTeuli.

Aatribucia “ras ambobs msoflio Cvens Sesaxeb”: am cvladis mi-

xedviT, kodi “1” mieniWa wyaroebs, romlebic TavianT gancxade-

bebsa da komentarebSi saqarTvelos warmoaCenen rogorc Seqe-

bis Rirss Tavisi istoriuli daniSnulebis Sesrulebis gamo. ko-

di “2” mieniWa wyaroebs, romelTa Ggancxadebebsa da komentareb-

Si saqarTvelo warmoCenilia, rogorc ugulebelyofisa da ga-

kicxvis Rirsi, Tavisi misiis Seusruleblobis gamo. am mimarTe-

bis mxriv kodirebul iqna 550 erTeuli.

Kkodirebis proceduris dasrulebis Semdeg wyaroebis tipebi

71

gaanalizda faqtoruli analizis meTodiT, raTa gamokveTili-

yo TiToeuli faqtoris mniSvneloba da misi gavlena sxva faq-

torebze.

Sedegebi. wyaroebis tipebi da Sinaarsobrivi kategoriebi.

raodenobrivi da Tvisobrivi analizi

raodenobrivi analizi warmodgenilia or etapad. Ppirvel

etapze kontent-analizis teqnikiT gamoicdeba erovnul-iden-

tobiTi diskursis yalibebi SerCeuli wyaros tipebis mixedviT.

Mmeore etapze ki moxdeba maTi mniSvnelobisa da gavlenis gan-

sazRvra faqtoruli analizis teqnikiT.

sakvlevi sakiTxis testirebis pirvel moqmedebad mivmarTavT

kros-tabis proceduras wyaros tipebsa da maT SetyobinebebSi

erovnul-identobiT valentobebs Soris.

cxrili 2. wyaroebi mediaSinaarsSi. erovnuli identobis dis-

kursis valentoba

# saqarTve-

los prezi-

denti (%)

saxelisuf-

lebo eli-

ta (%)

Aarasaxeli-

suflebo

elita (%)

Jurna-

listebi (%)

moqalaqee-

bi (%) x2, df, p

samSoblo Tu saxel-

mwifo? 1.eTnikuri qarTvele-

bis samSoblo 2.saqarTvelos yvela

moqalaqis saxelmwifo

mTlianad

48

52

N=98

41

59

N=64

46

54

N=158

34

66

N=188

58

42

N=57

x2=20.3; df=4; P<.05

Aatribucia saqarTve-

los teritoriuli

mTlianobisadmi 1.erTiani

2. danawevrebuli mTlianad

45

55

N=109

58

42

N=167

37

63

N=199

39

61

N=139

34

66

N=7

x2=18.97; df=4; P<.05

Aatribucia “ras am-

bobs msoflio Cvenze” 1.gvafasebs/gvaqebs

2.gvarcxvens/gulgri-

lia

mTlianad

36 64

N=313

48 52

N=24

39 61

N=196

46 54

N=17

0 0

N=0

x2=1.43; df=4; p<.02

am Sedegebis mixedviT, diskursis maRali erovnul-idento-

biTi buneba yvela tipis wyarosTvis met-naklebad damaxasiaTe-

belia. saqarTvelos prezidenti, saxelisuflebo da arasaxeli-

suflebo elitebi daaxloebiT msgavs sxvaobas avlenen samSob-

los cnebis gamamyarebel da saxelmwifos cnebis gamamyarebel

diskursebs Soris. Yyvelaze didi amplituda pirveli atribuci-

is mixedviT aRiniSneba JurnalistTa diskursSi: 32%-iani sxva-

oba saxelmwifos cnebis gamyarebis sasargeblod. Ees garemoeba

Zalian mniSvnelovania im TvalsazrisiT, rom, miuxedavad ideo-

logiuri dominaciis arsebobisa indroindel qarTul mediaSi,



Jurnalistebi cdiloben, win aRudgnen eTnikuri nacionaliz-

mis aRzevebas sazogadoebaSi. “samSoblos” gamamyarebeli ena da

diskursi gvxvdeba moqalaqeTa werilebsa da komentarebSi, rac,

Cemi azriT, ganpirobebulia: a) erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebebli

moZraobis quCis ritorikis gavleniTa da inerciiT, da es dis-

kursi mis dagvianebul eqos warmoadgens; b) garkveuli politi-

kuri Zalebis mier daSvebiT, rom pirveli signalebi arsebuli an

moaxloebuli eTno-politikuri konfliqtebis Sesaxeb yvela-

ze stereotipuli da primitiuli, e.w. “xalxuri” narativiT, swo-

red, moqalaqeTa mier gaJRerdes. Tumca, niSandoblivia, rom

1990-1991 wlebis qarTul beWdur mediaSi es mimarTeba ar aris

sworxazovani. igi or qvemimarTebas Seicavs: a) qarTvelis, ro-

gorc dominanti eris warmomadgenlis, warmoCena da misi upira-

tesoba missave erovnul teritoriaze; da b) qarTvelis diskri-

minacia saqarTveloSi, rogorc sabWoTa internacionalizmis

praqtika. pirveli qvemimarTebis nimuSebia: „saqarTvelo aris

saxelmwifo, qarTvelebisagan Semdgari“3 ; „mxolod qarTulma

jiSma... unda ixsnas qarTuli miwa iavarqmnisagan“4 . diskursi eT-

nifikaciuria, Tumca ara agresiuli, ara SedarebiTi - ar xdeba

dapirispireba sxva eTnosisa Tu erovnebebis warmomadgenleb-

Tan, erTis, dominantis, upiratesobis mtkiceba meoresTan, ara-

dominantTan, SedarebiT. am mimarTebis nimuSebi raodenobri-

vad bevrad Camouvardeba meore qvemimarTebis nimuSebs. meore

qvemimarTebaSi, - sxvadasxva wyaroze dayrdnobiT an uSualod

maT mier - iqmneba saqarTvelos saxe, romelSic qarTvelebi dis-

kriminaciul mdgomareobaSi imyofebian, Seviwroebulebi sxva

erovnebis warmomadgenlebis mier. magaliTad: „Tu aqamde saqar-

TveloSi qarTveli mosaxleobis diskriminacia iyo, amJamad qar-

Tveli mosaxleobis interesebi unda iyos daculi uwinares yov-

lisa, magram Cven amiT ar gamovricxavT zrunvas erovnul umci-

resobaTa uflebebze“5 ; an: „gaZlierda internacionalisturi

kursi: araqarTvelTa arnaxuli eqspansia saqarTveloSi, drako-

nuli kanonebi qarTvelTa winaaRmdeg“6 .

moqalaqeobriv-saxelmwifoebrivi mimarTebebis nimuSebis

analizma sakmaod bevri orazrovani nimuSi warmoaCina, - nimuSe-

bi, romlebsac ar SeeZloT eTnifikaciuri diskursis dramatu-

li simZafris dabalanseba da romlebSic SenarCunebuli iyo iden-____________________________3 Kkomunisti, 1990, 8 noemberi4 saqarTvelos respublika, 1990, 16 dekemberi5 saqarTvelos respublika, 1991, 1 ianvari6 saqarTvelos respublika, 1991, 22 Tebervali

73

tobiTi binaruloba - „Cven“ da „isini“: „saqarTvelo maTTvis [ara-

qarTuli mosaxleobisTvis - x.m.] mSobliuri saxli gaxda, Tavisi

mziT gaaTbo, Tavisi wyaroTi daarwyula, Tavisi puriT gamozar-

da“7 (tipuri urTierToba stumarsa da maspinZels Soris, roca

maspinZeli stumrisTvis mudmivi donori xdeba). erovnuli er-

Tobis, rogorc politikuri principis, realizaciis perspeqti-

va mediaSi warmoCenilia winapirobebisa da daTqmebis mTeli wye-

bis fonze. eTnikurad araqarTvelebis mimarT qveteqstebSi

ikiTxeba eWvebisa da varaudebis jaWvi: arian Tu ara isini saqar-

Tvelos axali saxelmwifos Senebis srulfasovani monawileebi?

Tqves Tu ara maT eTnikur qarTvelebTan erTad da Tanabrad:

„ar gvinda ruseTis imperiaSi yofna“? ra gaiRes maT, eTnikuri

qarTvelebis Tanasworad, qarTuli saxelmwifos damoukideb-

lobisaTvis?

niSandobliv saxelmwifoebriv-moqalaqeobriv diskurss

vxvdebiT ”mamulis” mediur nimuSSi; ”damoukidebel saqarTve-

los qmnis ara qarTuli eTnosi, aramed mTeli qarTveli eri, na-

cia, sruliad saqarTvelos mosaxleoba, yoveli eTnosisa da mo-

qalaqis saxiT. ... afxazisa da osis samSoblo ifargleba ara sta-

linis mier moxazuli sazRvrebiT, aramed moicavs mTels res-

publikas fsoudan alaznamde, liaxvis saTaveebidan - Woroxam-

de”8 (wyaro – inteligenciis warmomadgeneli). safrTxe erov-

nuli erTobisaTvis, am mediuri nimuSis mixedviT, mdgomareobs

imaSi, rom Tavad osma da afxazma TavianT samSoblod ”stalinis

mier moxazuli” teritoriebi airCies da ara mTeli saqarTvelos

teritoria. saqarTvelos momavali eri-saxelmwifo maT axali

saxelmwifoebrivi reintegraciisaken mouwodebs.

Mmediur nimuSebSi mocemuli ganwyoba xsnis wyaroebis mier ga-

moCenil tendencias saqarTvelos teritoria ufro metad frag-

mentirebulad, danawevrebulad warmoaCinon, vidre erTianad

da ganuyoflad. SeiaraRebuli eTnopolitikuri konfliqtis da-

sawyisi samxreT oseTis avtonomiur olqSi da momavali konfliq-

tis dizainis Camoyalibeba afxazeTSi, separatistuli ganwyobe-

bis gaZliereba ufro metad amZafrebs samSoblosadmi mibmulo-

bis grZnobis reprezentacias mediaSi. aq mediacia xorcieldeba

im mizniT, rom mkiTxvels Seaxsenos: qarTvelisaTvis samSoblos

Tundac erTi gojis dakargva ukve eris arsebobas ayenebs saf-

rTxis qveS. “roca qarTveli dakargavda isedac mcire mamapape-

ul teritorias, mis did nawils, roca mas odnavac gamoeclebo-____________________________7 saqarTvelos respublika, 1990, 16 dekemberi8 Mmamuli, 1991, aprili



da fexqveSidan saqarTvelos miwa-wyali da niadagi, misi, rogorc

erovnebis, arseboba SeuZlebeli iyo”9 ; an: “es miwa qarTulia, xo-

lo osebs swadiaT, wagvarTvan”10 .

saqarTvelos teritoriaze Riad Tu farulad mimdinare eT-

nopolitikuri konfliqtebis mediuri refraqcia miuTiTebs,

rom gansakuTrebiT mtkivneulia ara zogadad teritoriis da-

kargva, aramed im teritoriisa, romelic warmosaxviTi samSob-

los SigniT mdebareobs.

rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, oficialuri da araofiaciluri is-

toriebis urTierTCanacvlebis tendencia damaxasiaTebelia

MmTeli postkomunisturi sivrcisaTvis. saqarTvelos gasabWo-

ebis, samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri olqis Seqmnis, afxazeTSi

aparteiduli reJimis Camoyalibebis, osTa da afxazTa warmoSo-

bis Sesaxeb istoriuli versiebi qarTul mediaSi jer kidev 1988

wlidan acxadebdnen pretenzias istoriul sinamdvileze. ope-

ratiuli bunebis gamo masmedia gaxda ganaTlebis is ubani, ro-

melsac axali, ”namdvili” istoriebi unda warmoeCina. istorie-

bi bevr qveyanaSi, mravalgvarad cvalebad socialur-politi-

kur garemoSi xelaxla iwereba. es formaciuli cvlilebis Cveu-

lebrivi niSania. mTavari aq aris is, rom istoriis xelaxla dawe-

ra asaxavs hegemonis cvlilebis mimdinare balanss. axal hege-

mons SeuZlia, imperatiuli toniT ganacxados: “saswrafod un-

da Sedges da ganxorcieldes saqarTvelos istoriisa da mimdi-

nare politikuri problemebis ucxoeTsa Tu sabWoTa kavSirSi

sistemuri da obieqturi gaSuqebis programa”; an: “saswrafod

momzaddes da ramdenime enaze gamoices “saqarTvelos istoria”,

rogorc qarTvel, ise ucxoel istorikosTa avtorobiT; saswra-

fod momzaddes da ramdenime enaze gamoices saqarTvelos kuT-

xeebisa da iq mcxovrebTa istoria popularuli gadmocemiT; ag-

reTve, ilustrirebuli feradi albomi – “qarTuli civiliza-

cia”11 . es imperatiuli diskursi, rogorc zeviT aRvniSneT, axa-

li hegemonis diskursia. mediacias eweva ara Jurnalisti, ara-

med mowveuli avtori – samecniero, kulturuli elitis warmo-

madgeneli, profesionali, romelic, statusidan gamomdinare,

Jurnalistze metad avtoritetul da prestiJul komunikato-

rad aRiqmeba.

rac Seexeba mesame atribucias “ras ambobs msoflio Cvens Sesa-

xeb”, misi reprezentacia xdeba dafaruli mimarTebis fonze, ro-____________________________9 Mmoambe, citirebuli mamulis mier, 1990, dekemberi10 saqarTvelos respublika, 1991, marti11 Mmamuli, 1991, ianvari

75

melsac pirobiTad, SeiZleba, vuwodoT “SiSi damonebuli momav-

lis winaSe”. magaliTad: “saqarTvelos mkurnaloba sWirdeba... sa-

qarTvelo mxolod gadava cixidan fsiqiatriulSi da veRar moes-

wreba karebis gaxsnas”12 (wyaro – inteligenciis warmomadgene-

li); an: “Tavisuflebis gzidan gadaxveva samSoblos Ralatia da

STamomavloba amas ar gvapatiebs”13 (wyaro – saxelisuflebo eli-

tis warmomadgeneli). es SigniT mimarTuli veqtori uCvenebs, rom

Tavisuflebis gzidan gadaxveva reprezentirebulia, rogorc

sulieri misiis Seusrulebloba. sityvaTSexameba “sulieri misia”

xSirad Cndeba rogorc politikosebis, ise samecniero-kultu-

ruli elitis warmomadgenelTa citatebSi, maT saavtoro stati-

ebSi. “Tu saqarTvelos sulieri misia sulieri ganviTarebis, ini-

ciaciis, sulieri azrovnebis aRorZinebaa, qarTvelma erma (qar-

Tvelur modgmasTan erTad) kacobriobis sulieri moZRvris po-

zicia unda daibrunos”14 (wyaro – arasaxelisuflebo elitis war-

momadgeneli). saqarTvelos misia, am mediuri teqstiT, - es aris

moZRvris misia sxva erebis winaSe; rom mas istoriulad hqonda es

misia da asrulebda kidec (“unda daibrunos”). am misiis gansaxor-

cieleblad man ar unda gadauxvios Tavisuflebis gzas, da es sxva

erebma unda dainaxon da moiwonon.

Tomas Sefi (1995) miuTiTebs sircxvilisa da bralis gancda-

ze, romelsac nacionalizmis ritorika axelebs: “Tu davmar-

cxdiT, Tu uari vTqviT Cvens erovnul Rirsebaze, maSin Cven Seg-

varcxvenen; Cven veRar SevZlebT imis keTebas, risTvisac odiT-

gan viyaviT mowodebulebi; maSin Cven uarvyofT Cvens aTaswlo-

van memkvidreobas; Cven veRar viqnebiT Suqura erebisaTvis”15 .

amgvari patriotuli ritorika axelebs sircxvils, Semdeg ki

mrisxanebas maT winaaRmdeg, vinc gvadanaSaulebs Cven “Cveni”

memkvidreobis, “Cveni” daniSnulebis uaryofaSi... iqnebian isini

mtrebi sazRvargareT Tu mtrebi qveynis SigniT... “Cveni mtrebi

sawinaaRmdego xmebs avrceleben, TiTqos saqarTvelodan maTi

[araqarTuli mosaxleobis – x. m.] gasaxleba gvindodes”16 ; an: “xme-

bi dadis, rom mand [saqarTveloSi – x. m.] xalxs xocaveno, Tanac

rusebso, Semzaravi qaosi da samoqalaqo omiao. yvelaferi es gan-

zrax keTdeba. am Worebs suki da sakdesi avrceleben. sruli sa-

informacio blokadaa presaSi. protests vacxadebT, werilebs

____________________________12 Mmamuli, 1990, dekemberi13 saqarTvelos respublika, 1991, 18 dekemberi14 Mmamuli, 1991, marti15 Scheff, T. (1995) Bloody Revenge : Nationalism, War and Emotion. Boulder CO: Westview Press16 saqarTvelos respublika, 1990, 14 dekemberi



vugzavniT, magram ar aqveyneben. ai, maTi sindisi da maTi simar-

Tle”17 ; (orive Setyobinebis wyaro – saqarTvelos prezidenti

zviad gamsaxurdiaa).

gamsaxurdia Tavis mravalricxovan interviuebSi ucxoel da

rus JurnalistebTan araerTxel aRniSnavs saqarTvelos uRia-

reblobas msoflios mier, rogorc problemas, vinaidan, misi az-

riT, obieqturi wanamZRvrebi saqarTvelos aRiarebisaTvis ar-

sebobs: “nuTu oriaTaswlovani eri, romelmac qristianoba me-

oTxe saukuneSi miiRo da romelic icavda samarTlianobasa da

samarTals, unda gminavdes monobis yulfSi kisergayofili da

rCebodes samokavSireo xelSekrulebis uRelqveS?!”18 . xeli-

suflebis paToss iziarebs arasaxelisuflebo elita: “Cven

RvTismSoblis wilxvedr miwas vicavT da amiT uzenaes vals vix-

diT”19 ; an: “sawyenia, rom baltiispireTis respublikebi ayovne-

ben am saqmes [saqarTvelos aRiarebas – x. m]... 9 aprilis ambebi

rom ara, verc aRmosavleT evropa miiRebda damoukideblobas”20 .

saqarTvelos rolis warmoCena sxva erebis winaSe ar iyo mxo-

lod ararealuri warmodgenebiT nakvebi, spontanuri da usis-

temo Sexedulebebis krebuli. igi sakmaod Zlier, “sayvareli

erovnuli xatebiT” Seqmnil edeologiur saZirkvelze idga,

romlis erT-erTi burji samSoblos “RvTiTrCeulad” warmod-

gena iyo.

“saqarTvelo RvTismSoblis wilxvedria”21 , “riT mokirwylavs

[saqarTvelo] axali taZris gzas?”22 , “salocavi mamuli”, - sam-

Soblos RvTivrCeulad warmosaxva ar aris unikaluri saqarTve-

losTvis. “TiToeuli samSoblo, - wers biligi, - unda ganixile-

bodes, rogorc gansakuTrebuli adgili, fizikurad da metafo-

rulad gamocalkevebuli sxva samSobloebisagan”.23 “axali taZ-

ris” mediuri saxeebi da xatebi warsuli saqarTvelos saxidan

proecirdeba momavalze: “mogecemaT rusTavelis saqarTvelo

– ekonomikurad Zlieri, amaRlebuli qveyana”24 (Setyobinebis

wyaro – inteligenciis warmomadgeneli). Tumca ufro xSiria

daRmavali valentobis mqone sazrisiseuli erTeulebi: “waqce-

uli mxedari”25 (wyaro – Jurnalisti); “saqarTvelos mravaltan-____________________________17 saqarTvelos respublika, 1991, 19 marti18 saqarTvelos respublika, 1991, 31 agvisto19 saqarTvelos respublika, 1991, 31 marti20 saqarTvelos respublika, 1991, 2 dekemberi21 saqarTvelos respublika, 1991, 31 marti22 saqarTvelos respublika, 1991, 27 Tebervali23 Billig, M. (1995) : 7524 mamuli, 1990, oqtomberi

25 saqarTvelos respublika, 1991, 31 marti

77

jul miwas mravali wyluli aqvs mourCeneli”26 , Teoriulad cno-

bilia, rom erovnuli identobis SenarCunebisaTvis aucilebe-

lia, rom TiToeuli eri aviTarebdes pozitiur miTs sxva erebi-

sagan Tavis gamosarCevad, sakuTari arsebobis gasamarTleblad.

es miTebi, mimarTuli “eris koleqtiuri raobisadmi, istoriu-

li movlenebis pozitiur WrilSi moqceviT da sxva erebze upi-

ratesobis grZnobis CamoyalibebiT”27 , propagandirebulni ari-

an upiratesad mediaSi”28 . TiTqos paradoqsulia, rom qarTuli

media, rogorc Semxsenebeli, mkiTxvelis yuradRebas mimarTavs

warsuli uaryofiTi gamocdilebis yalibze.

faqtoruli analizi

aRweriTi analiziTa da kros-tabiT gamoikveTili wyaroebis

erovnul-identobiTi diskursis moculoba da valentoba ar

gvaZlevs saSualebas, vimsjeloT wyaroebis tipebis, rogorc

faqtorebis, mniSvnelobasa da gavlenaze, anu zusti pasuxi gav-

ceT sakvlev SekiTxvas. analizis momdevno etapad arCeuli faq-

toruli analizi miznad isaxavs, saxelisuflebo wyaroebis mi-

marT davadginoT sxva wyaroebis mniSvneloba da TiToeuli faq-

toris gavlena. amisTvis saWiroa warmovadginoT TiToeuli at-

ribuciis SigniT wyaros tipebis struqtura da maTi sixSire (ra-

odenobrivi monacemebi ix. cxrilSi 2)

faqtoruli analiziT warmoCenilia faqtorebis (wyaroebis):

c – arasaxelisuflebo elita; d - Jurnalisti; e - moqalaqe, -

mniSvneloba da gavlena raodenobrivad yvelaze reprezen-

tirebuli wyaros (ab - saxelisuflebo wyaroebi) mimarT.

cxrili 1 gviCvenebs cvladebis aRweriT statistikas.

Descriptive Statistics

Mean Std.

Deviation Analysis

N C 197,5 2,12132 2 D 78,0 86,26703 2 E 28,5 40,30509 2 Ab 306,5 43,13351 2

____________________________

26 saqarTvelos respublika, 1990, 16 dekemberi27 Niebuhr, R. (1967) ‘The Social Myths of the Cold War’, in J. Farrel and A. Smith (eds), Image andReality in World Politics. New York: Columbia University Press: 40-6728 Deutch, K. W. (1953)



korelaciis matricidan Cans, rom cvladebs Soris gvaqvs 1-s

toli, maRali korelacia.

Correlation Matrix

naxazi gviCvenebs funqciis Fac-tor Analysis: Extraction grafikis Se-

degs. aq grafikulad aris warmod-

genili TiToeuli faqtoris mniS-

vneloba. faqtorebis mier ganpiro-

bebuli variacia mkveTrad ecema

faqtorebis amoRebasTan erTad.

wertili, romelSic mrudi swori

xdeba, mdebareobs sivrceSi pirvel

da meore faqtors Soris. funqciis

grafikuli konstruqcia uCvenebs,

rom meore faqtors pirvelze nak-

lebi mniSvneloba, gavlena gaaCnia. Aanu, gavlenisa da mniSvnelo-

bis mixedviT, arasaxelisuflebo elita, rogorc Setyobinebis

wyaro, dominanturi komunikatoria. Semdegi mniSvnelobis aris

Jurnalisti.

rogorc vxedavT, analizma gamokveTa ori gavleniani da mniS-

vnelovani wyaros tipi: saxelisuflebo wyaroebi (prezidenti

da saxelisuflebo oficialuri pirebi, moxeleebi) da arasaxe-

lisuflebo elita (inteligenciis dominanturi mdgomareobiT).

qarTveli inteligentebis gancxadebebi erovnuli identobis

Sesaxeb avlenen cnobier komunikaciur miswrafebebs sazogado-

ebrivi azris mobilizaciisa da sazogadoebrivi sentimentebis

mxardaWeris mizniT. maT dominanturi mdgomareoba adasturebs

gviandel sabWoTa periodis inercias, roca inteligencia qvey-

nis sulieri da inteleqtualuri cxovrebis ukonkurento li-

deri iyo. Tuki saxelisuflebo wyaroebi erovnul-identobiTi

sakiTxebis warmoCenisas ufro metad mimarTaven misi dacvis dis-

kurss, arasaxelisuflebo elitis warmomadgenlebis gancxade-

bebSi sWarbobs analizi. Jurnalistebi, miuxedavad raodenob-

rivi reprezentaciulobisa aRweriT statistikaSi, faqtorul-

ma analizma mniSvnelobisa da gavlenis mixedviT arasaxelisuf-

g d E ab C 1,000 1,000 1,000 -1,000 D 1,000 1,000 1,000 -1,000 E 1,000 1,000 1,000 -1,000

Correlation

Ab -1,000 -1,000 -1,000 1,000

79

lebo elitis Semdeg safexurze ganaTavsa. Jurnalisturi gan-

cxadebebisa da komentarebis umravlesoba, mcire gamonaklisiT,

ufro metad mihyveba da imeorebs saxelisuflebo da arasaxeli-

suflebo elitis enas, vidre qmnis sakuTars. zogadad, media da

Jurnalistebi sakuTar gavlenas avlenen respondentebisa da ga-

saSuqebeli sakiTxebis SerCevaSi da ar iyeneben am gavlenas sa-

kuTari azris sajarod gamoxatviT. Mmagram im konkretul peri-

odSi Temebi, dakavSirebuli “qarTvelobasTan”, qarTvelTa

RvTiTrCeulobasTan, apokalipsuri SiSebiTa da keTilisa da bo-

rotis apokalipsuri brZolis JiniT SepyrobilobasTan, “sxve-

bis” gaSavebasa da demonizebasTan, Jurnalistebma ideologiis

mkeTeblebs dauTmes. sabWoTa ideologiuri wesi: “adamianebi Ta-

vianTi identobis gaazrebiTac ki mTavrobasa da inteligencia-

ze unda iyvnen damokidebuli” kvlav ZalaSi rCeboda.

daskvna

erovnul-identobiTi diskursi, gamoxatuli “erovnuli ad-

gilisadmi” mijaWvulobaSi, iyo is Tema, sakiTxi, romlis irgvli-

vac razmavdnen im periodis axali politikuri da tradiciuli

kulturul-samecniero elitebi qarTul sazogadoebas saxel-

mwifo damoukideblobisa da Tavisuflebis ideis irgvliv.

axali politikuri elitaca da inteligenciac irCevda stra-

tegiuli politikuri komunikaciis taqtikas, roca mediuri re-

sursi politikuri garemos zedmiwevniT efeqturad samarTavad

gamoiyeneba. am strategiis ZaliT guSindeli “araformalebi” da

guSindeli “disidenturi” an “kabineturi” inteligencia, cdi-

lobda, warmoeCina, rom swored igi iyo is Zala, romelsac hqon-

da “axali qarTvelis sulieri lideris” Tvisebebi. Kfaqtobrivad,

es komunikacia asaxavda ori fenomenis: “sabWoTa inteligencii-

sa” da axali “elitebis” dapirispirebas da erTianobas.

konceptualurad, im periodis qarTuli beWduri media iyo na-

cionalisturi/patriotuli tipis media, radgan misTvis cen-

traluri sakiTxi iyo eri, am fenomenis yvelaze mniSvnelovani

maxasiaTeblebiT - eniT, teritoriiT, warsuliT, religiiT, kul-

turiT, memkvidreobiT, eTnifikacia/moqalaqeobriobis dile-

miT, momavlis perspeqtiviT, warsuli gamocdilebis SiSis pro-

ecirebiT momavalze.

erovnuli identobis reprezentacia warmoaCenda nacionalis-

turi ideologiis dominantur mdgomareobas im periodis media-

Si,1990-iani wlebis dasawyisis qarTuli beWduri mediis dominan-

turi wyaroebis struqtura asaxavda axali elitebis struqtu-

ras, mniSvnelobasa da gavlenas, agreTve axali hegemonis balanss

erovnuli identobis gamamyarebeli diskursis meSveobiT.


80

irakli mWedliSvili

sivrcobrivi forma da ori

mTavari metafora

dResac, XXI saukuneSic, zogierT ada-

miansa da, zogjer, erTian sazogadoebriv

warmodgenasac miaCnia, rom `dids~ an `di-

ads~ yovelTvis `metis~ mniSvnelobac

aqvs. gasuli saukunis Sua xanamde am mov-

lenis cxovelmyofeloba evropul siv-

rceSi im dromde SemorCenil imperiul

konteqstSic vlindeboda. amjerad, impe-

riuli periodis mraval avtorTagan er-

Ti, Cestertoni, gamovarCioT.

`sadRac, tibetSi, Calis qoxSi mcxov-

rebi adamiani SeiZleba, advilad daajero,

rom is CineTis imperiis qveSevrdomia da

rom es, farTod gadaSlili imperia, mar-

Tlac, diadi da STambeWdavi ram aris. an-

da, SeiZleba daarwmunoT, rom is britane-

Tis imperiis qveSevrdomia – ara uSavs, ma-

inc aRfrTovandeba. magram, raoden saoc-

radac unda mogveCvenos, aseT mentalur

mdgomareobaSi am adamianisaTvis imperia,

romelsac ver xedavs, ufro sarwmuno Se-

iZleba iyos, vidre qoxi, romelsac xe-

davs.~1

______________________________

1 Cestertonis es citata perifrazaa ioane

mociqulis epistoles gamonaTqvamisa: “radgan Tu ar

uyvars Tavisi Zma, romelsac xedavs, rogorRa

Seiyvarebs RmerTs, romelsac ver xedavs?~(1 ioan., 4,

20). ix. G. K. Chesterton. The Everlasting Man. Part 1, Chapter 3.The Antiquiti of Civilisation. http://www.worldinvisible.com/li-brary/chesterton/everlasting/part1c3.htm.

filosofiis mecniere-

baTa doqtori, kino-

mcodne, inJiner-fizi-

kosi.

ZiriTadi naSromebi:

`cifruli gamosaxule-

ba da eidosuri xati~,

`kosmosi, sivrce-dro

da virtualuri realo-

ba~, ̀ perspeqtiva – aRor-

Zinebidan cifrul ga-

mosaxulebamde...~...

samecniero interesebi:

amJamad ori mimarTu-

lebiT vmuSaob: pirve-

li, xmelTaSua zRvis

kulturaTa da civili-

zaciaTa safuZvlebSi

ganmsazRvreli da dRe-

isaTvisac sagulisxmo

msoflSegrZnebiTi, anu

dro-sivrciTi xasiaTis

konceptebis gamovlena-

Sepirispireba; da meore

– `arTroni”, anu eli-

nuri azrovnebis is si-

mboluri winaforma,

romelmac Semdgomi, da-

savluri kulturis

m s o f l S e g r Z n e b i T i

mimarTeba ganapiroba.

81

hoda, Tu diadi imperiis uSualod uxilavi, magram cnobierad,

goniT danaxuli xati aseT jadosnur mimzidvelobas flobs, ma-

Sin, igive Tviseba iqneb sxva, Tundac samarTliani sazogadoebis

sadRac, warmosaxul adgilas arsebul, anda drois myobad gan-

zomilebaSi moazrebul modelsac SeiZleba hqondes?

SeiZlebao! mxatvruli warmosaxvis, utopiuri modelebis

Semqneli meocnebeni Tanadrouli sazogadoebis amgvar SesaZ-

leblobaSi darwmunebas axali evropis adreuli xanidan cdi-

lobdnen. XIX saukunidan ki maTi mimdevarni sarwmuno varaudis

mecnierul dasabuTebasac gvTavazoben.

Tumca, unda aRiniSnos, rom adreuli utopiisa da Semdgomi,

socialuri gardaqmnis mecnieruli moZRvrebis TiTqos uSualo,

TavisTavadi da Tanmimdevruli kavSiri erT mniSvnelovan mo-

ments qronologiuri bmulobis gareT Tu miRma tovebs. kerZod,

TiToeulis xedva Tu Wvreta gansxvavebul qrono-toposur po-

zicias gulisxmobs.

erTgan, adreul utopistebTan, `samarTlianobis~ amqveyni-

uri gamovlena sinamdvileSi ararsebul, u-toposur, magram, ma-

inc sivrculi ganzomilebis struqturis Tanad, warmosaxviT

adgilas xdeba. meoregan – socialuri samarTlianobis mecnie-

ruli modelis SemqmnelebTan ki, amgvari `xsnis adgili~ winas-

warmetyvelur perspeqtivaSi, anu droiT ganzomilebaSi moiaz-

reba.

RvTis rwmenis sanacvlod obieqtur-mecnierul mrwamss min-

dobil socializmis Teoretikosebs sxva gamosavali arc unda

hqonodaT. materialisturi da aTeisturi msoflxedva WeSmari-

ti Tanasworobisa da samarTlianobisken svlis orientirs an mi-

zidulobis mizanwarmarTvel centrs verc aramiwier, zeganzo-

milebaSi ganaTavsebda, verc gardamaval, emanaciur ierarqiaSi

moiazrebda da mas verc Teologiur, `RvTis qalaqisa~ da `miwie-

ri qalaqis~ topologias moargebda. utopia, anu warmosaxviTi

`utoposi~ ki, TavisTavad – imis gamo, rom mas realobis materi-

alur-obieqturi kriteriumebi ar esadageba, mecnierulobis

pretenziis mqone modelisaTvis gamousadegari iyo.

sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis kanonzomierebaTa ganazrebis

Tu gagebis mizniT Seqmnili bolo saukuneebis yvela relevan-

turi ieris mqone socialuri Teoria, pirdapir Tu iribad, axa-

levropuli mecnieruli xedvis arsobriv, sabunebismetyvelo

principebs Tu meTodebs imeorebs. amis gamo, obieqturobis

principi, romelic fizikuri garemos an bunebis (berZ. physis –

sivrcobrivi forma da ori mTavari metafora

82 irakli mWedliSvili

buneba) TavisTavad, Cvengan damoukidebel kanonzomierebaTa ga-

gebisa da kvlevis postulirebul pirobas warmoadgens, socia-

lur sferoSic gadmodis. sazogadoebrivi sivrcis dakvirveba

da Seswavla mecnierulad, anu, swored obieqturi damkvirveb-

lis poziciidan xdeba.

WeSmariti codnis kriteriumis Tanaxmad ki, mocemul, sak-

vlev areSi, dadgenili mecnieruli kanonzomiereba yvelgan da

yovelTvis erTnairi unda iyos. es ki gulisxmobs, rom arsebobs

dakvirvebisa da Semowmebis meqanizmi, erTgvari aRmqmeli orga-

no, romelic bunebis kanonebis obieqtur Semecnebas axdens. mag-

ram, aseTad, – Tu RmerTi gamoricxulia, – mxolod adamiani, uf-

ro sworad, abstraqtuli adamiani SeiZleba warmovidginoT. Tu

asea, maSin gamodis, rom materialur-sagnobrivi samyaros kanon-

zomierebas iseTi arseba xedavs Tu Wvrets, romlis aRqmiTi Se-

saZlebloba yovelTvis obieqtur, anu adgilisa da drois ker-

Zo, SemTxveviT poziciur xdomilobaTgan damoukidebel, abso-

lutur ganzomilebaSi moiazreba.

obieqturi damkvirvebelis, `abstraqtuli adamianis~ mecni-

eruli daSveba bunebis materialur-sagnobriv erTgvarovnebas

ar arRvevs. amgvari calsaxa warmodgenis farglebSi, obieqtu-

ri damkvirvebeli Tavadac sagnobriv warmonaqmnad an erTgvar,

aRmqmel Tu aRmricxvel meqanizmad warmodgeba. magram mecnie-

ruli Sexeduleba fiqciad, arakoreqtul xedvad maSinve gada-

iqceva, rogorc ki samyaroSi, TavisTavad arsebuli sagnebis gar-

da, cocxali adamianuri organizmis, anu sxeulovani garsiT ga-

mocalkevebuli cnobierebis Tu sulis arsebobac daiSveba.

dasabamidan misjili gvamis (an guamis) jurRmulSi gamoketi-

loba da bolovaduri arseboba adamianma Zireul, egzistenci-

ur problemad mxolod pirveladi, ganmamxoloebeli ganazre-

bis Tu refleqsiis Semdeg gaacnobiera. aqedan moyolebuli, sa-

yovelTao erTianobisa da bedisweris dakargul, miTosur gan-

cdas gandegilisa da mdgmuris, mwirisa da xiznis mdgomareoba-

Si Cavardnili adamianis TviTSegrZneba da Wmunva cvlis.

`vinaidan mdgmurni da xizanni varT Sens winaSe...~ (1 neSt. 29,

15). religia erTianobis aRdgenis sasoebas absoluturi instan-

ciis `winaSe~ Tu mis yovlismomcvel wiaRSi eZiebs da xsnis gza-

sac amave ganzomilebaSi moiazrebs. filosofia ki iseT univer-

salur, WvretiT modelebs agebs, sadac saTanadod SerCeuli

msoflaRqmiTi pozicia da Sesabamisi xedva yvela danarCen ar-

sebaTagan gamijnul, sxeulSi gamoketil adamianur `me~-s samya-

83

ros erTian suraTTan garkveuli wesiT morgebas apirobebs.

mecnieruli midgoma warmoiSva ukve Semdgom, im dros, roca

religuri da msoflaRqmiTi, sulieri Tu cnobieri safuZvlis

warmodgenidan momdinare xedvam adamians samyaroSi gansakuT-

rebuli adgili `miuCina~. renesansidan moyolebuli, RvTis xa-

tad da msgavsebad Seqmnili, samyaros centrSi mdgomi adamiani

Semomqmed-gardamqnelis aqtiur poziciasac ikavebs. aqedan wa-

mosuli, gviandeli, racionalizmsa da mecnierul xedvaze da-

fuZnebuli progresuli ganviTarebis calsaxa modeli, miuxe-

davad obieqtur-TviTkmaruli ierisa, mainc Zireul, samyaros

erTianad momcvel aRqmiT Tu gancdiT warmodgenazea mibmuli.

amitomac, adamianTa samarTliani Tu swori Tanacxovrebis,

anu, arsobrivad imave, aTaswleulebis win gacnobierebuli gan-

mxoloebisa da martoobis Zireuli problemidan momdinare, XIX

saukuneSi warmoSobili moZRvrebis, komunisturi sazogadoebis

an, Tundac, `socialuri fizikis~ programis Tu modelis mecni-

eruli dasabuTebis mcdeloba, sinamdvileSi, mTelis nawiliT

Secvlis, SeiZleba iTqvas, Cveuli da saxasiaTo cdomis ganmeo-

rebaa.

mecnieruli diskursi swored Zireul, egzistenciur prob-

lemaTa religiuri Tu filosofiuri ganazrebis Sedegad war-

moSobil koreqtul saazrovno formaTa artikulirebuli er-

Tianobis, kulturuli velis Semadgenelia. amgvari, ganmapiro-

bebeli konteqstis mravalmxriv mimarTebaTa ugulvebelyofa

da misi calmxrivi, obieqtur-meqanikuri kanonzomierebiT Ca-

nacvlebis mesianisturi elferis moZRvrebaTa miswrafeba TviT

kulturis safuZvelSi Cadebul principTa sisworesa da vargi-

sianobas eWvis qveS ayenebs.

Tavad Zireul principTa pirveli monaxazi ki adreul, jer

kidev im etapze warmoCnda, roca miTosuri cnobierebis adamia-

ni sakuTari SezRuduli arsebobis sakiTxs mxolod gumaniT

swvdeboda Tu xvdeboda. adamianuri samyaros mowesrigebis uk-

ve sakmaod naTlad gamovlenili, qrono-toposuri xasiaTis mi-

marTebani pirveladi dayofis, nomaduridan dafuZnebul cxov-

rebis wesze gadasvlis Sedegad warmoSobil, `abelur~ da `kae-

nur~ tradiciebSic SeiZleba moiniSnos2 . Tumca, amjerad, ufro

mniSvnelovani, albaT, isev Tanamedrove dasavluri civiliza-

ciis sawyisebis kvlavmoxilva unda iyos.______________________________

2 Kvrclad es sakiTxi ganxilulia: irakli mWedliSvili – “abelur da kaenur

tradiciaTa dro-sivrciTi simbolizmi~ – kreb. “semiotika~, 1, Tb. 2007, gv. 142-163.



Sôma sêma – sxeuli saflavia, sxeuli jurRmulia – piTagore-

lebi adamianur, egzistenciur sevdas xumrobanarevi CiviliT,

kalamburuli formiT amosTqvamen. `sxeulovani ricxvebi~ pi-

Tagorelebma swored sxeulSi Caketili adamianuri `me~-s samya-

rosTan, kosmiur harmoniasTan morgebis mizniTac moigones. da

aseTi, ganmxoloebis problemis sivrcul-sxeulovani gadawyve-

tis piTagorul-platonuri modeli Tu mcdeloba dasavluri

kulturisa da saazrovno sivrcis erT-erT damaxasiaTebel,

formiseul Tu struqturul prototipad iqca.

amasTan, unda aRiniSnos, rom antikuri, sxeulovan-sivrcu-

li winaforma aSkarad, ra Tqma unda, renesansis kulturul siv-

rceSi warmoCnda, magram simboluri Tu analogiuri saxiT iqam-

disac, sulierebaze orientirebul adreul-qristianul kon-

teqstSic Tanaarsebobda. ase rom, ara mxolod bolo saukunee-

bis axalevropul msoflxedvas, aramed, rogorc Spengleri aR-

niSnavs, `dasavleli adamianis religiur Sexedulebasac ki siv-

rcobrivi formebisken swrafvis mudmivi tendencia aqvs.~3

sawyiss Tu dasabams es tendencia kvlav adamianis Zireu-

li problemis araerTgvarovnebidan iRebs. arsebobis ormagi,

sxeulebrivad da bolovadurad SemzRudavi piroba-mocemulo-

bis wvdoma Tu ganazreba adamians modalurad gansxvavebul mi-

marTebaTa mixedviT uwevs. sxeuli, garda imisa, rom adamianur

`me~-s sxva yvelafrisagan ganacalkevebs, amasTan, erTaderTia,

romelic mas, am `me~-s gare samyarosTan uSualod akavSirebs.

da es kavSiri kvlav ormagi bunebisaa. erTi mxriv, SegrZnebis

organoebi (upirvelesad ki taqtiluri aRqma) gare samyaros sag-

nobriv `Seyra-Sexebas~ asaxaven, xolo, meore mxriv, am asaxvebs

Tu anabeWdebs Tavad sxeulSi arsebuli koordinaciis intuicia

Tu grZnoba garkveul mdebareobas aniWebs – anu, sxeuli maT Ta-

vissave nawevarTa mimarTulebis mixedviT, marjvniv an marcxniv,

win an ukan, zemoT an qvemoT aRiqvavs da ganalagebs. amitomac,

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom gare, sagnobrivi samyaros asaxvis garda

Cvens sxeulSi sivrcis SegrZneba, gancda Tu intuiciac arse-

bobs.

drosTan mimarTeba ki sruliad sxvagvaria. samyaroSi gamo-

sulT, drois naRvawTan, uZlurebasTan, siberesTan da sikvdil-

Tan yoveli Seyra mamis sasaxlidan gamoparul princ gautamasa-

viT gvaZrwunebs4 . da es Zrwola sruliad `bunebrivia~, radgan

______________________________

3 KÎñâàëüä Øïåíãëåð. Çàêàò Åâðîïû. Ð-í-Ä, «Ôåíèêñ», 1998, ñòð. 271

85

Cven verc dabadeba-sikvdilis saidumlos vflobT da verc da-

udgromeli qmnadobis ganuzRvreli, Tavbrudamxvevi wiaRis

siRrmes an kides vwvdebiT. yovlis mimrqmel da yovlis gamqar-

vebel droTa yovelwamieri qmnadobis moziare mgrZnobeloba

Cvens sxeulovan `me~-Si ar aris.

droTa dinebis Tu svlis mier motanil, auridebel da sastik

SedegTan Sejaxebisas adamians umweobis gancdasTan erTad Si-

Sisa da krZalvis grZnobac eufleba (`sikvdili yvelas gvaSinebs,

/ sxvas Tu hkvlen, cqera gvwadian~...). da amgvari, krZalviTi Tu

mowiwebiTi, damokidebulebis arealSi gaugebari, TviTneburi,

TavisTavadi da, amave dros, kanonzomieri movlenis miRma nagu-

lisxmev, gangebis magiur, numinozur an RvTaebriv ZalebTan er-

Tad, gandobil Tu saidumlos naziarev, gamorCeul adamianTa

figurebic xvdebian. aseT mentalur mimarTebaTa velSi myofi

adamiani winaswarmetyvelTa, SamanTa, mmarTvelTa Tu beladTa

momadlebul, mistiur unars Tu qarizmas brmad endoba da maT-

save nebas udrtvinvelad mihyveba.

elinebma ki dauSves, rom samyaros kanonzomieri wyobis mo-

xilva adamians Suamavlis gareSe, Tavadac SeuZlia. Tu gare sam-

yaroSi mimdinare movlenaTa ueWveli da namdvili aRqma Cvens

sxeulovan `me~-s kvlav Sejaxeba-Seyris formiT eZleva, maSin,

`SegrZnebadi awmyos~ calkeul `anabeWdTa~ Tanmimdevrul rigi

swored droiTi xangrZliobis asaxvad SeiZleba miviCnioT. anu,

drois problema antikurma azrovnebam kvlav sxeulovan sinam-

dviles, sivrcul koordinaciasa da sivrceSi Zvradobas daukav-

Sira. martivad rom vTqvaT, dro, antikuri xedviT, ~aq~ arsebul

sxeulSi gamoketili `me~-s sxvagan, dasaxul `iq~ adgilas miRwe-

vis, anu sivrculi SezRudvis gadalaxvis SesaZlebeli aqtis sa-

zomia.

aqve, SeniSvnis saxiT, unda iTqvas, rom bolo gamonaTqvami

sxeulis taqtilur SegrZnebasTan dakavSirebul sivrcul-mi-

marTulebiTi orientaciis optikur siRrmeSi Tu siSoreSi gan-

fenasac gulisxmobs. es momenti, garda imisa, rom elinuri msof-

lgancdis vizualur-taqtilur, anu skulpturul xasiaTs mig-

vaniSnebs, mniSvnelovani imiTac aris, rom drois fenomenis op-

tikasTan, sinaTlis sxivTan `mibmasac~ asaxavs. ase rom, axalev-

______________________________

4 Kgautama, ukanaskneli budas gvarovnuli saxeli. moixsenieba aseve, sidxarTxad

(sakuTari saxeli) da Sakiamunad. legendis mixedviT, budad gaxdomis gzaze

Sedgomas axalgazrda gautama sami sabediswero Sexvedris – siberesTan,

avadmyofobasTan da sikvdilTan – Semdeg gadawyvets.



ropuli droiTi ganazreba swored berZenTa mier xeldasmuli

principidan modis...

axla ki, aseTi, sakmaod zedapiruli Teoriuli Semzadebisa

da dasavluri azrovnebis sivrcul formebze orientirebulo-

bis moniSvnis Semdeg mesianuri muxtis socialur TeoriaTa ara-

koreqtuloba da xinji ukve sakmaod naTlad SeiZleba warmoC-

ndes. Tu sivrcobrivi forma antikuri azrovnebisaTvis er-

Tgvar, gardamaval warmonaqmns, operators warmoadgens, ro-

melic gare samyaros movlenaTa da cocxali, sxeulovani `me~-s

urTierTmorgebas apirobebs, axalevropul mecnierul warmod-

genaSi, igive forma mxolod obieqtur-sagnobrivi samyaros upi-

rovno, abstraqtuli wesrigisa da kanonzomierebis gamovlenis

daniSnulebas iZens.

amitomac, mowesrigebuli samyaros mecnieruli modeli,

gind materialuri bunebis TavisTavadi kanonzomierebisa da

gind yovlis sawyisad absoluturi instanciis aRiarebidan amo-

diodes, movlenaTa mizezobriv, meqanikuri saxis kavSirs yovel-

Tvis gulisxmobs. amgvari, wminda sabunebismetyvelo xasiaTis

principebis sazogadoebriv sivrceSi gadatanisas adamianTa

`Seyra-Sejaxebis~, anu socialur qmedebaTa bunebis gamartive-

ba, misi sqematur, mizez-Sedegobriv warmodgenamde dayvana xde-

ba.

miT ufro maSin, roca materiis pirveladobis aRiarebidan

momdinare msoflxedva pirovnul-mentalur miswrafebasa da Si-

nagan, sulier aqtebs meoreul movlenad, fizikur-biologiuri

procesebis Warbul danamatad miiCnevs. amitomac, obieqtur ka-

nonzomierebas mindobili moZRvreba adamianis samyarosTan mi-

marTebis yovelTvis Tavidan dasadgeni aqtebisa da Sesabamisi,

dasaxsruli sivrcobrivi formebis Tu ideebis kulturuli ve-

lis topologiis nacvlad, aRmavali, mizezobrivi Tanmimdevro-

bis TavisTavadi svlis warmodgenas efuZneba.

es ki niSnavs, rom Tu materiis TviTganviTarebis procesi go-

nisa da cnobierebis Carevis gareSe mimdinareobs da, amasTan, Tu

adamianis aRqma, swored SezRudulobis gamo am process ver mo-

icavs, maSin, igulisxmeba, rom bunebis obieqtur da WeSmarit mov-

lenaTa gageba, mizezobriobis calsaxa logikis gaziareba mxo-

lod sadRac arsebuli an Tundac, sadRac dagrovili, faruli

Tu gandobili codnis saSualebiT SeiZleba xdebodes. magram,

yofierebis pirveladobis aRmsarebeli msoflxedvis fargleb-

Si, obieqturi codna, Tu is arc usulo da ugono materiaSi `bu-

87

dobs~ da arc absoluturi gonidan modis, subieqtur da meore-

ul movlenas, cnobierebas isev adreulis, refleqsiamdeli

msoflgancdisaTvis saxasiaTo da misi msgavsi magiuri gziT un-

da gadaecemodes.

marTalia, aseT magiur moments racionalurad `gawyobili~

samarTliani sazogadoebis modeli Tu koncepcia, calsaxad da

gadaWriT uaryofs, magram, iqve gacxadebuli, yovlismomcveli

da yovlisamxsneli codnis, anu kacobriobis ganviTarebis iqam-

de cTomili svlisgan gansxvavebuli, marTebuli perspeqtivis

Tu xedvis flobis pretenzia swored aRniSnuli, winaciviliza-

ciuri xasiaTis momentis wiaRidan unda modiodes.

amitomac aris, rom TiTqosda modernuli, uaxlesi ieris XIX

saukuneSi warmoSobili socialuri moZRvreba, swored aRniSnu-

li momentis gamo codnasa da misi lokaciis (davanebis) nagulis-

xmev adgils, anu religiuri `wminda nawerebis~ Camnacvlebel,

yovlismomcveli moZRvrebis saTao wigns pieteturi Tu sakra-

luri Tayvaniscemis kvarcxlbekze aTavsebs. amasTan, amgvari,

calsaxa RirebulebiTi damokidebulebis TavisTavadi logika

WeSmariti kanonzomierebis mWvreteli, gamorCeuli pirovnebis

an/da ukeTesTa Soris saukeTeso gamgebis, beladis Tu winaswar-

metyvelis Seuryevel avtoritetsac afuZnebs.

ase da amgvarad, mokle Sejamebis saxiT, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom

obieqturi samyaros mizezobrivi kavSirebidan momdinare mec-

nieruli ieris mqone msoflxedva antikuri periodidan momdi-

nare, adamianur `me~-s mier samyaros Secnobis sivrcobriv for-

mebze dafuZnebul daSvebas droiT mimdevrobasTan asocire-

bul, bedisweris msgavs, mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSiris sakraluri

codnis formiT cvlis, rac, kulturis Tu civilizaciis prag-

matul-utilitarul saburvels miRma, arsobriv safuZvlebSi,

SeuTavseblobisa da mourgeblobis destruqciul energiaTa

dagrovebas pirobas qmnis.

amgvar energiaTa farTo masStabis feTqebadi ganmuxtva ga-

sul saukuneSic xdeboda da, samwuxarod, alag-alag, axlac xde-

ba. globalurad daZabuli situacia, mravlad ganbneul, aale-

bad lokalur keraTa arseboba mxolod wina periodis inercia

an bolomde ganumuxtav destruqciul energiaTa `kudis moqne-

va~ ar unda iyos. bolo dros aqtualurad ganxilvadi kultura-

Ta an civilizaciaTa dapirispirebis konteqsti imas unda migva-

niSnebdes, rom marqsistuli moZRvreba cariel adgilas ar war-

moSobila, rom is, swored rom kulturaTa safuZvelSi Cadebul,



gansxvavebul msoflaRqmiT tradiciaTa aRrevis Sedegia. da al-

baT, droa, naklul socialur moZRvrebaTa `gadasworebisa~ da

maTi teqnologiuri modificirebis mcdelobidan yuradReba

Tavad Zireul kulturwarmomqmnel koncefciaTa Tavidan gada-

azrebisken iyos mimarTuli.

SeiZleba, mTeli wina msjeloba yoveldRiurobisgan Zalze

daSorebulis, sruliad ganyenebulis, Zalze xelovnurisa da Za-

lad Tavsmomxvevis STabeWdilebasac ki tovebdes. anda, SeiZle-

ba mocemuli werili e. w. postepoqisaTvis saxasiaTo ganbneu-

lobis, inteleqtualur teqstTa Tu narativTa `gaTamaSebis~

Cveul nimuSadac iyos aRqmuli. SeiZleba, SeiZleba... , magram, si-

namdvileSi, yvelaferi, an yvela gamoTqmuli mosazreba, adre

naxseneb, sruliad martiv, adamianuri `me~-s sivrculi SezRu-

dulobis princips didad ar daSorebia.

tibetisa Tu sxva, nebismier mTaTa masivis rac unda maRal ad-

gilas mcxovrebi adamianis Tvalsawieri umravlesobis Cveul

xedvasTan SedarebiT ufro farTo da Sors mwvdomi SeiZleba

iyos, magram is mainc yovelTvis SemosazRvrulia. horizonti,

~gvam-jurRmulis~ Semdeg meore zRudea, romlis miRma adamia-

nuri SegrZnebis unari (am SemTxvevaSi, vizualuri) veRar vrcel-

deba. amitomac, imperiis, zogadad ki samyaros, erTianad momcve-

li xedva mxolod cnobierebaSi SeiZleba Camoyalibdes. goniTi

TvaliT danaxuli erTianoba iseTi mentaluri warmonaqmnia, ro-

melic horizontis xaziT Tu sxva zRudeTi SemosazRvrul cal-

keul da lokalur vizualur `anabeWdTa~, anu toposur forma-

Ta SeTavsebis Sedegad iqmneba. xolo, SeTavseba-morgeba – kvlav

uSualo, sxeulovan-taqtiluri SegrZnebidan momdinare siv-

rculi koordinaciis modelis mixedviT Tu Sesabamisad xdeba.

aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom SeTavseba-artikulirebis aseTi,

topologiuri modeli, ara mxolod vrculi ganzomilebis, misi

wyobis ganazrebis ganmsazRvreli, aramed antikurobidan wamo-

suli dasavluri azrovnebis zogadi da ZiriTadi maxasiaTebe-

lic aris. jer kidev saukuneze meti xnis win, anri bergsoni aR-

niSnavda, rom berZnuli xedva samyaros maradmedini qmnadobi-

dan calkeul, uZrav da ucvlel momentebs gamohyofs da Sem-

dgom, amgvar, gamyarebul formaTa mwkrivad da gverdigverd

ganTavsebiT uwyvet droiT xangrZliobas (Dureé-s) sivrcobrivi

xasiaTis TanamimdevrobiT cvlis.

bolo drois sakmaod gaxmaurebuli filosofiuri ganazre-

banic dasavluri saazrovno sivrcis msgavs, arsobriv da kriti-

89

kul gadaxedvas efuZneba (mag.: deridas `dekonstruqcia~ da

sxva). magram, saazrovno koncefciaTa WeSmaritoba-mcdarobis

kriteriumiT gadafasebis mcdelobaTa gaqaneba mocemuli weri-

lis mizandasaxulobis sferos scildeba. sakmarisi da mniSvne-

lovani amjerad imis moniSvna unda iyos, rom SemoTavazebul da

ganxilvad diskursis areSi sivrcobriv formas dasavluri kul-

turis organuli erTianobis ganmapirobebeli principis Tu dam-

saxsravi rgolis funqcia SeiZleba miekuTvnos.

Tu asea, Tu kulturuli sivrce morgebul da dasaxsrul fe-

nomenTa erTobas Tu vels Seadgens, maSin, gasagebi xdeba, rom

amgvari erTianobis gamWoli principisgan gansxvavebuli mimar-

Tebis nebismieri xdomiloba mas, am vels, ver moergeba. Tumca,

xSirad, dasavluri kulturis sistemur vels Cveuli, praqtiku-

li saRi azri (common sense) istoriul-qronologiuri an raime

sxva racionaluri principiT (vTqvaT, nominaciuri – CamonaT-

valTa sia, arqivi, muzeumi, monacemTa baza da sxva) Sedgenil sis-

temur aRwerasTan aigivebs, rac calsaxa, pragmatul-momxmareb-

lur mimarTebaTa donis moTxovnilebas SeiZleba srulad pasu-

xobdes, magram, amasTan erTad, aseTi midgoma arsobriv wiaRsa

da sulier ganzomilebaSi mourgebel swrafvaTa, gauziarebel

mentalur energiaTa muxtis dagrovebis pirobasac qmnis...

SeiZleba, vinmem morgebul da dasaxsrul erTobad warmod-

genili kulturuli veli warmosaxvis nayofad, ganyenebul ab-

straqciad miiCnios da arcTu usafuZvlod – is, aseTi veli, arc

bunebaSi Tavsdeba da srulad arc obieqtur faqtTa istoriul

sivrces ganekuTvneba. diax, albaT, asec aris – amgvar warmod-

genaSi warmosaxvas, pirobiTobas anda, SeiZleba iTqvas, fiqcia-

sac ki, saTanado datvirTva Tu funqcia eniWeba. magram aq, am ab-

straqciaSi, arsebobs kidev raRac, rac ufro mniSvnelovani da

gansakuTrebiT aqtualuri Sedegis momtania.

kerZod, warmodgenil velSi, yvelaferi, rac adamians pirve-

ladi refleqsiis Semdeg Seuqmnia, artikulirebuli Tu asxmu-

li iseTi nawevaris an saxsrul rgolTa Zewkvis mixedviT aris,

romelic pirovnuli `me~-s samyarosTan mimarTebis yovelTvis

Tavidan dasadgen, cocxal da ueWvel egzistenciur aqts moi-

cavs. es ki niSnavs, rom elinebidan wamosuli ZiriTadi daSveba

Tu principi – miuxedavad SezRudulobisa, adamians samyaros

Secnoba Tavad SeuZlia da aseve, aqedanve momdinare, Semoqmed-

gardaqmneli miswrafeba, yovelTvis ZalaSi rCeba.

marTalia, zogjer, erTgvar adamianur cdunebas Tu ampar-



tavnebas, yovlismomcveli ganzomilebis wvdomis faustur sur-

vilsa da absolutur vertikalze svlis, `babilonis godolis~

Tu ìakobis kibis~ sindroms swored am pirovnul aqts ukavSire-

ben, magram, es kvlav SexedulebaTa cTomis Sedegia.

Tu obieqtur-mecnierul princips mindobili xedva pirov-

nul-egzistenciur aqts meoreul mniSvnelobas aniWebs da amiT,

faqtobrivad, mis Rirebulebas ugulvebelhyofs, `babilonis

godolis~ Tu ìakobis kibis~ sindromis SemTxvevaSi, piriqiT –

Tavad am aqtidan aRZrul, misgan momdinare srulyofisaken ma-

radiul swrafvas TavisTavadi Rirebuleba eniWeba. amitomac,

aseT SemTxvevaSi, absoluturi codnisken mswrafi sulis cdo-

mis Tu (faustur) codvaTa gzaze dgoma swored warmomSob, saw-

yis da Zireul SemzRudav pirobaTa argaTvaliwinebis, maTi ga-

dalaxvis yovelTvis Tavidan ganxorcielebadi Zalisxmevis `mi-

viwyebis~ gamo xdeba.

xose ortega-i-gaseti erTgan aRniSnavs, rom adamianis azrov-

neba iZulebis Sedegiao. diax, es ìZuleba~ mudmivia, is araxel-

sayreli sasicocxlo garemos gamowvevaTa da swored arsobri-

vi, bolovaduri da sivrculi SezRudvis pirobaTa gamo da maT-

save gadasalaxavad xorcieldeba. Tavad gadalaxva ki, arc er-

Tjeradi aqtia da arc obieqtur kanonzomierebaze, sxva raime

meqanizmze Tu vinmeze gadabarebadi Zalisxmevaa. sulis warma-

val, xorciel vnebaTgan ganTavisuflebis rwmeniTi aqtis msgav-

sad da, albaT, Sesabamisadac, amgvari nebelobiTi Zalisxmevis

arc sityvieri dasturisa da arc ritualuri wabaZvis usicoc-

xlo niSnebze dayvana SeiZleba. nakluli adamianuri bunebis Zle-

vis aqti, yovelTvis Tavidan, cocxali gancdis sivrceSi unda

xorcieldebodes, ~vinaidan RmerTis sasufeveli sityviT ki ar

aris, aramed ZaliT~ (1 kor. 4, 20).

sulis an gonis mier substanciurad gansxvavebuli sinamdvi-

lis, anu miuwdomlis miwdoma Tu wvdoma, Zireuli SezRudulo-

bis gadalaxva mxolod warmosaxvis, nicSeseuli fantaziis dro-

ebiTi sayrdenebis, metaforuli miaxloebis saSualebiT SeiZle-

ba. amitomac, rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, fantaziis Tu fiqciis mo-

menti amgvar modelSi yovelTvis Tanaarsebobs (laT. fictio – ara

rogorc siyalbis an sicruis, aramed – Seqmna, Sedgena, gamogo-

neba, Txzvis mniSvnelobiT). Tundac imitom, rom sinamdvilis vi-

zualur anabeWdTa, sivrcul formaTa SeTavseba-morgebisas

droiTi biji, romelic amgvar warmonaqmnTa Soris devs, yovel-

Tvis ugulvebelyofilia.

91

erTdroulad ramdenime obieqtis aqtualur aRqmas verc Cve-

ni SegrZneba da verc Cveni cnobiereba axerxebs. meore mxriv,

adamiani verc erTsa da imave dinebaSi Seva orjer da verc erTsa

da imave sinamdviles dainaxavs. imitom, rom yvelaferi cvale-

badobas eqvemdebareba. warmodgena vaSlze, romelic Cvens win

devs, cnobierebaSi ori xedis SeTavsebiT iqmneba – vaSlis am wams,

am wuTas xiluli nawili da meore – am wams, am wuTas uxilavi, mag-

ram adre danaxuli. Tu droiT bijs an qmnadobas gaviTvaliswi-

nebT, vaSlis ori nawilis erTianobad warmodgena sinamdvileSi

arakoreqtuli aqtia, radgan adre danaxuli nawili am wams, am wu-

Tas Secvlili an ararsebulic ki SeiZleba iyos...

warmosaxva, fiqciuri daSveba ki Tvlis, rom sxvadasxva adgi-

lidan da sxvadasxva dros danaxul xatTa SeTavseba samyaros

struqturis koreqtul warmodgenas ar ewinaaRmdegeba. amgva-

ri daSvebis gareSe samyaros wyobis veraviTari modeli iarse-

bebs, radgan, maradmedini qmnadobis miyolis, cvalebad, mouxel-

Tebel da efemerul formaTa `daWeris~ mcdeloba cnobierebas

dausrulebeli devnis absurdul da unayofo reJimSi amyofebs.

gamodis, rom gamouval CixSi vimyofebiT – ucvlel formaTa

modeli fiqciaa, xolo, maradmedini qmnadobis devna – uazroba.

absolutur, ucvlel da WeSmarit formaTa (ideaTa) zeganzomi-

leba, romelic berZnebma SemoiRes, swored amgvari Cixidan ga-

mosvlis mcdelobas warmoadgens. maradmedini da mouxelTebe-

li cvalebadobis ganivi, anu miwieri donis paralelurad uc-

vlel, WeSmarit da absolutur formaTa zedonis daSveba da maT,

am doneebs, Soris aqsialuri mimarTebis dadgena aRniSnuli, gan-

bnevis usasrulo ciklis Tavidan aridebis SesaZleblobas Tu

pirobas qmnis.

cvalebad formaTa devnasa da `samyaros trialis~ uZiro mo-

revSi CaTrevas an usasrulo traeqtoriaze Slegur srbolas az-

rma Tu `goniTma Tvalma~ Tavi mxolod uSualo, grZnobadi si-

namdvilidan gasvliT, anu TviTamaRlebiT SeiZleba daaRwios

(daaxloebiT imgvarad, rogorc saxaliso literaturuli gmi-

ri, baroni miunhauzeni Waobidan sakuTari Tavis cxenianad amo-

wevas axerxebs...). absolutur da idealur formaTa ufro maRa-

li wesrigis doneze gadasvla, – Tvalsawieris gafarToebasTan

erTad, – `goniT Tvals~ im formebTanac mieaxlebs, romelTac

cvalebadi da warmavali qmnadoba verafers aklebs.

anu, sxvanairad, ufro ki – pirobiTad da simbolurad, zegan-

zomileba iseT, tibetis Tu sxva, nebismier mTaTa masivze ufro



maRal, zRvrul doned SeiZleba warmovidginoT, sadac horizon-

ti Tvalsawiers ki aRar sazRvravs, aramed, Tavad sinamdvilis

ukidegano cvalebadobis dinebas calkeul, ucvlel momente-

bad, usxeulo warmonaqmnebad anawevrebs (berZ. horizontos – dam-

sazRvravi, ganmacalkevebeli). amasTan, igulisxmeba, rom miwie-

ri sinamdvilis SegrZnebad-sxeulovani modelisa da uZrav da

ucvlel idealur formaTa gundis Tu konstelaciis, anu zegan-

zomilebis struqtura urTierTanalogiuria.

ganzomilebaTa Soris garkveuli mimarTebis arsebobasa da

analogias swored orivegan uflebamosili Tu relevanturi

sivrcobriv formaTa aRnagoba, anu adamianur `me~-sTan mibmuli

topologia ganapirobebs. Tumca, Sida mimarTebaTa mixedviT,

es ori ganzomileba, rogorc Cans, erTgvar, urTierTSebrune-

bul, inversiul sivrceebs unda warmoadgendes. amitomac, miwi-

eri sinamdvilis donidan ganTavisuflebis, anu zeganzomileba-

Si gasvlis saTanado goniT Zalisxmevas grZnobadi aRqmis sapi-

rispiro, Sebrunebuli aqtis saxe da mimarTuleba unda hqondes.

Tavad CaRrmavebis Tu gadasvlis aqti ki, rogorc Cans, uaR-

resad Zlieri sulieri gancdis, mentalur warmonaqmnTa erTia-

nad mocvis mcdelobis daZabul velSi xorcieldeba da zRvrul,

genialuri Wvretis SemTxvevaSi, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom titanuri

Zalisxmevis Sedegadac miiRweva. amitomacaa, rom dante aligie-

ris mxatvruli warmosaxva, daRmaval-ganbnevadi grZnobadi si-

namdvilidan gasvlis, aRmasvlisken Setrialebis inversiul wer-

tils samyaros centrad, iseT adgilad miiCnevs, sadac yvela sim-

ZimeTa dawolis Seyra Tu Serwyma xdeba.

literaturuli fiqciis, `RvTaebrivi komediis~ simbolizmi

swored rom zustia – xiluli, grZnobadi sinamdvilis miRma gas-

vlis, anu goniTi CaRrmavebis mcdeloba mxolod sxeulovan-

xorciel vnebaTa Tu amqveyniur, warmaval miswrafebaTa ukidu-

resi wvdomis, jojoxeTuri wiaRis gavlis Sedegad da Semdeg Se-

iZleba ganxorcieldes. jojoxeTi ki iseTi adgilia, sadac cod-

vaTa horizontiT Semofarglul gauRwevel wreTa da sartyel-

Ta SigniT sxeulovani tanjva-wamebis usasrulo cikli batonobs.

sivrcobriv formaTa mixedviT, saintereso da sagulisxmo

dantes simbolizmSi isic aris, rom jojoxeTis wreebic, zecaTa

rigica da empireac absolutur, sferul simetrias ukavSirde-

ba. jojoxeTuri wreebi da sartylebi naxevarsferuli gumbaTis

miwier-sxeulovani kveTa, anu horizontebia, zecaTa rigi, igive

piTagorul sferoTa harmonia da musikaa, xolo JRerad-fera-

93

dovani `samoTxis vardi~ ki, kvlav sferuli simetriis Tanad,

platonur akustikur harmonias unda eTanxmebodes.

dante, ra Tqma unda, antikurobidan momdinare, im periodSi

miRebul samyaros wyobis xedvas miyveba (ptolemeusis sistema,

platonizmi Tu neoplatonizmi, Sua saukuneebis Teologia...).

magram gansakuTrebuli da saniadago mniSvnelobis mis nawarmo-

ebSi sxva ram aris – `RvTaebrivma komediam~ im droisaTvis sru-

liad axali sulieri wvdomis magaliTi gamoavlina. miTiuri da

legendaruli siuJetebi (orfeosis micvalebulTa samefoSi,

hadesSi Casvla, uSualo `dasesxebiT~ ki, vergiliusis mier aC-

rdilTa samefoSi eneosisaTvis megzurobis gaweva) man, aligi-

erim, ara raime saocari ambis Txrobis Tu didaqtikuri damoZ-

Rvris, codvaTa sazRauris, saukuno tanjva-wamebis an sasufev-

lis mopovebisa da netarebis simboluri aRweris, aramed, adre-

ulisgan gansxvavebuli, gansakuTrebuli mizniT gamoiyena.

cdomaTa usieri tyis bind-bundidan saiqios wiaRSi Casvlis

simboloTi dantem sakuTari da, rogorc Cans, imdroindeli ita-

liis sazogadoebis gzaabneulobidan Tavis daRwevis, sulieri

Zalisxmevisa da zneobrivi amaRlebisken svlis mimarTuleba da

gza moniSna. man erTdroulad samyaros Secnobis pirovnul `me~-

sTan dakavSirebuli antikuri xedvac ganaaxla da samyaros Sua-

saukuneobriv, emanaciur-ierarqiauli wyobis warmodgenaSi pi-

rovnuli nebisa Tu Zalixmevis aqtis, anu adamianuri ganzomile-

bis arsebobac dauSva.

iqamde, e. i. dantemde da ufro ki renesansul azrovnebamde,

antikur da aseve, Sua saukuneebis warmodgenaSi cocxal, adami-

anur `me~-sa da garemocvel samyaros Soris mimarTeba sxeulo-

vani `Seyra-Sejaxebis~, anu anabeWdis modelis mixedviT, moiaz-

reboda. cnobierebas sokrate cvilis dafas adarebs, cvilze

anabeWdisa da carieli dafis metaforas aristotelec mimarTavs

(imaves imeorebs Toma aqvineli – tabula rasa). grZnobadi anabeWdi

elinTa Tanaxmad: an materiisgan gamocalkevebuli Tvisebrio-

ba, anu logosuri formaa (aristotele) an iseTi xati, romelsac

sulis ukvdav nawilSi ukve arsebuli, gaxsenebadi, WeSmariti

forma, anu idea eTanadeba (platoni).

axalevroOpul azrovnebaSi anabeWdis modeli Tu Sedareba

WurWlis an Semcvelobis metaforiT icvleba. magram gadasvla

ucbad da erTbaSad ar momxdara – Zireul metaforaTa cvlile-

ba jer sqolastikosTa azrovnebaSi Semzadda da ukve sacnaurad,

SeiZleba iTqvas, xilulad, vizualuradac ki, Semdgom, renesan-


94

suli kulturis sivrceSi warmoCnda.

aRorZinebis saazrovno sivrceSi Casaxulma modernulma

(devotio moderna) msoflgancdam, `anabeWdis~ Semcvlelma adamia-

nurma ganzomilebam da misma ganfenam, anu proeqciam, `axalev-

ropul proeqts~ daudo dasabami. xolo XIX saukunis socialur

moZRvrebaTa mecnierulma miswrafebam ki aRniSnuli proeqtis

sivrcobrividan droiTi ganfenis modelze gadayvana ganapiro-

ba. Tumca, saubari am da sxva Tanamedrove problemaTa Sesaxeb,

albaT, Semdgom werilebSi gagrZeldeba...

irakli mWedliSvili

95


baTa doqtori, iv. java-

xiSvilis sax. Tbilisis

saxelmwifo universite-

tis humanitaruli fa-


profesori.

ZiriTadi naSromebi:

avtoriseuli wiaRsvle-

bis semantikuri da prag-

matikuli Taviseburebe-

bi (monografia); konteq-

stisa da vokabularis

roli reklamaSi; deiqsi-

sis kategoriebis reali-

zacia avtoriseul wiaR-

svlebSi; avtoriseuli

wiaRsvlebis lingvis-

tur-stilisturi Tavi-

seburebani (inglisuri

romanis masalaze); refe-

rencia da implikacia av-

toriseul wiaRsvlebSi;

sametyvelo aqtebis Teo-

ria avtoriseuli wiaR-

svlebis pragmatuli ana-

lizis WrilSi.

interesTa sfero:

lingvisturi pragmati-

ka, stilistika, socio-

lingvistika.

izabela petriaSvili

metafora da politikuri

diskursis pragmatika

statia eZRvneba politikuri diskursis

analizs da metaforis pragmatikul rols

amerikeli da qarTveli politikosebis sa-

jaro gamosvlebis magaliTze. adamianebis

umravlesobisTvis metafora aris mxat-

vruli warmosaxvis xerxi da ritorikuli

maRalfardovneba da, aqedan gamomdinare,

TiTqos scildeba Cveulebrivi/normalu-

ri enis farglebs. ufro metic, metafora

tipurad ganixileba rogorc mxolod enis

maxasiaTebeli, rogorc sityvebi, da ara

azrovneba an qmedeba. am mizeziT umeteso-

ba adamianebisa fiqrobs, rom maT SeuZli-

aT mSvenivrad iarsebon metaforis gare-

Sec. viziareb j. lakofis da m. jonsonis

azrs imis Sesaxeb, rom realurad sruli-

ad sapirispiro SemTxvevasTan gvaqvs saq-

me, rom metafora vrceldeba Cvens yovel-

dRiur cxovrebaSi da ara mxolod enaSi,

aramed Cvens azrovnebasa da moqmedebaSi,

da, rom mTlianad Cveni cnebaTa sistema

Tavisi bunebiT fundamenturad metafo-

rulia (lakofi ... 1980).

miCneulia, rom metafora efeqturia ma-

Sin, rodesac is aris kognituri Tvalsaz-

risiT damajerebeli da, amasTanave, emo-

ciuri reaqciis gamomwvevi. metaforas

aqvs damarwmunebeli Zala, radgan is Ta-

vis TavSi aerTianebs pragmatikul, kogni-

96 izabela petriaSvili

tur da lingvistur codnas kulturis, ideologiisa da istori-

is gaTvaliswinebiT (Carteris-bleki 2004).

tradiciuli gagebiT aRiarebulia, rom metafora semantikis

sferos miekuTvneba da sruliadac ar aris pragmatikis sakiTxi.

s. levinsonis azriT, `nebismieri metaforis mniSvnelovani na-

wili, rogorc Cans, moicavs e.w. `konotaciur bundovanebas~,

sityvebis ramdenadme SemTxveviT, da ara ganmsazRvrel maxasia-

Teblebs, referentebis faqtobriv Tvisebebs da, aqedan gamom-

dinare, zogad codnas samyaros Sesaxeb. yovelive es ki cdeba

semantikis sferos~ (levinsoni 1983: 150).

metaforisadmi pragmatikuli midgoma emyareba im mosazre-

bas, rom gamonaTqvamis metaforuli Sinaarsi gamomdinareobs

ara semantikuri interpretaciidan, aramed, semantika uzrun-

velyofs gamonaTqvamis pirdapiri/sityvasityviTi mniSvnelo-

bisa Tu tradiciuli Sinaarsis daxasiaTebas, xolo amis Semdeg,

konteqstTan erTad, pragmatikam unda uzrunvelyos metaforu-

li interpretacia (levinsoni 1983: 156).

j. lakofi Tavis naSromSi “metaforis Tanamedrove Teoria”(lakofi 1992) aRniSnavs, rom sityva metafora ganisazRvreboda

rogorc axali (novel), an poeturi/mxatvruli lingvisturi gamo-

naTqvami, romelSic raime cnebis gamomxatveli erTi an meti sit-

yva gamoiyeneba misi normaluri, tradiciuli mniSvnelobis ga-

reT msgavsi cnebis gamosaxatavad. mTavar gansxvavebad Tanamed-

rove da klasikur Teoriebs Soris mas miaCnia gansxvaveba pir-

dapir/sityvasityviT da figuralur mniSvnelobebs Soris. me-

20 saukunis 70-ian wlebSi metaforaSi igulisxmeboda axali, ad-

re ar arsebuli metafora (novel metaphor), anu SemoqmedebiTi

(creative) metafora, radgan tradiciuli (conventional) metaforis

uzarmazari sistema TiTqmis SeumCneveli rCeboda. misi azriT,

“arsebobs lingvisturi gamoTqmebis axal metaforad interpre-

tirebis sami ZiriTadi meqanizmi: tradiciuli metaforis gan-

vrcoba; zogadi metaforebi; da imij-metaforebi, anu xatovani

metaforebi. yvelaze saintereso poeturi metafora samive am

meqanizms iyenebs” (lakofi…... 1989).

cnobilia j. oruelis uaryofiTi damokidebuleba zogadad

politikis enis mimarT, Tumca sainteresoa misi azri metaforas-

Tan mimarTebaSi: `axlad Seqmnili metafora azrovnebas exmare-

ba vizualuri xatis aRZvris gziT, maSin, rodesac metafora praq-

tikulad `mkvdaria~ (mag. iron resolution), faqtobrivad, is gadaiq-

97

ceva Cveulebriv sityvad da SeiZleba, gamoiyenebodes ise, rom

ar dakargos sicxade. magram, metaforis am or klass Sua arse-

bobs gacveTili metaforebis uzarmazari nagavsayreli, romleb-

mac dakarges emociebis aRmZvreli Zala da mxolod imitom ga-

moiyeneba, rom adamianebs aTavisuflebs axali frazebis Tavad

SeTxzvis saWiroebisagan~ (orveli 1968: 130)

s. levinsonis azriT, metaforis interpretacia unda eyrdno-

bodes Cvens zogad unar-Tvisebebs, viazrovnoT analogiebiT.

(levinsoni 1983: 161). p. fridrixi ki Tvlis, rom “metafora aris

analogiis mxolod erTi saxeoba da gacilebiT ufro didi kon-

teqstis analogiuri xerxebisa da asociaciuri azrovnebis na-

wili” (fridrixi 1986: 4).Cveni goneba ergeba realobas freimebis, metaforebis, ste-

reotipebis, prototipebis meSveobiT, radgan adamianebi azrov-

neben swored maTi meSveobiT, rac xSirad ar jdeba racionalur

aqtiur modelSi. metafora aerTebs erTi sferos `freimebs~ me-

ore sferos `freimebTan~.

enis gamoyeneba politikur diskursSi SeiZleba aRviqvaT, ro-

gorc konkurencia politikur aqtorTa Soris, romelTac surT

sakuTari samyaros `promocireba~. `politika moicavs gansxva-

vebaTa Sejerebas diskusiisa da darwmunebis gziT. aqedan gamom-

dinare, komunikacia mTavaria politikisTvis~ (heigi... 1998: 3-4).

cxadia, rom politikuri aqtivoba ar arsebobs enis gamoyenebis

gareSe, xolo enis gamoyenebas politikur diskursSi aqvs Tavi-

si gansazRvruli pragmatikuli daniSnuleba, anu is, Tu ras isa-

xavs miznad enis esa Tu is gamoyeneba. politikosTa metyveleba-

Si enis (sxvadasxva verbaluri formulirebebis) mniSvnelovne-

ba aRiarebulia Tavad politikosebis mier. amitomacaa, rom mik-

ro doneze isini sul ufro met mniSvnelobas aniWeben enis for-

mulirebis da frazeologiis (e.w. wording and phrasing) dizains maT

winaSe mdgar gamowvevebze saTanadod reagirebisaTvis da amis-

Tvis, xSirad, profesional speech-maker-ebs da oratorebsac ki

(dRevandeli terminologiiT, PR-s) mimarTaven daxmarebisTvis.

mikro doneze (politikosTa interaqciisas) politikosebi

iyeneben sxvadasxva meTodebs TavianTi miznis misaRwevad: dar-

wmunebas, racionalur argumentacias, iracionalur strategi-

as, muqaras, qrTams, manipulacias – nebismier rames rac, maTi az-

riT, sasurvel Sedegs moitans. yvela am meTodis warmatebiT ga-

moyeneba ki gulisxmobs enaSi arsebuli struqturebis, maT So-

ris, metaforis, warmatebiT gamoyenebas.

metafora da politikuri diskursis pragmatika


sakvlevi korpusi (rogorc qarTuli, ise inglisuri) gvaZlevs

SesaZleblobas, gavaanalizoT kolokaciebi, raTa CavwvdeT me-

taforis kognitur motivaciasa da eqspresiul konotacias.

`tradiciuli da kognituri semantikis pragmatikul midgomeb-

Tan gaerTianebiT kidev ufro naTeli xdeba metaforis mniSvne-

loba darwmunebis enaSi~ (Carteris-bleki 2004).

politikur diskursSi darwmunebis erT-erTi mTavari in-

strumenti, SeiZleba iTqvas, aris metafora, xolo erT-erTi yve-

laze sayvareli Tema politikuri ritorikis mkvlevarTaTvis

aris swored imis gaanalizeba, Tu ratom ver moipova gamarjveba

am Tu im kandidatma. pasuxic mzadaa - imitom, rom sworad ver

gamoiyena ritorikuli xerxebi amomrCevelTa misamxrobad.

politikuri kuTxiT, mniSvneloba aqvs mosaubris/mTqmelis

sandoobas. daejereba Tu ara mTqmels, savaraudod, es mTeli ri-

gi socialur-fsiqologiur garemoebaTa kompleqsuri jaWvia.

imis gamo, rom xSirad fizikuri resursebi, romlebic mxars umag-

rebs ama Tu im pragmatikul mizandasaxulebas, yovelTvis ar aris

vizualurad warmodgenili, verbalur komunikacias sakvanZo

mniSvneloba eniWeba politikur diskursSi.

Sesadareblad aviRoT barak obamasa da jon makkeinis gamos-

vlebi. Tu daviwyebT mosazrebiT, rom warmatebuli ritorika

metwilad damokidebulia metaforis efeqtur gamoyenebaze, ma-

Sin Sedarebisas kiTxva ase unda daisvas: visi metaforaa ufro

efeqturi da ratom? sainteresoa, rom orive amerikuli poli-

tikuri diskursis erTsa da imave metaforebis (mag., `hard work~,`faith~, `dream~, `family~) gansxvavebul interpretacias axdenen.

obamas warmateba ganapiroba iman, rom igi laparakobs faseu-

lobebze da ara politikaze. is aris avTenturi, adamianebi en-

dobian mas. misi strategia emyareba faseulobebs, avTenturo-

bas, komunikacias, ndobas da identobas. politika Tu pirovnu-

loba? mTavari aqcenti gakeTebulia adamianebze, da ara poli-

tikaze. misi gamosvlebi savsea adamianebis Sesaxeb moTxrobili

ambebiT, romlis miRmac ikiTxeba politika.1 sagareo politika

obamasTvis aris adamianebi, SimSili, garemos dacva, ltolvile-

bi, qalTa ganaTleba, bavSvTa Sroma, rac mis mier moTxrobil am-

bebSi naTqvamia Riad.______________________________

1 Tu SevadarebT m. saakaSvilis winasaarCevno gamosvlebs, davinaxavT, rom igive

aqcentebia gakeTebuli, rac kidev erTxel migvaniSnebs imaze, rom am `saqmes~

profesionali (albaT, amerikuli) PR kompaniebi emsaxurebian.

99

obama Zalas ar iSurebs, rom gauZRves marSs à march for a morejust, more equal, more free, more caring, and more prosperous America~. poli-

tikur metyvelebaSi xSiria metafora, romelic eyrdnoba qvey-

nis, rogorc `mzrunveli mamis~, konkretul `freims~ – nurturingparent – empathy – caring about others. mis am gamosvlaSic uxvadaa oja-

xis metaforebi: qveyana aris ojaxi, qveynis momavali aris misi/

Cveni Svilebi da Cven unda movuaroT Cvens Svilebs, misi (qvey-

nis) warsuli aris asakovani moqalaqeebi, romelTac warsuli nak-

lovanebebis daRi asviaT: `The children of America are not those kids, theyare our kids ...~

Àmerica is a family and its future is our children – to be nurtured andattuned to nature; fed and housed well; educated to their capacities; kept healthyand helped to prosper; made whole through music and the arts; and provided withinstitutions that bring them together in these ongoing responsibilities~.

gavrcelebulia iseTi metaforebi, romlebSic dawesebuleba

danaxulia, rogorc adamiani, xolo eri/qveyana gaigivebulia mis

liderTan. obama aris àmerikuli ocnebis~ gansaxiereba. ameri-

keli xalxi axdens identificirebas masTan da qveyanasTan er-

Tdroulad. rodesac is ambobs: Ì have brothers, sisters, nieces, neph-ews, uncles and cousins, of every race and every hue, scattered across threecontinents...~ is akeTebs gancxadebas sagareo politikis Sesaxeb,

rom sagareo politika aris ara mxolod qveynebisa da interese-

bis Sesaxeb, aramed adamianebisa da msoflio ojaxis Sesaxeb.

TiTqmis yvela gamosvlaSi obama uars ambobs Cveuli sportis

da omis metaforebze da irCevs kulinariis enas, rogorc, maga-

liTad am SemTxvevaSi, rodesac igi xumrobiT pasuxobs anoni-

mur figurebs istebliSmentidan, romlebic akritikeben mis ga-

moucdelobas da gulubryvilobas: `They say Obama has not been inWashington long enough. He needs to be seasoned and stewed to boil all thathope out of him~.

rasakvirvelia, obama iyenebs rogorc axal/kreatiul meta-

forebs, ise tradiciul metaforebs, rogoricaa magaliTad, Thebusiness you built your dreams upon that’s now hanging by a thread; Thecost of health care eats up more and more of our savings each year; A charterexpanded by the blood of generations. Those ideals still light the world;Starting today, we must pick ourselves up, dust ourselves off, and begin againthe work of remaking America da sxv.



axla gadavxedoT makkeinis metaforebs: aq ufro tradiciu-

li metaforebi Warbobs (gmirebi – borotmoqmedebi - tipisa (He-roes - Villains), Tumca axal, kreatiul metaforebsac SexvdebiT. ma-

galiTad, tradiciuli metaforebia – to reach out our hand to; getthis country back on the road to prosperity and peace; someone who marches tothe beat of his own drum; I learned an important lesson; rewarding hardwork; keep the fruits of their labour; to shake up failed school bureaucra-cies; remove barriers; the engine of our future prosperity; the Cold War;can’t turn a blind eye to aggression and international lawlessness; exhaustedfrom the burdens he had borne; to build the foundations for a stable andenduring peace; We have to catch up to history; with hard work, strongfaith; We have come to the end of a long journey.

kreatiuli metaforis magaliTebia: a government that unleashesthe creativity and initiative of Americans; the old, big-spending, do-noth-ing, me-first, country-second Washington crowd, da sxv.

rogorc vxedavT, orive am politikosis gamosvlebSi tradi-

ciuli metaforis gamoyenebis sixSiris indeqsi gacilebiT ma-

Ralia (SeiZleba iTqvas, daaxloebiT aTjer metia) vidre krea-

tiuli metaforis. amasTanave, Warbobs e.w. imij-metaforebi.

aucilebelia, politikur metyvelebaSi aisaxos Semoqmedebi-

Ti midgoma axali gamowvevebis mimarT. swored metafora aris

axal socialur gamowvevebze kreatiulad reagirebis erT-er-

Ti gza. aRsaniSnavia is faqti, rom metafora markirebulia so-

cialurad da kulturulad, rac gansakuTrebiT kargad Cans qar-

Tul politikur metyvelebaSi. tradiciuli, Tu SeiZleba iT-

qvas, globaluri metaforebis gverdiT, rogoricaa, mag. xelis

gawodeba, gakveTilis swavla, mzrunveli saxelmwifo, xangrZli-

vi mogzauroba, mZime/didi samuSao, Sromis nayofi da sxv., xSi-

ria dRevandeli rTuli politikuri situaciisaTvis damaxasia-

Tebeli axali, kreatiuli metaforebi, romlebic Semdeg qveti-

pebad SeiZleba davyoT: imij-metaforebi, sasaubro metafore-

bi, metaforuli aluziebi da andaza-metaforebi.

imij-metaforebi, ZiriTadad, tradiciuli xasiaTisaa da maT

globaluri mniSvneloba aqvT, Tumca xSirad am tipis erTsa da

imave metaforas sxvadasxva implikacia aqvs, Tundac lokalur

konteqstSi, magaliTad, demokratiis Suqura/ Beacon of Democ-racy j. buSis mier gamoyenebuli iyo saqarTvelosTan mimarTeba-

Si, Semdegac ara erTxel iqna es metafora sxvadasxva qarTveli

politikosis mier sxvadasxva konteqstSi (umetesad, ironiu-

lad) naTqvami, magaliTad, kaxa TargamaZis mimarT. am rigis me-

taforebs miekuTvneba, aseve am bolo xans Zalian xSirad gamo-

101

yenebuli Semdegi imij-metaforebi:

kedeli/berlinis kedeli: mag., dRes ukve mivediT kedelTan

da am kedels an davangrevT, an erTad daviRupebiT. (amave kon-

teqstSi xSirad ixmareba `ufskrulis piras vdgavarT da gada-

viCexebiT~); msoflio aravis miscems axali berlinis kedlis

aSenebis uflebas (separatistul regionebTan mimarTebaSi);

Ria kari: es karebi mudmivad Ria ar aris da axtoma ufro Zne-

lia, vidre kibeze asvla; kari Riaa opoziciisTvis; kari Ria da-

toveT afxazebisa da osebisTvis (j. baideni).

matarebeli: es Cavlili matarebelia; Cveni matarebeli ukve

gavida da moaswariT Cajdoma am matarebelSi; (opoziciis misa-

marTiT) sanam matarebeli nela moZraobs, jobia exla Semoaxtnen.

gza, mogzauroba/journey: saqarTvelos gza; am gzaze dgeba

mTeli saqarTvelo; Cven, amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi, vdga-

varT saqarTvelos gverdiT mTeli am grZel gzis manZilze (j.

baideni).

sisxli: xelebi aqvs sisxlSi gasvrili; sisxli undaT? sis-

xlsac miiReben. Tu patriotebisa da tiranebis sisxliT unda

moirwyas Tavisuflebis xe dro da dro, da es misi bunebrivi sa-

suqia...

skami: es skami da skamebi ar aris saakaSvilis da burjanaZis.

politikosi – qveyana tipisa: Tu eqimma dauSva Secdoma, amas

mosdevs pacientis sikvdili; Senoba rom iwvodes da Cven arqi-

teqturul proeqts vixilavdeT; es (SeTavazeba dialogze) imas

hgavs, momakvdavs rom grimi (Tu makiaJi) gaukeToT. aqve SegviZ-

lia gavaerTianoT metaforebi, romlebSic saxelmwifo/dawese-

buleba gaigivebulia adamianTan: mzrunveli saxelmwifo; suf-

Ta saxelmwifo; xangrZlivi, mZime avadmyofobis Sedegad garda-

icvala saqarTvelos parlamenti.

am tipis tradiciuli imij-metaforebia, agreTve: laxvari

Casca qarTul ekonomikas; xalxi, vinc talaxs gvesvris, saakaS-

vili talaxs aitans; burjanaZe TamaSobs yvelaze binZur TamaSs

dRes; Cven varT yoveldRiur brZolaSi; gasaRebi qarTuli sa-

xelmwifos fexze dayenebis; gveqneba didi berketi da sxv.

imij-metaforebis xmarebisas xSiria cxovelebis saxelebis

gamoyeneba, rogoricaa, mag., lomis wili msoflio ekonomiku-

ri krizisis mixeil saakaSvilisgan modis; politikuri giena;

daZleva am urCxulis da gayvana TamaSidan; Zalian undodaT rom

eTqvaT, aqlemi xaro, magram ar gamouvidaT (l. gaCeCilaZis ko-

mentari narkologiur Semowmebaze).



SedarebiT axali, kreatiuli imij-metaforebis magaliTebia:

26 maiss iq (stadionze) esvena saqarTvelos cxeli guli; mamiso-

ni simaRle ki ara, samyaros Weri iyo everestis Semdeg; es (svane-

Ti) aris samoTxe, romelic haerSia gamokidebuli... es gza daakav-

Sirebs mas miwier samoTxesTan (svaneTTan); qvemo qarTli aris

beReli, romliTac ikvebeba xelisuflebis xmebi da sxv. am tipis

metaforebs ufro is politikosebi mimarTaven, romlebic Tvi-

Ton arian SemoqmedebiTi bunebis da romlebic did mniSvnelobas

aniWeben maT mier naTqvam sityvebs, da metadre, metaforebis ga-

moyenebas TavianTi politikuri mesijis ukeT misawodeblad.

sasaubro metaforebSi gavaerTiane is metaforebi, romle-

bic Cveulebrivi, sasaubro metyvelebisas gamoiyeneba, Tumca

yvela es metafora maRali tribunidan aris naTqvami: jibeSi rom

gvizis (oqruaSvilze); mircxulavam yofa utira mTel energe-

tikas; es ryeva (ruseTidan) SeiZleba exla iyos moferebiT da

Tavze xelis gadasmiT; gaeroSi iseTi brZola iyo, rom deda

Svils ar aiyvanda; nadavlis gayofis momentSi tortis tkbili

naWeri daakldaT; 3D (tri-de – ludis brendi): davketav, davblo-

kav, davamTavreb. es sami ukanaskneli metafora, imavdroulad,

imij-metaforebicaa.

saintereso suraTi gamoikveTa metaforuli aluziebis ga-

moyenebisas, rodesac politikosebi mimarTaven aluziebs, ro-

gorc qarTuli, ise ucxouri literaturidan, istoriidan, mi-

Tologiidan da a.S. qvemoT minda am tipis ramdenime metafora

moviyvano magaliTad: Cven varT mindias eri; jayo (koleqtiu-

ri jayo); Tu ebrZviT putins, unda gaxdeT antiputini; libera-

luri politikis flagmanebi qarTul politikaSi, Cven (respub-

likelebi) ar varT raimes Semqmneli an damfuZnebeli mamebi; j.

baidenTan Sexvedris Semdeg warmovidgine rogorebi unda yo-

filiyvnen amerikis damfuZnebeli mamebi; qajebi midian, qaje-

bi ar modian (am metaforis avtoris, s. zurabiSvilis ganmarte-

biT, aluziaa `vefxistyaosanze~, amitomac gavaerTiane am jguf-

Si); mzad varT saqarTvelos siyvarulSi gavuSvaT xeli patara

miSikos2 ; neronia saakaSvili, rom Tavisi cxeni daniSnos sena-

torad? saqarTvelo ganxeTqilebis vaSlia amerikasa da ruseTs______________________________

2 aluzia ̀ kavkasiuri carcis wris’ personaJze, Tumca, politikuri TvalsazrisiT,

Zalian saxifaTo metaforaa mmarTveli gundis erT-erTi lideris, m. maWavarianis

mxridan, rodesac igi am metaforas xmarobs mixeil saakaSvilis gadadgomis

moTxovniT gamarTuli opoziciis masobrivi saprotesto aqciebis fonze.

103

Soris; respublikuri saavadmyofo aris tipiuri potiomkinis

sofeli; aha, Zmao, saRebavi, Ha, funji, Sen TviTon SearCie kolo-

ri da Sen TviTon gadaRebe da gaakeTe3 .

da bolos, andaza-metaforebi, rogoricaa: cixis Signidan ga-

texvis mcdeloba; qars Tu daTesav, qariSxals moimki; rac ar un-

da sakenki gadmoyaron, qarTveli xalxi mas ar SeWams; yvavma yvavs

uTxra – Cemze Savi xaro da sxv.

ratom aris metafora warmatebuli xerxi politikur diskur-

sSi? lingvistTa interess yovelTvis iwvevda iseTi lingvistu-

ri struqturebis gamoyeneba, romlebic adresats politiku-

rad relevantur mesijs miawvdis konkretuli funqciis Sesru-

lebis mizniT. am mxriv metaforas Zalian didi pragmatikuli mniS-

vneloba eniWeba. is ara mxolod `alamazebs~ umetes SemTxveveb-

Si uSinaarso da arafrismTqmel politikur teqstebs, aramed,

sxvadasxva pragmatikul miznebs emsaxureba. Catarebulma kvle-

vam gviCvena, rom garda darwmunebis funqciisa, metaforas Se-

uZlia:

• gadmogvces is, risi pirdapir, sityvasityviTi mniSvnelo-

biT gamoxatva rTulia;

• dagvexmaros im situaciebSi, rodesac arsebobs saxisTvis

safrTxis Seqmnis saSiSroeba, rodesac ufro marTebulia saT-

qmelis arapirdapiri gziT gamoxatva;

• ufro meti sicxade da xatovaneba Sehmatos metyvelebas;

• dagvexmaros argumentis struqturirebaSi;

• axali TvalTaxedva warmogvidginos sagansa Tu movlena-

ze.

am statiaSi Sevecade warmomeCina tradiciuli da kreatiuli

metaforis politikur diskursSi gamoyenebis is ZiriTadi ten-

denciebi, rac saerToa rogorc amerikeli, ise qarTveli poli-

tikosebisaTvis. kreatiuli, anu axali metafora, imavdroulad,

moiTxovs SemoqmedebiT reaqcias da misi miRebis mzaobas audi-

toriis mxridan warmatebuli komunikaciis dasamyareblad. Tu-

ki metafora ar aris saTanadod aRqmuli, an ar/ver xdeba misi

interpretireba auditoriis mier, Sesabamisad, ver xorcielde-

ba misi politikur-komunikaciuri funqcia.

______________________________

3 Km. saakaSvili policiis manqanebze warwerebis Sesaxeb universitetis

studentebTan Sexvedrisas; aluzia erT-erT epizodze qarTuli mxatvruli

filmidan ’mimino’


104

literatura

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presented at New America Foundation, June 03, 2008

http://election2008ucdenver.wordpress.com/2008/09/16/lakoff-metaphors-and-08-cam-paign-oh-my/

lakofi 2008: G. Lakoff, Much More Than Race: what makes a great speech great,

24.03.2008lakofi 1992: G. Lakoff, The Contemporary Theory of Metaphor, in Ortony, Andrew

(ed.), Metaphor and Thought (2nd edition), Cambridge University Press.

lakofi ...1989: G. Lakoff, M. Turner, More Than Cool Reason: A Field Guide to PoeticMetaphor, University of Chicago Press.

levinsoni 1983: S. Levinson, Pragmatics, Cambridge University Press

miuleri 2005: Ralph Müller, Creative Metaphors in Political Discourse. Theoreticalconsiderations on the basis of Swiss Speeches, Amsterdam http://www.metaphorik.de/

09/mueller.pdf

orueli 1968: George Orwell, Politics and the English Language, in: George Orwell: The

Collected Essays, Journalism and Letters of George Orwell. In Front of Your Nose.

1945-1950, Sonia Orwell/Ian Angus (ed.), vol. 4, London, 127-140.

fridrixi 1986: P. Friedrich, The Language Parallax, Linguistic Relativism and PoeticIntermediacy, Austin, TX, University of Texas Press.

Carteris-bleki 2004: J. Charteris-Black, Corpus Approach to Critical Metaphor Analy-sis, Palgrave MacMillan

Ciltoni 2004: Paul Chilton, Analysing Political Discourse, Theory and Practice.

Routledgeheigi... 1998: Rod Hague et al., Comparative Government and Politics: An Introduction

(5th ed.)

sailustracio masala

obama 2008: Barack Obama’s March 18, 2008 Speech

obama 2008: Barack Obama’s first address to a joint session of Congress on Tuesday, Feb.

24. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/25/us/politics/25obama.html?_r=1makkeini 2008: McCain’s September 04, 2008 speech http://

portal.gopconvention2008.com/speech/details.aspx?id=84

j. baidenis gamosvla saqarTvelos parlamentSi 23.07.09

qarTveli politikosebis: m. saakaSvilis, S. naTelaSvilis, l. gaCeCila-

Zis, g. TargamaZis, n. burjanaZis, d. usufaSvilis, s. zurabiSvilis, k.

daviTaSvilis, g. cagareiSvilis, g. maisaSvilis, l. vefxvaZis, v. kub-

laSvilis, m. maWavarianis, v. rCeuliSvilis, aseve, g. gaCeCilaZis ga-

mosvlebi: www. myvideo.ge

izabela petriaSvili

105

Sesavali

cnobierebis (da cnobierebis filoso-

fiis) radikaluri kritika Tanamedrove

filosofiuri azrovnebis fundamenturi

niSania. statiaSi es tendencia arawminda

gonebis kritikis saxeliT aris dafiqsire-

buli. aRniSnuli kritika azrovnebis sxva-

dasxva sistemaSi sxvadasxvanairad avlens

Tavs (m. haidegeri, k. levi-strosi, r. bar-

ti, J. derida da sxv.). moxsenebis mizani ara

mxolod cnobierebis kritikis zogadi ma-

xasiaTeblebis gamovlenaa, aramed kriti-

kis sxvadasxva strategias Soris arsebu-

li gansxvavebisac. es fukos kritikuli ge-

nealogiis analizis gziT xorcieldeba.

Cveni mizani iqneba, davaxasiaToT fukos

kritikul-Teoriuli kvlevebis rogorc

adreuli, ise gviandeli konceptualuri

sqema, amis bazaze ki – arawminda gonebis

kritikis farglebSi Tanamedrove kriti-

kuli Teoriis perspeqtiva. Cven Sevecde-

biT, vuCvenoT fukos rogorc erT-, ise

mravalganzomilebiani ontologiisaTvis

damaxasiaTebeli winaaRmdegobebi da Ziri-

Tadi Sedegebi, romlebic misdami Tana-

medrove kritikuli Teoriis ambivalen-

mamuka surmava

arawminda gonebiskritikis bunebisaTvis,m. fuko – frankfurtis

skolafilosofiis mecniere-

baTa doqtori, Tbilisis

ivane javaxiSvilis sa-


tis humanitaruli fa-


profesori (kulturis

mimarTulebiT).

ZiriTadi naSromebi:

monograph - Collingwo-

od’s Philosophy, articles:

Decline of Subject; Positi-

vism, Science and Politics;

Ontological Meaning of

Information Technology

etc. Translation: ̀ Morality of

Freedom~, by Josef Ratze;

Iorst Möller, Historical

Memory and National Iden-

tity. Fields of Interest: Con-

tinental philosophy, histo-

ry of philosophy, social and

political philosophy, aes-

thetics, Cultural studies.

Memberships and Professio-

nal Activities: Member of

Society for Phenomenology,

Member of Society for

Philosophy, Scienific

Editor of Selected Works,

By Karl Popper, Tbilisi,

1999.interesTa sfero:

kulturis filosofia.

106 mamuka surmava

turi damokidebulebis winapirobaa. magram, vidre dasaxuli miz-

nis ganxorcielebas SevudgebodeT, amocanis gasaadvileblad

mokled mimovixiloT arawminda gonebis kritikis saxeliT cno-

bili strategiis ZiriTadi indikatorebi. maTi gamovlena, vfiq-

robT, fukos genealogiuri midgomisa da frankfurtelTa kri-

tikuli Teoriis SedarebiTi daxasiaTebis gziT aris upriani.

deskrifcia Semdeg ZiriTad momentebs moicavs:

a. rogorc frankfurtis skola, ise Tavad fuko kantiseuli

kritikis radikalizacias axorcielebs. isini, adamianuri gone-

bis bunebisa da sazRvrebis Seswavlas, – misi istoriuli, poli-

tikuri da sxva realiebiT gansazRvrulobis pirobebSi, – feno-

menologiisa da lingvisturi idealizmis sapirispirod mxolod

sociokulturuli konteqstis farglebSi miiCneven SesaZleb-

lad;

b. orive, – fukoca da frankfurtis skolac, – uaryofs avto-

nomiuri, racionaluri subieqtis kartezianul ideas. maTi kon-

ceptualuri midgomis Tanaxmad, Semmecnebeli da moqmedi subi-

eqti socialuri arsebaa, romelic garemoebebiTa da interese-

biT aris gansazRvruli;

g. tradiciuli ierarqiis sapirispirod, orive mxare iziarebs

Teoriulze praqtikulis upiratesobas. Sesabamisad, konceptu-

aluri maxvili cnobierebidan sociumsa da kulturaze gadadis;

d. orive mxare moiTxovs cnobierebis monacemebisagan dis-

tancirebas da socialuri praqtikis konteqstSi ganxilvas, maTi

ideebis erTmaneTis konteqstSi ganxilvis nacvlad;

e. rogorc fukos genealogia, ise frankfurtelTa kritiku-

li Teoria socialuri praqtikis transformaciis mizniT TviT-

Semecnebis Secvlisken aris orientirebuli (maT Soris, insti-

tutebis, racionaluri ideebisa Tu praqtikebis socioistori-

uli analizis gziT, rac kritikuli distancirebis erT-erTi au-

cilebeli pirobaa);

d. marTalia, orive mxares gonebis kritika socialuri praq-

tikis safexurze `gadmoaqvs~, magram sxvadasxva SedegebiT: fu-

ko, nicSes msgavsad, racionalizmis radikalur kritikas axor-

cielebs maSin, rodesac frankfurtelTa samizne tradiciul-

Tan SedarebiT gonebis ufro adekvaturi cnebis dafuZnebaa;

e. gansxvaveba Tavs iCens subieqtis cnebasTan mimarTebaSic.

Tu misi gadalaxva fukos esmis rogorc `adamianis dasasruli~,

frankfurtelebi subieqtisa da avtonomiurobis cnebebis mxo-

lod dekonceptualizacias cdiloben;

107

v. fukosagan gansxvavebiT, frankfurtelebi ar Tvlian Seu-

Tavseblad iseT principebs, rogorebic aris konteqstualizmi

da universalizmi;

z. dabolos, gansxvaveba kritikis funqciis gagebaSic iCens

Tavs. fukosaTvis genealogia ar emsaxureba WeSmaritebas, Ta-

visuflebasa da samarTlianobas, radgan igi, absoluturi dis-

tancirebis azriT, Zalauflebis mxridan gavlenas Tavs ver aR-

wevs. amis sapirispirod, frankfurtelebs ideologiis kritika

misgan Tavis daRwevis da arsebuli socialuri wesrigis ufro

racionaluri wesrigiT Secvlis saSualebad warmoudgebaT.

2

warmodgenil zogad SeniSvnebze dayrdnobiT, Cven ufro ga-

mowvlilviT SegviZlia, gavaanalizoT fukos mier (Zalaufle-

ba/codnis konteqstSi) gonebisa da racionaluri subieqtis ra-

dikaluri kritika, romelic frangma moazrovnem Tavisi inte-

leqtualuri ganviTarebis adreul etapze (1970-ian wlebSi) ga-

naxorciela. am gzaze, upirveles yovlisa, aucilebelia, gavix-

senoT, rom fukos `genealogiuri proeqti~ gonebis kritikis na-

irsaxeobaa. igi Tavis TavSi gulisxmobs garkveul msgavsebas mo-

derniTis (Modernity) epoqis kritikul proeqtebTan. magram Tu

moderniTis filosofia gonebis, misi wanamZRvrebis, sazRvre-

bisa da produqtebis Sesaxeb (`wminda~) refleqsias warmoadgens,

romelic mxolod da mxolod cnobierebis terminebSi xorci-

eldeboda, Tanamedrove filosofiisaTvis amgvari midgoma ara-

sakmarisi, metic, araadekvaturia. mis fundamentur niSnad gvev-

lineba e. w. `socioistoriuli Semobruneba~, rac imas niSnavs,

rom nebismieri racionaluri praqtikis Semecneba (e. i. `kriti-

ka~) aucileblobiT moiTxovs im socialur-istoriuli konteq-

stis gaTvaliswinebas, romelSic igi warmoiqmneba da funqcio-

nirebs. swored es ìmperativi~ ganapirobebs m. fukosTan Zala-

uflebis Temis aqtualizebas. fukos Tanaxmad, Zalaufleba

msWvalavs racionaluri praqtikis konteqstsac da Tavad praq-

tikasac. rogorc igi gamudmebiT Segvaxsenebs xolme, `WeSmari-

teba ar aris Tavisufal sulTa jildo~, aramed igi aris àm sam-

yaros sagani~, romelic ìZulebis mravalgvargvari formis Se-

degad iSoba~1 . aseT pirobebSi logikuria, rom fukos yuradRe-

bis centrSi eqceva ara ubralod goneba da misi `wminda~ monace-______________________________

1 KFoucault M. Power/Knowledge, New-York, 1980, gv. 131.

arawminda gonebis kritikis bunebisaTvis, m. fuko _ frankfurtis skola

108 mamuka surmava

mebi, aramed racionaluri praqtikisaTvis konstituciuri mniS-

vnelobis mqone wesebi da procedurebi, agreTve, masSi2 kodi-

rebuli ierarqia da asimetriuli mimarTebebi. es mkafio niSania

imisa, rom analizis obieqti xdeba WeSmaritebisa da codnis er-

Tgvari politika (misTvis niSandoblivi stigmatizaciiT, waxa-

lisebiT, dasjiT, an kidev sxva saSualebebiT, raTa erTmaneTi-

sagan iqnas gamijnuli, erTi mxriv, iracionaluroba, devianto-

ba, usazrisoba da, meore mxriv, TiToeuli am fenomenis opozi-

ciuri elementi). magram genealogiuri analizi ar Semoifar-

gleba mxolod diskursiuli praqtikebis `Sinagani~ wesebisa da

regulaciebis politikuri aspeqtebis analiziT. igi ikvlevs, ag-

reTve, Teoriuli diskursebis `gare~ mimarTebebsac, ufro kon-

kretulad ki, `adamianis Sesaxeb mecnierebaTa~ diskursebis mi-

marTebas im praqtikul diskursebTan, romlebSic isini arian ga-

moyenebuli da integrirebuli.3 sxva sityvebiT, fukos genealo-

giuri midgomis farglebSi racionaluri praqtik(eb)is safuZ-

vlad mdebare wesebisa da procedurebis analizi gardauvalad

moiTxovs sociokulturuli konteqstis gaTvaliswinebas.

fukos Tanaxmad, `nebismier sazogadoebas WeSmaritebis saku-

Tari reJimi aqvs~.4 aseT pirobebSi genealogiisaTvis saintere-

so xdeba mimarTeba, romelic, erTi mxriv, WeSmaritebis produ-

cirebasa da, meore mxriv, adamianis marTvasa da kontrols So-

ris arsebobs. kerZod, humanitarul mecnierebebze dayrdnobiT,

fuko ikvlevs sxvadasxva gzas, romliTac ZalauflebiTi mimar-

Tebebi adamianis Sesaxeb WeSmaritebis producirebis erTdro-

ulad winapirobacaa da Sedegic. adamianze orientirebul kvle-

vevebis sferoSi, fsiqiatriidan da medicinidan dawyebuli, de-

mografiuli kvlevebiT damTavrebuli, fuko naTels xdis im kav-

Sirebs, romlebic Zalauflebasa da mis codnas Soris arsebobs.

amasTan, adamianis Sesaxeb mecnierebebi ara marto warmoiSobian

Zalauflebis ierarqiuli mimarTebebiT struqturirebul in-

stituciur kalapotSi, aramed funqcionireben kidec masSi. mi-

si azriT, is, rac specifikuria Tanamedrove disciplinuri re-

JimisaTvis, sxva araferia, Tu ara iZulebis ufro sastiki for-

mebidan administrirebis ufro daxvewil formebze gadasvla,

romelsac mecnierulad gawvrTnili eqspertebi axorcieleben.

e. i. axal pirobebSi sazogadoeba iZulebas detalur codnaze______________________________

2 Ke. i. racionalur praqtikaSi3 aq igulisxmeba eqimebis, mosamarTleebis, administratorebis, socialuri

muSakebis, ganaTlebis muSakebis da sxvaTa diskursebi.4 Foucault M. Power/Knowledge, New-York, 1980, gv. 131.

109

damyarebuli teqnikis gamoyenebiT axorcielebs. aqedan gamom-

dinare, fukos mixedviT, humanitaruli mecnierebebi mTavari Za-

laa ganmanaTlebluri azrovnebis triumfis saqmeSi, xolo pa-

noptikuri mecnier-damkvirvebeli yvelaze aSkara gamoxatule-

baa universaluri gonebisa, romelsac amgvari azrovneba afuZ-

nebs. adamianis Sesaxeb mecnierebaTa `mdabali~ fesvebis ilus-

trirebis fonze genealogia `WeSmaritebisaTvis nebaSi~ im kon-

stituciur urTierTkavSirs usvams xazs, romelic adamianis Se-

saxeb mecnierebebsa da Zalauflebis istoriulad cvalebad sis-

temebs Soris arsebobs (`Zalaufleba da kontroli pirdapir gu-

lisxmoben erTmaneTs... subieqti, romelic imecnebs, obieqti,

romelic am codnis obieqtia, unda ganvixiloT rogorc codna-

Zalauflebis fundamenturi implikaciebisa da maTi istoriuli

transformaciebis Sedegebi~).

marTalia, habermasi eTanxmeba fukos, rom WeSmariteba `am

samyaros fenomenia~, magram igi erTmaneTisagan mijnavs `fun-

damenturad ganasxvavebul kognitur midgomebs, romlebic moq-

medebis, gamocdilebisa da enis urTierTgansxvavebuli konste-

laciiTa aRbeWdili~. amas igi imisaTvis akeTebs, rom daupiris-

pirdes instrumentalisturi da strategiuli racionalurobis

gaigivebas saerTod racionalurobasTan. sociokulturuli ra-

cionalizaciis interpretireba Zalauflebis instrumentebisa

da kontrolis, agreTve, dominirebisa da administrirebis

mzard hegemoniad imdenad araswori ar aris, ramdenadac aras-

ruli. amgvari interpretaciisaTvis SeumCneveli rCeba kapita-

listuri sazogadoebis uunarobaa, balansirebis dacviT gana-

viTaros racionalurobis sxvadasxva ganzomileba, ris SesaZ-

leblobasac iZleva samyaros axali gageba. vinaidan Cven arsob-

rivad iseve varT enis momxmareblebi, rogorc iaraRisa, gone-

bis warmodgena mxolod instrumentalisturi da strategiuli

fenomenis saxiT arasworia. meore mxriv, isic aSkaraa, rom raci-

onalurobis aRniSnuli tipebi, marTlac, aRweven garkveul do-

minirebul mdgomareobas Cvens kulturaSi. qvesistemebi, rom-

lebSic isini arian institucionalizebuli (magaliTad, ekono-

mika da samTavrobo administracia), sul ufro da ufro msWva-

laven da imsgavseben cxovrebis sxva formebs. swored amitom,

sicocxlis `monetarizaciisa~ da `biurokratizaciis~ fonze `sa-

sicocxlo samyaros kolonizaciis~ saxeliT cnobilma viTare-

bam habermasis komunikaciuri moqmedebis TeoriaSi mniSvnelo-

vani adgili daikava.


110 mamuka surmava

sabazro da administraciuli ZalebiT kolonizebuli sazo-

gadoebis suraTi disciplinebuli sazogadoebis fukoseuli su-

raTisagan, sxva aspeqtebis garda, im TvalsazrisiTac gansxvav-

deba, rom kritikis samizne xdeba ara cxovrebis (gonebasTan da-

kavSirebuli) ganmanaTlebluri idea, aramed am ideisagan gan-

dgoma da gonebis iseTi modalobebis gauTvaliswinebloba (Tu

dafuZneba), romlebic principulad iqnebodnen gansxvavebuli

subieqtze orientirebuli instrumentalisturi gonebisagan.

marTalia, es ori suraTi cxovrebis mraval sferosTan mimar-

TebaSi nawilobriv emTxveva kidec erTmaneTs, rogorc, magali-

Tad, adamianis Sesaxeb mecnierebebSi codnisa da Zalauflebis

urTierTmimarTebis mxriv, magram Tu fuko codnisa da Zalauf-

lebis interaqcias absolutur mniSvnelobas aniWebs nebismier

humanitarul mecnierebasTan mimarTebaSi maSin, rodesac haber-

masi erTmaneTisagan mijnavs obieqtivizebad (bihevioristul)

midgomebs interpretaciuli (hermenevtikuli) da kritikuli

(genealogiuri, anu dialeqtikuri) midgomebisagan. interesebi,

romlebic maT gansazRvraven, – amtkicebs habermasi, – funda-

menturad gansxvavebulia, risi Sedegicaa, jer erTi, maTi ori-

entirebuloba obieqtebis sxvadasxva sferoebze da, meorec,

kvlevis urTierTgansxvavebuli logika. am gadasaxedidan mxo-

lod pirwmindad obieqtivizebadi midgomebia imanenturad mi-

marTuli adamianebze kontrolis ganvrcobisaken maSin, rode-

sac sxva midgomebi mowodebuli arian, gaafarToon urTierTga-

gebis intersubieqturoba da miaRwion refleqsur distancire-

bas ukritikod miRebuli Sexedulebebisa da praqtikebisagan.

fukosa da habermass Soris arsebobs principuli Tanxmoba

imasTan dakavSirebiTac, rom socialuri keTildReobis saxel-

mwifos gaZliereba-gafarToeba sul ufro da ufro damokide-

buli xdeba sxvadasxva saxis saeqsperto codnis warmoebasa da

gamoyenebaze. am aspeqtiT, kerZod, fukos Tvalsazrisi norma-

lizaciaze orientirebuli socialuri institutebisa da am miz-

nebisaTvis aucilebeli codnis zrdis urTierTmimarTebis Se-

saxeb enaTesaveba habermasis Sexedulebas im kavSir-urTierTo-

baze, romelic arsebobs sasicocxlo samyaros administraciul

kolonizaciasa da obieqtivizirebadi socialuri mecnierebis

warmoqmnas Soris. Tumca isic cxadia, rom aucilebelia maT So-

ris gansxvavebis danaxvac, kerZod, im mxriv, Tu ramdenad Sors

midis maTi kritikuli xedva. fuko represiuli xasiaTis siste-

maSi Sobili codnis analizidan amodis da kritikas saerTod

111

mTel humanitarul codnaze avrcelebs, risi erT-erTi Sedegic

aris hermenevtikisadmi araadekvaturi midgoma. aqedan iRebs sa-

Taves misi adreuli genealogiuri proeqtisaTvis fundamentu-

ri Sinagani winaaRmdegobac. mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs is Teoriuli

uxerxuloba, rom genealogiuri analizi Tavadac ZalauflebiT

RonisZiebad gadaiqceva, riTac Ralatobs Tavis emansipaciur

funqcias. qvemoT Cven SevecdebiT fukos adreuli doqtrinis

swored am aspeqtis da, konkretulad, genealogiuri praqtikis

metaTeoriiis iseTi arsebiTi elementebis ganxilvas, rogoric

aris Zalauflebis ontologia da subieqtis – rogorc Zala-

uflebis rezultatis – reprezentacia.

Zalaufleba: ontologia socialuri Teoriis winaaRmdeg

fukosa da habermass Soris arsebuli gansxvavebebi iCqmaleba

im gavrcelebuli midgomis farglebSi, romelic erTmaneTs upi-

rispirebs pirvelis nominalistur partikularizms da meoris

abstraqtul universalizms. Tavis nicSeanur pasaJebSi fuko

iseTive universalistia, rogorc habermasi. miuxedavad imisa,

rom igi gaurbis fundamentalistebisaTvis damaxasiaTebel mid-

gomas, mainc bejiTad miiswrafvis socialuris ontologiisaken,

romelic ikvlevs da ganixilavs daqvemdebarebulobas, homoge-

nizacias rogorc socialuri praqtikis gardauval wanamZRvar-

sa da Sedegs. da marTalia, genealogiuri analizisaTvis misi mTa-

vari samizne Zalauflebis ierarqiiT aRbeWdili socialuri in-

stitutebia, Zalauflebis misi sakuTari koncefcia umniSvne-

lod aqcevs kiTxvebs imis Sesaxeb, vin flobs Zalauflebas, ris

safuZvelze da sxv. erTaderTi, rasac am koncefciiT viRebT,

aris is, rom nebismier socialur sistemaSi, racionalur praq-

tikasa Tu socializaciis procesSi mocemuli iZulebebisa da

Tavsmoxveuli wesebis mimarT gamaxvilebuli mgrZnobelobaa.

terminis mniSvnelobis ukiduresad gafarToebis pirobebSi, Za-

laufleba im `produqtiul sistemad gadaiqceva, romelic mTel

socialur sxeuls msWvalavs~. Zalaufleba socialur-ontolo-

giuri totalobaa, romelic `qmnis realobas, ...obieqtebis sfe-

rosac da WeSmaritebis ritualebsac~. `WeSmariteba ar aris Ta-

visufali sulis produqti, aramed Seqmnilia iZulebis mraval-

ferovani formebis mier~ – ambobs fuko. `WeSmaritebis nebismi-

eri reJimi~ gulisxmobs diskursis garkveul privilegirebul


112 mamuka surmava

tipebs, sanqcias aZlevs WeSmaritebis mcdarobisagan ganmasxva-

vebel kriteriumebs, uzrunvelyofs WeSmaritebis miRwevis

sxvadasxva teqnologiebs im statusis meSveobiT, romlebsac mi-

aniWebs garkveul adamianebs (am teqnologiebis gamomyenebelT).

aqedan gamomdinare, naTelia, fukosTan mocemuli gvaqvs WeSma-

ritebis (da ara mxolod WeSmaritebis, aramed nebismieri orga-

nizebuli socialuri aqtivobis) `politikuri ekonomia~, rac Za-

lauflebis cnebis ontologizebis principuli Sedegia.

TvalsaCinoa siZneleebic. iZulebasTan SenivTebuli Zlauf-

leba im ukun sibneles emsgavseba, romelSic yvela sagani Savi

ferisaa. mavanis braldebis obieqtad qceva an, piriqiT, waxali-

seba, misTvis komfortis Seqmna an dapatimreba, masTan kooperi-

reba, an SewinaaRmdegeba – yovelive es, fukos adreuli Teoriis

farglebSi, Zalauflebis gamoyenebis Tanabari formebia. SeiZ-

leba, vifiqroT, rom misi mizani modelebze dafuZnebuli inte-

raqciis safuZvlad mdebare normatiuli molodinebisa da san-

qciebis gamovlenaa, magram am ganzomilebis gaabsolutureba,

rac TvalsaCinoa, socialuri TeoriisaTvis aunazRaurebeli

danakargis momaswavebelia. gansxvaveba samarTlian da arasamar-

Tlian socialur wesrigs, politikuri Zalauflebis legitimur

da aralegitimur gamoyenebas, kooperaciul da strategiul, Za-

ladobasa da konsensusze damyarebul urTierTobebs Soris mar-

ginalizebuli da ugulebelyofilia. cxadia, SegviZlia daveTan-

xmoT fukos, rom socialuri moqmedeba yvelgan da yovelTvis

Zireuli molodinebis mier aris konstruirebuli, maT safuZ-

velze Cven pasuxismgeblad vTvliT erTmaneTs, nebismieri de-

viacia isjeba uaryofiTi reaqciiT, pasuxismgeblobis gacnobi-

ereba mTavari wyaroa `normaluri~ interaqciisa, ganviTarebis

Tanamedrove etapze gamravlda cxovrebis sferoebi, romleb-

Sic dominirebs socialuri urTierTmimarTebis instrumenta-

listuri, strategiuli da biurokratiuli formebi, magram yo-

velive es araviTar safuZvels ar iZleva im sociologiurad da

politikurad mniSvnelovani distinqciebis ugulebelsayofad,

romelic ase fundamenturia kritikuli socialuri TeoriisaT-

vis. nensi frezeri am problemas sasurveli sicxadiT exmaure-

ba: `problema imaSi mdgomareobs, rom fuko uamrav sagans ubra-

lod erT saxels – Zalauflebas uwodebs da amaze Sors ar midis.

... nebismieri kulturuli praqtika Seicavs iZulebebs. magram

isini uamravi saxisaa da moiTxovs sxvadasxva normatiul pasuxs...

fuko ise msjelobs, TiTqos saerTod aRar axsovdes veberianu-

113

li socialuri Teoriis arseboba misi skrupulozuri distin-

qciebiT iseT cnebebs Soris, rogorebic aris: xelisufleba, Za-

la, Zaladoba, dominireba da legitimacia. masTan fenomenebi,

romlebic mxolod am cnebebis saSualebiT SeiZleba, iqnes di-

ferencirebuli, maT Soris arsebuli gansxvavebis gauTvalis-

wineblad, ubralod, erT jgufSi arian Cayrili. Sedegad, norma-

tiuli niuansebis farTo ranJireba ugulebelyofilia da re-

zultati normatiuli erTganzomilebianobaa~.

subieqti: dekonstruqcia rekonstruqciis winaaRmdeg

rogorc erTgan fuko aRniSnavs, socialuri mkvlevarebi ana-

lizis ori formidan upiratesobas erT-erTs aniWebdnen: an im

formas, romelic subieqtze iyo orientirebuli, an kidev imas,

romelic, saboloo jamSi, ekonomikidan amodioda. Tavad igi er-

Tsac da meoresac uaryofda. analizis meore formis sawinaaR-

mdegod, frangi moazrovne Tavis nicSeanur koncefciaSi Zala-

uflebis socialurTan gaigivebas axorcielebda. rac Seexeba su-

bieqtze orientirebul analizs, masTan mimarTebaSi Tu adreul

etapze struqturalisturi semiotikis miRwevebs iSveliebda,

romelic individualur aqtebze signifikaciis sistemis domi-

nirebas cxadyofda, struqturalizmisagan distancirebis Sem-

deg, – roca enisa da niSnis modelis nacvlad omisa da brZolis

modelidan amovida, – individualur qmedebebTan mimarTebaSi

ganmsazRvreli roli diskursebis, praqtikebisa da institute-

bis urTierTdakavSirebul sistemebs mianiWa. genealogiis ga-

dasaxedidan fenomenologiis mier amosavlad miCneuli subieq-

ti makonstituirebeli instancia ki ar aris, aramed Tavad aris

istoriisa da sazogadoebis mxridan konstituirebis Sedegi, fe-

nomenologia ki – ubralod, dasavluri subieqtivizmis istori-

is axali Tavi. aRniSnuli tradiciis Ziri istoriuli procesis

SemTxveviTi Sedegis istoriuli procesis wyarod da mis er-

Tgvar mamoZraveblad hipostazirebaa, amasTan, ara cnobiere-

bis, aramed subieqturi Zalebis obieqtivirebis saxiT, romelic

SemdgomSi ukve cnobierad unda iqnas dauflebuli. fuko amgvar

midgomas evropuli humanisturi proeqtis mTavar maxasiaTeb-

lad Tvlis. proeqti im Zalebis damorCilebas iTvaliswinebs,

romlebic blokaven adamianis avtonomiurobas da, maSasadame,

mis WeSmarit TviTrealizacias. fukos, adornosa da horkhaime-


114 mamuka surmava

ris msgavsad, es proeqti, Tavisi arsiT, dominirebis proeqtad

miaCnia, romelic gansazRvravs dasavleTis adamianis Zalauf-

lebriv mimarTebas yovelive sxvagvarobasTan. aseT viTarebaze

fukos reaqcia metismetad radikaluri Cans. nawilobriv struq-

turalisturi strategiis gavleniT, rac genealogiuri kvle-

vebis adreul etapze jer kidev sagrZnobi gaxldaT, igi meore

ukiduresobisaken ixreba da maxvili sistemaze gadaaqvs. Sesaba-

misad, masTan abstraqtuli individualizmis mxolod da mxolod

aranakleb abstraqtuli holizmiT Canacvleba xdeba. magram, al-

baT, Zneli ar aris, daveTanxmoT im azrs, rom mtkiceba `indivi-

dualoba SuZlebelia SevimecnoT rogorc... martivi atomi~ au-

cileblobiT ar gulisxmobs imis mtkicebasac, rom `igi erT-er-

Ti mTavari Sedegia Zalauflebrivi mimarTebebisa~. amis nacvlad

SeiZleba sxva, naklebad radikaluri Tezisis dacva, rom indivi-

dualoba Sinaganad aris dakavSirebuli socializaciasTan, anu

individi socializaciis procesis gziT imTaviTve mocemul so-

cialuri urTierTobebis sistemaSi yalibdeba. Tu sakiTxs ase

SevxedavT, SeiZleba, mogveCvenos, rom fuko, roca individis Za-

lauflebis rezultatad gamocxadebis paralelurad amtki-

cebs, rom individi, amave dros, Zalauflebis artikulirebis

elementi da iaraRia, ubralod, gavrcelebuli sociologiuri

azris damcvelia. kerZod, im azrisa, romlis Tanaxmadac socia-

luri struqturebi arseboben da transformacias ganicdian

mxolod da mxolod individualuri agentebis situaciuri qme-

debebis gziT. magram, sinamdvileSi, es ar aris fukos Tvalsaz-

risi. amas asabuTebs is garemoeba, rom aseTi midgomis pirobebSi

Tanabari mniSvneloba eniWeba agentsac da struqturasac (so-

cialuri praqtikis gagebisaTvis) maSin, rodesac fukosaTvis mi-

saRebia analizis sxva forma. am formis farglebSi ki subieqti

sxva araferia, Tu ara istoriuli sistemis mxridan konstitui-

rebis Sedegi. gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, rom fuko uaryofs ara

mxolod transcendentur (makonstituirebel) subieqts. igi ana-

lizidan gamoricxavs saerTod raime apelirebas individualur

Sexedulebebze, intenciebsa da qmedebebze. amitom miiCnevs igi,

rom genealogiuri kvleva unda moeridos Zalauflebis cnobie-

ri intenciebisa da gadawyvetilebebis safexurze ganxilvas.

kritikis saxiT unda aRniSnos, rom fukos genealogiis far-

glebSi socialuri kvlevebi mravali gadauwyveteli problemis

winaSe dgeba. ase magaliTad, SeuZlebelia socialuri integra-

ciis Sesaxeb adekvaturi warmodgenis SemuSaveba, Tu socialu-

115

ri interaqciis erTaderTi modeli asimetriuli Zalauflebi-

Ti mimarTebebi iqneba; aseve gaugebari darCeba socializaciis

buneba, Tu igi sxeulisaTvis disciplinaruli Zalebis Tavze mox-

vevasTan iqneba gaigivebuli. aranakleb problemur saxes mii-

Rebs socialuri interaqciis mravali formac, Tuki agentebs

mxolod sajarod sanqcirebuli modelebis safuZvelze moqmed

agentebad ganvixilavT. sxva sityvebiT, aRniSnuli fenomenebis

adekvaturi SemecnebisaTvis aucilebelia agentebis mxridan so-

cialuri struqturebis gagebisa da kulturuli resursebis

refleqsuri gamoyenebis mxedvelobaSi miRebac. rogorc gof-

mani, Siuci da mravali sxva socialuri mkvlevari uCvenebs, agen-

tebis mxridan socialuri situaciebis interpretireba, movle-

naTa mosalodneli ganviTarebisa da savaraudo reaqciebis wi-

naswar warmodgena nebismieri interaqciis fundamenturi ele-

mentebia, risi gauTvaliswineblobac socialuri kvlevis wina-

Se gadaulaxav problemebs badebs. maTi gauTvaliswineblobis

SemTxvevaSi, elementarulad, gaugebari rCeba agentis nebismi-

eri moqmedeba, romelic sxvadasxva alternativas Soris arCe-

vans gulisxmobs da konkretuli situaciisaTvis wesebis miyene-

bis Sedegs warmoadgens. fuko swored aseTi problemebis winaSe

dgeba. radikaluri desubieqtivizacia, romelsac ver arbilebs

Zalauflebisa da SewinaaRmdegebis cnebebis urTierTdamokide-

bulebaze fragmentuli apelireba, faqtobrivad, safuZvels ac-

lis genealogiisaTvis iseT fundamentur cnebebs, rogoric

aris disciplina, reJimi da sxv. aranaklebi safrTxis Semcvelia

igi genealogiuri praqtikisTvisac. vin unda gamoiyenos genea-

logiuri analizis Sedegebi? ra moTxovnebi unda dauyenos am

analizma mis momxmareblebs? ra imeds tovebs igi situaciidan

Tavis daRwevis TvalsazrisiT? es kiTxvebi fukos adreuli ge-

nealogiuri midgomis pirobebSi pasuxgaucemel kiTxvebad rCe-

ba, rac misi Teoriis problemur mxareebze miuTiTebs. aqve sa-

marTlianoba moiTxovs aRiniSnos, rom fukos SeumCneveli ar

darCenia Tavisi Teoriis es uxerxulobani. mogvianebiT, 80-ian

wlebSi igi aqtiurad Seecada genealogiuri midgomis koreqti-

rebas. am gzaze misTvis amosavali gaxda kantis mier ganmanaT-

leblobisa da kritikis erTmaneTTan dakavSireba, anu gonebis

gamoyenebis gzaze misi wanamZRvrebisa da sazRvrebis kritiku-

li Sefasebis aucileblobis xazgasma. amieridan genealogiac am-

gvari kritikuli refleqsiis statuss iRebs. fukos axali mid-

gomis Tanaxmad, `racionalurobis praqtikuli sistemebis~ kri-


116 mamuka surmava

tikuli istoria sxva araferia, Tu ara am racionaluri praqti-

kebis subieqtebis genealogia, im gzebis kvleva, romliTac Cven

sakuTari Tavis rogorc racionaluri agentebis konstituire-

bas vaxorcielebT. es ki fukos gviandel SemoqmedebaSi desubi-

eqtivizaciis tendenciis Serbilebasa da genealogiis rogorc

praqtikuli kritikis proeqtis potencialis zrdaze miuTiTebs.

am fonze modiT, davubrundeT subieqtisa da Zalaufle-

bis cnebebs. maT bazaze ufro naTlad warmoCndeba zemoT daxa-

siaTebuli Teoriuli mobrunebis namdvili buneba, rac dagvex-

mareba saboloo daskvnebis gamotanaSi.

kvlav Zalaufleba:

strategiuli da komunikaciuri qmedeba

Cveni adrindeli kritika fukos erTganzomilebian ontolo-

giaze iyo mimarTuli. rogorc aRvniSnavdiT, frangi moazrovne

socialur sinamdviles, WeSmaritebasa da subieqts Zalaufle-

bis Sedegad Tvlida. aRvniSneT isic, rom amgvari reduqcioniz-

misagan Tavis daRwevas igi 1980-ian wlebSi Seecada, risTvisac

mravalganzomilebiani ontologia ganaviTara. fukom sami ti-

pis `teqnika~ ganasxvava: 1. warmoebis teqnika, 2. signifikaciis

teqnika da 3. dominirebis teqnika. SemdgomSi man maT kidev erTi,

TviTobis teqnikac daumata, romelic skrupulozuri analizis

sagani gaxda `seqsualobis istoriis~ meore da mesame tomSi. swo-

red es gvaZlevs safuZvels, vimsjeloT mis mier mravalganzo-

milebiani ontologiis dafuZnebaze. axali ontologiisaTvis

niSandoblivi xdeba diskursuli praqtikebis, ZalauflebiTi mi-

marTebebisa da im formebis distinqcia, romlebSic individebi

TavianT Tavs subieqtebad acnobiereben. am oTxi ontologiuri

ganzomilebis SemotaniT fukosTan yuradReba dominirebis mi-

marTebebidan strategiul mimarTebebze gadadis. metic, fuko

socialuri interaqciis strategiul interaqciasTan gaigive-

bisaken ixreba. garkveul transformacias ganicdis Zalaufle-

bis cnebac. Zalauflebis gamoyeneba kvalificirdeba rogorc

`gza, romliTac garkveuli qmedebebi saxes ucvlian sxva qmede-

bebs~. ZalauflebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli mimarTeba arc Zala-

dobaa da arc konsensusi, aramed `marTva~, am sityvis farTo mniS-

vnelobiT, SesaZlebeli rezultatis misaRwevad. am azriT, Zala

Tavsebadia nebismier socialur interaqciasTan, radgan sazo-

gadoebaSi cxovreba arsobrivad gulisxmobs sxva qmedebebze

117

zemoqmedebis SesaZleblobas. amasTan, Zalaufleba, Zala aRar

aris dominirebis identuri, aramed es ukanaskneli Zalaufle-

biTi situaciis specifikur tips warmoadgens. Zalaufleba ar

aris boroteba – ambobs fuko, – igi strategiuli TamaSia... prob-

lema mxolod imaSia, vicodeT rogor aviciloT Tavidan domi-

nirebis Sedegebi. cxadia, frangi moazrovnis es msjeloba soci-

aluri interaqciis strategiul interaqciasTan gaigivebisaken

ixreba. am STabeWdilebas kidev ufro aZlierebs fukos mier ko-

munikaciuri moqmedebis principis kritika, romelic haberma-

sis saxelTan aris dakavSirebuli. misi azriT, `sruliad tran-

sparantuli komunikacia~ ubralo utopiaa, radgan komunikacia

yovelTvis warmoqmnis Zalauflebis efeqts. nebismier SemTxve-

vaSi, faqtia, rom socialuri qmedebis strategiul qmedebasTan

gaigiveba pirdapirproporciulad gulisxmobs subieqtisaTvis

garkveuli xarisxis Tavisuflebis miweras.

kvlav subieqti: avtonomia da TviToba

fukos gamaxvilebuli yuradReba praqtikuli sistemebis

strategiul mxareze erTaderTi niSa ar yofila individis prob-

lemis gamZafrebisaTvis frangi moazrovnis gviandel Semoqme-

debaSi. am aspeqtiT aranakleb mniSvnelovani iyo TviTformire-

bis principis Semotana. rogorc fuko aRniSnavs, Tu adrindel

SromebSi misi yuradRebis centrSi figurirebda im `teqnolo-

giebis~ Seswavla, romlebic cxovrebis sxvadasxva sferoSi mar-

Tavs individebs, mogvianebiT man mkafio gansxvaveba gaatara, er-

Ti mxriv, normalizebaze orientirebul me-s teqnologiebsa da,

meore mxriv, eTikur teqnologiebs Soris, romelTa mizani mSve-

nieri cxovrebiT cxovrebaa. Sesabamisad, genealogiur-arqolo-

giur analizSi ikveTeba axali mimarTuleba. igi gulisxmobs ara

subieqturobis normalizirebis formebis, aramed mimarTebis im

nairsaxeobis eqsplicirebas, romelic me-m unda daamyaros sa-

kuTar TavTan; sxva sityvebiT – im teqnologiebis deskrifcias,

romliTac subieqtma unda gansazRvros, Tu rogor unda imoq-

medos man, rogorc eTikurma subieqtma. fuko erTmaneTisagan

ganasxvavebs moralur sistemebs orientiris mixedviT; wesebis

kodirebisa Tu eTikuri Rirebulebebze. da marTalia,

miuxedavad imisa, nebismieri moraluri sistema gulisxmobs Ta-

vis TavSi wesebis kodirebas, individs mainc rCeba garkveuli gza


118 mamuka surmava

sakuTari Tavis rogorc moraluri subieqtis konstituirebi-

saTvis.

yovelive amis gaTvaliswinebiT naTelia, rom fukos gviandel

SemoqmedebaSi strategiuli da eTikuri subieqtis TematizebiT

individi aRar aris kulturuli da instituciuri sistemebis in-

strumenti, aramed igi iRebs intenciurad moqmedi agentis sta-

tuss. miuxedavad amisa, mainc problemuri rCeba, ramdenad Sor-

smimavalia es transformacia da ramdenad organulia individi-

sa da avtonomiurobis cnebebis kavSiri. socialuri interaqci-

is strategiul interaqciasTan gaigivebiT fuko, faqtobrivad,

SeuZlebels xdis avtonomiuri subieqtis ideis dafuZnebas. vi-

naidan strategiuli qmedeba mouSorebelia ZalauflebiTi efeq-

tisagan, anu garedan gansazRvris momentisagan, eTikuri TviT-

gansazRvra socialuri CarCos miRma eqceva. sxva sityvebiT, es-

Tetikuri individualizmis idea disciplinuri struqturebis,

interesebis, ZalauflebiTi mimarTebebis mniSvnelobis xazgas-

mis fonze bolomde daufuZnebeli rCeba.

saboloo jamSi, erTgvari daskvnis saxiT, Semdegi SeiZleba

iTqvas: kritikuli Teoriis gadasaxedidan, fukos gviandeli in-

terpretaciuli CarCo erTgvarad ewinaaRmdegeba Zalauflebis

mis adrindel ontologiasTan. Tu adreul etapze yovelive kon-

teqstis, apersonaluri Zalebis funqciaa, mogvianebiT situa-

cia icvleba: yuradRebis centrSi eqceva `is intencionaluri da

nebelobiTi qmedebebi, romlebiTac adamianebi ara mxolod gar-

kveul wesebs gansazRvraven TavianTi qmedebisaTvis, aramed sa-

kuTari Tavis transformaciasac cdiloben...~. miuxedavad ami-

sa, arcerTi es sqema – arc adreuli da arc gviani – ar uzrun-

velyofs optimalur konceptualur karkass kritikul-Teori-

uli kvlevebisaTvis. Zalauflebis ontologia metismetad re-

duqciuli da calmxrivia am miznebisaTvis. rac Seexeba mraval-

ganzomilebian ontologias, isic naklovania, radgan socialur

mimarTebebs warmosaxavs rogorc strategiuls da, aqedan ga-

momdinare, faqtobrivad, adgils ar tovebs kritikuli Teorii-

saTvis mniSvnelovani individis avtonomiurobis principisaT-

vis.

amgvari kvalifikacia ar unda gavigoT rogorc fukos isto-

riul-kritikuli kvlevebis Zalisa da mniSvnelobis absolutu-

ri uaryofa, aramed rogorc cda Sefasebul iqnas fukoseuli

midgomis arsebiTi mxare miseuli midgomis wanamZRvrebisa da Se-

degebis gaTvaliswinebiT. misi Ziebebi xSirad ar emTxveva kri-

119

tikuli socialuri Teoriis meinstrims. misi nominalizmi, des-

kriptivizmi da istorizmi erTgvari sapirwonea zogadis, nor-

matiulisa da Teoriulisa. rogorc unda iyos orientirebuli

kritikuli Teoria cnebebsa da principebze, sakuTari praqti-

kuli interesebis ganxorcielebis gzaze igi mainc garduvalad

miadgeba cvalebads, SemTxveviTs, romelic ase mniSvnelovania

fukosaTvis. am TvalsazrisiT, misi gamokvlevebi, mimarTuli,

erTi mxriv, istoriul konteqstebze, romlebSic specifikuri

`praqtikuli sistemebi~ warmoiqmnebian da funqcionireben, da

meore mxriv, moralur-racionaluri subieqtis formirebaze,

Rirebuli damatebaa racionalizaciis Sesaxeb ufro globalu-

ri diskursisa. metic, mis mier iZulebis, ierarqiulobis da sxva

msgavsi fenomenebis ukompromiso kvleva romlebic msWvalaven

yvela racionalur diskurss, erTgvari impulsia kritikuli Te-

oriisaTvis, kidev ufro Sors wavides iseTi Zireuli cnebebis

detranscendentalizaciis gzaze, rogoricaa goneba, WeSmari-

teba da Tavisufleba.


120

guram yifiani

nodar amaSukeli

`mowesrigebuli qaosi~qarTul arqiteqturaSi

(Tiris monastris RvTismSoblis

eklesia)

a r q i t e q t u r i s s e m i o t i k aa r q i t e q t u r i s s e m i o t i k aa r q i t e q t u r i s s e m i o t i k aa r q i t e q t u r i s s e m i o t i k aa r q i t e q t u r i s s e m i o t i k a

guram yifiani

arqiteqtori da arqeo-

logi, istoriis mecnie-

rebaTa doqtori, Tbi-

lisis ilia WavWavaZis sa-


tis profesori. ZiriTa-

di naSromebi: kolxeTis

da iberiis warmarTuli

taZrebi da qarTuli

qristianuli xuroTmoZ-

Rvrebis warmoSobis sa-

kiTxebi, Tb., 2000; uflis-

cixe, Tb., 2002; Zveli Tbi-

lisis zoroastruli ta-

Zari, Tb., 2009.

interesTa sfero: anti-

kuroba da adreqristi-

anuli samyaro.

nodar amaSukeli

Tbilisis samxatvro aka-

demiis profesori. Aarqi-

teqturis fakultetis

dekani;

interesTa sfero: monu-

menturi xelovnebis is-

toriuli wanamZRvrebi.

es werili Cven mier nagulisxmevia, ro-

gorc erTgvari megzuri arqiteqturuli

Zeglis Secnobisa da SefasebisaTvis. ro-

gorc qvesaTaurSia aRniSnuli, ganvixilavT

Tiris monastris RvTismSoblis eklesias.

batoniSvili vaxuSti gvamcnobs, rom:

`kvalad qrcxinvals zeiT ars, liaxvis da-

savliT, TamaraSeni, mcire qalaqi – Tamara-

Sens zeiT erTvis Tiris monastris xevi. am

xevzed goris Zirs ars aCabeTi, sasaxle da

cixe mefeTa. amis dasavleTiT ars mTaSi Ti-

ris monasteri, ugunbaTo, aramed friad ke-

TilSeni, keTils adgilas, zis winamZRuari~.1

ioane bagrationis (batoniSvilis) mixed-

viT, ki: `q. qrcxinvalis xeobasa da samaCab-

los xeobas rac soflebi samefo, saTavado,

saaznauro da saeklesio da didis liaxviT

irwyvis soflebi, arian eseni~: da am sofle-

bis CamonaTvalSi iricxeba `Tiris monaste-

ri~-c, rogorc dasaxleba da cocxali or-

ganizmi.2______________________________

1 K qarTlis cxovreba. IV, batoniSvili vaxuSti, aRwera

samefosa saqarTveloisa. teqsti dadgenili yvela Zi-

riTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier. Tb.,

1973, gv. 371.2 ioane bagrationi, qarTl-kaxeTis aRwera, teqsti ga-

mosacemad moamzades, gamokvleva da saZiebelebi da-

urTes T. enuqiZem da g. bedoSvilma, Tb., 1986, gv. 40-41.

121

monastris xuroTmoZRvrebas nugzar andRulaZis SesaniSnavi

monografia mieZRvna,1 da aq mraval saxelovnebaTmcodneo sa-

kiTxTan erTad dawvrilebiTaa aRwerili eklesiis mdebareoba

da landSaftTan misi damokidebuleba (sur. 1).2 misi kvleva ar

isaxavs miznad im sakiTxis ganxilvas, romelsac Cven SevexeT jer

kidev 1994 wels3, TviT Zegli ki 1990 wels movixileT.

monasteri TavxelisZeTa sagvareulos ekuTvnoda, mogviane-

biT ki is maCabelTa gvarma gaisakuTra. Zegli (RvTismsoblis ek-

lesia) mraval xelmosakid elements Seicavs saimisod, rom igi

XIII s-is 80-iani wlebiT daTariRdes.4 es is epoqaa, roca arqiteq-

turul nawarmoebs jer kidev profesiuli goneba qmnis da igi

Serwymulia SemoqmedebasTan.

samonastro kompleqsis ZiriTadi nageboba, RvTismSoblis

eklesia (sur. 2.), CrdiloeTis mxriT TiTqmis kldes ebjineba. ek-

lesia Znelad aRsaqmelia, rogorc dasavleTis, aseve aRmosav-

leTis mxridanac, samagierod, misken gaSlili, Tavisufali xedi

iSleba samxreTis mxridan da XIII s-is arqiteqtoric swored am

fasads (samxreTisas) uTmobs gansakuTrebul yuradRebas. aqve

unda aRiniSnos isic, rom dasavleTidan eklesias kari arca aqvs,

samagierod, samxreTis mxridan igi ori, portaliani RiobiTaa

aRWurvili.

werilis ZiriTadi mizani Tiris RvTismSoblis eklesiis xu-

roTmoZRvris, anu saukuneTa miRma momqmedi ostatis, azrovne-

bis rekonstruqciis cdaa. man amisaTvis dagvitova yvelaferi,

anu Semoqmedeba (ar dautovebia traqtati da memuarebi).

1 n. andRulaZe, Tiris monastris xuroTmoZRvruli ansambli. Tb.,

1976, gv. 8 da Smd; am monastris Sesaxeb ix. agreTve Р. Меписашвили, В.Цинцадзе, Архитектура нагорной части исторической провинции Грузии – Шида-картли, Тб., 1975, gv. 127-131; Sida qarTli I, patara da didi liaxvis xeo-

bebis arqiteqturuli memkvidreoba, redaqtori c. dadianiZe, Tb., 2002,

gv. 191-194. 2 n. andRulaZe, Tiris monastris... gv. 10 da Smd;

3 g. yifiani, n. amaSukeli, Tiris RvTismSoblis eklesiis samxreTi fa-

sadi. saqarTvelos akad. S. amiranaSvilis saxelobis xelovnebis saxel-

mwifo muzeumi. moxsenebaTa Tezisebi (oqt. 1994), Tb., 1994, gv. 12-15. 4 n. andRulaZe, Tiris monastris... gv. 101 da Smd;

`mowesrigebuli qaosi~ qarTul arqiteqturaSi

122

amasTan gaazrebuli gvaqvs isic, rom farTo mkiTxveli am-

dagvar kvlevebs ramdenadme eWviT ucqeris da amis mizezi ara-

erTia: jer erTi, rogorc Cans, moumzadebel mkiTxvels abnevs

geometriuli sqemebi, rac aucileblad unda iyos warmodgenili

Semoqmedis qmedebaTa Tanmimdevrobis rekonstruqciisaTvis,

rogorc Tundac sailustracio masala. garda amisa, arsebuli

kompoziciis sistemis dadgenis cdebs igi SemTxveviTobad miiC-

nevs, ara da, `SemTxveviTobani~ da `damTxvevebi~ ar SeiZleba

usasrulo iyos, anu Tu ar arsebobs sistema, mas veravin vera-

fers , miusadagebs. Cveni azriT, nawilobriv skefsiss amdagvari

kvlevebis mimarT unda iwvevdes naklebi rwmenac `wina samyaros~

SemomqmedTa ganviTarebul sistemur azrovnebaze. da bolos, da

rac mTavaria, esaa eWvi imisa, rom mkvlevarma, SesaZloa, winas-

war SemuSavebul koncefcias dauqvemdebaros `statistikuri

monacemebi~, vTqvaT anazomi, da aseTi ram marTlacaa SesaZlebe-

li, radgan es procesi aracnobieradac ki SeiZleba warimarTos.

unda aRvniSnoT, rom gamoqveynebul anazomebSi1 Cven aravi-

Tari koreqtivi ar Segvitania. isini Cven miviReT, rogorc `mo-

cemuloba~ kvlevisaTvis.

Zeglis moxilvisas upirvelesad TvalSi gvecema misi `ucnau-

ri~ samxreTis (da faqtobrivad erTaderTi) fasadi. aq, erTi Se-

xedviT, verc ki varkvevT, rasTan gvaqvs saqme – `wesrigTan~ Tu

`qaosTan~, magram imaSi ki SeiZleba SevTanxmdeT, rom misi saxiT

Cven winaSe dekoratiuli panoa.

garegnuli asaxulobiT, eklesia darbazuli tipisaa, TiT-

qosda calnaviani, magram igi ori darbazisagan Sedgeba: dasav-

leTisa, SedarebiT viwro da samxreTidan CridiloeTisaken mi-

marTuli, xolo centraluri, romelic aRmosavleTidan bemiTa

da sakurTxevlis absidiT isazRvreba, kvadratuli. gamodis,

rom sami sivcobrivi erTeuli erTian sistemaSi mxolod saxura-

vis konstruqcias mohyavs da is aris kidevac navi (navis), rome-

lic Tavis sivrceSi or sivcobriv sxeuls aerTianebs (sur. 3).

1 eklesia nawilobriv auzomavs l. rCeuliSvils 1938 wels, xolo

mTlianad kompleqsi 1968-70-ian wlebSi n. alxaziSvilsa da n. andRula-

Zes. ix. n. andRulaZe, Tiris monastris... gv. 7, sqolio 15.


123

sakurTxevlis absida am ZeglSi gansakuTrebul yuradRebas

iqcevs. misi Crdilo da samxreTis morkaluli gverdebis ten-

dencia imas gvauwyebs, rom isini naxevarwriulobisaken miis-

wrafvodnen, magram igi, ase vTqvaT, `gadaketilia~ swori xaziT,

anu wakveTili – saxze gvaqvs kanonikuri absidis dausrulebeli

saxe. aq Zneli iqneba misi ganxilva, rogorc ZeglTa im rigis Se-

madgenlisa, romlebic sworkuTxa absidebiT xasiaTdeba.1 am Zeg-

lis arqiteqtors umtkivneulod SeeZlo aRmosavleTiT, Tun-

dac 1,5 m-is sigrZeze, stilobati gaegrZelebina da srulfaso-

vani absidis Seqmnas veRaraferi daabrkolebda, magram misi miza-

ni, rogorc Cans (da gamoCndeba), raRac Temisa da ideis ganxor-

cielebaa da amitom igi Tavis Tavs kanonikuri normebis darRve-

vis uflebas aZlevs.

taZari samxreTidan da CrdiloeTidan gviandel minaSenebsac

Seicavs. CrdiloeTis minaSeni sanaxevrod kldis masivSi SeWri-

li sivrcea. cxadia, rom roca samxreTis fasadis ganxilvas Se-

vudgebiT, minaSens `ukuvagdebT~, anu fasads Tavisi Tavdapirve-

li `daufaravi~ saxiT warmovadgenT.

kvlav gegmas unda mivubrundeT (sur. 3). misi Sida farTobis

sigane 6,25 metria, xolo sigrZe – 14 metri. am ricxvTa Sefarde-

ba – 6:14=0,4, pirdapir gveubneba, rom arqiteqtorma taZris Sida

farTobs safuZvlad daudo iseTi sworkuTxedi, romelic Tavis

TavSi mraval dinamiur Tvisebas Seicavs da mas ewodeba swor-

kuTxedi – 1 : 5 . esaa bolo dinamiuri sworkuTxedi, romelic

miiReba kvadratis TandaTanobiTi, diagonaluri ganviTarebis

Sedegad. pirvel dinamiur sworkuTxeds ewodeba – 1 : 2 : kvad-

ratis diagonali udris 2 da Tu misi sigrZis toli monakve-

TiT gavagrZelebT kvadratis or paralelur gverds, miviRebT

sxva Tvisebis sworkuTxeds, vidre kvadratia. kvadratis gverds

pirobiTad vuwodoT 1, xolo mis or paralelur gverds, da Sesa-

bamisad, sworkuTxedis sigrZes, Tavisi saxeli ukve aqvs – 2 . am

sworkuTxedis, anu pirvel dinamiuri sworkuTxedis saxeli Ta-

visTavad gamodis – 1 : 2 . am sworkuTxedis diagonali ki,

1 ix. da Sdr. Г. Чубинашвили, Зедазени, Клилкис джвари, Гвиара, qarTuli

xelovneba 7 (seria A). Tb., 1971, gv. 27 da Smd.


124

tolia 3 da Tu analogiurad ganvaviTarebT winamorbed swor-

kuTxeds, vRebulobT geometriul sxeuls, romelsac ewodeba –

1 : 3 . am ukanasknelis diagonalis sigrZe 4 -s utoldeba, mag-

ram misi sigrZis erT-erT gverdze gadazomviT miRebuli swor-

kuTxedi, miuxedavad imisa, rom dinamiuri ganviTarebiTaa Seq-

mnili, mainc statikur figurad iTvleba, radgan sworkuTxedi

1 : 4 , ubralod, ori kvadratis jamia. misi diagonali 5 to-

lia da misgan warmoebul sworkuTxeds ki, Sesabamisad, ewodeba

sworkuTxedi 1 : 5 . es bolo dinamiuri sworkuTxedia (sur. 4).

marTalia is, rom diagonaluri ganviTarebis meTodiT usasru-

lod SeiZleba ganvaviTaroT kvadrati, rogorc sawyisi forma,

magram arqiteturis Teoriam da praqtikam am Sefardebaze dasva

wertili, rogorc erT-erT srulyofil geometriul sxeulze.

SeiZleba axla gavacnobieroT Tiris RvTismSoblis eklesiis ar-

qiteqtoris damokidebuleba arqiteqturis kanonikurobasTan.

man sworkuTxedi 1 : 5 aRar gaagrZela da ar Seqmna raRac iseTi

sworkuTxedi, romelic aucileblad daarRvevda aRqmadobas,

man sworkuTxedi arqiteqturul `kanonmdeblobas~ dauqvemde-

bara.

SeniSvnis saxiT unda vTqvaT, rom samive dinamiuri sworkuT-

xedi da, garda amisa, òqros kveTis~ sworkuTxedi jer kidev Zve-

li egviptis (Zv. w. IV aTaswleulidan mainc) sataZro da samarxe-

ul arqiteqturas edo safuZvlad1, magram berZnulma klasikur-

ma arqiteqturam da xelovnebam sworkuTxeds – 1 : 5 , gansakuT-

rebuli mniSvneloba mianiWa, rogorc didi dinamiuri SesaZleb-

lobebis mqones. Tu mis centrSi kvadrats warmovqmniT, maSin mi-

si gverdebis mosazRvred, marjvniv da marcxniv vertikalurad

mdgomi òqros kveTis~ sworkuTxedebi warmoiSoba (sur. 5). gar-

da amisa, es sworkuTxedi ori, horizontalurad ganfenili di-

di, òqros kveTi~-sa da mcire, vertikalurad aRmarTuli amave

proporciis sworkuTxedis2 jamia (sur. 6). Tiris RvTis-

mSoblis eklesiis gegmaSi am sworkuTxedis (1 : 5 ) Tvisebebi

1 В.Н. Владимиров, Пропорции в eгипетской архитектуре. Всеобщая историяархитектуры, т. 1, 1970, gv. 138-154

2 dawvr. ix. Д.Хэмбидж, Динамическая симметрия в архитектуре. М., 1936,

gv. Smd.


125

savsebiT Seufaravadaa gadmocemuli: avtorma centraluri

darbazi kvadrats dauqvemdebara, xolo kvadrati plus absida

òqros kveTis~ sworkuTxedTan miaaxlova, aseve kvadratuli

darbazi plus dasavleTis `saTavso~ kvlav òqros kveTis~ Se-

fardebas warmoqmnis.

kvlav SeniSvnis saxiT, oriode sityva unda iTqvas òqros

kveTze~ da am Sefardebis mqone sworkuTxedzec.

germanelma mkvlevarma ceizingma fundamenturi Sroma miuZ-

Rvna am Sefardebas da gansazRvra misi arsic: ìmisTvis, rom

mTliani Sedgenili ori araTanabari nawilisagan gamoiyurebo-

des srulyofilad formis TvalsazrisiT, mcire da did nawils

Sorisac iseTive Sefardeba unda arsebobdes, rogorc didi na-

wili Seefardeba mTlians~1, anu esaa Sefardeba, romelic harmo-

niulad akavSirebs erTmaneTTan mTelisa da nawilebis sidide-

ebs. es SeiZleba, gaviazroT monakveTze, romelic or araTanabar

nawiladaa gayofili. a : b = b : c (sur. 7). es Sefardeba gamoisaxeba

ariTmetikuli rigiT: ...0,056; 0,090; 0,186; 0,234; 0,382; 0, 618; 1, 0;

1,618; 2,618... da a. S. am rigSi yoveli wina rocxvis Sefardeba mom-

devnosTan gvaZlevs 0,618. didisa mciresTan ki — 1,618. es Sefar-

deba praqtikuli saqmianobis Sedegad xSirad mrgvaldeboda,

vTqvaT, rogorc 0,62 an 0,6. amasTan rigi aditiuria, anu yoveli

ricxvi miiReba wina ori ricxvis jamiT. TviT Sefardeba gamoxa-

tuli 0,618-iT miaxloebiTia; zemoT moyvanili rigi xom mTlia-

nad iracionaluri ricxvebisagan Sedgeba. proporcia gamoisaxe-

ba formuliTY2

15 − (am formulis geometriul gasaRebs bolos

davubrundebiT).

Zveli berZnebi am proporcias `kidura da Sualedur~ Sefar-

debas uwodeben (kidura – mag., 0,146 : 0,090; Sualeduri ki,

vTqvaT, 0,236 : 0, 382). SuasaukuneebSi mas `RvTaebrivi Sefarde-

ba~ ewoda, aRorZinebis epoqam ki igi òqros kveTis~ epiTetiTac

Seamko.

imave (an daaxloebiT imave) TvisebebiTaa aRWurvili mTeli

ricxvebis rigic, romelic XIII s-Si italielma maTematikosma

1 Н. Васютинский, Золотая пропорция. М., 1990, gv. 5-6.


126

leonardo pizelma (zedmetsaxelad fibonaCi) aRmoaCina1. es ri-

gic aditiuria da ase gamoiyureba: 2; 3; 5; 8; 13; 21; 34; 55; 89; 144;

233; 377... da a. S., da am ricxvebis urTierTSefardeba uaxlovde-

ba òqros kveTisas~ – e. i. ricxviTi mniSvnelobebiT – 0,618-iT

gamoxatul Sefardebas. mag. 8 : 13 = 0,615...; 13 : 21 = 0,619...; 21 : 34

= 0,617... da a. S.

òqros kveTis~ sworkuTxedi ki iseTi Tvisebebis mqonea, sa-

dac misi patara gverdis Sefardeba did gverdTan gvaZlevs Se-

fardebas Tundac miaxloebiTi mniSvnelobiT mainc: 0,6., maSin

didi gverdi aseve Seefardeba `mTlians~, anu patara da didi

gverdebis jams. isic unda aRiniSnos, rom aseTi, anu òqros kve-

Tis~ sworkuTxedi, bunebaSi yvelaze myari sworkuTxedia Tavisi

meqanikuri TvisebebiT.

Tiris monastris RvTismSoblis eklesiaSi darbazis sigane 6

metrs udris. sigrZe ki – centraluri kvadratuli darbazi

plus absida – 9,5 m-is tolia; an darbazs plus dasavleTis `sa-

Tavso~ aseve 9,5 m-s uTanabrdeba (6 : 9,5 = 0,631... ≈0, 6). sworkuT-

xed 1 : 5 . Cven zemoT yuradReba davuTmeT da TandaTanobiT

ufro gasagebi unda gaxdes, Tu ratom wakveTa arqiteqtorma

`proeqtSi~ absida. mas swored sworkuTxedi – 1 : 5 sWirdeba da

mis Tvisebebs igi samxreTis fasadzec didi SemoqmedebiTi una-

riT avlens.

rogorc zemoTac mivaniSneT, taZris xilvisas upirvelesad

misi samxreTis fasadi gvxvdeba TvalSi. igi dekoratiuli panoa

da Tu masze dasmul àqcentebs~ laqebis saxiT warmovidgenT,

ukeT gavacnobierebT (sur. 8) mis mxatvrul mniSvnelobas da TviT

`panos~ dinamiur Tvisebebs. sxva Tu araferi, arqiteqtori aq

uars ambobs simetriis centralur RerZze, e. i. uars ambobs mar-

tiv aRqmadobaze2, da, amasTnave, safasade sibrtyesac 1: 5 swor-

kuTxeds uqvemdebarebs (misi sigrZe 15,75 metri, simaRlesTan,

1 Н.Н.Воробьев, Числа Фибоначчи. М., 1984, gv. 8 da Smd.; Э. Мессель,

Пропорции в античности и в средние века. М., 1936. gv. 21 da Smd. 2 struqturuli fsiqologiis erT-erTi arqiteqturuli postula-

ti gulisxmobs: `RerZisadmi damokidebuleba – aRqma advildeba Tu

mnaxveli mosaxilvel obieqtis RerZze imyofeba~. – ix. И. Араухо,Архитектурная композиция. М., 1982, gv. 46.


127

stilobatidan karnizamde – qimationamde 7 metri, swored am Se-

fardebas gvaZlevs, rac am bolo dinamiuri sworkuTxedis –

1 : 5 gverdebs axasiaTebs: 7 : 15,75 = 0,44...).

fasadze laTinuri aso-niSnebiT dasavleTidan aRmosavle-

Tisaken (marcxnidan marjvniv), mimdevrobiT aRvniSnavT safan-

jre dekoratiul da portalebian karis Riobebs: A – mcire por-

taliani karis Riobi; B – karnizisqveSa mrgvali sarkmeli; C – an-

tropomorfuli sarkmeli; D – mrgvali sarkmeli fasadis cen-

tralur areSi; E – didi portaliani kari; F – naxevarsvetebze

Sesmuli sarkmeli fasadis centralur areSi; G – aRmosavleTis

`are~-s sarkmeli, gviandeli gadakeTebisa da adgilmonacvleo-

bis Sedegi;1 H – aRmosavleTis (marjvena mxris) kidura sarkmeli.

fasadze ikiTxeba agreTve kuTxis pilastrebidan sibrtyeze ga-

momavali mrgvali kvanZebi. fasadis panos danawevrebaSi isini

arcTu mcire rols TamaSoben. dasavleTisas ` W~-Ti aRvniSnavT,

aRmosavleTisas ki, Sesabamisad, `O~-Ti.

safasade sibrtyeze, romelsac panodac movixseniebT xolme,

`laqebi~ qveda marcxena (dasavleTisa) kuTxidan garkveuli

progresiiT miemarTeba marjvena zeda kuTxisaken diagonalu-

rad. Sesabamisad, ramdenamde gantvirTulia zeda marcxena da

qveda marjvena areebi. es namdvili qiazmia, erTgvari kontra-

posti, romelsac arqiteqtori sibrtyeze SefardebaTa sisteme-

biT Rebulobs.

marcxnidan panoze, fasadis simaRlis gadazomviT, anu kvad-

ratis marjvena vertikaluri gverdiT, ganisazRvra E portalis

RerZi, Semdgomma safexurma ki, kvadratis diagonalurma ganvi-

Tarebam da proporciam – 1 : 2 , daakonkreta F sarkmlis RerZi.

proporcias 1 : 3 nu mivaniWebT aq mniSvnelobas, radgan am

sworkuTxedis marjvena are adgilmonacvlebul sarkmels exeba

da qmnida igi aqcents Tu ara, sruli darwmunebiT ver vityviT.

samagierod, proporciam, 1 : 4 , anu ori kvadratis jamma, bolo,

ukiduresi aRmosavleTis Riobis RerZi daazusta – H sarkmeli

(sur. 9).

1


128

analogiuri gziT xuroTmoZRvari kvadrats marjvnidan mar-

cxnivac aviTarebs da SefardebiT 1 : 2 – E portalis dekora-

tiuli CarCos sazRvrebs azustebs. 1 : 3 -iT antropomorfuli

C sarkmlis RerZi ganisazRvra, xolo orma kvadratma (1 : 4 ) – Awertilis RerZi (sur. 10).

gamodis, rom arqiteqtorma safasade sivrce sam seqtorad

dahyo. centralurSi da, amave dros, kvadratul areSi – D, E da Felementebi ganaTavsa, marcxena vertikalur areSi (rac òqros

kveTis~ sworkuTxeds Seesabameba) A, B, C elementebi da amave

Tvisebis marjvena sworkuTxa areSi G da H `laqebi~. man, anu ar-

qiteqtorma, ori erTgvarovani dinamiuri sworkuTxedic, ker-

Zod, 1 : 2 erTmaneTs daafina: marcxnidan da marjvnidan – da

amiT centraluri aqcentebis sazRvrebi daazusta: marcxena

proporciiT F sarkmlis RerZi da marjvenaTi E portalis saz-

Rvari (sur. 11). aq aRsaniSnavia is, rom swored 1 : 2 proporci-

iT gansazRvra xuroTmoZRvarma centraluri vertikaluri aq-

centebis (E, F) mdebareoba, radgan monakveTi 2 òqros kveTiT~

Seefardeba 5 (1,4142 : 2,2361 = 0,63...) da, Sesabamisad, fasadzec

manZili marcxena kuTxidan E portalis marcxena kidemde òq-

ros kveTiT~ Seefardeba sigrZis danarCen monakveTs. manZili

marjvena kuTxidan F RerZamde imave proporciiT Seefardeba

monakveTs F RerZidan fasadis marcxena sazRvramde (sur. 12).

rogorc aRvniSneT, sworkuTxedi 1 : 5 Tavis TavSi Seicavs

òqros kveTis~ sworkuTxedebs anu magaliTad, mis centralur

kvadrats plus erT-erTi kidura òqros kveTis~ sworkuTxedi

TavisTavadac horizontalurad ganfenili òqros kveTis~

sworkuTxedia. misi diagonalis kvadratis gverdTan gadakveTis

wertiliT, horizontalurad safasade sibrtye aseve òqros

kveTis~ SefardebiT iyofa da sibrtyeze mas kuTxis pilastrebi-

dan gamoziduli medalionebi akonkretebs (W da O). fasadis Sem-

dgomi danawevrebac sistemuri xasiaTisaa da isazRvreba B –

mrgvali sarkmlis adgili da a. S.


129

arqiteqtori aq kvadratis sxva SesaZleblobebsac iyenebs, es

SesaZleblobebi ki imaSi mdgomareobs, rom Tavissave sxeulSi

mas SeuZlia, warmoSvas dinamiuri sworkuTxedebis igive saxeebi,

rac mas SeuZlia diagonalebis saSualebiT sigrZeSi Tavis sxeu-

lis sazRvrebs gareT miiRos. anu, kvadratis diagonalsa da mo-

pirdapire kuTxeebis SemaerTianebeli rkalis gadakveTaze age-

buli sworkuTxedi pirveli dinamiuri sworkuTxedia, e. i. 1 :

2 . am ukanasknelis diagonalsa da rkalis gadakveTaze warmo-

iqmna sworkuTxedi – 1 : 3 da a. S. (sur. 14). arqiteqtorma am me-

TodiT safasade sibrtyeze mkveTrad gamosaxuli da diagona-

lurad awyobili samive kvadratis SigniT kvadratis Sida dana-

wevrebis principiT gansazRvra mcire elementTa da detalTa

mijnebi (sur. 15).

vfiqrobT, rom aq analizi unda SevwyvitoT, zogierTi ram

aRarc ki davakonkretoT da aRar SevexoT danarCen fasadebs, na-

gebobis sivcobrivi kompoziciis sakiTxebs da a. S. mkiTxvelma,

miTumetes, Tu is studentia, Tavad unda SeZlos am narkvevis

gagrZeleba da dasruleba, an romelime sxva Zegli unda moiZios

da aRadginos saukuneTa miRma moqmedi arqiteqtoris azrovne-

bis sistema, an arsebul narkvevSi, da es yvelaze ukeTesi iqneba,

uaryos avtorTa monacemebi.

Tiris monastris RvTismSoblis eklesiis da gansakuTrebiT

misi samxreTis fasadis, rogorc dekoratiuli pano-s erTmniS-

vnelovnad gansazRvra Zalian Znelia. igi namdviladaa xelovne-

bis nimuSi. am nimuSiT rom saqme `qaosTan~ gvaqvs, es erTi Sexed-

viTac SeiZleba rom gaviazroT. `naxati~ STabeWdilebis Seqmnas

emsaxureba da am niSniT igi impresionistuli panoa. es sibrtye

mTlianad modelis Seqmnis cdaa, nebieri Semoqmedis survilebis

dakmayofileba (gavixsenoT, rom am dros, jer kidev rusTavelis

epoqis `Tavisufali neba~ dominirebs SemoqmedebaSi), magram igi

inteleqtiT mowesrigebuli qaosia, atarebs TamaSi-s, rogorc

fsiqologiur-esteTikuri kategoriis yvela niSans.

P. S. ganmarteba formulisaTvis 2

15 −, – misi geometriuli ga-

saRebi: ori kvadratis jams anu sworkuTxeds 1 : 4 Tu diagonaliT


130

ganvaviTarebT sigrZeSi vRebulobT sworkuTxeds, mravali di-

namiuri Tvisebebis Semcvels da mas ewodeba 1 : 5 . es teqstSi-

dac araerTxel aRvniSneT. axla ki ori kvadratis jami warmovsa-

xoT vertikaluri dgomiT da araferi gviSlis xels, diagonali

gadmovzomoT, vTqvaT, marjvniv da viwro gverdis pirobiTi gag-

rZelebiT avagoT sworkuTxedi. mTlianad es sworkuTxedi co-

taTi kvadrats hgavs, magram kvadrati araa da mas qarTulad di-

namiuri kvadratic SeiZleba rom vuwodoT, magram ori kvadra-

tis (pirobiT aRvniSnoT – 2) diagonalis ganzomilebis – 5 , ga-

dazomviT miviReT gverdiTi, vertikalurad aRmarTuli swor-

kuTxedi. 5 -s rom gamovakloT `1~, da unda gamovakloT, radgan

isedac gamoaklda kvadratis gverdi, maSin ori kvadratis gver-

diT warmosaxuli sworkuTxedi òqros kveTisaa~. misi gverde-

bis Sefardeba sxva gamosavals ar gvaZlevs. geometriuli sqema

asaxavs formulas: 5 (ori kvadratis diagonali) gamovakloT

1, anu kvadratis gverdi, da es monakveTi gavyoT 2-ze (anu ori

kvadratis tol monakveTze — sur. 16).

sur. 1. – Tiris monasteri, xedi samxreT dasavleTidan.

sur. 2. – Tiris monastris RvTismSoblis saxelobis eklesia, wina

planze samreklo.

sur. 3. – gegma.

sur. 4. – kvadratis diagonaluri ganviTareba da dinamiur swor-

kuTxedTa warmoSoba.

sur. 5. – sworkuTxed 1 : 5 centrSi warmoqmnili kvadrati da

gverdiTi sworkuTxedebi.

sur. 6. – sworkuTxed 1 : 5 danawevreba òqros kveTis~ did, ho-

rizontalurad ganfenil da mcire, vertikalu-

rad aRmarTul, amave Tvisebebis sworkuTxedad.

sur. 7. – monakveTis danawevreba òqros kveTis~ SefardebiT.

sur. 8. – `laqebiT~ warmosaxuli fasadi.

sur. 9. – fasadis elementTa ganviTareba kvadratis ganviTare-

bis Sesabamisad dasavleTidan aRmosavleTisaken.

sur. 10. – fasadis elementTa ganviTareba aRmosavleTidan da-

savleTisaken.


131

sur. 11. – fasadze sworkuTxebis – 1 : 2 urTierTdafenis Sede-

gad gansazRvruli elementebi.

sur. 12. – safasade sibrtye danawevrebuli òqros kveTi~-s

proporiciT.

sur. 13. – òqros kveTis~ sworkuTxedebis danawilebis Sedegad

miRebuli monakveTebi samxreTis fasadze.

sur. 14. – diagonalis da rkalis meSveobiT ganviTarebuli kvad-

ratis Sida farTobi.

sur. 15. – safasade sibrtyis diagonaluri dinamika gansazRvru-

li da dakonkretebuli kvadratis Sida ganviTarebis

SesaZleblobebiT.

sur. 16. – òqros kveTis~ formulis 2

15 − geometriuli gasa-

Rebi.


132

danarTi


sur. 1

sur. 2

133`mowesrigebuli qaosi~ qarTul arqiteqturaSi

sur. 3

sur. 4

134 guram yifiani, nodar amaSukeli

sur. 5

sur. 6


sur. 7

sur. 8


sur. 9

sur. 10


sur. 11

sur. 12


sur. 13

sur. 14


sur. 15

sur. 16

140

amas winaT erTma qarTvelma mweralma

– ra dasamalia da, Tamaz WilaZem – misTvis

sruliad uCveulo ampluaSi – telemono-

logSi aseTi ram Tqva: `aRmosavluri wum-

pe~...

konteqstiT igi Cveni `cisferyanwele-

bis~ mier qarTul poeziaSi damkvidrebu-

li evropeizmis odiozur sapirwoned iyo

moxmobili.

baton Tamazs SemTxveviT araferi wa-

moscdeba – mudam awonili aqvs sityva da

mis naTqvams am SemTxvevaSic sruliad

garkveuli rezoni axlavs.

aRmosavleTi marTlac `wumped~ aRiq-

meba qarTuli kulturuli cnobierebi-

saTvis, axla mentalobas rom veZaxiT, im

kulturisTvis, romelic, ukacravad da,

cota ar iyos, `dakompleqsebulic~ kia Ta-

visi saTuo prodasavluri (TuU evrocen-

tristuli) orientaciis gamo.

SesaZloa, vcdebiT, magram ase gvgonia:

ratomRac, sul imis cdaSi varT, amoviS-

roT Cveni orientalisturi sisxli (da

cremlebi), xelovnurad davibneloT aR-

mosavleTidan (ara – ruseTidan) amomava-

li mze da zezvasa da mzias STamomavleb-

ma ~Camaval mziT naferi~ evropis daiss

s e m i o t i k a d a k r i t i k as e m i o t i k a d a k r i t i k as e m i o t i k a d a k r i t i k as e m i o t i k a d a k r i t i k as e m i o t i k a d a k r i t i k a

filosofiis mecniereba-

Ta doqtori, Jurnal

“artefaqtis~ mTavari

redaqtori, iv. javaxiS-

vilis saxelmwifo uni-

versitetis profesori.

ZiriTadi naSromebi:

ferwera da imaginacia

(monografia), ikonolo-

giuri margialiebi (mo-

nografia), leviaTanis

daRupva (monografia)

da sxva.

interesTa sfero: kul-

turis filosofia, li-

teraturis kritika, ar-

tkritika, xelovnebis

sociologia, semiotika.

daviT andriaZe

xelaxali RENDEZ -VOUS (kultursemiologiuri

kontaminaciebi)

141

SevaficxoT beberi qarTuli Zvlebi.

xumroba iqiT iyos da, Cvens prodasavlur intenciebSi, TiT-

qmis gadamwyvet rols TamaSobs Cveni konfesiuri inercia – tra-

dicia; oRond isic gasaTvaliswinebelia: egeb geopolitikurad

(da geokulturulad) aRmosavleT-dasavleTis mijnaze mdgom-

ma saqarTvelom, ybadaRebuli energomatareblebiT penetrire-

buli virtualuri `derefnisa~ ar iyos, moxerxebulad moirgos

erTgvari interkulturuli mediumis momgebiani uniforma, ki-

dev erTxel Cados `hafizis vardi prudonis vazaSi~ anda decen-

tralizebuli èvropocentrizmidan~ orientaluri periferia

– marginaliisakenac gaaparos Tvali da sulac am ori kulturu-

li sivrcis qaosmosur mijnaze gaaTamaSos Tavisi perversiul –

tragifarsuli istoria.

`mijnebze mudam gasaocar sagnebs xedaven~ – qadagebs k. lix-

tenbergis aforizmi; m. baxtini ki gvarwmunebs, `yoveli kultu-

ruli aqti arsebiTad sazRvrebze binadrobs, amaSia misi serio-

zuloba~.

ase rom, Tu gvinda `gasaocari sagnebis~ danaxva da, amasTan,

Tu kidev SegvrCa (`kidev SegrCa, Tu ara~) survili, rom Cveni

kulturuli aqtebic `seriozulad gamoiyurebodnen~ – oRond,

arc am dros unda gviRalatos groteskuli realizmis grZno-

bam, – iqneb, swored am dasavlur-aRmosavlur mijnebze veZioT

ga-darCenis sagani. bolosdabolos, sagnis siyvaruli – kidev er-

Ti citatiT gavaRizianeb mkiTxvels – misi mijnebis siyvaruls

niSnavso; es ukve – g. Cestertonia. amitom, egeb Cvenc, bavSvebi-

viT sazRvrebze viTamaSoT, Tugind, `moZvelebuli~ selinjeris

gmirebiviT viancoT `Wvavis yanaSi~ anda heseseuli iozef kneh-

tiviT `gaverToT~ gawyvetili kulturologiuri krialosniT.

`mZivobanas~ simboluri konotaciis marao xom ì czinis~ sakra-

luri sazrisis, Soreuli aRmosavleTidan msubuqad monaber ni-

avqveS iSleba. am uZvelesi traqtatis samocdaoTxi heqsogra-

mac, ì czinis~ postulatebis prototipebad ifanteba, gafantu-

li mZivebis Zieba ki kulturis universaluri, `dakarguli~ enis

Ziebaa.

da mainc, ì czini~ CvenTvis ucxo xilia... qarTul kulturaSi

jer ar momwifebula amgvari nayofi, Tumca, rac ar daTesila, ra

momwifdeboda?! cxadia, Cven snoburad ki ar vqadagebT, maincda-

mainc, goeTesaviT ipiligrimos qarTvelma poetma (Tanac, òr-

jer poetma~) Zenis mistikur sanaxebSi; Zenamde CvenTvis jer ki-

dev Sori gzaa... da kidev: baxtiniseuli `gzis qronotopi~ al-

xelaxali RENDEZ-VOUS (kultursemiologiuri kontaminaciebi)

142 daviT andriaZe

baT, Cven verasodes Segvaxvedrebs.

samagierod, axlos – islamia; islami, islami – is odiozuri

sityva, lamis ùkulturobis~ (`wumpis~) sinonimad rom JRers

CvenSi... netav, ratom ar aRiqmeboda islami da misi kultura,

vTqvaT da, paul kleesaTvis amgvar `qaosad~, rogori TvaliTac

gardatexa kleem islamuri qalaqis topologia misTvis imanen-

turi qronotopis prizmaSi?! ra sayvarlad infatiluria mis na-

xatebSi meCeTebisa da minareTebis siluetebi...

CvenTvis ki, rogori autanelia muslimanuri taZari, autane-

li ki ara, gaugebaria muslimuri taZruli cnobiereba. magram,

TviT `naficma evropelebmac~ xom gvian aRmoaCines es fenomeni;

pioneri anri korbeni iyo, visma wignmac (`taZari da Wvreta~) sa-

Tave daudo iudaistur, qristianul da islamur taZarTa sinqro-

nul fenomenologiur eqsplikacias.

islamisTvisac taZari da misi sakraluri sivrcea kulturis

yofierebis saSvi. amitomac iyo, rom TiToeuli muslimi cxov-

rebaSi erTxel mainc unda swveoda meCeTs – meqaSi, Sesuliyo

ka’baSi da arafatis mTamde mieRwia, anu Caetarebia sruli haji –

piligrimobis es diadi aqti.

islamurma gonma kargad uwyis, rom ka’bas prototipi kara-

via, Tu meqas taZari ibrahimis (abraamis) agebulia, karvis `xu-

roTmoZRvari~ musaa (mose); amitomacaa, rom arc sinagoga da arc

qristianuli taZari ar CaiTvlebian meCeTis winamorbedebad;

mgoni, Zalian SeviWeriT islamis taZarSi da vinmem `Ta–Tro-

ba~ rom ar dagvwamos, dRes, esoden moduri - politikuri rakur-

siT SevecdebiT islamis `profanizacias~.

da marTlac, ìslami~ politikur realobas ufro aRniSnavs

da homeiniseuli Teokratiis Cadrian asociaciamde dadis (dRem-

de àiaTolaTi~ moixseniebs saqarTvelos pirvel prezidents

erTi Cveni `simposionisti~ poeti) da kidev: ìslami~ meCeTidan

- am, rogorc derida ityoda, àq-yofnis ereqciidan~ – gadmom-

dgar molas gamyivan xmad (mtris xati – diskursi) Cagvesmis; di-

di muxranis perifraziT: `qarTveli am xmas inatrebs? ara~; miT

ufro, rogor inatrebs: `RmerTo, RmerTo, eg xma tkbili gama-

gone Cems mamulSi~... iqneb amitomac gvaSinebda e.w. `Turquli

universitetis~ gaxsnis idea bazaleTis tbis sakralur topos-

Si, idea-simulakri, romelmac, rogorc mosalodneli iyo, mgo-

ni, Cailuris wyali dalia.

ras izam, aseTia ìslamis imiji~; magram, es saxeli Tavidanve

143

gautyda islams, Tavidanve barbarosebad moevlinen isini `kul-

turul~ evropas, daundoblad anadgures dapyrobili qveynebis

adgilobrivi xelovneba: qristianulic, sasaniduric, budistu-

ric... yovelive es Cven viciT, zogi wagvikiTxavs, zogic gvsme-

nia, àTas erTi Rame~ gviTenebia xalifaTa Tu vazirTa qveSqve-

Sobebisa da pikanturi poligamiuri istoriebis kiTxvaSi. mTe-

li am `makompromitirebeli~ dokumentebis saTaves evropuli

Suasaukuneebis siRrmeSi mivyavarT, jvarosnuli eqspediciebi-

dan dabrunebuli raindebis monaTxrobiTac viciT bevri ram...

umeteswilad, Suasaukuneebis raindebma gansazRvres isla-

mis samyaros ìmiji~ da Tavisi gamoxatuleba hpoves, Tundac, ni-

koloz kuzelis dialogebSi... islamis amgvari xati dResac coc-

xlobs. ìslamis ideali meomaria da ara mwignobario~, – amas maqs

veberTanac amoikiTxavT, magram, islami ara mxolod maxviliT

ipyrobda qveynebs. maxvili samxedro upiratesobis niSan-simbo-

lo iyo maTTvis, kalami ki – religiuri RvTismosaobisa da inte-

leqtualuri upiratesobisa. swored `kalmis mflobelni~ xde-

bodnen xalifaTa vazirebi. SemTxveviTi araa, xalifa al-mamu-

nis erTi vazirTagani òri xelovnebis ostatis~ tituls rom

atarebda.

* * *

saerTod, garkveuli gagebiT, nebismieri kultura meore

kulturisaTvis erTgvari Casafrebuli safrTxis reprezenta-

ciaa. `Êóëüòóðà – ýòî ñèãíàë SOS, îáðàùåííûé ê äðóãèì êóëüòóðàì~,

– v. bibleris am poetur-filosofiuri formulis esqatologi-

uri semantika gulisxmobs kulturaTa urTierTgafrTxileba-

urTierTsaSiSroebasac da gadarCenis erTobliv Zalisxmeva-

sac. am mxriv, aRmosavluri kultura – dasavlurisTvisaa signa-

li SOS, dasavluri ki – aRmosavlurisaTvis, orivem erTad ki,

saboloo jamSi, warRvnis morevi erTi naviT unda gadacuron.

Tavisi eTnonacionaluri kulturiT, islami mainc `karanti-

nis zonaa~ CvenTvis, magram, ratom varT iudaizmis an sxva tipis

ezoTerizmisadmi ufro tolerantulni? es kiTxva mainc upasu-

xod rCeba. mokled, islami ufro paTologiurad daZabuli, nev-

rotuli mzeris, vidre hermenevtikuli gagebis horizontia. da

mainc, iqneb gvecada, jansaRad mivapyroT evropul-kontempla-

ciuri Tvalyuri am `saSiS sityvas~ (rogorc erTxanobas ` myra-

li ~ daniis princs aRmoxdeboda: `sityvebi, sityvebi, sityve-


144 daviT andriaZe

bi...~), movusminoT, da Cvenc SevesityvoT, viSviSi ki ar ganvag-

rZoT fundamentalizmis potenciuri blokirebis – masmediis am

qarafSutulad gazviadebuli verbaluri teroris gamo da ki ar

gavaRrmavoT ufskruli evropeizmsa da orientalizms Soris,

aramed kulturfilosofiurad vecadoT am istoriuli ufskru-

lis, ufro rbilad, napralis `dacementebas~.

axla, vinmem ar gvkiTxos: àqamde sad iyaviTo?~... ise ki, Cven-

gan – am àramkiTxe moambisgan~ (isev ìqneb~?!) marTlac Tavxe-

doba iyos receptebis gamowera. amgvari kadnierebis gamo, al-

baT, Rirsic viqnebi, `mimtyipon da mimagdon~, magram weras ata-

nili, mainc jiutad SevecdebiT, elementarulad, kidev erTxel

movigonoTY – da amaSi, originalobis pretenzia, àlahsa vficav~,

ara gvaqvs – dasavluri metafizikisa da islamis kulturis im-

plicituri dialogis zogierTi, metnaklebad aprobirebuli sa-

kiTxi.

XX saukunis II naxevari dasavleTisa da aRmosavleTis inte-

leqtualur azrTa produqtiuli Sexvedris niSniTaa aRbeWdi-

li, – ityvis S. Sukurovi – es didebuli rusulenovani muslimi

kulturologi. magram sakiTxavia, aris Tu ara am ori kulturis

dialogi srulyofili; Tanac, dialogsac gaaCnia. SeZlebisa-

mebr, unda dazustdes, romel ritorikul figuras vgulisxmobT

dialogSi: diatribas (bion borisTenites `stilSi~), simposions,

solilokviums (aptisTenes, epiqtetes, markus avreliusisa Tu

netari avgustines diskursiuli praqtikiT) Tu kolokviums?!

Tumca, albaT, unda arsebobdes dialogis kidev erTi tipi, ris

nimuSadac, SesaZloa, gamodges arCiliseuli `gabaaseba Teimu-

razisa da rusTavelisa~ – es virtualuri kolokviumi (arab. `mu-

na-zara~) qarTul-aRmosavlur poetur diskursTa prerogati-

ulobis Temaze; qarTvelTaTvis eTnofsiqokulturulad ufro

axlobeli isev simposionis tipis nadimuri dialogia, oRond ara

mkacrad platoniseuli, aramed aRmosavlur-xaiamiseuli dra-

maturgiiT, xSirad `Jamianobis dros lxins~ rom mogvagonebs.

mokled, Sarif muxamedoviCi ki ityvis `produqtiuli dialo-

gio~, magram, axla iuri mixailoviCsac mivceT sityva: `kultu-

raTa sruli urTierTgageba araproduqtiuliao~ – uTqvams gan-

svenebul lotmans da daumatebia: àmgvari dialogis Jams mudam

unda rCebodes erTgvari `RriWoebi~ da amisave wyalobiT eZle-

va kulturas teqstad qcevis Sansi. `moskov-tartus skolis~ am

didi mamis, TiTqosda, sxvaTaSoris naTqvams a. piatigorski i.se-

145

nokosovTan dialogSi ixsenebs; es ukanaskneli ki, – ruseTis in-

teleqtualuri elita Tavgadaklul mamardaSvilianelad rom

icnobs, - kulturaTa Soris zemoxsenebul gaugebrobas `funda-

menturs~ uwodebs. davixsomoT: `fundamenturi gaugebroba~! -

mogvianebiT es termini kidev gamogvadgeba.

nuTu, marTlac, aRmosavleT-dasavleTis `fundamenturi ga-

ugebrobaa~ am ori eTnokulturis `produqtiuli dialogisa~ da

maTi teqstad konstituirebis fundamenti?! yovel SemTxveva-

Si, amgvari dialogis strategia unda iyos rogorc `aRmosavle-

Ti-dasavleTSi~, ise piruku: `dasavleTi-aRmosavleTSi~; sac-

del poligonad (Tu `derefnad~) saqarTvelos gamocxadeba ara-

vin dagvaswros!

axla, isev seriozulad:

albaT, marTlac niSandoblivia, rom zemoxsenebuli anri

korbeni, visac, faqtobrivad, ar icnobs Cveni kulturologiu-

ri azrovneba (anda icnobs da gvimalavs) martin haidegeris mo-

wafe iyo; Tavad haidegeris fundamentur-ontologiuri ganaz-

rebani ki, SesaZloa, marTlac sufiuri traqtativiT iqnas wakiT-

xuli, iseve, rogorc esse poeziis arsis Sesaxeb, holderlini-

seul teqstTa implikaciebs rom efuZneba, garkveuli azriT,

sparsuli poeziis arssac warmoaCens.

cxadia, miutevebeli zereloba iqneboda imis daSveba, rom ha-

idegeri fenomenologiur –hermenevtikul gaazrebebSi sufia-

Ta warmodgenebiT xelmZRvanelobda anda poeziis dasavluri ga-

gebiT - anu poeturi xatis Sida formis - partituriT kiTxulob-

da poeziis `aRmosavlur gagebaze~, anu poeturi xatis `gare for-

maze~, orientirebul sparsel poetebs.

`yofiereba da drois~ haidegeriseuli poeturi eqsplikaci-

ebi da misi mimarTeba sufiur poetur msoflaRqmasTan ontoTe-

ologiur sazriss ufro flobs da, bunebrivia, tipologiuri ana-

logiebis zedapirze ar tivtivebs. yovel SemTxvevaSi, haidege-

rica da misi mowafeebic, saxeldobr, korbeni Tu pol rikiori,

mzad aRmoCndnen islamis mxurvale ToneSi gamomcxvari ` sulis

puris~ misaRebad da mosaneleblad, im sazrdosi, pitnasaviT rom

aridebda cxvirs nikolai fiodorovi, xolo is, rasac `Ôèëîñîôèÿ

îáùåãî äåëà~-s avtori ver Rebulobda, misaRebi aRmoCnda gvian-

deli vladimir soloviovisaTvis.

albaT, Cvenc SegviZlia `fahrus~ motivis Semotana am opusSi


146 daviT andriaZe

da Cveni `basri kalmisa~ da `gonierebis~ avtoparodiuli TviT-

gandideba, Tumca, ara! isev qristianuli TviTgvema sjobs, ami-

tomac ganvagrZobT: vfiqrobT, arcTu aplomburad Tavdajere-

bul `novatorad~ gamovCndebiT, Tu vityviT, rom dasavleTisa

da aRmosavleTis metafizikuri azrovneba Tanabrad dastria-

lebs yofierebisadmi hermenevtikuli relaciis sakiTxs da, am-

denadve, ar iZleva garkveul pasuxs. yovel SemTxvevaSi, imave

sufiuri filosofiis pasuxi yofierebis (`vujud~) wvdomis Se-

saZleblobis Sesaxeb – ambivalenturia: `kic~ da àrac~; WeSma-

ritebis Secnobis aqti sufizmSi TrobasTanaa gaTanabrebuli;

WeSmariteba – Rvinoa, WeSmaritebis maZiebeli ki – Rvinismsme-

li. imisaTvis, raTa vwvdeT WeSmaritebas, anu arsebulSi, abso-

lutis garda, sxva araferi vWvritoT, aucilebelia, vflobdeT

RvTaebrivi simboloebiTa Tu niSan-indeqsebiT operireba – pre-

parirebis unars.

Semdeg: Cveulebrivi mokvdavi sulier moZRvarTa, brZenTa

meSveobiT unda ikvlevdes gzas... swored brZenia – rogorc ja-

laledin rumis erT teqstSia – is, vinc flobs sakuTar CiraR-

dans da ase mouZRveba qaravans (Sdr. rusTveliseuli àra viqm,

codna ras margebs filosofosTa brZnobisa~); Cven ki, visac arc

brZenad mogvaaqvs Tavi (cotaRa gvaklia!), oRond, arc qarava-

nis `Man~-ur SemadgenlobaSi gvinda viyoT anonimurad CarTu-

li, SevecdebiT qarTuli gonis orientaciis eqsplikaciisaTvis,

isev da isev, decitaciis princips mivmarToT da `wera-kiTxvis~

aqtiT ganvagrZoT dekonstruqtivistuli manipulireba. miT uf-

ro: `wera – codnis naxevariao~. aq ki, vgonebT, deridas àraxa-

zobrivi weris~ Teoriacaa nawinaswarmetyvelevi.

islamis grafikuli diskursi sagnis ontologizebas axdens,

aso-aso SevyavarT islamis yofierebaSi, arabeskac da qufis la-

birinTuli konfiguraciebic xom, bolosdabolos, samoTxis iko-

nikuri metaforebia, is `masalebia~ (`yuranSi~ mcenareulobis me-

taforul xats xom `masala~ hqvia), romlebic muslimanTa taZ-

ruli cnobierebis konteqstSi maSin aqtualizdebian, rodesac

maT winaSe warmosdgeba yofierebis WeSmariti xati...

da mainc, ZalaSi rCeba is, wyeuli `ki-ara~! marTlacda, ra aris

is uTqmeli (warmo-uTqmeli), yofierebis gagebis fundamentur

SeuZleblobas rom moaswavebs; uTqmeli (warmo-uTqmeli) da

dau-dgeneli (da warmo-u-dgeneli) erTia: RmerTi (yofiereba).

isic xom warmo-u-dgenelia, rom wmida ioane damaskeli xali-

147

fas karzec nayofierad TanamSromlobda; iqneb, esec kultura-

Ta dialogis, Tanac, fundamentur gaugebrobaze damyarebuli

dialogis forma iyo?! kulturaTa dialogs rom Tavi davaneboT,

marTlac sagulisxmo warmosadgenia ori, sapirispirod (rom ar

vTqva – mtrulad) ganwyobili orTodoqsuli religiis ragvari

tolerantoba igulisxmeba am istoriuli faqtis miRma – qris-

tianuli eklesiis es `mamaTagani~ turistuli viziT xom ar imyo-

feboda damaskoSi?!

isic sagulisxmoa: Tu SevTanxmdebiT, rom warsulisa Tu dRe-

vandelobis maRali inteleqtualuri azri garkveul movlena-

Ta istoriuli mniSvnelobis problemebiT ki ar Semoifargle-

ba, aramed maT TavisTavad àrawinaaRmdegobrivi~ yofierebis ze-

istoriul metafizikur konteqstSi ganixilavs, SesaZloa, mar-

Tlac ar aRmovCndeT WeSmaritebisgan daSorebulad.

da mainc, XIX-XX saukuneTa istoriul-pozitiuri azrovnebis

ZalisxmeviT gaxda SesaZlebeli adamianis kontroverzuli is-

toriuli cnobierebis remodelireba. oRond, esecaa: imave Za-

lisxmevam, ukuagdo Tu ara, arierscenaze mainc gadaaTamaSa ada-

mianuri Semecnebis geopolitikur, eTnokulturul Tu konfe-

siur sazRvrebs miRma darCenili konkretuli warmodgenebi; da

am àqciiT~ kidev erTxel dadasturda, rom sakuTriv istori-

ul, imanentur codnasTan erTad arsebobs `sxva~ istoriac,

codnisa da refleqsiis sruliad gansxvavebuli, werils, dis-

kurss rom efuZneba...

esaa istoria rogorc naweri.

meore mxriv, zemoxsenebuli àqcia-warmodgena~ kidev er-

Txel SeiZleba, gaviazroT, rogorc kacobriobis profanuli is-

toria – sakraluri istoriis fonzec da mis uzrunvel-yofil

toposSic, anu Sina-aurul sivrceSi; SesaZloa, es iyos pozicia,

romlis Seufaseblobac gagviWirvebs kacobriobis istoriis pa-

radoqsTa Sefasebas. oRond, amgvar, Semfasebel subieqtad isev

da isev `poeti~ Tu ivargebs, `poeti~, romelic ar iTakilebs kiT-

xvebze pasuxis uqonlobas, ukeT: Seupasuxeblobas (da ara – upa-

suxismgeblobas), `poeti~, romelsac iaraRad sityvac hyofnis

(ra cotaa?!), `carieli sityva~... ise rogorc, saxiobis da-mdgme-

lisaTvis (anu reJisorisaTvis), piter brukisa ar iyos, `carie-

li sivrcec~ kmara; esec xom (Tumca, ratom-c?) moqmedebaa.

marina cvetaeva erT mSvenier poetur teqstSi (`Ïîýìà êîíöà~)

ase ityvis: `Âåäü äåéñòâîâàòü - ïóñòîâàòü~. rogorc Cans, poeti si-


148 daviT andriaZe

carieleSic - rasac leqsis sivrceSi pauza (anda cezura) Tu Se-

esatyviseba – moxerxebulad moqmedebs; etyoba, araTu mijneb-

ze, sicarieleSic (cezura-pauzebSic) gasaocar sagnebs xedavs

poeti. isic niSandoblivia, rom sicarielis poetika satiaciis

anu grZnobadi intenciebisagan daclis (avis)momaswavebelicaa.

axla, ra xdeba aRmosavleTSi, anu `wumpis~ qronotopSi?

semitur enebSi, maT Soris, arabulSi, sadac ar `TamaSde-

ba~ zmna `yofna~, Turme nu ityviT da, winadadebis formebs swo-

red pauza akavSirebs, pauza, rogorc grZnobadi sicarielis ara-

verbalizebuli, oRond, mkveTrad SesagrZnobi analogi, esoden

laRad rom TamaSdeba islamis xelovnebaSi. saxeldobr, pauza,

anu sicariele, gvevlineba predikaciis niSnad da am Tvalsazri-

siT, nebismieri `sagnis~ sawyisi TviT yofierebaSia daunjebuli:

damatebiTi ganmartebis aucilebloba imis Sesaxeb, rom `sa-

gani~ gvevlineba `raimed~ anda àris raime~ – zedmetia.

es – semituri azrovnebis wesia, semiturisa, romelic iseve

gansxvavdeba – rom ara vTqva, ewinaaRmdegeba – ariuls anu in-

do-iranuls, rogorc arabuli grafikuli azrovneba – iranul

vizualur azrovnebas.

aqedan: `sagnis~ Sesaxeb diskursic indo-evropul, kerZod,

iranul enebSi sruliad sxvagvar konstruqciaze aigeba. aq erTi

mcire dazustebac ar iqneboda uadgilo: `yofna~, romelic Ta-

vad ar igulisxmeba predikatad, yvela da-saxelebul predikat-

Ta pirobad gvevlineba. TvisebaTa mTeli mravalferovneba:

ìyos rogoriRac~..., ìmyofebodes raRacnair mdgomareobaSi~,

`drois~ yovelgvari SesaZlebeli aspeqti da a.S. cneba `yofie-

rebazea~ damokidebuli. es – emil benvenistia. indoevropuli

cnobierebisaTvis cneba `yofiereba~ saganTan mimarTebiT eq-

splicirdeba. sworad ga-keTebuli sagani niSneulia rogorc ara

ubralod denotati, aramed sakuTriv TviTkmari Rirebulebis

sagani, romlis silamazec implikaciis saxiT ki ar arsebobs aR-

saniSnSi, aramed uSualodaa masSi ganivTebuli. mokled, ariuli

cnobiereba Tavis statikur mistikur mWvretelobaSi grZnoba-

di xatebiT kmayofildeba; swored, zoroastrielebisgan ises-

xes iudevelebma samoTxis idea, anu is esqatologiuri saxismet-

yveleba, samyaros semitur suraTs rom agvirgvinebda.

asea Tu ise, sagnis sicarieleSi (pauzaSi) daunjeba, diaxac,

semituri fenomenia da ara ariuli; poeturi diskursic, sakuT-

149

riv, am sicarieleSi xorcieldeba, aqve isaxeba `gasaocari sag-

nebis~ naxvis (Tu ga-da-naxvis) horizonti.

qarTul poetikaSic xom ar damdgara amgvari `sicarielis

dro~. es, albaT, igivea, rac `sivrcis dro~ - es ucnauri amfibo-

lia Tu oqsiumoroni...

iqneb, es kulturuli aqtic, ara mxolod sazRvrebze, sica-

rieleSic xdeba, Tugind interkulturul-interteqstualur

`wumpeSi~, oRond `Sinaur wumpeSi~, vin icis?!

`Cveni dro axal rusTavels elis~ - Tqva poetma;

Cveni dro `dasavlur-aRmosavluri divanis~ axal avtorsac

elis...

mTavaria, es ar iyos `godos molodinSi~... Tumca, ratomac

ara!

maxlas, qarTul kulturas isev elodeba RENDEZ-VOUS rub-

rikiT `hafizis vardi prudonis vazaSi~...

prudonis vazaSi hafizis vardis furclobis niSani aris da

dro axali paemanisa...


150

lia sturuas poeturi Semoqmedeba mra-

valmxriv aris saintereso. igi gamorCeu-

li poetia im TvalsazrisiT, rom aris uaR-

resad Tanamedrove da misi poeturi sam-

yaro xasiaTdeba evropuli azrovnebiT,

amasTan – qarTuli sinamdviliTac aris na-

sazrdoebi. misi poezia inteleqtualuria,

emyareba ganswavlulobas da moiTxovs ga-

naTlebul, gacnobierebul mkiTxvels,

romelic Tanamedrove msoflio litera-

turul procesebSi kargad erkveva. erTi

sityviT rom vTqvaT, lia sturuas poezia

friad elituria da moumzadebeli mkiT-

xveli misgan siamovnebas ver miiRebs.

lia sturuas leqsebis erT-erTi masaz-

rdoebeli wyaro aris folklori, ro-

gorc qarTuli, aseve – antikuri. antiku-

ri miTosia gamoyenebuli leqsebSi: òda

sizifes~, `penelope~, àntikuri soneti~,

`sizifes lodi~, ùcnauri ariTmetika~.

òda sizifes~ sonetia (sturua 1999: 9),

romelSic SemoqmedebiTad aris damuSave-

buli antikuri miTi sizifes Sesaxeb, ro-

melic imdenad popularulia, rom aq aRar

moviyvanT.

àr daijero, rom dakarga cam mniSvneloba,

rom uazroa silurjeSi xelis faTuri.

neta, RvTaebriv sisadaves ratom varTulebT,

SoTa rusTavelis lite-

raturis institutis

folkloris ganyofi-

lebis mecnieri Tanam-

Sromeli; poeti da kri-

tikosi;

interesTa sfero: poe-

zia, kritika, folklo-

ri.

dalila bedianiZe

lia sturuas Semoqmedeba

da folklori

151

roca aqvea mwvervalebic da qvesknelebic,

romelTa Soris miTiuri sizife dadis,

kaci Sveuli, uZinari da bednieri,

radgan saTave ufskrulSi aqvs, mwvervalze – vardi,

Cems wvalebasac rom dahkravdes misi ieri.

Cems fiqrs, romelic kanonier CarCoSi ar devs,

leqss ki ar unda warekveTos Tavi da zoma.

ar gaufrindes qarSi Tmebi, fesvi ar mokvdes,

amaze fiqri SeumCnevlad dReebs amoklebs,

romlebsac mainc avivsebdi sizifes SromiT,

Tu Sefasebis erTeulad miviCnevT vardebs. . . `

Tu kargad davakvirdebiT leqss, SevniSnavT, rom arsad ar

aris lodi naxsenebi, romelsac sizife mwvervalisken miagorebs.

lods aq cvlis vardi, romelic lia sturuas leqsSi RvTaebrivi

tvirTis metaforad unda miviCnioT. poetis Sroma am leqsSi ga-

igivebulia sizifes SromasTan, romlis mizanic amaoebasTan

brZolaa. striqonSi `leqss ki ar unda warekveTos Tavi da zoma~

gvxvdeba gamoZaxili yaCaRi prokrustes miTisa da am striqonSi

SemoqmedebiTi Tavisuflebisaken mowodebac amoikiTxeba. ama-

oebas SeWidebul poets, rogorc miTosur sizifes lodi, ise aqvs

miniWebuli vardi uflisagan jildod imisaTvis, rom miuxeda-

vad yoveldRiuri amaoebisa, ar eSveba sayvarel saqmes, radgan

es saqme misi arsebobis erTaderTi gamarTlebaa.

sizifes Temaze lia sturuas aqvs sxva leqsic `sizifes lodi~

(sturua 1986: 129-131), sadac ukve mTidan dagorebuli lodis

amotanazea saubari da es saubari qvecnobieris doneze mimdina-

reobs, rameTu lodi mTidan ki ara, `tvinis wverodan dagorda~:

`Sen sizifes lods wamogkidebs

da martiv ritmSi aewyoba cxovreba;

mwvervalidan qveviT,

iqidan ki lodis simZime

sisxlis Sveuls isev atyorcnis

tvinamde, camde . . . ~

rogorc vxedavT, aq lodis metafora moicavs poetis Semec-

nebaSi momxdar aRelvebas, aRfrTovanebas, gamowveuls Semoq-

medebiTi SromiT da am SromiT daRlili poetis erTaderTi gul-

Sematkivari dedaa, romelic `sxvebTan erTad icdis, rodis amo-

vitan lods. . . unda, miexmaros, magram ukve aRar SeuZlia.~ mok-

lia sturuas Semoqmedeba da folklori

152 dalila bedianiZe

led rom vTqvaT, sizifes Tema, sizifes Sroma lia sturuas ori-

ve leqsSi SemoqmedebiTi Sromis simZimesTan aris gaigivebuli,

Sedarebuli, amasTan – mSvenieris da amaRlebulis gamomxatve-

li metaforiT – vardiT gansaxovnebuli.

leqsi `antikuri soneti~(sturua 1999:99) Tavisi formiT so-

netia da Seexeba antikuri miTosis gmirebs, ufro mometebulad

– aqilevss, romelsac wrTobis Semdeg qusli darCa susti da ga-

mouwrTobi. es leqsi mihyveba antikur miToss, antikur poezias,

romelic `TvalebdaTxrili hegzametriT idgamda enas.~ aq aris

miniSneba gmirTaA saukuneze, antikur RmerTebze, antikur qan-

dakebebze da mTeli leqsi ganmsWvalulia antikuri samyaros

mSvenierebisadmi da sinanuliT naklovanebebisadmi, romelic

asea gamoxatuli: ~sisxlis aRreva, sisastike, mruSi genebi~, an –

`rogor uyvardaT, ra mze iyo, ra TeTri Wiri.~ es saxe – `TeTri

Wiri~ – mzis gverdiT da Savi Wirisgan gansxvavebiT, friad ori-

ginaluri mignebaa antikurobis sulis gamosaxatavad. leqsSi

gvxvdeba antikuri miTosis reminescenciebi da gamoZaxili aqi-

levsis miTisa.

leqsSi `ucnauri ariTmetika~ gvxvdeba troas cxenebis xsene-

ba. unda vifiqroT, rom aq troas omSi monawileTa cxenebzea mi-

niSneba, mTlianad troas omis miTze (romelic, rogorc Sliman-

ma gaarkvia, miTi ki ara, sinamdvile iyo).

`Sen ki samebis qveS dadixar,

RvTaebrivi ariTmetikis monawile,

sadac sami oTxze metia.

mec rom wamoval aqeT,

troas cxenebis avi garemocvidan,

Cems sisxls aravin ar akocebs,

saRamosken gadaxril oTaxSi~. . .

am striqonebSi unda igulisxmebodes, Tu ra warmatebiT Sec-

vala warmarToba qristianobam, samebam, da qristes sisxli tyu-

ilad ar daiRvara. leqsis dasawyisSi brinjaos cxenis xseneba ki

migvaniSnebs im cxenze, romelic troaSi RamiT Seitanes aqave-

lebma da miTosur saxed iqca.

qarTuli folkloric didi warmatebiT aris asaxuli lia stu-

ruas poeziaSi. es aris leqsebi `wiqara~, `samSoblo~, `***xom Se-

iZleba~, `*** gamigonia, mTiel xvaramzes~, `balada moWril mar-

jvenaze~, `wiTela batonebi~. es leqsebi mis wignSi `leqsebi, po-

153

emebi~ (1986) gamoyofilic aris saerTo saTauriT `qarTuli fol-

kloris Temebze~. leqsSi `samSoblo~ gamoyenebulia qarTuli

ficis formula `deda SeerTos colado~:

`rogorc am cis qveS,

CemTvis ucxo miwis naWerze,

romelsac erqva Zveli elada,

Cems garSemo marmarilos RvTaebrivi

torsebi dadiodnen,

maT wiaRSi

gaugonari codvis da mruSobis

mewamuli Canasaxi Rvivdeboda

da kaTarzisis netarebas maaxlovebda,

am netarebis da umaRlesi qarTuli wyevlis

gulisguli

sakuTar dedas colad irTavda~ (sturua 1986: 78-79).

leqsSi lafsusia gaparuli ~xom SeiZleba~ iwyeba epitrafiT –

qarTuli xalxuri leqsis `vefxvisa da moymis~ striqonebiT:

ègeba vefxvis dedai Cemze mwareda tirisa.~ es leqsi agebulia

`vefxvisa da moymis~ reminescenciebze da teqstSi aseve gvxvde-

ba Tixis lazares xseneba, rogorc wvimis momyvani qarTuli

RvTaebisa da striqoni qarTuli xalxuri leqsidan `mze dedaa

Cemi~, romelnic organulad erwymian da saxeobrivad amdidre-

ben leqsis mxatvrul qsovils. leqsis finali: òRond mieciT

dedaCems Zala, rom deda vefxvi Seecodos~ organul kavSirSia

xalxuri leqsis striqonebTan, epigrafTan ègeba qarTlis de-

dai Cemze mwareTa tirisa~ da warmoadgens mis mxatvrul damuSa-

vebas. lia sturuas es leqsi dawerilia pirvel pirSi da warmo-

adgens moymis monologs.

da mainc, yvelaze ufro axlos qarTul folklorTan dgas lia

sturuas usaTauro leqsi `***gamigonia, mTiel xvaramzes~. am

leqssac, iseve, rogorc qarTuli folkloris Temebze agebul

sxva leqsebs, epigrafad uZRvis xvaramzes leqsi vaJikas:

`netavi Tasad maqcia,

rom RviniT agevsebodi,

Seferili mqna wiTlada,

Semsvavdi, Segergebodi.~

es leqsi agebuli vaJikasa da xvaramzes romantiuli Sexved-


154 dalila bedianiZe

ris epizodze. vaJika gvarad nakveTauri iyo. nakveTaurebi er-

TerTi umdidresi ojaxi iyo fSavSi. vaJika da xvaramze sxvadas-

xva soflebidan iyvnen. maT erTmaneTi uyvardaT, magram patro-

nebma nebarTva ar misces qorwinebaze. xvaramze sxvaze gaaTxo-

ves. uxeiro qmari Sexvda da isev vaJika uyvarda. erT nawvimar

dRes vaJikam xvaramzes sofeli Caiara maTi saxlis gverdiT, xva-

ramzem misi cxenis nafexurebs Turme Robe Semoavlo – ar waiSa-

loso (q.x.p. 1978: 224).

lia sturuas es leqsi mihyveba romantiul epizods da war-

moadgens cnobili siuJetis damuSavebas.

`man Semoavlo Tavis sevdas

maRali Robe

da mamakacis nafexurebi

idga miwaze,

rogorc puris an Rvinis mcenare~ (sturua 1986: 84-86).

aqac lafsusia gaparuli – ara mamakacis, aramed misi cxenis

nafexurebs Semoavlo Robe xvaramzem.

`balada moWril marjvenaze~ (anu poetis improvizebuli ga-

samarTleba saqmiani da medrove `msajulebis~ mier) iwyeba epig-

rafiT – xalxuri leqsiT:

`xekorZulas wyali misvams,

mcxeTaA ise amigia.

damiWires, mklavi momWres,

kargi ratom agigia.~

garda am epigrafad gamoyenebuli qarTuli leqsisa, leqsSi

gvxvdeba qarTuli andazac `mRvdels WilofSic icnobeno~ – Sec-

vlili saxiT `radgan beri WilofSic icnoba~. es leqsi aRwers,

Tu rogor mokveTes mklavi arsakiZes, romelic poetis Tanamed-

rove adamianad aris warmodgenili da, savaraudoa, rom poetis

alter egos warmoadgens – amis Tqmis uflebas gvaZlevs stri-

qoni `rom man taZari aago da leqsi dawera~. arsakiZis dasjis sce-

na gaigivebulia jordano brunos dasjis scenasTan, vinaidan

leqsSi gvxvdeba misi sityvebi: `is mainc brunavs~. am leqsSi ar-

sakiZis saxe ganzogadebulia, mas msoflio miTosis gmiris mniS-

vneloba aqvs miniWebuli (sturua 1986: 89-92).

`wiTela batonebi~ dawerilia monologis saxiT da aRwerilia

155

wiTela batonebiT avadmyofi poetis xilvebi:

`me mawuxebs wiTela bavSvobis valiviT

da vxedav bebiebis mwiTuri TvalebiT,

JRali wveriT da mziani gonebiT

da aJRaruneben wiTel zanzalakebs,

romlebmac liTonis enebiT alokes

Cemi bavSvoba TafliviT keTili

da mandes saidumlo cxradaketili. . .

me davinaxe, rasac mimalavdnen,-

is hgavda wiTel Sesawir mamals,

sisxlis wveTebisgan qvasaviT Sekruls,

is hgavda Tbil da noyier erkemals. . . ~ (sturua 1986: 92-93).

leqsSi sworadaa dafiqsirebuli, rom wiTela batonebs wiTel

mamals swiravdnen, oRond erkemali albaT zedmetia, esec li-

cenzia poetikas brali unda iyos. wiTela batonebTan dakavSi-

rebuli ritualis aRwerac emTxveva maT folklorul saxes.

leqsi `wiqara~ agebulia qarTuli xalxuri zRapris `wiqaras~

motivebze, romelTaganac domonirebs motivi rqis gamTelebi-

sa, ris sanacvlodac wiqaram Tagvs Tavisi leSi unda aWamos. leq-

si dawerilia lirikuli monologis saxiT. aqac, rogorc zemoT

ganxiluli leqsebis umravlesobaSi, lirikuli gmiri gaigivebu-

lia leqsis avtorTan da SemoqmedebiTad aris damuSavebuli le-

Sis TagvisTvis daTmobis motivi:

`me mowifuli kaci var, wiqara

da leSs ase advilad ver gavimeteb,

Sen da fufalam itireT bavSvi,

romelsac Tagvi Seecoda

da Tavis leSs Sepirda.

me ki mowifuli kaci var

da melodeba cecxlisferi noxebis xao~ (sturua1986: 94-95).

amrigad, folkloruli siuJetebi, motivebi da mxatvruli sa-

xeebi amdidreben lia sturuas leqsebs, rogorc Tematurad, ase-

ve – mxatvrulad. rogorc antikuri, aseve qarTuli miTosisad-

mi poetis damokidebuleba SemoqmedebiTia. folklori Tanamed-

rove zneobriv problematikasTan aris Sejvarebuli da kaTar-

zisuli daniSnulebiT gamoiyeneba. TiToeuli Temis, TiToeuli


156

motivis Tu mxatvruli saxis damuSavebas lia sturua axdens Ta-

vis mdidar sulier cxovrebasTan SerwymiT, sulier problema-

TaA gadawyvetis warmatebuli mcdelobiT. antikuri miTosis ga-

moyenebas saerTaSoriso asparezze gahyavs poeti, msoflio

kulturas naziarebi mkiTxvelis gulis gasaxarad, xolo qarTu-

li folklori erovnul muxts aZlierebs mis leqsebSi.

dalila bedianiZe

157

mirian ebanoiZe

teqsti da realoba

(venis arSia)

teqsti laTinurad qsovilia. igi gan-

sxvavdeba informaciisagan, romlis miza-

nic teqstis miRma gasvlaa. informacii-

saTvis teqsti mxolod saSualebaa. qsovi-

li TavisTavSive qsovs adresatsa Tu re-

cipients, Sesasvlelebsa da gamosasvle-

lebs, siRrmesa da zedapirs. rolan barti

wers: `teqsti niSnavs qsovils; Tumca Tu

aqamde am qsovils fardad gebulobdnen,

romlis miRma warmatebulad Tu waruma-

teblad imaleboda azri (WeSmariteba),

Cven, am qsovilze laparakisas, xazs vus-

vamT dabadebis da warmoebis SesaZleblo-

bebs, risi meSveobiTac teqsti iqmneba,

usasrulod iqsoveba mravali Zafis ga-

daxlarTviT: am qsovilSi Cakarguli su-

bieqti qreba, obobas msgavsad~(barti).

ara mxolod is, rac undoda, eTqva av-

tors, an rasac ideologia gangvimartavs

Tavis enaze, aramed meqanizmi azrTa war-

moebisa, sxvadasxva msoflmxedveloba,

sxvadasxva epoqa eZebs masSi sakuTar saT-

qmels.

`teqsti dascinis nebismieri kulturu-

li toposis pretenzias, ibatonos masze~.

Cven vswavlobT teqstebis gavlas, da ara

maTTan darCenas. ideologia teqstebis

filosofiis mecniere-

baTa doqtori. akaki we-

reTlis saxelmwifo

universitetis sruli

profesori filoso-

fiaSi; gelaTis sasuli-

ero akademiis leqto-

ri.

ZiriTadi Sromebi: di-

skursi da ena. Tbilisis

universitetis gamom-

cemloba, Tbilisi, 2001.

fragmentebi diskursis

problemebze. Tbilisis

universitetis gamom-

cemloba, Tbilisi, 2001.

diskursi. quTaisis sa-


tis gamomcemloba, qu-

Taisi, 2006. ,,margaliti

da sicariele” (poetu-

ri krebuli) quTaisi,

2006

interesTa sfero: li-

teratura, semiotika,

filosofia.

158 mirian ebanoiZe

kiTxviT miRebul siamovnebas ukanono garTobad miiCnevs.

`vefxistyaosani~ SeiZleba, vikiTxoT, rogorc klasTa brZo-

lis, aseve RvTismetyvelebis, astrologiis, ricxvebis mistikis,

zRapris, saero romanis poziciebidan. sxvadasxva epoqaSi, sxva-

dasxva ideologiis Suqze.

SeiZleba, ikiTxo marcxnidan marjvniv, an piriqiT. vertika-

lurad, komentarebiT. bolos, ubralod, seirnob, gzaSi Sem-

TxveviT dagdebul nivTebs iReb. aTvaliereb. wignebi, romleb-

mac Seni marSrutebis kvali Semoinaxes, ar gaZlevs imis saSua-

lebas, rom Tqva: es Sen iyavi. es marSrutebia: nicSedan homero-

si, malarmedan hegeli, wminda mamebidan rilke. beketis siCume

sicilis akompanimentis da komediis dasawyisia. xSirad vmalavT

wignebs, romlebic wagvikiTxavs, maT magivrad sxvebs vasaxe-

lebT, rom ar mogvagnon. kiTxvis garda, SeiZleba amas vuwodoT

curva, Tevzaoba, Wama, mosavlis aReba.

teqstis masala enaa – cocxali, rTuli, sakuTari energiisa

da kanonzomierebebis mqone. adamians SeuZlia, ilaparakos mxo-

lod maSin, roca misiT da masSi laparakobs miwa, ca, mokvdavi da

RvTaebrivi. misi gamoCeniT ritualizdeba maradiuli dava miwi-

sa da samyarosi, ganxeTqilebis idea da sawinaaRmdego ZalTa er-

Tianoba. Cven ki ar vlaparakobT, ena gvlaparakobs. poeti ismens

da mihyveba. `usmino piriT~, rogorc haidegeri ambobs. dialeq-

tiT laparakobs gansxvavebuli landSaftebi, ese igi miwa. teq-

sti am dialeqtebis Sejaxebaa, energiebis gadakveTis wertili,

movlenaTa centri. egzistencia da kultura, ena da yofiereba

gadaikveTeba. zogi teqsti am rols asrulebs erTjeradad. zo-

gi yovelTvis.

SeiZleba Tu ara, wigni miviCnioT im mTlianobad, rac wyvete-

bisagan dagvicavda? wignis erTianoba cvalebadi da Sefardebi-

Tia. rogorc ki is gamokvlevis sagani xdeba, imwuTsave kargavs

erTmniSvnelovnebas da aRar uTiTebs sakuTar Tavze, rogorc

erTeulze. misi bunebis Sesaxeb Cven SegviZlia, vimsjeloT dis-

kursis rTuli velidan amosvliT. wigni miuTiTebs sxva wigneb-

ze, wignebis erTobliobaze, romlebic win uswrebs an mosdevs

(momavalSi), iseve, rogorc literaturis miRma darCenil soci-

alur-politikur realobaze. Tuki klasikuri metafizika dis-

159

kursis miRma eZebda wyaros diskursisaTvis avtoris an realo-

bis saxiT, teqstSi Tavad diskursze da enaze yuradRebis gamax-

vileba meoce saukunis literaturaSi gvaTavisuflebs gamoxat-

vis fenomenisagan. ena ki ar gamoxatavs, aramed xatavs. igi mxo-

lod sakuTar Tavze miuTiTebs, da ara mis miRma arsebul feno-

menebze, rac bartis cnobili formulirebiT, mianiSnebs avto-

ris sikvdilze. reprezentaciis, mimezisis, artikulaciis da sim-

bolizaciis nacvlad, rac literaturas garegan kanonzomiere-

bebs daumorCilebda, franguli `axali romani~ cdilobs, aRwe-

ros interpretaciis gareSe, darCes zedapirTan, rac dafaru-

lis, siRrmis da WeSmaritebis Ziebisgan gaTavisuflebiT malar-

meseul idealur literaturas migvaaxloebda, Tumca wera yo-

velTvis kavSirSia ZalauflebasTan, rac isev klasikis TemasTan

gvabrunebs. literatorTa nawilis azriT, teqsti warmoadgens

Zalauflebisgan Tavdaxsnis saSualebas. Zalaufleba Cabudebu-

lia yvelgan, TviT TavisuflebiT aRtyinebaSi, romelic mis amo-

Zirkvas cdilobs, revoluciaSi. mas qmnian ara marto isini, vinc

`floben~ Zalauflebas, aramed isinic, vinc mas `ar flobs~. sa-

xezea izomorfizmi, rac weras aaxlovebs sxva socialur praq-

tikebTan. Zalaufleba weriTac iqmneba. deliozi literaturas

ganixilavs, rogorc manqanas, romelsac mimarTeba aqvs omis man-

qanasTan, siyvarulis manqanasTan, revoluciis manqanasTan da a.

S. `rodesac wer, arkvev problemas: literaturulma manqanam

rom imuSaos, romel sxva manqanaze SeiZleba da unda iyos mimag-

rebuli~. klaisti da omis giJuri manqana, kafka da biurokratiis

uCveulo manqana. es Temebi gzas xsnis klasikis Semdgomi kvle-

vebisaTvis, rac gadalaxavs Tanamedrove literaturaTmcod-

neobis fetiSistur tendenciebs, gamoxatuls werilis, teqstis

avtonomiuri da TviTmkmari RirebulebiT. Cven arasdros vkiT-

xulobT, risi Tqma unda wigns, ra aris wigni, aRmniSvneli Tu aR-

saniSni, masSi raimes gagebasac ki ar vcdilobT, magram vkiTxu-

lobT, ra amoZravebs mas, ratom qmnis an ver qmnis sixSireebs, ra

mravlobiTobebSia Cafluli, ris Sedegadac gardaiqmneba. li-

teraturis retrospeqtuli Seswavla saSualebas gvaZlevs, vi-

laparakoT Zalauflebis erTian velze, literaturisa da so-

cialur-politikuri fenomenebis kavSirze.

dasavleTSi poeti azrs aZlevs samyaros da formas aZlevs qa-

oss. misi mTavari iaraRi metaforaa, romelsac sityvaSi gadah-

yavs sagani da, piriqiT, sityvas simbolod aqcevs: erTi niSnavs

teqsti da realoba (venis areSia)

160 mirian ebanoiZe

meores. aRmosavlur poeziaSi sagani rCeba `uTargmneli~, igi as-

rulebs ideis, metaforis da simbolos rols, ise rom, arasdros

kargavs Tavis Tavs da yovelTvis sagnad rCeba. aseT leqsebSi

icvleba mkiTxvelisa da avtoris urTierTobebi. metaforebis

poezia poetis warmosaxvaSi kravs da amTlianebs samyaros da er-

Tianobis saxes aZlevs. sagnebis poezia mkiTxvels sTavazobs, Ta-

vad Seqmnas am sagnebidan mTlianoba. mxolod mkiTxvels SeuZ-

lia, daamyaros sityvebiT gamouTqmeli kavSiri saganTa da

grZnobaTa Soris, romlebsac isini iwveven. aRmosavleTSi poe-

ti ar laparakobs gamouTqmelze, aramed gviCvenebs mas. igi ga-

mouTqmels tovebs imas, rac enas ar emorCileba. aseTi poezia

saSualebas gvaZlevs, gavigonoT warmouTqmeli. ieroglifebi

ar aris ferweruli suraTi an sanaxaoba, magram misiT gamoxatu-

li cneba `mravalsaxiania~ da ufro metad emorCileba mkiTxve-

lis fantazias. igi, rogorc mTargmneli, maTgan misawvdoms ir-

Cevs, sakuTari samyarosaTvis. yovel epoqas Tavisi xedva SeiZ-

leba hqondes. rogorc paundi uwodebs, ara translation, aramed

`translucences~.

Cinur poeziaSi erTi sagani meoresTan ar aris Sedarebuli.

isini erTad awyvia, erT rigSi – rogorc naturmorts, maT aer-

Tianebs ara mizez-Sedegobrivi, aramed asociaciuri kavSiri,

romelic saSualebas iZleva, “leqsi qaris qrolviT gaixsnas~

(mandelStami). fen-liu – qari da nakadi – qari kosmosis Rrma Za-

lebis gamovlenaa – materialurisa da sulieris ganuyoflad,

moZravi da gaCerebuli erTdroulad.

sityvebi kvlav sagnebad iqcevian, romelTaganac leqsi ise-

vea Sedgenili, rogorc dekoracia. aq ar aris alegoriuli sag-

nebi, romlebic sxva realobaze miuTiTeben. calke aRebuli bu-

nebrivi sagnis materialoba ar iTargmneba. strofebisa da saxe-

ebis kavSiri myardeba ra gramatikul, an Tundac logikur done-

ze – is asociaciuria, qvecnobieria – miniSneba, reminiscencia,

meore da mesame plania saWiro, radgan poezias ar SeuZlia pir-

dapir laparaki. saxeebi unda Sedges ara nawarmoebSi, aramed

mkiTxvelis gulSi.

aryofnidan es striqonebi qaRaldze venis saidumlo arSiiT

lagdeba – Cinurad niSnavs literaturas, Tumca aseve msoflio

arSiaa, daos mier varskvlavebis, mTebisa da wylebis monacvle-

obiT Seqmnili (mTebisa da mdinareebis poezia). swored amitom

161

araa zRvari werasa da realobas Soris. su Si ambobda van veis Sesa-

xeb: – mis poeziaSi suraTebia, mis suraTebSi – poezia.

klasikasTan gvabrunebs teqstis umTavresi Tviseba: mas

cnobierebaSi Semohyavs teqstSi, rogorc jadosnur brolSi,

areklili samyaro, rogorc mTlianoba. paradoqsulad, kvlav

realobas davubrundiT. is realisturia, maSinac ki, roca dan-

te jojoxeTSi mogzaurobs, `vefxistyaosnis~ gmirebi ki – mul-

Razanzarsa da gulanSaroSi.

literatura

fenoloza 1968: Fenolloza E., The Chinese Written Character as a

Medium for Poetry. Ed. E. Pound. San Francisco, 1968.

barti 1994: Áàðò, Ð., Ñìåðòü Àâòîðà // Èçáðàííûå ðàáîòû.

Ñåìèîòèêà. Ïîýòèêà / Ð. Áàðò. Ì., 1994. Ñ. 389.

haidegeri 1993: Õàéäåãåð, Ì., Âðåìÿ è Áûòèå. Ì. `Ðåñïóáëèêà~.

1993.

teqsti da realoba (venis areSia)

162

1921 wels ruseTis mier saqarTvelos aneq-

siam, garda araerTi arasaxarbielo Sede-

gisa, dabada erTi uaRresad saintereso fe-

nomeni – qarTuli kulturuli emigracia.

evropis da amerikis kontinentis qveyneb-

Si dafantuli qarTveli mecnierebi, mxat-

vrebi, moqandakeebi, mwerlebi da, gnebavT,

msaxiobebic. miuxedavad socialuri SeWir-

vebis da nostalgiis moZalebisa, isini ma-

inc qmnidnen Rirebul kulturul pro-

duqts. sabWoTa kavSiris daSlamde es saxe-

lebi (Tu mxedvelobaSi ar miviRebT gri-

gol robaqiZes) saqarTveloSi mcxovreb-

TaTvis sruliad ucnobi iyo.

qarTuli literaturis qrestomaTiasac,

iseve, rogorc xelovnebis sxva dargebs,

mas Semdeg, rac profesorma guram SaraZem

emigrantuli memkvidreobis didi arqivi Ca-

moitana, qarTuli emigraciis muzeumi Se-

iqmna da lamis bestselerad qceuli samto-

meuli “ucxoeTis cis qveS” gamoica, wesiT,

axali saxelebi unda Semateboda, magram XX

saukunis miwurulis kritikam grigol ro-

baqiZis mwerluri talanti imyofina da sxva

danarCeni avtoris Semoqmedeba isev yami-

rad moitova. [faqti erTia, me ar Semxved-

ria qarTuli poeziis momravlebul anTo-

logiebSi umetesi maTganis saxeli da arc

giorgi kekeliZe

ararsebuli

sazRvrebis gamo

mokled – mizezebisa da miznis gamo

Tbilisis Tavisufali

universitetis doqto-

ranti; ilia WavWavaZis

saxelobis stipendiati

(rusTavelis fondi);

oTar CxeiZis saxelobis

stipendiati; litera-

turul portal lib.ge-s

damaarsebeli; mwera-

li, 2009 wlis `sabas~

laureati (wlis sauke-

Teso debiuti);

naSromebi: `postmo-

dernizmi qarTul poe-

ziaSi~, `ilia WavWvaZis

publicistika msof-

lio publicistikis

konteqstSi~, `dramis

poetika~ (mecxramete

saukune – msoflio da

saqarTvelo);


teraturis Teoria,

kritika, poetika, semi-

otika.

163

am teqstebis analiziT aWrelebuli kritikuli almanaxebis fur-

clebi minaxavs. arada, zogierTi maTgani, gnebavT mxatvruli do-

nis gamo da, gnebavT, istoriuli TvalsazrisiT, namdvilad im-

saxurebs amas].

am mxriv, saetapo mniSvneloba hqonda rusudan niSnianiZis or-

tomeuls “saqarTvelo samans aqeT...…da samans iqiT” (Tbilisi,

2005, “merani”. redaqtori rostom CxeiZe), ramdenadac ganxor-

cielda warmatebuli mcdeloba, literaturismcodnis TvaliT

danaxuli emigrantuli mwerloba gaecno mkiTxvels.

am wignma kidev erTxel daanaxa sazogadoebas is gasaTvaliswi-

nebeli momenti, rom aucilebelia “samans aqeTa” da “samans iqi-

Ta” teqstebis erT, saerTo qarTuli literaturis konteqstSi

ganxilva da maTi separacia ar aris marTebuli. rogorc daas-

kvnidiT, Cveni naSromis mizanic swored is gaxldaT, rom dai-

Zebnos msgavsi Temebi, motivebi da Tundac gansxvavebebi im poe-

tebis SemoqmedebaSi, romlebic XX saukunis dasawyisSi moRva-

weobdnen saqarTveloSi Tu emigraciaSi. emigrantTagan, dav-

ZenT, rom ganvixileT mxolod sami, Cveni azriT, umTavresi av-

tori (grigol robaqiZesTan erTad). gviandeli emigranti avto-

rebi: giorgi yifiani, giorgi lolua da a.S. ar gangvixilavs, rad-

gan, vfiqrobT, rom es ufro axali esTetikuri nakadia da sxva

tipis kvlevas saWiroebs.

SevecadeT, Segvedarebina ramdenime saxe-simbolo sxvadasxva

poetTan – sad identuri iyo, sad antagonisturi da sad avtono-

miuri.A sizmris, bedisweris, glovis, mzis simbolikebi daamuSava

rusudan niSnianiZem, mis mier ganxiluli Temebidan Cven mxolod

“mgzavrs” mivmarTeT, radgan, albaT, es aris yvelaze rTuli da

mravalwaxnagovani saxe, yvelaze fleqsiuri mdgomareoba qar-

Tuli emigranti poetebisTvis da ara marto - saTqmelis recipi-

entamde misawvdenad, Sesabamisad igi araerT komentators iT-

xovs.

aseve mivmarTeT mcire kvlevas saleqso sazomTa, versifikaci-

is dasadgenad zogierT emigranti qarTveli poetis Semoqmede-

baSi, rac, Tavis mxriv, axali wamowyebaa da specialistisTagan

muSaobis gagrZelebas moiTxovs.

aqve davZenT erT sayuradRebo garemoebas – miuxedavad imisa,

rom emigrant poetebs wlebis ganmavlobaSi evropul litera-

turasTan uSualo Sexebis saSualeba hqondaT da, ocdaaTiani

wlebidan moyolebuli, uamrav saxelovnobo novacias adevneb-

dnen Tvals – rogorc formaluri, asve Tematuri Tvalsazri-

ararsebuli sazRvrebis gamo

164

siT, isini mainc im poeziis erTgulni darCnen, romelic XIX sau-

kinis dasasrulisa da XX saukunis adreuli wlebidan imemkvid-

reves. samomavlod,U uintereso ar iqneba dakvirveba, Tu riT aris

gamowveuli maTi gulgrili damokidebuleba im periodSi mimdi-

nare procesebisadmi – qarTvelebisTvis maxasiaTebeli integ-

raciis unaris naklebobiT, socialuri fonis gamo gamowveuli

mouclelobiT Tu, ubralod, warsulisadmi gadaWarbebuli siy-

varuliT (gnebavT, – samiveTi erTad).

mgzavris mosvlis gamo

sityva `mgzavri~, garda sxva araerTi datvirTvisa, religiuri

simbolocaa da mis Zalian zogad ganmartebas Tu movitanT -,,wu-

Tisoflad gamvlels’’ niSnavs (soloviovi).

empiriul religiur cnobierebaSi mogzaurobas, miuxedavad ri-

gi niuansuri sxvaobebisa – misioneruli xasiaTi aqvs da magali-

Tis mimcemia (qristianobaSi, mTavari mimarTulebebis warmomad-

genlebTan erTad, araerTi damoukidebeli ordenis beri da seq-

tanti, islamSi – derviSi, hinduizmSi – saniasi da a.S).

Sesabamisad, mgzavri, rac unda iracionalur sababs gvTavazob-

des, bunebrivia, konkretul Sedegzea orientirebuli.

es momenti kargad aris gamoyenebuli hagiografiaSi, patristi-

kaSi. ufro gvian, Suasaukuneebis saraindo romanisa da renesan-

sis teqstebi, ra Tqma unda, mgzavris saxes sxva formiT warmog-

vidgenen, Tumca miznis miRwevis da amiT danarCeni sazogadoe-

bis xsnis motivi SenarCunda.

romantizmis epoqaSi poeziam kidev ufro gadaamuSava es Tema da

mgzavrobas amsofliuri, zogadadamianuri tragizmis funqcia

SesZina (baironi, mickeviCi), qarTul romantizmSi am motivis

mTavari damnergvi, nikoloz baraTaSvili, TiTqmis koherentu-

lia evropeli poetebis da aseve davalebulia religiuri egze-

getikiT, roca iracionalur, angariSmiucemel swrafvas “gamar-

Tlebas” uZebnis:

“da Cems Semdgomad moZmesa Cemsa

siZnele gzisa gauadvildes,

da Seupovrad mas hune Tvisi

Savi bedis win gamouqroldes”

(“merani”)

meoce saukunis modernistulma cnobierebam Tema ufro egzis-

tencialuri gaxada. generalizacia rig SemTxvevSi imdenad far-

To iyo, rom mogvianebiT sxva disciplinebic SeierTa (magali-

giorgi kekeliZe

165

Tad, egzobiologia – mecniereba, romelic ikvlevda sicocxlis

dedamiwisgareSe formebs), Tumca Cvens SemTxvevaSi am motivis

is formebi gvainteresebs, romelic XX s. sawyis wlebSi da, ker-

Zod, qarTul literaturaSi gamovlinda.

valerian gafrindaSvili sruliad samarTlianad miiCnevda ga-

laktionis “lurja cxenebs” baraTaSvilis “meranTan” gapaeqre-

bis mcdelobad. orive leqsis genezisi apokalifsur xedvebs

ukavSirdeba da misi erTgvari aluziaa (Tumca, aRniSnaven, rom

“cecxlovani cxeni”, aRmosavlur astrologiur horoskopSi mi-

si dominirebis gamo, ufro adrindeli, romelime “gaqvavebuli

kulturis” personaJia).

Tu mecxramete saukune, qarTuli magaliTis mixedviT mainc, teq-

stis epilogur nawilSi indobs mkiTxvels, atomis periodis ev-

terpe gacilebiT mkacri da tragikulia, qronotopis gaazreba

imdenad subieqturia misTvis, rom drosac da sivrcesac erTma-

neTSi uwesrigod areulad aRiqvams, masSi mogzaurisTvis ki sit-

yva “gadarCena”, iseve rogorc “daRupva”, ironiuladac aRar

JRers – imdenad ucxo da araimanenturia – qrola, xetiali,

mgzavroba aq ar gulisxmobs arc sicocxles, arc sikvdils, ara-

med “raRac sxvas – mesames” (terenti graneli).

TvalsaCinoebisTvis “lurja cxenebis” finali:

“mxolod nislis TareSSi. samudamo mxareSi

zeviT Tu samareSi, wyevliT SenaCvenebi,

rogorc zRvis xetiali, rogorc bedis triali

Cqari grgvinva-grialiT qrian lurja cxenebi”

es qarTuli simbolisturi skolaa, ufro swored, am skolis

qrestomaTiuli nimuSi. am periodis narativis, diskursis amoc-

noba ar Wirs, arc misi impulsis dadgenaa rTuli saqme – kiTxva,

romelsac Cven vsvamT, am SemTxvevaSi sxva kuTxiTaa mimarTuli

– ramdenad sinqronulia emigranti qarTveli poetebis azrov-

neba Tundac am nimuSTan da, zogadad, qarTul poeziasTan, rom-

lic maT “Sin datoves” da romelic Tavisi gziT ganviTarda.

mgzavris Tema, rogorc erTi gansakuTrebuli maxasiaTebeli,

marTebulad gamoyo Tanamedrove mkvlevarma, rusudan niSnia-

niZem. misi definicia, am SemTxvevaSi, zedmiwevniT zustia. Mmo-

vixmob citatas:

“erTi saintereso mxatvruli saxe, romelic swored am dReebi-

dan mkvidrdeba, esaa – mgzavri (an mogzauri), adamiani, romelic

fuZes, keras, Tavis “Sin”-s daSorebia da gadaxvewilia. Tumca misi

Sinaarsi erTgvarad SeiZleba gaviazroT, dedamiwaze “Semoxete-

buli” da samSoblodan wasuli, gzaze damdgari” (rusudan niSnia-


166

niZe, “saqarTvelo samans aqeT da samans iqiT”. Tbilisi. 2005)

dagvianebis gamo

XX saukuneSi qarTuli poeziis lirikuli gmiri mZafrad ganic-

dis yvelgan da yovelTvis dagvianebis SegrZnebas.

1927 wels, yofili futuristi, simon Ciqovani, wers leqss “ mgzav-

ris simRera”. nawarmoebi, simarTle iTqvas, Tavidan ar gamoir-

Ceva pesimisturi ganwyobiT:

“sadgurSi mival daniSnul droze”

magram dasasrulisken es simyare TandaTan iklebs da eWvad iq-

ceva. Tumca mkiTxvelisTvis cxadia, rom es eWvi winaswar dadas-

turebulia da avtors sityva “albaT”-is nacvlad “aRar” rom da-

ewera, Tvisobrivad araferi Seicvleboda:

“ager mivyvebi ucxo vagonebs

Senze mRerali, Ramis mTevari,

axla mis iqiT irems magonebs

da me sad mivqri, Seni mdevari

albaT viqnebi sadgurSi droze,

Caqrnen RameSi Crdilni mTebisa.”

(da Tundac droze miaRwios, aseve cxadia, rom es is sadguri araa,

sadac elian)...

terenti graneli ufro melanqoliuri da Semguebelia, igi kiT-

xvebs ar svams, ubralod icis da ganicdis – rogorc aucilebels

da maradiuls:

“axlac Soreul megobars veli

romelmac ase daigviana” (“qalis agonia”)...

lirikuli gmiri midis daniSnulebis adgilze. folkloruli

tradiciidan moyolebuli (“Tavfaravneli Wabuki”, “Semomeyara

yivCaRi”) igi “ver” an “ar” axerxebs amas.

tician tabiZis leqsi “me yaCaRebma momkles aragvze” “Zalad”

mogviane mgzavris simReraa – igi bedisweras exmareba, aCqarebs

(“vici, momelis mainc es bedi”) da Sin momavali (savaraudod, sat-

rfosken) samudamod agvianebs da TviTmkvlelobas mxatvruli

efeqtebiT niRbavs:

“me yaCaRebma momkles aragvze”.

Ggalaktion tabiZeE TiTqos gamosavals poulobs – gamosavali no-

vaciuri ar gaxlavT msoflio literaturisTvis, piriqiTac -

magram TiTqos panaceaa (paliativi mainc ) da yvela mas mimar-

Tavs – sazogadoebisgan separacia, martokacobis poeturi idea:

giorgi kekeliZe

167

“waval da sadme davesaxlebi

am saukunis mgzavri gviani

sadac iqneba mtveri naklebi

da ufro nakleb adamiani...”

gviani mgzavris ideas amuSavebs emigranti qarTveli poeti si-

mon bereJianic. M”mgzavri” (daibeWda 1982 wels parizSi gamoce-

mul leqsebis krebulSi) erTi SexedviT folkloruli baladis

interpretacias miagavs:

“viyavi mefe da vgavar zRapars,

movkvdebi, isev gameRviZeba

Zvel koSkebidan avanTeb lampars

da mzeT-unaxavs CavesiZebi.

ejibs vubrZaneb: damaklda xedva

da vidre Ramem TmebSi gamaba,

momgvareT kvici, mkvircxli, uxedni

da saqorwilo momarTviT kaba.

arc sinanuli, arc Tavis daxra,

zecam marguna es bedi wilad:

uZluri mefe qarSi umayrod

mivemgzavrebi me saqorwilod”.

leqsi kompoziciuri da dramatulia, protagonisti ganwirulia

sikvdilisTvis da erTgan mas aseT frazas aTqmevinebs avtori:

,,da mec gadavkrav mgzavri gviani

mowamlul RviniT avsebul Tasebs”...

“gviani mgzavrobis” SegrZneba galaktionTan da simon bereJian-

Tan identuria, problemis gadawyveta ki – diqotomiuri. gior-

gi gamyreliZis leqsi “roca cacxvebis grZeli Crdilebi” (dai-

wera 1926 wels. dabeWdilia krebulSi “gviani rTveli”, santiago

de Cile, 1960 w.) sxva ganwyobiT aviTarebs Temas.

lirikul gmirs samSobloSi deda elodeba (aq, albaT, SeniSnavT

nostalgiuri narativis niSnebs, magram imave warmatebiT Sev-

ZlebT zogadkacobriulTan mimarTebis danaxvas), gmiri ki sa-

mudamod darCenila ucxo qveyanaSi. imdenad uperspeqtivoa mi-

si yofa am mxriv, rom Tavs aRarc im gvian mgzavrad Tvlis, rome-

lic Sebindebisas Caivlis sofelSi:

“da Tu gaisma fexis xma neli

mgzavris gvianis-soflis SaraSi

Sen imzirebi svel fanjaraSi

da me amaod, amaod meli”


168

cxeni – mgzavris umTavresi transporti

es tradiciac (ra Tqma unda, mistikur-tropuli gagebiT) niko-

loz baraTaSvilis “mernidan” iRebs saTaves da XX saukunis qar-

Tul poeziaSi iseve transformirdeba, rogorc sxva araerTi

simbolo.

galaktion tabiZe yvelaze xSirad da masStaburad mimarTavs am

Temas. Mmxedari – cxeni (an cxenebi) – samyaro (“lurja cxenebi”,

“efemerebi” da a.S.). Tumca aranaklebia am mxriv, emigranti poe-

tis, giorgi gamyreliZis memkvidreoba. aqve davZenT, rom gam-

yreliZe iyo axlo megobari tician tabiZis da paolo iaSvilisa

(am ukanasknels biZaSvilad ergeboda), cxovrobda quTaisSi, sa-

dac gimnaziaSi gamosca Jurnali “baRdadis weroebi” (aqedanac

unda veZioT simbolistur nakadTan misi aseTi organuli kavSi-

ri). cxenis, rogorc adamianis mamoZravebeli (am sityvis orgva-

ri – pirdapiri da mxatvruli gagebiT) simbolos xedva poetis

SemoqmedebaSi ise viTardeba, TiTqos kompoziciurad erT siu-

Jetur qargasTan gvqondes saqme. dinamika daRmavalia – baraTaS-

vilis da galaktionis mernebis ideas exmianeba, mere pragmatul

xasiaTs sZens da erT-erT leqsSi satiruli ganwyobiT gvirgvin-

deba.

“lurji monoklis” dasawyisi `lurja cxenebis” ritmikas gvago-

nebs:

“giJuri aSvebiT da Tav anaSvebi

eolis raSebi dahqrodnen frTamali.

ocnebas scioda, Rrublebi sdioda,

grigali hyioda da cecxli gamali”

ganwyoba aqac apokalifsuria – gardauvalia da yvelafers wa-

lekviT emuqreba:

“saxuravebze asdioda qalaqs aruli

Dda ecemoda setyvasaviT rkina da Tuji

meRupeboda am qalaqSi Rrma siyvaruli”

(sanugeSod darCenili “lurji monokli”, romelSic “cisfrad

sCanda cecxlis aruli”, erTi mxriv, poetis TavSesafaria, meo-

re mxriv, aq SeiZleba gulubryvilo aluziis niSnebi davinaxoT)

leqsi “cxenebi” msgavsi suraTiT iwyeba:

“mze qalaqs edeba cecxlian enebiT

asfaltze iRvreba: kupri da melani”

da moulodneli situaciiT grZeldeba:

“quCaze damdgaran Sebmuli cxenebi

giorgi kekeliZe

169

daRlilni, daRlilni arian yvelani”

daRlili da, gansakuTrebiT, Sebmuli cxenebi, ukve sxva esTe-

tikis niSania, axali, teqnikuri azrovnebis primatis niSani. ukeT

aRsaqmelad moviyvanT bolo or strofs:

“pauza daRlilebs. Ddaipyro qimiam

qveyana, omic da mebrZolic.

da cxenis magier gvaZlevs energias

motori: eleqtro-bencoli.

damSviddiT, cxenebo! Ddro dadga netari

yofnaSi SeiWra axali faqtori:

zecaSi miafrens aparats mxedari

miwispirs miarRvevs traqtori.”

teqnokratuli terminebis SemoWra leqsSi da poeturi opozi-

ciebis neologizmebiT gamZafreba, SeiZleba, Tanamedrove mkiT-

xvels cota xelovnurad moeCvenos, Tumca im epoqisTvis (1920-

iani wlebi) es Zalian organuli da Sesabamisi azrovneba gaxldaT.

ganwyoba ironizdeba da mZafrdeba sxva leqsSi. leqsis saTauri

“rosinanti”, ra Tqma unda, aris pirdapiri miniSneba – Tu rome-

li tipis personaJis mixedviT agebs avtori leqss, magram aqve

Cndeba iribi gancda baraTaSvilis nawarmoebis aluziis:

“Tqven xom icnobdiT sakvirvel merans!

(sadRaa axla msgavsi cxenebi!)~

da dasasrulic saocrad cxadad exmianeba axla ukve XX saukunis

qarTul poezias. es striqonebi, gnebavT, raJden gvetaZis “vi-

rebis mesiis” Soreul reminiscenciad CaTvaleT:

“da darCa sanCos da imis virebs

mas Semdeg burTi da moedani”

mernis virad qcevis idea swored im dekadensuri garemos pir-

mSoa, sadac emigranti poeti SemoqmedebiTad yvelaze kargad

grZobda Tavs (da igi didad ar gansxvavdeba, vTqvaT, giorgi le-

oniZis ganwyobisgan - “raSo, miwas miWedilo, veRar aiqrole”),

sainteresoa, rogor amuSavebs am Temas simon bereJiani xsene-

bul leqsSi “mgzavri”:

“Cemo merano, gadiqec qarad!”

gahkafe mkerdiT tyeni uvali,

sad mamam brZoliT dRes gaiara,

gaivlis medgrad xval momavali”

reminiscenciulobisadmi avtoris Segnebuli midrekilebis Se-

saxeb rom ar vicodeT, egeb gvefiqra, rom plagiatobisken wa-

ucda xeli, magram simon bereJianis talantis da gamocdilebis


170

mqone poetze saubrisas amis Tqma uprincipo sulswrafoba iqne-

ba.

simon bereJiani ufro did aqcents mxedris fenomenze akeTebs,

romelic gaorebulia mefur didebas da romantiul xetials So-

ris. Ddasasrulic bundovanebis SegrZnebas iwvevs - pasuxgauce-

meli kiTxviT:

“romeli cxovrobs axla Cven orSi!

dRe mzis TvalebiT CemSi vis xedavs?

bednier mefes Tu svel mindorSi

gayinul cxenze usulo mxedars?”

emigranti poetis, Salva amirejibis, leqsSi “mogzaurs” (“minan-

qrebi”, wignis gamomcemloba arabiZis da amx. Tbilis. 1920), iseve

rogorc, TiTqmis didi nawili misi poeziisa, davalebuli aris

qarTveli romantikosebisgan – dawyebuli leqsika-frazeolo-

giiT, saTqmelis identurobiT damTavrebuli (magaliTisTvis -

“ginaxavs Sena, SoriT mavals, mgzavro daRlilo, adgilni mwir-

ni, udaburni da veranani” da a.S.). zedmetad ar gveCveneba, vTqvaT,

rom misi Semoqmedeba neoromantizmis CarCoebs ufro esadage-

ba, vidre simbolizmis an nebismieri modernistuli skolisa, ro-

melTa gamovlinebasac im periodis literaturul saqarTvelo-

Si hqonda adgili. sicocxlis, wuTisoflis warmavlobis idea

mgzavris saxeSia identificirebuli, – xedva impersonalistu-

ria (vaiSnavizmi, Sopenhaueri) anu sazogado, msoflio sevdis mo-

tivebis gamoZaxili, Sesabamisad, pesimisturi ganwyoba Warbobs

– (“mogzauri var mec Senebri, he warmavalo”). Salva amirejibis

mgzavri imiTac aris gamorCeuli, rom mas merani ar hyavs, Tumca

bediswera imaves uqadis, rasac baraTaSvilis protagonists –

“vici waSlian CemTa ferxTa naterfals qarni da mzisa mtverni

waeyrian cremlis gubesa” – im gansxvavebiT, rom, rogorc aR-

vniSneT, Salva amirejibTan samomavlo optimizmis niSnebi am

konkretul leqsSi mainc ar ikiTxeba.

P.S. mernis saxe XX saukunis qarTul poeziaSi zogierT SemTxve-

vaSi matarebelma Caanacvla, Tumca misi adgilis daWera mainc

ver SeZlo.

TvalsaCinoebisTvis, albaT, imis gaxsenebac kmara, rom komu-

nisturi epoqis ideebis iseTi apologetic ki, rogoric alio

mircxulava gaxldaT, gverds ar uvlis am saxes, metic, asparez-

ze sakuTari bedaurebi gamoyavs da sxvebs metoqed uyenebs:

,,ismis mTebis guguni

da sxivebis Rreoba,

giorgi kekeliZe

171

caze Rrublis raSebi

cecxls aCenen WenebiT,

am udabno midamos,

am ukuneT xeobas,

ver gaivlis `merani”

da verc `lurja cxenebi”.

(,,naxtomi mzisken”)

ukanmoxedvis gamo

giorgi gamyreliZes, romlis Sesaxebac zemoT ukve mogvixda sa-

ubari, aqvs kidev ori saintereso leqsi – “mgzavris ambavi” da

“mogzauris ocneba” (maT yuradReba miaqcia rusudan niSniani-

Zemac).

“mgzavris ambavi”, garda tipuri uimedobis gancdisa, aRTqmuli

adgilis vermoxilviT gamowveuli tragizmisa (“magram ver mix-

vel dapirebul lurj qveyanaSi, daeci gzaze sasikvdilod daW-

rili Sveli”), imiTac aris saintereso, rom masSi moulodnelad

Cndeba Tamar mefis saxe (dasawyisSi da dasasrulSi), calke aRe-

buli leqsis ZiriTadi nawili simbolisturi teqstis STabeWdi-

lebas tovebs – “swer qarvis leqsebs da Sedixar mkrTal nirva-

naSi, rogorc Tavadi gekvari, Zroxebis mcveli”, “Sen gaiare fex-

SiSvelma mravali veli”, “da `Wknebi mzeze, viT alerdi gvalviT

yanaSi ” da am dros “Sen rom gecxovra, gearseba oqros xanaSi,

dagifarvda Tamar mefis fiqalis xeli”.

Tamar mefis kultis gadmotana poeziaSi iSviaTi sulac ar gax-

lavT (gr. robaqiZe, g.leoniZe), magram emigranti poetis am leq-

sSi mas sul sxva datvirTva aqvs – samSoblos magivrobas swevs.

Mmgzavri, romelic saqarTvelos verasdros miaRwevs, ocnebiT

warsuls elodeba, masSi cxovrebas cdilobs, “dedoflis Sveni-

eri xelis” eimedeba, magram meoce saukunis dekadenturi suli

aqac Cris uimedo “rom”-s da kidev erTxel amtkicebs, meoce sa-

ukuneSi ocnebac koreqtirebadia.

rusudan niSnianiZe miuTiTebs gamyreliZis meore leqsis,

“mgzavris ocnebis” pirdapir kavSirze bibliur wignebTan da Z-

veli aRTqmidan daZrul asociaciebs ganixilavs. mag.: “moxda sas-

wauli did da Zvir, damibrunda egvipteSi gayiduli Svili” (Sea-

dareT iakobisa da iosebis ambavi); virtualur realobaSi dab-

runebul poet-iosebs samSobloc virtualuri aqvs:


172

“ara, isev mdidari var,

Zveli ocnebiT vTbebi

venaxic maqvs, saxnavebic

tyec da saTibebic”

da misi optimizmic pirobiTia:

“da Tu mimces ucxoeTs

miwas bedi avi,

Tu Cems saflavs ver itirebs

Zma da naTesavi, –

Ookeanes gadmolaxavs

saqarTvelos qari

da CamZaxebs ”salams giTvlis

rioni da mtkvari”

esec mgzavrobis erTe-rTi forma qarTul literaturaSi – sam-

Soblodan da samSoblosken (pirveli – iZulebiTi da ganxorci-

elebuli, meore – nebiTi da ganuxorcielebeli).

epistoleTa gamo

“wigni vnaxe misi iyo”

SoTa rusTaveli

“saidumlo baraTo

meqmen…meqmen marado”

akaki wereTeli

“werili” XX saukunis dasawyisis qarTul poeziaSi xSirad gvxvde-

ba da mas Civilis forma ufro aqvs, vidre ubralo mokiTxvis. ume-

tes SemTxvevaSi is sofelSi an soflidan igzavneba da adresati,

rogorc wesi, ojaxis wevria. werils arc saburvelSemoxveuli

romantikul-mistikuri elferi dakravs, rogorc es mezobel XIX

saukunes uyvarda – igi pirdapiria da realisturi, zogjer ci-

nikuric. avtori (an, – rig magaliTebSi, – werilis mimRebi, ro-

melic mTavar gmirad gvevlineba) Svelas naklebad iTxovs, igi

ufro ibarebs raRac mniSvnelovans da sicocxleze metad auci-

lebels.

yvelaze cnobili epistolaruli Janris leqsi, paolo iaSvilis

“werili dedas” (1916 w.) monaniebanarevi sityvebiT iwyeba:

giorgi kekeliZe

173

“davtove sofeli-

myudro samyofeli...”

“TviTkritikiT” grZeldeba:

“da davikuntebi

qalaqis quCebSi me - salaxana”

TandaTan avtori imCnevs, rom, miuxedavad “soflis siwmindisa”,

igi mainc qalaqs (Tu poetebisaa) airCevs:

“roca me qalaqSi mawuxebs, maxelebs

yvela yelsaxvevi. Savi xelTaTmani”

es “Sewuxeba” da “gaxeleba”, ra Tqma unda, mxolod dadebiT kon-

teqstSi ixsenieba parizis bohemebs TvalSenavleb paolosTvis.

Semdeg igi verc iqaurobas iguebs (nebiT Tu iZulebiT):

“iqneb Cven Tbilisi xval yvelam davtovoT”

(iZulebaze imitomac mivuTiTeT, rom mkiTxvels qarTul emig-

raciaze arcTu Soreuli asociacia aRZvroda).

leqsi miwerili TxovniT mTavrdeba, poeti grZnobs, rom sofe-

li mis samudamo warsulSi darCa:

“deda! inaxule

Sen wminda xaxuli!

wadi fexSiSveli,

qalaqSi dakarguli SvilisTvis Rame gaaTie”

deda pasuxs ociode wlis dagvianebiT moiwers. giorgi gamyre-

liZis leqsi “Zveli baraTi, anu dedis werili” 1938 wels aris da-

werili, sazRvargareT ukve didi xnis gadaxvewili poeti saqar-

Tvelodan dedis TvalebiT iyureba da dedis xeliT wers:

“Zvirfaso Svilo!

cxare cremli minamavs saxes

am werils rom gwer,

da damwvari Cemi gulia,

Cemi survili:

Sen rom erTxel kidev menaxe-

gulis kunWulSi

samudamod Senaxulia. ”

mere mSobels elandeba, rom misi Svili dabrunda ucxo coliT

da unaxavi SviliSvilebiT:

“da Cem mkvdar gulSi

kvlav inTeba imedis Suqi”

am striqonebis Semdeg leqss sruliad moulodneli gadawyveta

aqvs; erTmaneTs mosdevs frazebi:

“magram mainc gwer,


174

Cemo biWo, nu dabrundebi!

gza ari Cvenken

momavali Bboroti, avi.

Cven movlil venaxs

Seesia eklebis xvavi

da Cven samreklos

dasCxavian yvavTa gundebi.”

da mTavrdeba ase:

“nu moxval, Svilo!

giTvli deda, me mariami;

saqarTveloSi –

aRar aris CvenTvis alagi”

aravin icis, ras niSnavs es sityvebi, sabWoTa xelisuflebis pir-

dapir kritikas Tu gardauvali verdabrunebis grZnobis farul

Serbilebas – faqti erTia – qalaqel poetsa da soflel dedas,

qarTvel dedasa da sazRvargareT gadakargul Svils Soris xi-

di uimedod Catyda an Caangries.

dedis werili ilo mosaSvilmac miiRo, oRond gacilebiT adre

da TbilisSi (“baraTi” 1920 w.):

“Seni werili miviRe guSin,

rogor daedo wamlad iarebs”

da pasuxadac imaves uTvlis, rasac megobari “cisferyanweli”:

“dedi, dagtove, ra gamovida,

cxovrebam ufro xeli damria!

vatyob, sofelSi veRar movitan

mkerds baRdadians da wels qamrians”

paolo iaSvilTan SedarebiT, “baraTis” avtori ufro tragiku-

lad aRiqvams movlenas:

“mtanjavs dRemudam fiqri arjali

da mZime jvari zurgze mkidia,

Cemi niSnobis qamar-xanjali

cols mepurisTvis miuyidia”

ilo mosaSvils cxadad warmoudgenia soflis scenebi – deda sar-

TaviT, mayruli da mercxlis bude, oRond es warmodgenebi ki-

dev ufro umZafrebs sadardels:

“Tumca verc natvras wamier lxeniT

verc yinuls daZravs wamiT galRoba

me damrCes gulSi ocneba Tqveni

Tqven – uzrunveli Cemi balRoba.”

uaRresad originaluri formiT (rogorc versifikaciuli, ise

giorgi kekeliZe

175

Sinaarsis TvalsazrisiT) aris mowodebuli emigranti poetis,

simon bereJianis leqsi “elo” (winadadebaTa wyobiT waagavs uit-

menis stils, romelsac qarTul literaturaSi yvelaze xSirad

mogvianebiT muxran maWavariani mimarTavda). neologizmebis

garda, bereJiani iyenebs barbarizmebs, riTac giorgi erisTavis

dramaturgias enaTesaveba, Tumca, rusicizmebis nacvlad, aq

frangulia dominanti. aseve xSirad mimarTavs asobgera “las”-

iT gawyobil literacias – SedarebisTvis aq paolo iaSvilis “aso

lasi” SegviZlia movixmoT)

leqsis siuJeti aseTia – safrangeTSi mcxovrebi emlo saqarTve-

lodan elos werils elodeba. lodini gaWianurdeba.

“ra vqna, ra gaxda lioniii

rato ar modis fostalioniii”

da ai erTxel:

“erT saRamoTi,

(iqneboda saaTis aTi)

gasvrili mtverSi

erTTavad TeTri

dabrunda otelSi

–musio, vort letr!

werili aiRo.

–wyalmac waiRo

Tqveni francia!

–madamjan, tuJur kontribucia?!

Sevida oTaxSi...”

emlo gaiSxlarTeba sawolze da werilis kiTxvas iwyebs:

“qmaro-jan, mama sayvarelo, emlo Zvirfaso,

cremliT daswera Senma elom yoveli aso

ex, samarTali ar arsebobs CemTvis zecaSi!

rad dagvaoble, riTvin waxvel zagranicaSi”

da a.S.

dis, pelos werilicaaa:

“emlo, jan, emlo! rom wamoxval, Sen genacvale,

or-ori xeli wamogviRe narmis sacvali.

tanTa ara gvaqvs, titlikanebs gvwyuria, gvSia,

mewveli Zroxac ki waasxes koleqtivSia.”

vfiqrobT, komentari gaaubraloebs im saTqmels, rac simon be-

reJianma am leqsSi igulisxma.

giorgi gamyreliZes, garda Zveli baraTisa, aqvs kidev erTi leq-

si, romelic werilis formiT aris mowodebuli.


176

es nawarmoebi sruliad gansxvavedeba aqamde ganxiluli teqste-

bisagan. hqvia – “colis werili gamgzavrebis win”. poeti cdi-

lobs, qalisa da mamkacis intimuri cxovrebis detalebi ironi-

zebuli gaxados, da aRwevs Tu ara amas, ufro ukeT paolo iaSvi-

lis erT leqsTan SedarebiT davaskvniT, romlis saTauri aris

“Zaxili” da aseve qal-vaJis ganSorebis Semdeg periods exeba. mar-

Talia, am ukanasknels, g. gamyreliZis leqsisgan gansxvavebiT,

savaraudod, safuZvlad konfliqti udevs, magram Cven aq ufro

mimarTebis damokidebuleba gvainteresebs da, Sesabamisad, mog-

vyavs magaliTic. orive SemTxvevaSi qali saubrobs:

“Zvirfaso giorgi, sayvarelo

meuRlev Cemo!

minda am baraTs mgzavrobis win

cota ram davrTo,

moiqce ise, rogorca vwer

yvelafers qvemoT

im xnis manZilze, sanamde

xar uCemod, marto” (giorgi gamyreliZe)

“margalitebi mogxvie yelze samwyeba,

margalitebi, iagundebi.

ar SemiZlia Seni saxis gadaviwyeba,

ar dabrundebi?” (paolo iaSvili)

colis werilis avtori sayofacxovrebo momentis SemotaniT

ufro da ufro amZafrebs iumors:

“sayinuleSi Zexvia da naWeri loris,

karaqi, yveli da kvercxebic,

rac ginda yvela.

roca ixmaro finjani da saini ori

garecxe sapniT vaxSmisTvis da

yavis sasmelad” (giorgi gamyreliZe)

“ar SemiZlia daviwyeba Seni

saxisa

Ddavfare Rame bneli

nawnavebiT

vixuteb vnebiT msubuq haers Cems

oTaxisas

TeTri mklavebiT”

(paolo iaSvili)

giorgi kekeliZe

177

rogorc vxedavT, qarTveli poetebis werilebSi araferia op-

timizis msgavsic ki – arc avtorisTvis da arc adresatisTvis,

imdenad, ramdenadac es qveTavi Tamamad SegviZlia simon bere-

Jianis leqsiT davasruloT:

“eloda, eloda

werils emlo da

netav ar mieRo!”

poetis cnebisTvis

XIX saukunis II naxevris qarTulma mwerlobam poetis cnebis sami

avtoris definicia SesTavaza mkiTxvels. samiveSi misi roli miR-

mier samyarosa da wuTisofelSi nawildeba, igia erTgvari medi-

atori qveyanasa da zeciur sauflos Soris:

“me ca mniSnavs da eri mzrdis

miwieri zeciersa;

RmerTTan misTvis vlaparakob

rom warvuZRve wina ersa”

(ilia WavWavaZe)

“Suakaci var ubralo

xan miwisa var, xan cisa”

(akaki wereTeli)

“vamayob imiT, rom miwas miwad

Dda cas ciurad miveTavazi”

(vaJa-fSavela)

XX saukunis pirveli naxevris qarTuli lirikis mamoZravebel

Zalad simbolizmi iqca. iracionalur, feeriul xilvebs CaWide-

buli poeziisTvis patriotizmis cneba SedarebiT dabali ran-

gis aRmoCnda, mas sxva interesebi hqonda:

“TeTrad aTeneb: Tavs gesxmian avi bodvebi,

bneda gereva miwis wylulis xilviT gaosils,

damxrCval katebSi gagondeba mTvaris codvebi”

(grigol robaqiZe, “frang poets”)

nacionalizmis SegrZneba sruliad gamousadegar iaraRad iqca

– poeti msoflio moqalaqe unda gamxdariyo:

“mgosnis goneba sarkea sruli.

ar aris misTvis samSoblo kerZod.


178

yvelgan erTia musika sulis

da suli brunavs msoflio RerZad”

(aleqsandre abaSeli, “Soreuli napiri”)

metic, poetisTvis da poeziisTvis yovelgvari socialuri faq-

tori waiSala, maqsimalurad TviTkmari gaxda, gareSe azrisgan

da gavlenisgan sruliad damoukidebeli:

“CemTvis mivdivar da CemTvis vmReri”

(valerian gafrindaSvili, “poezia”)

leqsi iqca upirveles da ukanasknel TavSesafrad:

“Tu samSoblo mainc ar momeferos

me movkvdebi, rogorc poets Sehferis.

simRerebi xalisis da brZolisa:

poezia upirveles yovlisa”

(galaktion tabiZe, “poezia upirveles yovlisa”)

lirikuli nawarmoebi avtors sakuTar sicocxled uRirs:

“me ar vwer leqsebs, …leqsi TviTon mwers,

Cemi sicocxle am leqss Tan axlavs.”

(tician tabiZe, “leqsi mewyeri”)

“da Tu es leqsi unda iyos ukanaskneli

maSin es Zori yvavebisTvis gasatania”

(paolo iaSvili, “poezia”)

poetis fenomeni imdenad gafetiSda, rom dedamiwaze tusaRis

roli moirgo:

“Savi fiqrebi grovdeba isev,

dgeba wamebis TeTri saaTi.

miwa ar minda da rogorc qriste,

mec vemzadebi gafrenisaTvis”

(terenti graneli, “poeti patimari”)

amgvari ganwyoba modernistuli skolis poetebisTvis sruliad

bunebrivi gaxldaT, cota arabunebrivi, maTi teqstebi ufro

mogvianebiT, istoriuli realobis mkveTri cvlilebisa da sab-

WoTa xelisuflebis totaluri diqtatis pirobebSi axmianda.

(amaze ufro vrclad saubrobs akaki baqraZe wignSi ,,mwerlobis

moTviniereba”). Mmasobrivi represiebis SiSma aiZula isini, er-

Txmad “moenaniebinaT” Zveli pozicia da poezia isev konkretul

wamowyebaTa (am SemTxvevaSi revolucia da postrevoluciuri

periodi) damxmare iaraRad eqciaT. amas axal droebasTan ala-

verdis gadasvla (t. tabiZe) ewoda:

“mxiblavda mwuxris poeziis Savi mantia

axla ki vambob: roca irgvliv cecxli anTia

giorgi kekeliZe

179

brZolis magivrad atirdeba mxolod jabani”

(aleqsandre abaSeli, “poetebs”)

“samSoblosTvis, rogorc rigiTma

mebrZolma, unda vixado vali

amin! de, Cemi saTuTi riTma

omSi avardes, viT qariSxali”

(ioseb griSaSvili, “Tbilisis poeti”)

“davdgeT iq, sadac qariSxalia

Dda sisxliani dgas angelosi

axal grigalebs vwiravT sicocxles

Cven, poetebi saqarTvelosi”

(galaktion tabiZe, “Cven, poetebi saqarTvelosi”)

“amxanagebo, nu gezarebaT

Camocileba Zveli fesvebis

droa gadiqcen oqros zarebad

Aacremlebuli Cveni leqsebi”

(paolo iaSvili, “poeti da adamiani”)

aucileblad unda aRvniSnoT, rom poeti-mebrZolis fenomeni

literaturuli TvalsazrisiT, sulac ar gaxlavT dasaZraxi.

(mTels msoflioSi, romantizmis zogierTi didi da realizmis

TiTqmis yvela warmomadgeneli, swored, am niSniT aris cnobi-

li), ubralod, am avtorebisTvis es ar iyo maxasiaTebeli ganwyo-

ba da, Sesabamisad, xelovnurobis STabeWdilebas qmnis (Tumca

istoriuli konteqsti aucileblad aris gasaTvaliswinebeli).

im periodis qarTul literaturas hyavda iseTi poeti, romlis-

Tvisac moZraobis kulti, sicocxlis, rogorc brZolis, idea

ganmsazRvreli da bunebrivic iyo:

“dRevandeli dRis pasux-mgebelo,

Caasvi sityva tyvia tyviaSi!

miwas ar axsovs, iyos poeti

gamomwyvdeuli kubos wyvdiadSi

(giorgi leoniZe, “siWabuke da leqsi erTia”)

patriotuli suliskveTebaa misi poeturi narativis umTavresi

xazi:

“gulis naTeli me mipovia

qarTlis didebis me var mnaxveli

samSoblo – Cemi gulis feTqvaa

samSoblo – Cemi leqsis saxeli”

(“vumRer samSoblos”)

giorgi gamyreliZe poetis misiaze iSviaTad wers. gGamonaklis-


180

Tagnia leqsi “poeti da poezia”. avtori nawarmoebSi “marTlis

Tqmis” da “bolomde daxarkvis” principebis gamtarebelia, mis-

Tvis iluzirebuli metyveleba fuW da yalb teqsts gulisxmobs:

“Tu ityvi gancdils, damdagvels, marTals,

Tu Sig ar Segyva Cmaxva misxalic,

mkiTxvelis guli daiwyebs farTxals,

rogorc ankesze Tevzi cincxali.

poeziaa: grigali qari,

sisxli: melani da nawerebi,

riTma lamazi: kalmaxi Cqari,

grZnoba ankesi da facerebi.”

Znelia, am striqonebis mixedviT gadaWriT daaskvna: zemoT mo-

tanil magaliTTagan Tu romeli ideis momxrea poeti – albaT

ufro Sualeduri pozicia uWiravs. Zalian saintereso ganviTa-

reba aqvs simon bereJianis “mgosans”. SinaarsiT igi TiTqmis iden-

turia im leqsebisa, romlebic qarTvelma poetebma “axali cxov-

rebis” dadgomas miuZRvnes, magram maTgan gansxvavebiT emigran-

ti avtori Tavisufalia cenzurisagan da misi saTqmeli araa na-

Zaladevi, igi gulwrfeli SegnebiT uaryofs Tavis liriul saw-

yiss da mas patriotuli JiniT anacvlebs, Tan ise, rom arc war-

suls inaniebs, – ubralod, sakuTar adgilas tovebs, rogorc Ta-

vis droze misaReb formas:

“davcqeri miwas tyviiT daxuruls da vambob ase:

unda miviRo dawyevlili xana axali,

unda gavyino CemSi sxivi maRal parnasis,

gavzardo gulSi civi gveli da qariSxali.”

piriqiT, sinanuli mas axali droebis mantiis mosxmis gamo ufro

aqvs, Tumca miznis misaRwevad am dananebasac male risxvad gada-

aqcevs:

“ras vaqnev sityvas, haerovans awonilis misxliT,

ros gars martyia ekliani rkinis mavTuli!

melnad davwure noyieri qarTuli sisxli,

kalmad mipyria xelSi basri xmali qarTuli”

mgosnis simon bereJianiseuli ideac Camoyalibda:

“var Cemi qveynis guldamwvari Wirisufali

eris brwyinvale momavaliT msurs gavixaro

Tu saqarTvelo ar iqneba Tavisufali

de, mtvrad qceuli damenaxos mTeli samyaro.”

rogorc vxedavT, poetis, gansakuTrebuli, socialurad aqtiu-

ris, gnebavT, tribunis saxe emigranti poetebis teqstebSic coc-

giorgi kekeliZe

181

xlobs, – es is saxea, romelic 50-iani, 60-iani wlebis qarTuli

literaturisTvis umTavres, ganmsazRvrel niSad iqca.

..........

saxe-simboloTa Sesaxeb saubari, ra Tqma unda, am Temis irgvliv

amiT ar amoiwureba. Cveni yuradReba miiqcia sarkis, rTvelis,

Tovlis, zRvis simbolikaTa msgavsebebma ganxiluli avtorebis

SemoqmedebaSi, Tumca es samomavlo kvlevis miznad gvaqvs gada-

naxuli.

sazomebi

formalistuli Ziebebis kuTxiT qarTvel emigrant poetTa Se-

moqmedeba novaciurobiT ar gamoirCeva. avtorebi gaurbian eq-

sperimentebs da, erTi-ori gamonaklisi SemTxvevis garda, im

versifikaciul formebs eyrdnobian, romelTa ganaxlebac qar-

Tul poeziaSi “cisferyanwelTa” ordens ukavSirdeba.

leqsebis umravlesoba izosilaburia, heterosilabizms mxolod

iSviaTad da isic xSirad uneblied daSvebuls vxvdebiT. sone-

tebs werda grogol robaqiZe. igi am saleqso modelis erT-erT

pirvel damamkvidreblad iTvleba qarTul poeziaSi. Ppoetis cno-

bil camet sonets ukve hqonda gamoxmaurebebi leqsTmcodneo-

baSi (akaki xinTibiZe – “grigol robaqiZis sonetebi”, Tamar bar-

baqaZe – “Sens sonetebSi gadareva Sekruli rokavs”) , amitomac

maTze aRar SevCerdebiT. sonetis garda, erTaderTi forma, ro-

melic xazgasmiT aris miTiTebuli, stansebia. mas, ZiriTadad,

Salva amirejibi iyenebs.

stansebi provansul literaturaSi aRmocenda da patara sasim-

Rero xasiaTis leqss ewoda. igi gansxvavebulia grZeli sasimRe-

ro kanconebisgan da sxva Janruli formebisgan. evropul stan-

sebSi strofebis ricxvi meryeobs 4-dan 12-mde. rusul stanseb-

Si dominanturia oTxstrofiani iambi, jvaredini riTmiTa da oT-

xstriqoniani strofiT. stansebs mimarTavda a. puSkini (maTi Tar-

gmanebi qarTul enaze paolo iaSvils ekuTvnis). sityvis genezi-

sad franguli `stance~ da italuri `stanza~, anu sadgomi oTaxi,

dgindeba. Aa. kviatkovskis leqsikonis mixedviT, stansebis mTa-

vari maxasiaTebeli aris is, rom oTxtaepiani strofebisgan Sed-

genili leqsia da saerTo TemiT aris gamTlianebuli. misi yove-

li strofi dasrulebulia, rogorc Sinaarsis (azris, saxis), ise


182

formis mxriv. yvela strofis riTmuli sqema erTnairia (mag: jva-

redini), magram riTma ar meordeba. TiToeuli strofis bolos

aucilebelia pauza. anJambebani ar gvxvdeba.

qarTul poeziaSi galaktion tabiZis da paolo iaSvilis stanse-

bia cnobili.

Salva amirejibis stansebi arakanonikuria. igi arRvevs oTxtae-

piani strofis Semdeg dasasmeli pauzis princips, erTmaneTis-

gan pirvel da ukanasknel strofs mijnavs, oTxtaepedsac ar as-

rulebs, Txroba momdevno striqonSi gadaaqvs:

“icnobT Tu ara, Tqven saxeebs aq aRbeWdilebs,

Tqven, romelTac ki gekuTvniT fiqri da zrunva!

igonebT Tu ar, droebs warsuls, ganvlil manZilebs,

Tqven, romelTac ki momaniWeT amdeni Wmunva!

Tqven, Tqven gekuTvniT saidumlo Cem gulis TqmaTa”

(“stansebi” (icnobT Tu ara))

SedarebiT ufro mowesrigebulia sxva “stansebi” (laura krens).

erT leqsSi, romelsac aseve “stansebi” aqvs saTaurad, poeti sxva

mxriv Tanmimdevrulia, Tumca strofebis gamijvnas aqac zemoT

xsenebuli meTodiT axdens.

yvelaze popularuli ori sazomia – muxambazis variacia, e.w.

“mcire besikuri” (5/4/5) da simetriuli aTmarcvledi (5/5).

“besikuri”, romelic “cisferyanwelebma” aRadgines qarTul

leqsSi, gamoiyena Salva amirejibma (“stansebSi”, “mogzaurs”, “ke-

isris coli”, “mTeli sicocxle”, “ici Sen mxare”, “exla ki mje-

ra”), giorgi gamyreliZem (“Zveli hangebi”, “yvela simReras mir-

Cevnia”, “Zveli baraTi”, “Cveni mxare”, “damSvidobeba” da a.S.) am

formas arcTu xSirad mimarTavs simon bereJiani, Tumca misi sap-

rogramod saxeldebuli leqsi “mgosani” am sazomiTaa gamarTle-

buli. miiCneven, rom es forma saTqmelis ufro advilad da sru-

lad gamoxatvis saSualebas iZleva.

magaliTisTvis:

“Tu gamarjveba ar arsebobs sisxlis gareSe,

mxolod sisxlisTvis gixmobs Cemi buki-naRara

ise ar Caval, ciT mosuli, bnel samareSi

Tu ar SevRebe mtrebis sisxliT Cemi QWaRara”

(simon bereJiani, “mgosani”)

“kmara zRaprebi, poetebo, uqmi nugeSi:

musika, sevda, yvavilebi, leqsTa wyobebi

miwaa msuqan behemotTa gaxrwnili leSi;

kacobrioba: bacilebi da mikrobebi”

giorgi kekeliZe

183

(giorgi gamyreliZe, “miwaa leSi behemotis”)

rekordsmeni mainc simetriuli aTmarcvledia, Salva amireji-

bis (“kojors”, ”ezenami”, “nu etyvi pos”, “meris”, “maskaradi” da

a.S.), simon bereJianis (“maradisoba”, “ukvdaveba”, “mgzavri”, “sam-

Soblo ucxoeTSi” da a.S.), da giorgi gamyreliZis Semoqmedebis

udidesi nawili swored simetriuli aTmarcvlediT gawyobil

leqsebs uWiravs (“zRapari Tbilisze”, “Zveli simRera”, “napar-

taxali”, “ocneba rTvelze”, “mTesvelis simRera”, “rosinanti”,

“dardi”, “me Savi zRvisken gavyvebi qarebs”). am sazomiT ZiriTa-

da lirikuli, sevdiani ganwyobebi gadmoicema:

“pirveli Tovli daeca quCebs.

pirveli Tovli me momagonebs

micvalebulis gayinul tuCebs

da TeTr kabebSi moTul gogonebs”

(simon bereJiani, “samSoblo ucxoeTSi”)

“kerkeTis ZirSi devs ezenami

ankara aris mis wyalTa Relva

mzes sdevs burusi da mTvares nami

da mrisxanea aq cisa elva”

(Salva amirejibi, “ezenami”)

“magram didia godeba ufro,

Tu sakuTar Tavs sarkeSi xedav

viT micvalebuls, uWirisuflos,

viT wylis ufskrulSi CarCenil cxedars”

(giorgi gamyreliZe, “diliT sarkesTan”)

giorgi gamyreliZes, garda simetriuli aTmarcvledisa, ekuT-

vnis aTmarcvledis iSviaTi variacia (4/4/2). es sazomi dastur-

deba ioseb griSaSvilTan – “xaxe”, galaktion tabiZesTan – “at-

mis rtoo” (T. barbaqaZe, “qarTuli leqsTmcodneoba da sxva”.

Tbilisi. 2006 w.), da sxva poetebTan TiTqmis ar gvxvdeba. mas er-

Tgvari wamRerebis intonacia aqvs:

“atmis rtoo, daRalulo rtoo,

atmis rtoo, simSvidea Sori.

qariSxali modis saimdroo,

yvavilebis qarSi mihqris tbori”

(galaktion tabiZe, “atmis rtoo”)

“magram mTidan daubera qarma

Searxia foTlebi da wyali

mTebs axada muqi nislis Calma

gaaqana mTvare, oqros nali”


184

(giorgi gamyreliZe, “sami leqsi”)

giorgi gamyreliZe, formalisturi TvalsazrisiT, meti fanta-

ziis uflebas aZlevs Tavs. “mogzauris ocneba” heterosilabu-

ri leqsis tips miekuTvneba, romliTac emigranti qarTveli po-

etebis poezia Raribia:

“am Saragzas rom gavcdebi (4/4)

qarians da mtvrians (4/2)

davinaxav koxta ezos (4/4)

da saxls kramitians” (2/4)

igi mimarTavs melodiur Tormetmarcvleds (3/3/3/3). Aam zomiT

werda galaktion tabiZe (“jvars ecvi, jvars ecvi, saSveli ar

ari”). leqsiA mdore rafsodias waagavs:

“da isev zmoreba, vneba uwindeli

katasTan TamaSi da TrTolviT xumroba

Zvirfasma maCuqa patara cindali;

me miyvars zamTarSi siCumis stumroba”

(paolo iaSvili, “xSiria siCume”)

“mze qalaqs edeba cecxlian enebiT

asfaltze iRvreba: kupri da melani;

quCaze damdgaran Sebmuli cxenebi,

daRlilni, daRlilni arian yvelani”

(giorgi gamyreliZe, “cxenebi”)

Salva amirejibi, garda romantikosebisa, davalebulia XIX sau-

kunis realizmis warmomadgenlebisgan, ufro metad ki akaki we-

reTlisgan. maRali Sairis (2/4) im saxeobas, romelsac akaki iye-

nebda, emigranti poeti xSirad mimarTavs.

“me Canguri misTvis minda

rom simarTles msaxurebdes

ganamtkicos azri wminda

guls siwmindiT axurebdes”

(akaki wereTeli, “Canguri” )

“turfav, maxsovs hangi Seni

akvnesebda CemSi grZnobas

mimRerodi siyvarulze

TviT mixdili trfobiT cnobas”

(Salva amirejibi, “turfav”)

arc dabali Sairia (5/3) Salva amirejibisTvis ucxo, aqac misi

intonaciebi akakisas enaTesaveba:

“mTawminda Cafiqrebula,

Sehyurebs ciskris varskvlavsa,

giorgi kekeliZe

185

mnaTobi sxivebs maRliT hfens

Tavdadebulis saflavsa.”

(akaki wereTeli, “ganTiadi”)

“bezirgnis Svili ara var,

arc aznauri kuTxisa –

Tevzis mWiravi viyavi

da mkeTebeli zuTxisa.”

(Salva amirejibi, “meTevzis simRera”)

Svidmarcvledic (4/3) akakis gavleniT aris dawerili:

“misTvis gideb ubeSi,

galbob cremlis gubeSi,

amisrule, rac giTxres,

Tu xar Cemi nugeSi!”

(akaki wereTeli, “saidumli baraTi”)

“da Sen cekvav, cekvav Sen

veRar gdeven Tvalebi

cekvav luwi, cekvav kent

me vTvli da viRalebi”

(Salva amirejibi, “gesmis xma”)

unda aRiniSnos, rom Tavisufal leqss emigranti poetebi ar swya-

lobdnen. verblans (konvenciuri leqsisa da verlibris nazavi),

romelic qarTul literaturaSi XX saukunis aTian wlebSi das-

turdeba (konstantine WiWinaZe), mimarTavs simon bereJiani Cven

mier zemoT sxva konteqstSi ganxilul leqsSi “elo”.

uintereso ar unda iyos imis dadgena, ra tipis riTmebs iyeneben

aRniSnuli avtorebi, ramdenad popularulia maT Semoqmedeba-

Si im periodisTvis moduri konsonans–asonansuri wyvilebi. am

kuTxiT kvlevis warmarTvas Cven Semdgom naSromebSi vapirebT.


186

nona kupreiSvili

enobrivi orientaciidan

kulturis orientaciamde


baTa doqtori, SoTa

rusTavelis litera-

turis institutis Ta-

namSromeli.

ZiriTadi naSromebi:

XX saukunis 20-iani

wlebis modernistuli

proza; poststalinuri

xanis kritikuli ref-

leqsia; recefciuli

esTetikis saTaveebTan

da sxva;

samecniero interese-

bi: literaturis isto-

ria, kritikis istoria,

semiotikuri kvlevebi.

gasuli saukunis 60-ian wlebSi qarTul

saliteraturo presaSi eniT daukmayofi-

leblobis sagulisxmo determinacia gam-

JRavnda. axalgazrda enaTmecnierma arli

TayaiSvilma Jurnal `ciskris~ furcleb-

ze seriozuli polemikis safuZvlad qce-

uli ramdenime werili gamoaqveyna (`fra-

zeologiur erTeulTa Targmnis sakiTxi-

saTvis~ - 1960 w., `wasaSleli striqonebi~ -

1963 w., `rogor vuSveloT qarTul enas~ -

1966 w., èna Zveli, ena axali~ - 1968 w., `me

myovar-Jam daJinebiT~ - 1968 w.). maTSi,

teqstisadmi kritikis sruli gulgrilo-

bis pirobebSi, mwerlisa Tu mTargmnelis

enasTan damokidebulebis gadasinjvis au-

cilebloba gamoikveTa: àravisTvis ucxo

ambavi araa, rom zogjer ena da stili mi-

viwyebulia Cveni kritikosebis nawarmoe-

bebSi. isini cdiloben Rrmad Caswvdnen

mwerlis ideur-mxatvrul koncefcias,

zedmiwevniT daaxasiaTon gmirebi, magram

enaze rom midgeba saqme, ratomRac enas

kbils aWeren...~ (TayaiSvili 1963: 116). av-

tori ufro Sorsac midis. misi msjelobis

deversifikaciuli xasiaTi, rogorRac mi-

marTuli ènis mravalsaxeobis im droi-

saTvis daxuruli problemis~ gaxsnisaken,

amave problemis funqcionaluri stilis

SesaswavliT Canacvlebas ewinaaRmdege-

187

boda. drois im konteqstSi, anu dekomunizaciis adreul etapze,

rodesac mxolod Zalas ikrebda totalitarizmis tyveobaSi

myofi azris deideologizacia, sityvis ideuri sqemebisa da ko-

notaciebisagan ganTavisuflebis procesi, rodesac ara mxolod

socialisturi ideologia da socializmi, aramed metanarati-

vis mTeli sistema Zireul cvlilebebs unda daqvemdebareboda,

aseTi poziciis SemuSaveba simptomuric iyo da mravlismomaswa-

vebelic.

arli TayaiSvilsac da misi publikaciebiT gamowveuli pole-

mikis monawileebsac (revaz TavaZe, baCana bregvaZe, zviad gamsa-

xurdia), miuxedavad saliteraturo enisa da zogadad litera-

turis problemuri sakiTxebisadmi seriozuli damokidebule-

bisa, im etapze uTuod bolomde gacnobierebuli arc hqondaT,

rom erTvebodnen e.w. `didi lingvisturi SemotrialebiT~ Seq-

mnil axal inteleqtualur velSi da TandaTan iwyebdnen iseTi

sakiTxebis analizs, romlebiTac dRes lingvisturi kulturo-

logiaa dainteresebuli.

axalgazrda enaTmecnieri, da es sagangebod unda aRiniSnos,

aSkarad eyrdnoboda da gulwrfelad iziarebda kidec enis sa-

kiTxebze sxvadasxva dros momuSave qarTvel mecnierTa (arn. Ci-

qobava, ak. SaniZe, ak. gawerelia, gr. kiknaZe, i. imnaiSvili, p. qav-

TaraZe da sxv.) mTel rig mosazrebebs, Tumca aranaklebi enTu-

ziazmiT imowmebda misTvis aseve cnobil avtorTa: evropuli

struqturalizmis fuZemdeblad miCneuli ferdinand de sosi-

urisa da uSualod misi mowafis, aseve Jenevis skolis warmomad-

genlis, ~franguli stilistikis~ avtoris, Sarl balis Sexedu-

lebebs. es Sexedulebebi TayaiSvilis werilebSi sainteresod in-

terpretirebuli da gaTavisebuli iyo: ena, rogorc niSanTa yve-

laze srulyofili da gavrcelebuli sistema, romelic imavdro-

ulad faseulobaTa sistemacaa, imaze met informacias inaxavs,

vidre es erTi SexedviT Cans; `individualuri da nacionaluri

mentalitetis gaucnobierebeli intenciebis simbolurad amsax-

veli~ (lit. Teoria 2006: 91) igi ganuwyvetliv moZraobs, icvle-

ba (am ukanasknelTan dakavSirebiT, avtori amerikeli lingvis-

tis svodeSis gamoTvlebis Sedegebs iyenebs); enis struqturis

amgvari Riaoba gamoricxavs purizmis gamarTlebas; arqaizacia,

romelic qarTul originalur, gansakuTrebiT ki Targmnil, li-

teraturaSi iCens Tavs, TviTmiznuria, enobrivi orientacis ga-

momxatveli ufroa, vidre imisa, risic unda iyos, anu stilistu-

ri xerxis; vinaidan `kulturuli fenomenebi ganixileba enis, ro-

enobrivi orientaciidan kulturis orientaciamde

188

gorc formaTwarmomqmneli principis prizmaSi~ (lit. Teoria

2006: 86), amitom gvsurs Tu ara es Cven, enis moZraoba dRevande-

lobidan warsulisaken warsulis erTgvari mumificirebaa (War-

bi arqiazmebi, fsevdopoeturi intonacia, paTeturoba, epiTe-

tomania ki swored am mizans emsaxureba) da garkveuli informa-

ciis matarebelia imdenad, ramdenadac `misi (enis) myofobis sa-

kiTxi kulturuli identobis problemas ukavSirdeba~ (TayaiS-

vili 1968: 126). zogadad ena xom yvela sistemis interpretato-

ria.

TayaiSvilis mier sruliad samarTlianad `niWierebad~ moxse-

nebulma mTargmnelebma enobrivi koncefciis amgvari gaazrebi-

saTvis mzaoba ver gamoavlines.1 mravlismTqmeli replika: èna

enaTmecnierTaTvis rodi iqmneba~ am mosazrebas nawilobriv adas-

turebs. erTiani, uwyveti, TxuTmetsaukunovani saliteraturo

procesis Sesaxeb ukve Camoyalibebul (sabolood ki – mogviane-

biT gacxadebul) TvalsazrisSi, sadac moiazreboda ara Zveli

da axali, aramed erTiani saliteraturo ena (TvaraZe 1997: 44)

destruqciuli elementis, bolomde gaucnobierebeli siaxlis,

Semotanis safrTxe igrZnes. amitomac polemikis iniciators `hi-

gienis sakiTxebze sasaubrod mosuli pirdaubaneli eqimi~ ewo-

da. (TvaraZe 1968: 86). enaTmecnieri, marTalia, ar upirispirde-

boda (saamisod igi sakmaod koreqtuli aRmoCnda), aramed, ro-

gorc TviTon ganmartavda, ènis Tanadroulobis sakiTxebze~

mxolod sadiskusiod iwvevda literatorebs, mainc eWvqveS dad-

ga Tavsmoxveuli totalitaruli metanarativisagan, jorj oru-

elis terminologiiT ki newlang-isgan, imave `íîâîÿç~-isgan

(Oðóýëë 1980: 200) Tavdacvis strategia, am strategiis SemmuSa-

vebelTa avtonomiuroba da xelSeuvaloba. Zneli misaxvedri ar

iyo, rom kamaTSi literatorebs zurgs umagrebda konstantine

gamsaxurdias mier yvelaze kritikul periodSi, jer kidev XX-s

30-ian wlebSi, wamoyenebuli e.w. ènis diqtaturis~ idea (gamsa-

xurdia 1934: 3), romelmac maSindeli sazogadoeba, imave orue-

lis mosazrebis mixedviT, gaacocxla da ixsna `c ÿçûêîâîãî êîíöà~

(Xàèðîâ 2004: 199), daupirispira ra amiT stalinizmis enobriv

kulturas Tavisi totaluri centrizmiT, unificirebiTa da

mkacri ierarqiulobiT, rusuli enis dominanturi roliT. Tum-

ca SemdgomSi enis reformatori es didi mwerali, gansakuTre-

biT mimbaZvelTa simravlis gamo, enisave ganviTarebis erTgvar

Semaferxebladac ki iqca. saWiro iyo am stilis demistificire-

ba. arli TayaiSvili msgavs nabijze, rogorc Cans, Segnebulad

nona kupreiSvili

189

ar midis: jer erTi, mas miaCnia, rom gamsaxurdias ena (gansakuT-

rebiT ki leqsikuri istorizmebis gamoyeneba) erTi konkretu-

li mwerlis mxatvruli samyaros kuTvnilebaa, misi, ase vTqvaT,

avTenturi `xelweris~ gamovlinebaa, amitomac misive sruluf-

lebianobis axsna swored am logikiTaa SesaZlebeli. garda ami-

sa, mwerlis, iseve rogorc zogjer mTeli literaturuli sko-

lis, ena Seiswavleba (yovel SemTxvevaSi, unda Seiswavlebodes)

ara marto rogorc esTetikuri kategoria, rogorc individua-

luri `sityvieri xelovneba~, aramed `mxatvruli literaturis

enisaTvis mocemul periodSi damaxasiaTebeli saerTos mixed-

viT, romelic ar warmoadgens arc individualuri stilis faqts

da arc saerTo saliteraturo enis sakiTxebs. swored saerTos-

Tan mimarTebaSi unda ganixilebodes niSandoblivi~ (TayaiS-

vili 1968: 124). `enis Tavis TavSi da TavisTvis~ gaazrebis am mcde-

lobas imave enis struqturalistur gagebamde mivyavarT. unda

gaviTvaliswinoT isic, rom lingvisturi epistema am droisaT-

vis dasavleTSi ukiduresad gafarToebulia, imdenad, rom ko-

munistur baltiispireTSi iuri lotmani kiTxulobs leqciebs

struqturalistur poetikaSi (1964 w.), xolo tartus skola TiT-

qmis Camoyalibulia da arsebobs, rogorc semiotikuri fenome-

ni. ase rom, miuxedavad sabWoTa monokulturis Caketilobisa,

odnav aweuli rkinis fardidan `Teoriis demoni~ icqireba. arli

TayaiSvilis `lingvistur-struqturalisturi Ziebani~, an amgva-

ri Ziebebisken mimarTuli mcdelobani, cxadia, am konteqstSi un-

da ganvixiloT.

Tumca, davbrundeT odnav ukan da meore msoflio omisSem-

dgom periodSi enis `lingvisturi portretirebis~ unikaluri

nimuSi gavnixiloT – galaktionis `mSvidobis wigni~. is, rac ar

apaties enaTmecniers, ubralod, ver gauges did poets. `kompe-

tentur~ literatorTa erTi nawilis mier poema `mdare leqsiT

Sesrulebul abdaubdad~ iqna miCneuli, gamomcemlebma ki misi

mxolod fragmentulad dabeWdva miiCnies SesaZleblad. sinam-

dvileSi galaktioni, rogorc `eris sulis Ziebis misteriis~ (Ta-

vaZe 2001: 305) Semqmneli, rogorc Cveni ukiduresad Seryvnili

`butaforuli azrovnebis mamxilebeli~ (jguberia 1988: 6) poe-

maSi qarTuli enis metafizikuri da eTikuri maxasiaTeblebis

kombinacias qmnis. igi gvevlineba enis Sesaxeb tradiciuli dis-

kusiis arealSi (tarieli, avTandili, Tamari, luarsabi...) Seqmni-

li axali miTis avtorad (amas lingvistur miTisqmnadobasac

uwodeben), romelsac enis, rogorc kulturis wyaros, rogorc


190

kulturis sicocxlisunarianobis garantis sjera.2 etalonuri

enis, imave mSvidobis wignis, Zieba (... wigni tariel, /tariel wig-

ni!...an kidev àq vxedav becebs, Tvals ras aceceb, / aq wigns dae-

Zeb?/ aq ra unda wigns?~) galaktionisaTvis ukavSirdeba `qarTu-

li enis civilizaciur Zalas~, mis mouSlel muxts, romelic ga-

daarCens qarTul kulturasa da literaturas. Tu vixelmZRva-

nelebT iosif brodskis cnobili enobrivi koncefciiT

(Áðîäñêèé 2000: 54) unda vaRiaroT, rom am konkretul masalaSi

galaktions, rogorc unikaluri smenis, gnebavT, prosodiuli

smenis, Semoqmeds, ènis, rogorc usulo materiis xma~ Caesmis.

poemaSi xdeba is, rasac 50-iani wlebis gamomcemlebi, miuxeda-

vad poetisadmi didi pativiscemisa, ubralod ver axsnidnen: àda-

mianuri vnebaTaRelva adgils uTmobs lingvistur aucileblo-

bas~ (Áðîäñêèé 2000: 47), xolo STagonebis wyarod ara SvidfrTi-

ani muza, aramed Tavad ena, ufro zustad ki, ènis diqtati~ gvev-

lineba. geniosis warmosaxvaSi enis fenomenis wvdoma ènis geni-

is~ gagebasTan, masTan erTad ki èris geniasTan~ – Cven rom èris

suls~ vuwodebT – enisave TviTregulaciisa da TviTmarTvis sa-

idumloebrivi procesebis mibmas ukavSirdeba. amgvari saidum-

los amoxsna ki safuZvliani optimizmis wyarodaa qceuli. poe-

mis avtoris rwmeniT, Cvens enas didxans ar mouwevs `luarsabo-

ba~, igi kvlav `tarielad~ gardaisaxeba, anu ena daZlevs masSi gan-

fenil nostalgiur simZimes da kvlav qarTuli wesrigis gamom-

xatvelis misias daibrunebs. samwuxarod, es gamocdileba, ro-

melsac Tavis droze yuradReba miaqcia r. TvaraZem, Semdgom ki

m. jguburiam, bolomde ar iqna gaazrebul-gaTavisebuli.

ambivalenturi kavSiri enisa kulturasTan dRevandel lin-

gvistur kulturologiaSi orgvari sqemiTaa warmodgenili: men-

taliteti / kultura > ena da piruku: ena > mentaliteti / kul-

tura. `ciskarSi~ ganaxlebuli polemika, ase vTqvaT, meore sqe-

miT warimarTa. amjerad igi gamoiwvia revaz TvaraZis statiam

`mTliani saqarTvelos mesityve~ (TvaraZe 1997: 40). SesaZloa,

mxolod konstantine gamsaxurdias literaturul portretad

Cafiqrebuli es werili programulad iqca. masSi, erTi mxriv,

tradicionalizmsa da sabWoTa metanarativs, meore mxriv, tra-

dicionalizmsa da Teoriuli refleqsiebis gamravalferovne-

bis tendenciebs Soris ukve dawyebuli an uaxloes momavalSi mo-

salodneli dapirispirebis TavdacviTi meqanizmebi aisaxa, rac,

Tavis mxriv, kidev ufro aRrmavebda enis mravalsaxeobis ukve

wamoweul problemas. polemikis meore etapze ZvelebTan erTad

nona kupreiSvili

191

axali avtorebisa da publikaciebis gamoCena (g. asaTiani, `mode-

lebi da sinamdvile~ - 1970 w; g. asaTiani, `meti sinaTle~ – 1970 w;

z. gamsaxurdia `ganmartebis sityva~ 1970 w.) enis tradiciisadmi

damokidebulebis aqtualizebas uwyobs xels, rac kritikuli az-

ris, kritikuli refleqsiis gaaqtiurebas da misi `meTodolo-

giuri aRWurvis~ mizandasaxulobas ukavSirdeba. z. gamsaxurdia

Tomas eliotis sakuTar Targmanebs (mag. mis erT-erT werils

`kritikis daniSnuleba~) swored am kuTxiT iyenebs. ara marto

is, Tu rogori unda iyos Tanamedrove xelovneba, aramed isic,

Tu rogor unda gardaiqmnas kritika masTan mimarTebaSi? poe-

tis zedrouloba enis miseuli individuaciis xarisxTanaa dakav-

Sirebuli, magram Tu didi narativebisa da funqcionaluri pa-

radigmebis, mag. marqsizmis, rRveva Seuqcevad procesad iqca,

aranakleb mniSvnelobas tradiciasTan damokidebulebis sakiT-

xic SeiZens. imave eliotis mosazrebiT, romelsac savsebiT izi-

arebs z. gamsaxurdia, `warsuli unda Seicvalos Tanamedroveo-

biT~ zustad imdenad, ramdenadac `Tanamedroveobas warmarTavs

warsuli~ (elioti 1989: 113). swored aq gadaixlarTa da lamis

`gordias kvanZad~ iqca g. asaTianisa da z. gamsaxurdias mosaz-

rebebi. g. asaTiani gansakuTrebiT gaaRiziana kritikaSi intui-

tiuri meTodisa da warsulis esTetikuri gamocdilebiT zed-

metad davalebuli e.w. sinTeturi enis apologiam (z. gamsaxur-

dia mis umTavres samkauls ara arqaizms, aramed poetizms uwo-

debda). rogorc savsebiT samarTlianad aRniSnavs levan asaTia-

ni-umcrosi: `kamaTi gascda literaturuli paeqrobis farglebs

da Seexo evropuli mwerlobis, filosofiis, religiis, mecnie-

rebis, qarTuli sulieri kulturis istoriis umniSvnelovanes,

arsebiT sakiTxebs...~ (asaTiani 2001: 7). amasTan, Tavi iCina Cveni

sazogadoebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelma qronikulma senma, iman,

rasac siuzan zontagi `polemikis ulmobel suls~ uwodebda. ro-

mel lingvo-kulturul tips ekuTvnis qarTuli da rogori kri-

teriumebiT unda xdebodes kulturaSi ukufenili qarTuli cno-

bierebis Secnoba? igive mosazreba aRniSnuli polemikis Sesa-

xeb gamoTqmul Tavis zepir gamosvlaSi T. doiaSvilma ase Camoa-

yaliba: `rogori unda iyos qarTuli cnobiereba, gansakuTre-

bulobiT unda mohqondes Tavi, Tu racionalisturobiT?~ `mo-

paeqreTa ganaTlebam, basrma inteleqtma... originalurma mig-

nebebma~ (asaTiani 2001: 8) mkiTxvelTa farTo wris yuradReba mi-

ipyro. cxadi iyo, rom, rogorc g. asaTiani ganmartavda, `ifeTqa

kritikulma azrma da is, rac uCinari winaaRmdegobis saxiT ar-


192

sebobda, mzis sinaTleze amovida~ (asaTiani 1970: 4). mopaeqreebs

qarTuli kulturis kardinalur sakiTxebze, SeiZleba iTqvas,

principSi identuri mosazrebebi hqondaT, Tumca es identuro-

ba ukavSirdeboda `sabWoTa filosofiur azrovnebasTan da li-

teraturaTmcodneobasTan~ am inteleqtualTa gansxvavebul

damokidebulebas (garda amisa, z. gamsaxurdia Tbilisis univer-

sitetis kursdamTavrebuli iyo, g. asaTianma ki ganaTleba mos-

kovis saxelmwifo universitetSi miiRo). kompromisuli azrov-

nebisagan ganTavisufleba, romelsac aRniSnulma polemikam xe-

li Seuwyo, marTebuli, kargad gaazrebuli kulturuli orien-

taciis mignebis winapiroba iyo. saintereso is aRmoCnda, rom g.

asaTianma, miuxedavad gaweuli winaaRmdegobisa, polemikis Se-

degad miRebuli gamocdileba jerovnad gamoiyena: `z. gamsaxur-

dias miTiTebam, esses, rogorc yvelaze perspeqtiul litera-

turul-kritikul formaze, garkveulwilad biZgi misca ufro

xSirad miemarTa eseisturi TviTgamoxatvisaTvis... erovnuli

sulis arsebobisa da mniSvnelobis aqcentirebam z. gamsaxurdi-

as mxriv, misi werilebis suliskveTebam, misma mosazrebebma qar-

Tul kulturaze (cxadia, sxva obieqtur mizezebTan erTad), Seq-

mna `saTaveebTan~ (asaTiani 2001: 8). aq iwyeba swored arli Taya-

iSvilis publikaciebiT dawyebuli polemikis mesame etapi, ro-

desac g. asaTianis axali wignis (`saTaveebTan~) fragmentebis ga-

moqveynebas mohyva ak. baqraZis `mkvaxe SeZaxili~ da z. gamsaxur-

dias `mkvaxe SeZaxilis eqo~. enis identobaze dawyebuli saubari

kulturis identobaze saubarSi gadaizarda. Tavisuflebisa da

damoukideblobis saxiT ualternativo prioritetebi gamoik-

veTa da rac aranakleb mniSvnelovania, aRniSnulma sametapovan-

ma polemikam 70-80-iani wlebis kritikuli azri nacionaluri na-

rativis Semadgenel nawilad warmogvidgina.

90-iani wlebis Taobam msgavsi polemikebi kraxiT dasrule-

buli `filologiuri proeqtis~ mosamzadebel da Sesabamisad

unayofo etapad miiCnia. qarTuli kulturis TviTmyofadobisa

da TviTkmarobis aqcentireba morigi miTogeneraciis diskur-

sad, gabrZoleba `skepsisis, unugeSo kosmopolitizmis~ dasaZ-

levad – plakaturi nacionalizmis, metic, militaruli ideolo-

giis gamovlinebad.

samwuxarod, am da msgavs mosazrebaTa erTi nawili safuZvels

moklebuli ar iyo. kulturuli fundamentalizmis safrTxe,

marTlac, arsebobs da misgan Tavis daRwevas Tanadroul pro-

cesebTan sinqronuli da koordinebuli azrovneba sWirdeba;

nona kupreiSvili

193

iseve rogorc arsebobs ideologiuri demistifikaciis proce-

sis Semobrunebisa da misi axali miTologiiT Canacvlebis saf-

rTxec; amasTan, arc CvenSi sagangebod gadamaluli travmuli

gamocdilebis gamodevnaa jer dasrulebuli. es sayovelTaod

cnobili problemebia, romelTa gadaWra ara marto mxatvruli

aRmoCenebisa da esTetikuri riskebis msurvelTa interesebSi

unda Sediodes.

rac Seexeba tradiciuli kulturis dominanturobas, rome-

lic 90-ian wlebamde gagrZelda, igi arc mxolod iluzoruli

da arc mxolod saziano yofila. Tumca savsebiT logikuri iyo

misi `modernizebul gamocdilebaze dafuZnebuli mimarTule-

biT Canacvleba~. es tradicia savsebiT marTebulad miaCnia,

vTqvaT, oTar WilaZes, romelic amasTan dakavSirebiT gulis-

tkiviliT aRniSnavs: ...Tumca marTebuls ver vuwodeb imas, rom

mudmivad mxedvelobidan gvrCeba isini, vinc sabWoTa wiaRSi am

cvlilebaTa Seuqcevadobas amzadebda. Cvenc viziarebT didi

mwerlis am mosazrebas da migvaCnia, rom im pirobebSi, rodesac

esoden TvalSisacemi iyo `sabWoTa sinamdvilis ritualuri Jes-

tebi da morCilebis etiketi~, 60-70-iani wlebis aq warmodgenil-

ma sametapianma polemikam mwvaved dasva qarTuli kulturis an-

titotalitaruli imunitetis sakiTxi. polemikis monawileTa

mosazrebebis ignorireba ki, dRevandelobis gadasaxedidan,

TviT amgvari imunitetis SesaZleblobis uaryofa iqneboda.

literatura

asaTiani 1982: asaTiani g. saTaveebTan. Tb. 1982.

asaTiani 2001: asaTiani g. mosazrebani da winaswarmetyvelebani.

gaz. `Cveni mwerloba~. 2001. 16-23 XI.

bregvaZe 1968: bregvaZe b. mcdari Tvalsazrisi. J. `ciskari~. 1968. #7.

gamsaxurdia 1991: gamsaxurdia z. werilebi. eseebi. Tb. 1991.

elioti 1989: elioti T. tradicia da pirovnuli niWiereba. ese-

ebi. Targm. p. da r. CxeiZeebis. Tb. 1989.

TayaiSvili 1963: wasaSleli striqonebi. J. `ciskari~. 1963. #1.

TayaiSvili 1968: ena Zveli, ena axali. J. `ciskari~. 1968, #8.

TvaraZe 1968: TvaraZe r. maT SesaZleblobebze skeptikurad yu-

rebis dasturi. J. `ciskari~. 1968. #6.

TvaraZe 1997: TvaraZe r. gadasaxedi. Tb. 1997.


194

TvaraZe 2001: TvaraZe r. legenda gakaltionis cxovrebisa. Tb.

2001.

literaturis Teoria 2006: kvaWantiraZe m. enis semiologiuri

kvlevis meTodologiisaTvis. Tb. 2006.

jguburia 1988: jguburia m. saubrebi akaki gawereliasTan. gaz.

`literaturuli saqarTvelo~. 1988. 6-VI.

WilaZe – WilaZe o. `bednieri tanjuli~. Tb.

Áðîäñêèé 2000: Áðîäñêèé È. Áîëüøàÿ êíèãà èíòåðâüþ. Ì. 2000.

Îðóýëë 1989: Îðóýëë Äæ. `1984` è ýññå ðàçíûõ ëåò. Ïðèëîæåíèå ê

ðîìàíó `1984`. Î íîâîÿçå. Ì. 1989.

Îðóýëë 1989: Îðóýëë Äæ. Ëèòåðàòóðà è òîòàëèòàðèçì. Ì. 1989.

Õàèðîâ 2004: Õàèðîâ Ø. ßçûêîâàÿ ðåôëåêñèÿ è ëèíãâèñòè÷åñêîå

ìèôîòâîð÷åñòâî Èîñèôà Áðîäñêîãî – ÍËÎ, 2004, ¹67.

nona kupreiSvili

195

cira kilanava

`qalaqi, sadac ver ipovesadamiani~

ilia WavWavaZis saxel-

mwifo universitetis

humanitarul mecnie-

rebaTa da kulturis

kvlevebis fakultetis

doqtoranti;


teraturaTmcodneoba,

kritika, semiotika.

da Tqua: nu rai, ufalo, ukueTu vityodi

merme erTgzis-Ra

da ipovnen Tu aTni? da Tqua: ara warvwymi-

do aTTaTvis.

(dabadeba, 18; 32)

mxatvruli teqsti metad Ria da, amave

dros, daxuruli mocemulobaa. misi wakiT-

xva SesaZlebelia uamrav konteqstSi (an

sulac – ukonteqstod); amasTan, ar arse-

bobs dadgenili formula, romlis mixed-

viTac danamdvilebiT amoicnoba ama Tu im

teqstis Sina arsi; Sesabamisad, mravalgva-

ria teqstis dekodirebis modelic; Tum-

ca, danamdvilebiT mainc veravin ityvis

(maT Soris, Tavad avtoric), rom sabolo-

od amoxsna mxatvruli teqstis saidumlo.

literaturis mTeli mimzidvelobac al-

baT swored esaa – amocnobis, bolomde

wvdomis momnusxveli SeuZlebloba...

yvela teqsts (miT ufro, mxatvruls)

Tavisi xibli aqvs, magram gamorCeulad sa-

interesoa teqsti, romelic recipientis

epoqaSi iqmneba da romlis Rirebulebaca

da adgilic sxva teqstebs Soris, faqtob-

rivad, araa gansazRvruli (es droisa da

epoqis prerogativaa). aseT SemTxvevaSi,

Tanabaria Tavisuflebisa da pasuxismgeb-

lobis xarisxi (xelovnebisa da masTan da-

kavSirebuli pasuxismgeblobis problema

196

Zalze Rrmad da sainteresod aqvs gaanalizebuli mixail bax-

tins).

es werili exeba Tanamedrove qarTveli poetis – giorgi zan-

guris - leqss - ,,qalaqi, sadac” (2005 w.), romelsac sruli saxiT

warmovadgenT:

binZuri xalxiT dasaxlebul teritorias –qalaqs, romelsac daungries sicilis skola,

sizmris moyolad gaumxiles mters istoria

da yovel Rames tradiciad gadeqca srola;

sadac kargaven megobrebi Zmobis SegrZnebas

da poetebi ganTiadebs aRar xvdebian,

sadac qalisTvis siyvarulis axsna Segrcxveba

da loloebi maisSiac aRar dnebian.

nagavsayrelze rom Sexvdeba gogonas biWi,

yvavilis nacvlad rom miarTmevs gatexil sarkes...

iq, sadac kvdeba mijnurebSi alersis niWi

da buxars SeSad ukeTeben balzaks da markess.

qalaqs, romelsac sasaflaos galavani aqvs

da mtredebs Wamen, ise SiaT dakargva rwmenis,

Rame kaxpebiT datvirTuli qaravania,

sadac sicocxle sulelia, sikvdili – brZeni.

sadac yovelTvis saubroben Zalian cotas,

magram nervebiT, erTmaneTis zizRiT, xmamaRla,

sadac sikeTe gamocdaze abarebs codvas

da siymawvile naoWebma mtverSi damarxa.

aseT qalaqSi Semofrinda zafxulis macne,

peplebis gundiT, yvavilebis lurji niaviT,

iwriales da saRamomde verafriT gaZles

qalaqSi, sadac ver ipoves adamiani.

leqsi, struqturuli da Sinaarsobrivi TvalsazrisiT, or

araTanabar nawilad iyofa: pirvel monakveTSi (5 strofi) aRwe-

rilia qalaqi, xolo meore monakveTSi (bolo, me-6, strofi) –

movlena, romelic am qalaqis cxovrebaSi gansakuTrebuli da sa-

bediswero aRmoCnda.

cira kilanava

197

qalaqis saxeSi (sainteresoa, rom es araa geografiuli aRwe-

ra) yvelaze metad ori maxasiaTebeli iqcevs yuradRebas: esaa

binZuri xalxiT dasaxlebuli teritoria, romelsac ,,sasafla-

os galavani aqvs”, anu qalaqis, rogorc gansakuTrebuli sivrcis,

aRmniSvnelad aq gvevlineba neitraluri (da, mocemul konteq-

stSi, negatiuri) sityva – teritoria, romelic SemosazRvrulia

sasaflaos galavniT, e.i. am adgils garesamyarosgan mijnavs sik-

vdili. Sesabamisad, amgvarad izolirebuli sivrcidan Tavis daR-

weva gulisxmobs im zRvris gadalaxvas, romelic qveynierebas

or (am da im) nawilad yofs. amitomac logikuria, vifiqroT, rom

qalaqis mcxovrebTagan aravin gasula Caketili wridan. magram,

rogorc Cans, galavani arc sxvaobs imisgan, rasac sazRvravs,

radgan principulad erTi da igivea sasaflao (mkvdarTa qala-

qi) da qalaqi (nekropolisi), romelic leqsSi ixateba. es, arse-

biTad, TviTizolaciaa (teqstSi, faqtobrivad, arc Cans wuxili

arsebuli viTarebis gamo; aravin ganicdis saSinelebas, romel-

sac Taobebi erTgvari ritualurobiT ewirebian msxverplad).

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom esaa sikvdiliT garemoculi masis veluri

swrafva TviTganadgurebisken. sulieri TvalsazrisiT, namdvi-

li sasaflao swored qalaqia. amitomac, sikvdili aqedan gasvla

ki ar aris, aramed – aq darCena.

qalaqSi mcxovrebT avtori aRniSnavs markeriT - binZuri xal-

xi, romlis calkeul jgufebsac warmoadgenen megobrebi, poe-

tebi, mijnurebi... mocemul SemTxvevaSi, es leqsikuri erTeule-

bi sakuTar mniSvnelobaTa antonimebad warmogvidgebian (maga-

liTad, sityva ,,megobars” aq araviTari saerTo ar aqvs Tavis Si-

naarsTan...) da kaxpebi; xolo ,,binZuri”, garegnul mxareze me-

tad, swored Sinagani samyaros maxasiaTeblad gvevlineba.

sagulisxmo faqtia is, rom TiTqmis yvela asakobrivi kate-

goriis CamonaTvalSi erTxelac ar figurirebs bavSvi/bavSvo-

ba, sityva ,,adamiani” ki leqsSi Cndeba erTaderTxel (ukanasknel

striqonSi) da isic uaryofiTi konteqstiT: ,,qalaqSi, sadac ver

ipoves adamiani”.

rogorc ukve aRiniSna, mTeli teqsti (bolo strofis gamok-

lebiT) qalaqis aRweras eTmoba, magram aris erTi (rigiT – meo-

re) striqoni, romelSic Cans tragikuli istoriis dasawyisi. qa-

laqis qceva usaxur teritoriad, faqtobrivad, swored aqedan

iwyeba. amasTan, esaa erTaderTi striqoni, romelSic zmnas su-

bieqtad ewyoba sxva/sxvebi (kompoziciuri, simetriuli da wmin-

da azrobrivi TvalsazrisiT, am figurasTan uSualo kavSirs

`qalaqi, sadac ver ipoves adamiani~

198

qmnis bolo strofis zafxulis macne, rogorc Tvisebrivad sxva,

ucxo).

am sazareli sivrcis istoriaSi mxolod orjer Caerevian ga-

redan (es momentebi formobrivadacaa naCvenebi teqstis pirvel

da bolo, e.i. sasazRvro, strofebSi maTi warmodgeniT). [isto-

riis] dasawyisad gvevlineba ngreva (qalaqs, romelsac daungri-

es sicilis skola, rasac mohyveba sizmris moyolad mtrisTvis

istoriis gamxela), mis dasasrulad ki iqceva sulieri aRdgomis

Jamis dadgoma (aseT qalaqSi Semofrinda zafxulis macne). ori-

ve momenti qalaqSi sxvis, ucxos Semosvlas, qmedebas ukavSir-

deba. Tu pirveli SemTxveva dacemis sawindari xdeba, meore aR-

dgomis, ganaxlebis dasabamad unda iqces, magram mxolod tra-

gikul dasasrulad formdeba, riTac sabolood mTavrdeba mTe-

li istoria.

ratom xdeba ase?

cxovrebis stilis mixedviT, am qalaqSi ori tipis simptom-

Tan gvaqvs saqme:

I tipis simptomebi – wesad qceuli movlenebi:

a) yovelRameuli srola;

b) poetebi ganTiadebs aRar xvdebian;

g) loloebi maisSiac aRar dnebian;

d) buxars cecxlad ukeTeben balzaks da markess;

II tipis simptomebi – faseulobaTa kargva:

a) kargaven megobrebi Zmobis SegrZnebas;

b) qalisTvis siyvarulis axsna Segrcxveba;

g) kvdeba mijnurebSi alersis niWi...

am ori jgufisgan gancalkevebiT dgas erTi gansakuTrebiT

STambeWdavi saxe: [da] mtredebs Wamen, ise SiaT dakargva rwmenis

(es erTgvari reminescenciaa pirvelyofili sazogadoebis sa-

jaro totemisturi nadimobebisa). amasTan, igi, faqtobrivad, ze-

moT warmodgenil orive jgufSi Sedis (mtredebis Wama tradi-

ciad qceuli movlenaa; rwmenis dakargva ki am qalaqSi jerac Si-

aT). sakuTar TavSi religiuri sawyisis moSTobis es cxoveluri

moTxovnileba sazarelia Tavisi saxeobrivi naturalizmiT: sak-

raluris desakralizeba aq Sesabamisi sityvieri formuliTaa

cira kilanava

199

gadmocemuli: mtredis/suliwmindis saxeSi saWmlis/xorcis

danaxviTa da rwmenis dakargvis mxecuri SimSiliT adamianebi

RvTaebrivs yvelaze mdabali instinqtiT ,,eziarebian.”

swored am centraluri simboluri saxiT aixsneba istoriis

aseTi finali.

sazogadod, teqstSi istoriis sami saxea warmodgenili:

1. qalaqis dacemamdeli warsuli – sizmris moyolad gaum-

xiles mters istoria;

2. qalaqis dacemis istoria – mTeli leqsiT gadmocemuli;

3. metaistoria, romelSic unda CarTuliyo da ver CaerTo

qalaqi (zafxuli, rogorc maradiuli sicocxlisa da esqatolo-

giur momavalTan dakavSirebuli simbolo).

amaTgan pirveli, faqtobrivad, dakargulia (xsovnaSi Semor-

Cenilia mxolod misi gamxelis ambavi); mesame yofierebis miRma

da maRla mdgomia, xsovnaSi wamierad gaelvebuli; es yvelaferi

ki moTxrobilia meore saxis istoriiT, rogorc sulierad

mkvdari qalaqis cocxali matianiT.

teqstSi warmodgenilia saintereso simetriuli qronoto-

puli modeli: sivrce aRniSnulia oTxi sityviT: teritoria, qa-

laqi, nagavsayreli da gansakuTrebiT aqcentirebuli wevr-kav-

SiriT – sadac, dro ki markirebulia aseve oTxgvarad, sityve-

biT: Rame, maisi, zafxuli, saRamo.

orive jgufSi Semavali leqsikuri erTeulebi or qvejgufad

iyofa:

sivrce: a) teritoria, qalaqi, nagavsayreli; b) sadac;

dro: a) Rame, maisi, saRamo; b) zafxuli.

jgufebs Soris mimarTeba paradigmatul-sintagmaturia: a

jgufSi gaerTianebuli erTeulebi qmnian erT saxeobriv siste-

mas (met-naklebad konkretuli SinaarsiT), b jgufSi warmodge-

nili erTeulebi ki, TavianTi simboluri denotatebiT (esaa ma-

Ti erTaderTi mniSvneloba) – maTs opoziciur mxares. sxva sit-

yvebiT, sivrcis imgvari aRsaniSni, rogoricaa sityva sadac, gu-

lisxmobs mxatvruli saxis (mocemul SemTxvevaSi, qalaqis) gan-

zogadebas, gaucxoebas, abstrahirebas da igi ar mianiSnebs ge-

ografiul mocemulobaze; xolo drois is markeri, romelic

leqsSia mocemuli (zafxuli) qristianuli religiisTvis (da uZ-

veles xalxTa warmodgenebSic) tradiciuli binaruli opozici-

is – zamTar-zafxulis – simbolikiT aixsneba.

bunebrivia, pirvel qvejgufTa sityvebsac aqvT TavianTi sim-

boluri mniSvnelobebi (gansakuTrebuli siRrmiT – drois aR-


200

mniSvnelT), magram meore qvejgufTa sityvebi swored imiT ga-

moirCevian, rom maTi interpretacia SesaZlebelia mxolod sim-

bolur doneze, empiriuli Sinaarsisgan damoukideblad.

sazogadod, qalaqis, rogorc gansakuTrebuli sivrcis, sim-

boluri mniSvneloba gamorCeulad or kulturul arealSi Ca-

moyalibda: antikur da bibliur samyaroebSi. pirvelSi igi da-

ukavSirda polisis fenomens (da Sesabamisad, saxelmwifoebriv

azrovnebas), meoreSi ki gamovlinda antinomiuri wyvilis saxiT,

romlis erT mxares codvis qalaqTa (babilonis, sodomisa da go-

moris), meore mxares ki – zeciuri, maradiuli qalaqis (ierusa-

limis) figurebi idga. gansxvavebuli iyo, agreTve, moqalaqis

cnebac (erT SemTxvevaSi igi uSualod socialur konteqsts gu-

lisxmobda, meore SemTxvevaSi ki – religiurs).

am TvalsazrisiT, uaRresad sainteresoa qalaqTa daarsebi-

sa da ganadgurebis Sesaxeb antikuri da qristianuli warmodge-

nebis analizi (magram es metad kompleqsuri problemaa da masze

aq aRar visaubrebT).1

qristianuli tradiciis Sesabamisad, udabnoisa qalaqmyof-

loba simbolurad demonur sivrceSi RvTaebrivi wesrigis dam-

yarebas niSnavda (antinomiuri wyvili – udabno-qalaqi) da amgva-

ri Rvawlis winasaxed udabnoSi macxovris gasvla iqna miCneuli.

Zveli aRTqmis doneze ki daviT mefsalmunis mimarTvaSi ierusa-

limisadmi (fs., 136, 5) erTdroulad konkretuli qalaqic iqna

moazrebuli da – zeciuri qalaqis arqetipic:

ukueTu dagiviwyo Sen, ierusalem, daiviwyen marjueneca Ce-

mi!2

Camoyalibda religiur da saxelmwifoebriv centrTa (gamor-

Ceul da wminda qalaqTa) kultura; kacobriobis istoriaSi Sevi-

da araerTi gansakuTrebuli qalaqis saxeli3 ...

CvenTvis saintereso kuTxiT, msoflio literaturis isto-

______________________________

K1 ,,simboloTa sistemaSi, kulturis istoriaSi rom gamomuSavda, gansakuTrebul

adgils ikavebs qalaqi. amasTan, gamosayofia qalaqis semiotikis ori mTavari

sfero: qalaqi, rogorc sivrce da qalaqi, rogorc saxeli” (Þ.Ì.Ëîòìàí.

Ñåìèîñôåðà (Êóëüòóðà è âçðûâ âíóòðè ìûñëÿùèõ ìèðîâ. Còàòüè. Èññëåäîâàíèÿ.

Çàìåòêè). Ñ-Ï, 2004. gv. 320).2 maTes saxarebis mixedviT ki, codviT dacemuli ierusalimis saxe ikveTeba

misdami qristes mimarTvaSi: ,,ierusalem, ierusalem, winaswarmetyvelTa

mkvlelo da Sendami movlinebulTa qvebiT Camqolvelo!..” (maTe, 23, 37).3 am TvalsazrisiT sainteresoa XX saukunis cnobili arqiteqturuli

eqperimentis gaxsenebac. saqme exeba braziliis, rogorc momavlis qalaqis,

Senebis ideas. amis Sesaxeb sagangebod saubrobs umberto eko Tavis wignSi (Ó.

Ýêî., Îòñóòñòâóþùàÿ Ñòðóêòóðà (Ââåäåíèå â Ñåìèîëîãèþ), Ñ-Ï, Symposium, 2006).

cira kilanava

201

riaSi mniSvnelovania utopiur an abstraqtul qalaqTa saxeebi

(Sua saukuneebis teqstebSi asaxuli qalaqebi STagonebulia, ro-

gorc wesi, swored religiur qalaqTa simboluri mniSvnelobe-

biT); simbolisti avtorebis leqsTa ciklebi (soflisa da qala-

qis diqotomiiT); dasavlur da aRmosavlur kinematografSi asa-

xuli qalaqebi, XX saukunis meore naxevris msoflio prozaSi Seq-

mnili qalaqTa saxeebi...

giorgi zanguris leqsSi warmodgenili qalaqis saxis inter-

pretireba zemoT CamoTvlil TiTqmis yvela konteqstSia SesaZ-

lebeli; gansakuTrebiT TvalSisacemia misi tipologiuri kav-

Siri bibliur codvis qalaqebTan, aseve – Seqspiris 66-e sonetis

intonaciasTan, rei bredberis romanSi ,,451 farenhaitiT” aRwe-

ril samyarosTan, eJen ioneskos ,,martorqebTan” da a.S.

am momxiblav masStaburobaSi gadasvlamde uTuod marTebu-

lia misi ganxilva, uwinares yovlisa, qarTuli literaturis

konteqstSi, kerZod ki, galaktionis leqsTan (,,i. a”. 1916 w.) kav-

SirSi. maT Soris, faqtobrivad, erTsakunovani droiTi distan-

ciaa; garda amisa, TvalsaCino gansxvavebebi ufro metia, vidre –

msgavsebebi. magram am gansxvavebebs (anu daSorebis wertilebs),

rogorc irkveva, erTiani suraTis rekonstruirebisTvis iseTi-

ve mniSvnelovani funqciuri datvirTva aqvs, rogoric – msgav-

sebebs (anu Sexvedris wertilebs).

magistraluri xazi, romelic am or teqsts erTmaneTTan ar-

sebiTad akavSirebs, aris uadamiano qalaqis saxe.

galaktionis teqstSi mTel tragizms qmnis bavSvis sikvdilis

daunaxaobiT gamowveuli sazareli gancda (sayovelTao apaTi-

is saSinelebis verdatevniT SeSlili quCa erTaderT Wirisufa-

lad rCeba), uadamianebo qalaqis sulieri sicariele da usaxu-

roba; zanguris mier daxatul qalaqSi bavSvis (Tundac, gardac-

vlilis) xsenebac araa (misi samyaro sicilis skolis nangreveb-

Sia damarxuli). es qalaqi ganwirulia, radgan ver cnobs zeci-

dan mosul macnes; ganwirulia, radgan am qalaqSi, sadac binZuri

xalxi cxovrobs, ar aRmoCnda adamiani (bibliuri sodomisagan

gansxvavebiT):

aseT qalaqSi Semofrinda zafxulis macne,

peplebis gundiT, yvavilebis lurji niaviT,

iwriales da saRamomde verafriT gaZles

qalaqSi, sadac ver ipoves adamiani.

mocemul strofSi leqsikur da azrobriv doneze ramdenime

saintereso paraleli ivleba galaktionis leqsis calkeul sa-


202

xeebTan: maleniavi – lurji niavi - mofrena– angelozebi – macne

da uadamianebo qalaqi. Tumca, XX saukunis dasawyisisa da XXI sa-

ukunis dasawyisis am teqstTa mimarTebis problema mxolod amiT

ar amoiwureba. maT Soris arsebiTi kavSiri urTierTdamokide-

bulebaSia da ara – oden saxeobriv sistemaTa SesabamisobaSi.

sxva sityvebiT – marTalia, fragmentuli saxiT, magram mainc Se-

saZlebelia Tanamedrove qarTul poeziaSi bibliuri modeliT

STagonebuli qalaqis poeturi xatis erTi waxnagis rekonstru-

ireba. kerZod, ,,qalaqi, sadac” erTgvari gamoZaxilia (SeiZleba

iTqvas, cariel adgilTa Taviseburi Sevsebac ki) leqsisa ,,i.a”,

ufro zustad – Tu am ukanasknelSi bavSvis4 aRsasrulia naCve-

nebi, zanguris leqsi sazareli movlenis Semswre da damviwyebe-

li qalaqis istoriis dasasruls asaxavs. esaa, faqtobrivad, is-

toria dacemuli da umomavlo qalaqisa, romelsac moukvda (Tu

romelmac mokla?!) nukrisTvaleba da mimozisTmeba5 bavSvi da

Tavisi cnobierebidan samudamod amoSala, mere ki gamosaxsne-

lad moevlina zafxulis macne.

leqsSi es saxe gamorCeulia Tavisi bundovanebiT, kodirebu-

lobiT, radgan araa saxeldebuli, masze miniSnebulia mxolod;

naTqvamia, rom igi aris zafxulis macne da qalaqSi peplebis gun-

diTa da yvavilebis lurji niaviT Semodis. es konteqsti mraval-

mxriv sagulisxmoa. peplebis, yvavilebisa da niavis qristianuli

simboluri mniSvnelobebi, faqtobrivad, erTmaneTis adekvatu-

ria6 da samive maTgani suls, misi ukvdavebis ideas ukavSirdeba.

______________________________

4 simboloTa enciklopediaSi bavSvis saxis axsnisas swored galaktionis ,,i.a”

aris damowmebuli Tomas manis romanTan kavSirSi: ,,saukunovani transformaciis

Semdeg, es saxe-simbolo warmogvidgeba hano budenbrokad (Tomas manis romanis

,,budenbrokebis” patara gmiri), romelic adamianis yvelaze saTuT, yvelaze

mtkivan, yvelaze daucvel bunebas ganasaxierebs da iRupeba kidec... gana raRac

msgavsi ganwyoba araa galaktionis leqsSi... hano budenbroki erTgvari

ilustraciaa fridrix nicSes Tezisisa, romlis Tanaxmadac, ,,bavSvi” simboloa

asakiT motanili Sinagani ganwmendisa da sisadavis (,,ase ityoda zaratustra”)”,

xolo ,,qristianul ikonografiaSi swored bavSvebad gamoisaxebian marTalTa

sulebi” (z. abzianiZe, q. elaSvili. simboloTa ilustrirebuli enciklopedia.

t. I., Tb., 2006 gv. 31-33.)5 sagulisxmo faqtia is, rom mimozis religiuri simbolizmi aRdgomis rwmenaSi

mdgomareobs (dasax. naSr., gv. 108).6 simboluri saxismetyvelebiT, pepela sulis gansaxierebaa (berZnulad es sityva

imavdroulad sulsac aRniSnavda), yvavilis simbolika ki dabadebis, sicocxlis,

sikvdilisa da aRorZinebis maradiul wrebrunvas ukavSirdeba, xolo niavi

suliwmindis gamovlinebis erTerTi saxea. zedmetic kia imis Tqma, rom lurji

feri uSualod zecas miemarTeba.

cira kilanava

203

mocemul konteqstSi igi gaTavisuflebis, rogorc umaRle-

si Rirebulebis, konceptiTaa gaSinaarsebuli da mimarTulia

sxvaTa (mkvdarTa qalaqSi darCenilebis) xsnisken.7 magram qala-

qi ver cnobs zafxulis macnes, romlis saxec uSualod uflis

angelozs ukavSirdeba;8 usaSvelobis tragizmi ki gansakuTre-

buli simwvaviT Cans sityvebSi: ,,iwriales da saRamomde veraf-

riT gaZles...”

Tu galaktionis teqstSi nawarmoebis eTikur centrad bav-

Svis figura moiazreba (movlenebi swored mis garSemo viTar-

deba), zanguris teqstSi amgvari centri ar arsebobs; galaktio-

nis teqstSi erTiani siuJeturi xazia warmodgenili, maSin roca

zangurTan ambavi, rogorc aseTi, mxolod teqstis dasasruls

iwyeba da maSinve wydeba

qalaqis saxis or fazas Soris (warsuli da axlandeloba) mniS-

vnelovan sxvaobas qmnis, agreTve, xmis, rogorc niSnis, orgva-

roba: pirvel SemTxvevaSi mis aRmniSvnelad gvevlineba kivili

(,,SeSlili saxiT kioda quCa’) da simRera (,,da gaismoda debis sim-

Rera”), meore SemTxvevaSi ki – xmamaRali saubari (,,sadac yovel-

Tvis saubroben Zalian cotas, magram nervebiT, erTmaneTis ziz-

RiT, xmamaRla”).

orivegan erTia xedvis rakursi – esaa miwidan danaxuli sam-

yaro (,,mofrindnen lurji angelozebi”// ,,Semofrinda zafxu-

lis macne”); xazgasmulia zecisa da miwis tradiciuli binaruli

opoziciis principuli mniSvneloba.9

magram Tu galaktionis leqsSi mtvriani qalaqis sapirispiro

mniSvnelobis sivrced sofelic moiazreba (,,mzeze yvaoda soflad

aluCa”), zanguris teqstSi es alternativa moxsnilia; zafxulis

(simboluri SinaarsiT, igive – gazafxulis) dadgoma arc ki igrZno-

ba (,,loloebi maisSiac aRar dnebian”), aq aravin iyureba cisken...______________________________

7 ,,qalaqSi Sesvlisa” da misi ,,xsnis”, sikvdilis daZlevisa da gamarjvebis

(triumfis) metaforebze saubaria freidenbergis mravalmxriv saintereso

wignSi ,,siuJetisa da Janris poetika” (Î. Ì. Ôðåèäåíáåðã. Ïîýòèêà ñþæåòà è æàíðà

(ïîä ðåä. Í. Â. Áðàãèíñêîé). Ì. 1997.).8 qristianuli saRvTo simbolizmis mixedviT, es saxe, amavdroulad,

suliwmindasac ukavSirdeba, romlis xiluli gansaxovneba, mtredi, ,,uZvelesi

droidan iTvleboda RvTaebrivi siwmindisa da umankoebis simbolod. masSi

xedavdnen zeciur macnes, erTgvar ,,kuriers” adamiansa da ufals Soris” (z.

abzianiZe, q. elaSvili., simboloTa ilustrirebuli enciklopedia. t. I., Tb., 2006

gv. 153).9 ,,miwieri cxovreba upirispirdeba zeciurs, rogorc droebiTi maradiuls da

ara – sivrcobrivi TvalsazrisiT... geografia warmodgeba rogorc eTikuri

codnis nairgvaroba” (Þ.Ì.Ëîòìàí. Ñåìèîñôåðà (Êóëüòóðà è âçðûâ âíóòðè ìûñëÿùèõ

ìèðîâ. Còàòüè. Èññëåäîâàíèÿ. Çàìåòêè). Ñ-Ï, 2004. gv. 298).


204

swored amitom misTvis ucxo da sabolood ganuxorciele-

belia maradiuli ga]zafxulis sixarulis SegrZneba.

sazogadod, saanalizo teqstis ZiriTad pasaJTa ganxilva da

arsebiTi problemis dadgena TavisTavad ukve ayalibebs das-

kvnebs. amasTan, miRebul Sedegebs, gansakuTrebuli formuli-

rebis saxiT, mkiTxvels sagangebodac Seaxseneben. mocemul Sem-

TxvevaSi, etiketis dacvis aucileblobaze maRla usaTuod dgas

dafiqreba abraamisa da uflis dialogSi sodomis gadasarCenad

dasmul ukanasknel kiTxvaze.

cira kilanava

205

Field Guide to Melancholy

by Jacky Bowring

melanqoliis gzamkvlevi

jeki bauringi

melanqoliam SeiZleba sistemis srul

efemerizaciamde da nebismieri socialu-

ri institutis uaryofamde migviyvanos, da

es iqneba saukeTeso gamosavali Tanamed-

rove saqarTveloSi.

besik xaranauls aqvs aseTi striqonebi:

`rac moiwyine, mas Tavidan veRar moiwyen

da axali mosawyeni unda e Zio, erT mowye-

naSi orjer ver Sexval...~. 200-ze meti wlis

win kidev erTma besikma dawera: `sevdis

baRs Sevel SenaRonebi: mokrefad msurda

vardis konebi~. aseTi magaliTebis moyva-

na qarTuli sityvierebidan usasrulod

SeiZleba, rac jeki bauringis ideas adas-

turebs imis Taobaze, rom sevda yvela ena-

ze srulyofilad gamoixateba da misTvis

aRmosavleT-dasavleTisa Tu sxva kultu-

ruli cnebebi sulerTia.

sevda, melanqolia universaluri mov-

lenaa. yvela erTia, franguli ennui da

germanuli Weltschmerz, Cinelebis bei qiu da

iaponelTa kanashii, portugaliuri saudade

da rusuli òîñêà, espanuri duende da Tur-

quli hüzün.

qarTul enaSic mravalnairad gamoixa-

malxaz xarbedia

cinikuri sibrZne

ilia WavWavaZis saxel-

mwifo universitetis

humanitarul mecnie-

rebaTa da kulturis

kvlevebis fakultetis

doqtoranti, SoTa

rusTavelis litera-

turis institutis Ta-

namSromeli. Jurnal

`cxeli Sokoladis~

literaturuli re-

daqtori.

ZiriTadi naSromebi:

galaktionis qalaquri

teqsti, poeturi nar-

cisizmi da interteq-

stualoba, `piradi bib-

lioTeka~ (esseebi).


teraturaTmcodneoba,

kritika, mxatvruli

Targmani.

206

teba melanqolia: mowyeniloba, Wmunva, naRveli, sevda... cota

sxva rames niSnavs dardi da mwuxareba, aseve javri, uguneboba,

daRrejiloba, urva da daRoneba, Tumca es sityvebi mainc melan-

qoliis im did sityvier wreSi Tavsdeba, romelic adamianis fsi-

qikur mdgomareobasac gamoxatavs da kulturulsac.

Tanamedrove fsiqiatrebi am movlenas paTologiur danak-

liss (abnormal bereavement) uwodeben, an fsiqotur depresias (psy-

chotic depression), da es cnebebi, jeki bauringis azriT, Zalian mo-

uqnelia imisTvis, raTa `adamianuri arsebobis umdidresi gan-

zomileba~ gamoxatos da marTlac, SeuZlebelia am orma muSa

terminma Tundac erTi waxnagi moicvas im nayofieri mdgomare-

obisa, romelsac sevda hqvia. jeki bauringi melanqoliis namdvi-

li advokatia, igi uars ambobs am simdidris medikalizaciaze da

mkveTrad acalkevebs mas depresiisgan. igi ar iTvaliswinebs me-

lanqoliisa da glovis froidiseul opozicias, sadac melanqo-

lia gaigeboda, rogorc raRac statikuri mdgomareoba, rome-

lic nebismieri ganviTarebis blokirebas axdenda. piriqiT, me-

lanqolia am wignSi kreativs utoldeba, igi STagonebis wyaroa,

winsvlis sawindari. avtori, romelic, ukve ramdenime weliwadia

baRebze, peizaJis arqiteqturaze da mogonebaTa surnelebze

wers, `melanqolias~ CauRrmavda da mTeli wigni dawera am suli-

er mdgomareobaze. aqamde, roca saubari melanqoliaze Camovar-

deboda, yvela, rogorc wesi, XVII saukunis erTi bejiTi inglise-

lis, robert bartonis gigantur naSroms, 1500 gverdian The

Anatomy of Melancholy-s ixsenebda xolme. axla ki ukve 240-gver-

diani, lakonuri, moqnili da Tanamedrove kvleva gvaqvs, sadac

pliniusis gaqanebis mqone swavlulis nacvlad, axalgazrda mec-

nieri gvesaubreba Tanamedroveobaze.

bevrs SeiZleba, gaukvirdes, ram ganapiroba Cemi es arCevani.

Cemi azriT, dRes swored melanqoliis deficiti igrZnoba Cvens

mediateroristul qveyanaSi. dRes, roca, erTi mxriv, sworxa-

zovneba da rkinis mizanmimarTuleba mefobs, meore mxares ki,

depresiiTa da SiSiT dauZlurebuli adamianebi dganan, melan-

qolia erT-erT yvelaze naTel mdgomareobad rCeba, romelic

Seanelebda drois msvlelobas da mogvcemda sagnebSi SeRwevis

saSualebas. sevda axalisebs warmosaxvas da sxva kuTxiT gvana-

xebs yvelafers, rac irgvliv xdeba, igi istoriasac axleburad

gvakiTxebs.

flobers uTqvams Tavis `salamboze~: `cota vinme Tu xvdeba,

ramxela sevda damWirda, raTa karTageni aRmedgina~-o. mis gar-

malxaz xarbedia

207

da, kidev Zalian bevri xelovani SeiZleba CamovTvaloT, vinc

Wmunvas iyo da aris ayolili. kinoSi antonioni, bergmani da tar-

kovski, mxatvrobaSi eduard hoperi da gerhard rixteri. Tana-

medrove musikaSi, ra Tqma unda, tom ueitsi da nik qeivi arian

Camomsxdari `wylisa pirsa~, klasikur musikaSi hildegard fon

bingeni, erik sati, olivie mesiani da mesianisve gavleniT dasev-

dianebuli henrik gurecki (modiT, barem gia yanCelic mivakuT-

vnoT am melanqolikebs, mere ra, rom stravinskidan moedineba)

da mravali sxv. melanqolia Zalze mravalsaxovania, arsebobs re-

ligiuri, erotiuli, nostalgiis melanqolia, anda sulac `he-

roikuli melanqolia~, ris saukeTeso Tanamedrove nimuSadac

jeki bauringi betmens miiCnevs.

me rom mkiTxos kacma, melanqolia mTlianad momavalzea mi-

marTuli, miuxedavad imisa, rom fsiqologebi warsulis verdaZ-

levas ukavSireben am paToss. CemTvis igi winaaRmdegobaa, uar-

yofa, gnebavT, politikuri brZolis erT-erTi saSualeba (gaix-

seneT valter beniaminis `memarcxene melanqolia~). melanqolia

xSirad cinikuri sibrZnea, uZalo adamianTa mTavari iaraRi, ro-

melmac SeiZleba sistemis srul efemerizaciamde da nebismieri

socialuri institutis uaryofamde migviyvanos, da es iqneba sa-

ukeTeso gamosavali Tanamedrove saqarTveloSi, saukeTeso pa-

suxi xelisuflebis im efemerul daTmobebze, komisiebsa da ga-

moZiebebze, romliTac savsea qarTuli satelevizio media. yve-

lafer amas isev yovliswamlekavi cinikuri melanqolia mirCev-

nia.

cinikuri sibrZne

208

nana trapaiZe

teqstis gagebis

Tanamedrove problemebi

literatura im siaxleebiT, rogorc is

dRes qarTul sinamdvileSi Tavis Tavs

warmoadgens da misi gageba-wakiTxvis me-

Todebi xSirad ar Seesatyviseba erTma-

neTs. jer kidev muSaobs wakiTxvis stere-

otipi, romelic azrovnebis klasikur pa-

radigmebs efuZneba. es stereotipi gar-

kveul gemovnebas, pozicias axmovanebs da

igi, rogorc wesi, skeptikuria axali pa-

radigmebisa da gemovnebis mimarT, da sa-

erTod gamotovebs an ugulebelyofs im

cvlilebebs, romelic adamiansa da samya-

ros Soris damokidebulebis sferoSi

moxda da mimdinareobs.

nebismieri stereotipi Tu gemovneba

WeSmaritebis Tavisebur gagebas gulis-

xmobs. WeSmaritebis is gageba, romelsac

klasikuri azrovneba gvTavazobda, gage-

bis Tavissave gzebsa da meTodebsac gamo-

imuSavebda...

magram adamianis mier samyaros gagebi-

sa da TviTgagebis konceptualuri cvli-

lebebis pirobebSi dasturdeba acdena

WaSmaritebasa da meTods, azrsa da gage-

bas Soris. warmoiSva acdenebi enasa da

sagnebs, enasa da azrs Soris.

am cvlilebebs win uZRvis sociokul-

turul sinamdvileSi mimdinare procese-

bi, msoflmxedvelobrivi gardatexebi,

cxovrebis wesisa da misi RirebulebiTi

prioritetebis gadaxedva. am Tvalsazri-


baTa doqtori. baTumis

SoTa rusTavelis sa-


tis ufrosi maswavlebe-

li.

ZiriTadi Sromebi:

,,droisa da sivrcis

xedva-gancda n.bara-

TaSvilis Semoqmedba-

Si~, ,,baZvis filosofi-

uri koncepti da misi

rusTveluri inter-

pretacia~, ,,n.baraTaS-

vilis filosofiuri

narativi~, “Wkvianisa~

da “zemxedveli cnobi-

erebis~ binaruli opo-

zicia”, ,,g. tabiZe kla-

sikur da modernistul

paradigmaTa konteq-

stSi”.


teraturis Teoria,

kritika, sicocxlis

filosifia.

209

siT qarTuli sinamdvile sakmaod ekleqtikur suraTs qmnis, rac

gansazRvravs kidec Tanamedrove qarTuli literaturuli pro-

cesebis mTel specifikas..

teqstis analizis gavrcelebuli stereotipis mixedviT (ro-

melic, erTi mxriv, tradiciul meTodologias efuZneba, xolo,

meore mxriv, xSirad arc axal meTodebs usaxavs raime axal miz-

nebs), Tavad teqsti meorad poziciebze gadadis. igi Teoriuli

planis, msoflmxedvelobrivi da ideologiuri konteqstebis

ilustracia xdeba xolme. cxadia, mniSvnelovania gareteqstob-

rivi indikatorebi, romlebic uzrunvelyofen teqstis gagebas,

magram aris sxva alternativac – avxsnaT teqsti Tavisi Tavisa-

gan, rac niSnavs SevcvaloT veqtori, anu teqsti mivmarToT ga-

reteqstobrivi realobebisaken da ara piriqiT.

nebismieri dialogi, maT Soris teqstTan (Tu teqstTa Soris)

dialogi eqspliciturad arasodes miuTiTebs Tavis Tavze, am-

denad aq vdgebiT sirTulis (albaT uxerxulobisa da riskis) wi-

naSec, isaubro dumilze da Tan araferi daaklo mis metyvele-

bas.

sxvagvarad: dialogi teqstTan SeiZleba aRiniSnos rogorc

aRmqmel subieqtsa da teqsts Soris xelisCamorTmevis aqti. es

metafora gamoxatavs im intimur Sinaarssac, romelmac TviTon

Sexvedris faqti gansazRvra da romelic amasTan Tavsac iTavi-

suflebs sakuTari Tavis Sesaxeb raime daSifruli komentarisa-

gan, verbaluri axsnisagan. igi SeiZleba iyos garkveuli gageba,

romelic win uswrebs Tavad gagebis aqts, Taviseburi inteleq-

tualuri teritoriac, gnebavT poziciac, romelic aq da axla

SeiZleba warmosdges, rogorc erTgvari eqsperimenti.

Tanamedrove cxovrebis dinamiurobaSi cxovrebis gancdac

aramdgradia da igi SexebaTa myisierobaSi samyaros, sakuTari

Tavis gacnoba-daviwyebis permanentul process warmoadgens.

amdenad, Cveni epoqis niSnuli mdgradi da sando garantiebis Seq-

mnaa, romelSic adamians dasvenebisa da Secdomebis, anu adamia-

nad yofnis ufleba eqneboda.. Sesabamisad, mTeli Tanamedrove

sociokulturuli sinamdvile SeTanxmebaTa rTuli sistemaa,

romelic gazRvevs adamianad yofnis safrTxeebisagan. dazRve-

va Tanamedrove humanizmia, risTvisac winaswar ixdi.

stabilurobac konvenciaa, romelic mudmivad Segvaxsenebs

Tavis politikur da ekonomikur pirobiTobas msoflio mSvido-

bisa da adamianis uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis fundamenturi

teqstis gagebis Tanamedrove problemebi

210

principebis (da)rRvevebis winaSe. magram saqme isaa, rom pirobi-

Toba, konvenciuroba am sociokulturuli garemos TviTgafor-

mebis safuZvelmdebare principia. feodalur-klasobrivi ver-

tikali saxelSekrulebo horizontaliT Seicvala. adamiani ne-

bismier SemTxvevaSi tyvea... Sesabamisad, cnobiereba ,,Zvel” si-

namdvileSi moiTxovda garemoebaTa ,,vertikalur” analizs, mis

amocnobas, xolo ,,axal” sinamdvileSi igive procesi mimarTu-

lia ganfenilobiTi poziciiT SeTanxmebaTa da pirobiTobaTa se-

miotikuri Sinaarsis gagebisaken.

politikuri da ekonomikuri sistema, rogorc SeTanxmebaTa

da pirobiTobaTa sistema, sociokulturul sinamdviles am sis-

temisTvis maorganizebli semiotikuri da komerciuli standar-

tiT adgens da aformebs.. is, rom adamiani politikuri cxove-

lia, am sistemaSi absoluturi mniSvnelobisaa. mteri da moyva-

re, rogorc urTierTpoziciuri mdgomareoba, imTaviTve poli-

tikuri opoziciebia, romelic saWiroebda enobriv gaSualebas,

semiotikur pirobiTobaTa sistemurobas, rogorc garkveul ko-

dur mocemulobas, romelic funqciurad aqtiurdeba komuni-

kaciis procesSi. maSasadame, ,,mtrisa” da ,,moyvris” (o)pozici-

ur acdenebSi semiotikuri sistema stabilurobis garantad av-

lens Tavs. aqedan, ena orientirebuli xdeba aRweros, aRniSnos

acdenaTa sinamdvile, rogorc globaluri eqsistencialuri si-

marTle adamianisa da samyaros damokidebulebaTa Sesaxeb.

radganac Tanamedrove samyaro politikuri gamWolobis uki-

dures xarisxs atarebs, aqadan, enac totalurad politikuria,

anu igi gvaqvemdebarebs politikis yvela semiotikur kanonsa

da kodur sistemas, romelic Cven mier mxolod komunikaciis aq-

tSi cnobierdeba. ena saukeTeso maswavlebelia, romelic flobs

sibrZnes cnobierebisa da sagnebis, cnobierebisa da mexsiere-

bis istoriuli da empiriuli kavSirebis Sesaxeb. enis floba am

kavSirTa dafarva-gacxadebis saidumlos flobaa da igi xelov-

nebis privilegiaa.

aqedan, literaturaSic, sagnobrivi da arasagnobrivi realo-

bebi tradiciuli simboloebis nacvlad (romlis TviTdamoki-

debuleba idumalebaa da SiSi ar gacxaddes saidumlo metafo-

ra), aRiwerebian niSnebiT, romlebic gamoxataven saganTa gamo-

xatvis pirobiTobas, moklebulni arian yovelgvar misticizms

da atarebs komunikaciuri marcxis srul cnobierebas, aseve Se-

moqmedebiT infantilizms yovelgvari mozeime ganwyobilebis

mimarT raime erTmniSvnelovani racionaluri sazrisis, logo-

nana trapaiZe

211

sisa da absoluturi WeSmaritebis flobis Sesaxeb (es marcxi da

infantilizmi ironiulad miemarTeba SemoqmedebiTi triumfi-

sa da seriozulobis tradiciuli poziciebisaken..)

gaucxoeba tovebs ufskruls, magram es ar aris carieli uf-

skruli, es aris is adgili, sadac acdenaTa napralSi adamianebi

erTmaneTs, an/da sulac sakuTar Tavs gamotoveben. amasTan am

adgilas cnaurdeba moxelTebaTa, dialogTa da gagebaTa myisi-

eroba, romelic bedniereba-ubedurebis empiriul inversiebs

niSnobrivad awarmoebs. es aris maradiuli acdenebis jadosnu-

ri toposi, romelic gvaiZulebs ara ubralod vimoZraoT, ara-

med vimoZraoT da SevxvdeT sapirispiro mimarTulebiT.

azris simboluri gamoxatvis sapirispirod, niSniT azrovne-

bas, romelic nacvlad alegoriisa metonimias aqcevs mxatvru-

li asaxvis mTavar gamomsaxvelobiT strategiad, TamaSebrivi

arasworxazovneba da desakraluroba axasiaTebs. TamaSSi gage-

ba win uswrebs Tavad gagebis aqts, anu gasagebi ukve gagebulia.

amgvar ,,hermnevtikul wreze” myofi aRmqmeli gaivlis manZils

subieqtis gagebidan obieqtis gagebamde. miuxedavad SesaZlo ga-

dacdomebisa, Secdomebisa, romelic gagebis dinamikaSi dasaS-

vebia, es wre, rogorc (avto)komunikaciuri sistemis zrdadi an

mdgradi entropia, aRadgens tradiciis, ganwyobis, avtorite-

tis uflebebs monawileobdes gagebis aqtSi ise, rom ar axden-

des am wris gadagvarebas. is, rom es wre ar gadagvarda, gadameri

haidegers umadlis, romelic am wres, ,,Semecnebis dadebiT pi-

robad da interpretaciasTan misasvlel erTaderT xerxad mi-

iCnevda”.

adamianis Sinagani entropia, romelic Seqcevad da Seuqce-

vad, zrdad da mudmiv procesTa Sekrul (da ara Caketil) siste-

mas warmoadgens, proecirebulia poeturi sintaqsis cvlileba-

Sic – ukuqceviTobebSi, subieqt-obieqtis inversiaSi, mag;

,, - ki magram Cven xom miwas davenarcxeT

da mere waviqeciT! Tu waqcevas ar apirebda,

ratom daenarcxa es kaci miwas?

- iciT, es kaci jer mokvda da mere daenarcxa miwas,”

d.barbaqaZe,

,,wesrigis damcvelebi”

,,ara, isini Cven ar gvTamaSoben”


212

…***

sityvebi mkvrivdebian, deddebian da movlenebad,

nivTebad da Sexebebad gvibrundebian;”

d.barbaqaZe,

,,kristalizebuli sityvebis jami”

,,cxovreba grZeldeba warsulisken,

romelic kidev bevr Zvirfas Sexebas gaiyolebs,

erTmaneTiT amoavsebs nivTebs Soris cvalebad

manZils,

erTmaneTSi Caanacvlebs sul sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT

aCqarebul gamocdilebebs”

d.barbaqaZe,

,,cudi amindis mere”(3)

tradiciuli pirdapiri gza, - sagnidan azrisken da azridan

sityvisaken, aRar muSaobs Tanamedrove poetikaSi, radgan ase-

Ti uSualo gza dakargulia. subieqti da obieqti gaSualebulni

arian cnobierebis intenciiT da gadmoicema niSanTa sistemiT,

romelSic subieqti sakuTari Tavis obieqti xdeba. gagebisa da

komunikaciis aqtis pasuxismgeblobasac niSani atarebs. rac me-

tia amgvari pasuxismgebloba, miT metia komunikaciuri siamov-

nebis xarisxic. sityva da azri ,,yovel wams ecnobian erTmaneTs

da maSinve iviwyeben erTmaneTs. sityvasa da azrs Soris manZili

dro-sivrcis velze imdenad mcirea, rom gvaiZulebs ori nebis-

mieri TanabarmniSvnelovani WeSmartebis pirispir aRmoCenile-

bmac ki an erTi virwmunoT an – meore. maSasadame erTis ukugde-

bis xarjze meores mivaniWoT upiratesoba, riTac ganxorciel-

deba komunikaciis aqti, xolo procesi SeiZens Tvisebriv da fun-

qcionalur maCvenebels, rogorc xarisxs da rogorc etikets”.

komunikaciis procesSi cnobiereba aaqtiurebs pasiuri mex-

sierebis anu daviwyebaTa sferos da igi iwyebs moZraobas heme-

nevtikuli wris mTel sigrZeze gaxsenebebisa da cnobisaken, rac

mTavrdeba gagebiT, dialogiT, romelic win uswrebs xolme Ta-

vad moZraobis Sinagan entropias. am moZraobaSi dadasturebu-

nana trapaiZe

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li acdenebi gvaiZuleben gavixsenoT, anu aRvadginoT, gadavwe-

roT dialogi, romelic Cvenamde iyo da ganvaTavsoT igi mara-

diul awmyoSi.


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A B S T R A C T S

Tsira Babrakadze

The Sun Semiotics in Poetry

Davit Guramishvili assumes the existence of two Sun – cognitive and odd,The astronomical planet as well as God metaphor is considered. The conscioussun is out of sight while the odd one (God) is more inaccessible: ’Oh! God ofwealth and wisdom and cognition depth! How mysterious are his justice and ways!’(To Romans,12,33).

Marina Tsvetayeva represents two special images of the Sun – shining in thesky and lit up in humans’ breast.

The poet is microspace and exists by analogy with the world. Eternal eventsalways represent metaphors of inner feelings senced by the poet.

The Sun as an universal concept and symbol reveals lots of connotations, suchas biblical, archetypical, mythological, astronomical, associational, poetical, andetc. And what does the Sun denote? Posing astronomical meaning, the Sun is theyellow star in Milky Way and the centre of Solar System. Celestial objects, eventhe Earth, continuously move around the Sun, that is the source of light and warmth...

The Sun influences people as well as the nature while emanating energy ofvarious speed... Light and magnetism establish the earth forms.

The Sun appears to be the symbol of the space essential contemplating power.However, ancient pictures of the universe are geocentric, the Sun is the centre ofsymbol, the space and existence as well as the symbol of intuitive knowledge,intelligence, illumination, glory and majesty, sovereignty...Overall, the Sun is “aneye” of the universe contemplating the image of divinity, transcendental arche-type of light, besides this, demonstrates “the door of the universe” leading to theentrance of knowledge and immortality.

The Sun is considered as masculine initiation in many traditions, while somecultures represent it as feminine phenomenon. Due to Georgian folklore: “the Sunis my mother, the Moon – father, flock of stars are my sisters and brothers!”

The still sun, that is in the sky, is not concerned about the time while it iseternal “now”.

Alchemists consider the Sun in accordance with mind, – Sol et Luna – goldand silver, the king and the queen, soul and body...

“The Sun adventure” (due to the author) is researched in “The Sun in TheKnight in the Panther’s Skin” by Victor Nozadze establishing the Sun according tothe poem in this history. Mentioning this adventure we are concerned about theGeorgian “poetic sun” with the scope of symbols, metaphors and etc.

The Sun appears to be characters’ metaphor – the Sun is the human in “The

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Knight in the Panther’s Skin”. This point of view is formed in accordance withmetaphor that the Sun is God’s visible image.

The human is reflection of God’s image, that is “the part of the Sun” or “God’spart” especially the human in love (God is love).We deal with two Sun – the Sun-God and the Sun-human.

Researching materials reveal the Sun as: God, pagan, deity, life, human, time,beloved, plant, animal, motherland, Georgia...

Some poets promote individual poetics of the Sun representing their individuallanguage space.

Konstantine Bregadze

Galaktion and Novalis

1. The point of departure for a comparative analysis of fiction must a priori bethe creative inspiration implicitly presented in the process of creation.Consequently, a literary study must be focused on revealing in a particularartistic work the degree of creative reception of impressions received throughaesthetic inspiration and not on a formal search for influences. Therefore,comparative literary studies must be predominantly aimed at tracing andunveiling the sources of inspiration and not at indentifying the existinginfluences, as it is exactly the hermeneutic of inspirations, and not ofinfluences, what truly matters in terms of literary investigation.

2. Hence, comparative literary studies must explore two authors ofapproximately similar significance representing, consequently, similar literarytrends in typological terms (e.g. Rustaveli and Wolfram von Achenbach,Novalis and Baratashvili, Galaktion and Georg Trakl, etc.) as well as fromthe perspective of aesthetic inspiration (e.g. German romanticists and Frenchsymbolists, French symbolists and Galaktion, etc.), which at the followingstage of study will serve as a precondition to facilitate interpretation andreception of the original poetic tropology of the authors.

3. Nowadays, it is widely agreed in Galaktion studies that French symbolistswere among the creative inspirers of Galaktion’s poetry. On the otherhand, less interest is paid to German romanticism as the source of theGeorgian poet’s creative inspiration.

4. It can be argued with confidence that apart from French symbolismGalaktion’s poetry was also inspired by German Romanticism, which is clearlymanifested in his poem `No Minstrel Any More~, as well as other poemswhere he straightforwardly refers to `the blue flower~ (die blaue Blume),the central symbol of one of the founders of German Romanticism and a

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great Romantic poet Novalis (Friedrich von Hardenberg, 1772-1801). Thispoem can be interpreted as an original poetic dedication to Novalis and hisromantic poetry on the one hand and as a conceptual-aesthetic agreementof German Romanticism and the Galaktion’s poetry on the other.

5. What Novalis’ and Galaktion’s poetic texts have in common is theunderstanding of the image of the beloved as the symbol of transcendentaldivine reality, which is presumably rooted in Novalis’ poetic texts (cf.Galaktion’s ̀ No Minstrel Any More~, ̀ Who Is This Woman?~, ̀ SweepingWind~, the cycle of poems about Mery and ̀ Novalis’ Hymns to the Night~).Another feature that Novalis and Galaktion have in common is the poeticreception of the cult of the Divine Virgin, Madonna, where the poeticimage of the Mother of God appears as the symbol of divine love andtranscendentalness. Presumably, the origins of the aesthetic inspiration ofthis aspect of Galaktion’s works are likewise to be looked for in Novalis’poetry (cf. Galaktion’s `Blueness, or A Rose in Sand~, `White MadonnaFollowed the Ship~, `Evening~, No Minstrel Any More~ and poetic cyclesof `Hymns to the Night~ and `Spiritual Songs~).

6. Despite the creative inspiration conveyed by Novalis’ romantic poetry,Galaktion is original and unique in his poetic intentions, which is attestedby his unparalleled tropology. Galaktion’s poetic texts must be regardedas one of the highest manifestations of transcendental poetry.

Irakli Tskhvediani

James Joyce’s Ulysses: Texture and Structure

The present essay is concerned with the Joycean stream-of-consciousness tech-nique and internal monologue, structural and compositional principles, stylistic de-vices as manifested in Joyce’s mock-heroic epic Ulysses.

Symbolic leitmotifs, which can be traced back to Wagner’s musical drama, be-came an instrument of material organization in modernist novel in general and inUlysses in particular, on its way of classical forms transformation and detachmentfrom the traditional 19th century realism. The social-historical approach determinedthe structure of the 19th century novel to a large degree. Attempts to go beyond itsrigid framework or above its level could not but shatter this structure. Unavoidablythe empirical life material, social material as it is, became more spontaneous andunorganized, which was compensated by the action becoming internal (inside mono-logues, stream of consciousness, subconscious complexes) and symbolic, evenmythologically so. The technique of leitmotif and the synthesis of epiphany and

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melos (the spirit of music) enabled Joyce to transform the ‘chaos of fragmentedtexture’ into a highly organized and structured aesthetic whole.

Tamar Lomidze

The Second Semantics in Poetic Text

For the first time in Georgian literary studies examples of the paronymic attrac-tion have been traced in the poetic texts by Nikoloz Baratashvili, an eminent repre-sentative of Georgian romantic poetry.The fact is interesting, because sound orga-nization of poetic texts is not paid much attention to and doesn’t take an importantplace in Baratashvili’s poetry. For example, inexact rhymes are used here system-atically and apparently to reject habitual, automatized phonic associations and para-digmatic relations of words. We set a goal to state what relationship might existbetween systematic using of paronymic attraction and systematic usage of inexactrhymes in Baratashvili’s poetry.

Paronymic attraction is a specific linguistic phenomenon. Paronyms andparonymic attraction are differentiated.Whereas words of similar sounding but ofdiffering meaning (the so-called omophones) are considered to be paronyms,paronymic attraction originates when sound coincidence or similarity links parts ofmorphemes forming words. For this reason, in each of the words linked withparonimous attraction, the so-called quasimorpheme (quasi-stem) coexists withthe morpheme with which the meaning of the word is conventionally linked. Thequasimorpheme is identified as a result of partial sound coincidence with somewords. Singling out of quasi-stem causes the creation of a kind of additional ̀ mean-ing~ in the word. In Baratashvili’s works we come across with numerous speci-mens of paronymic attraction [e.g.: mr – mr (aremare - kamaras); chvn – shvn(mechveno – mshvenieris); gr – kr (gare – phikrit); sr – zr (esret - sazari); tsvl –tsvr (natsvlad – tsvars), etc.], hence, this phenomenon should not be taken for acasual sound coincidence.

The paper commences with the indication that the harmoniousness of vers isrelegated to the background, semantics being assigned the leading role inBaratashvili’s works. It is not fortuitous that here we find systematically speci-mens of the use of inexact, unharmonious rhyme. The interrelationship of rhymingwords in inexact rhyme is a syntagmatic union of differing rather than similar (asit was in the case of exact rhyme) elements. Analoguosly, under the influence ofparonymic attraction, two differing morphemes establish syntagmatic relation-ship in one and the same word - one of them is the stem of the word, with whichthe usual meaning of the word is traditionally connected, while the other is identi-fied through syntagmatic relation of certain elements of this word with elements

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of some other word (or words). The word becomes equipped with doublesemantics, which implies its dual reading. Accordingly, in a particular text too,in which paronymic attraction occurs, the opportunity arises of dual reading ofthis text. Hence, it may be conjectured that the use of paronymic attractionwas due to the same factors that determined the replacement of exact rhymewith inexact rhyme.

What is this second `text~ that manifests itself in Baratashvili’s works?Does it correspond to Kristeva’s modern conception of intertextuality? Clearlyenough, this text is not a specimen of citation in the precise sense of this term,for it is not a mosaic unity of some other particular text (or texts). Nor it ischaracterized by clearly defined semantics. In this case a strange, secondarytext that originates as a result of paronymic attraction, is formed of `words~

(quasi-stems), which may have any semantics, as this was effected at the initialstages of the development of language, when any meaning may have becomelinked to any sound complex. Thus, the features of `proto~-speech depositedin the depth of the unconsciousness manifests itself in this `other~ text. Obvi-ously, the destruction of the conventional meanings of linguistic signs inBaratashvili’s poetry is effected with a special purpose. Its result is the dualityof the semantics of the text, which is directly related to such already estab-lished specificities as the split structure of the `self~ of the lyrical character,mutually opposing characterization of one and the same phenomenon and theequal rights of differing points of view within the framework of one and thesame text. Hence paronymic attraction should be considered an organic part ofthe manner of Baratashvili’s works.

Thus, it is shown in the paper that in Georgian romantic poetry, particularlyin that of Baratashvili, a special device of sound organization of text - paronymicattraction - is made use of; in this case paronymic attraction is pointed to beused in a new function – for destruction of conventional meanings of words andto reveal secondary texts having uncertain semantics in Baratashvili’s poetictexts; it is stated that paronymic attraction is an organic element of works byBaratashvili as artistic system.

Khatuna Maisashvili

The Homeland, the Nation-state and the Georgian Elites. Printed Pressof Georgia in 1990-1991.

The article aims to highlight the role of the Georgian media, after their comingout from the Communist censorship, in the creation of national identity during thefirst years of state independence. The research concerns: a) the importance ofmedia representation in maintenance of a shared collective identity on the basis of

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sharing a sense of common territory; b) the importance and influence of the typeof sources in creation national identity-affirming language in the media.

The quantitative analysis (content-analysis and factor analysis) of 1736 unitsfrom five Georgian newspapers of the early 1990s and standardized interviewswith publishers, editors and reporters from nine Georgian newspapers of 1990-1991 identify the relevant national context in the media. I argue that national iden-tity discourse (expressed in attachment to `national place~) was at heart of theGeorgian National Government’s and intelligentsia’s efforts to mobilize the Geor-gian public around the idea of independency through the communication strategies.Findings suggest that: a) government officials and intelligentsia were the main ac-tors in creation of the media discourse of national identity, and b) that journalistsjust paralleled these themes in their coverage.

The idea of the article is based on the links between the media and three of themost influential opinions articulated in early 1990s: the first, the phenomenon of a‘daily plebiscite’, or a psychology of the conscious will to be a nation (Renan,Ernest, 1990), the second, the phenomenon of the psychology of imagination to bea nation (Anderson, Benedict, 1991) and the third, the phenomenon of the psychol-ogy of reminding (Billig, Michael, 1995). To create homeland by every word, evenif least significant one, to indicate the existence of the world of nations constantly,this was the challenge of the Georgian media in the early 1990s. This challengewould be resulted in every person reading a newspaper would accept imaginedhomeland and become a member of the nation, national community.

Irakli Mchedlishvili

The spatial form and two main metaphors

Since the person has conceived limited both in time and in space his existence,a question how to achieve a unification with the world became for him the basic,existential problem. Both religious and philosophical views offered the, especialattitudes for the decision of this problem.

The statement given by antique Greeks - the person can comprehend the orderof the Universe, has laid down in a basis of all Western culture. Connected withperception of a human body the spatial form became the basic structural part notonly for representation about a structure of the Universe, but also the westernthinking as a whole.

The model of `impress~ which was the basic both in antique and in Christianthe periods, in days of Revival was replaced by other spatial formation, a metaphorof a vessel or capacity. This, in emanational structure of medieval representationof the Universe had been brought `human dimension~.

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Arisen during New Time, more precisely, in the beginning of XIX century, so-ciological views which have been focused on methods of natural sciences havereplaced the basic until the structural pattern - the spatial form on temporary. That,in turn, probably has unpremeditatedly led to ignoring of the individual, human fac-tor or measurement.

All humanitarian accidents of XX century in many respects occured for thisreason. It is thought, that mechanical mixing of basic paradigms forming culture ischaracteristic and for the beginning of XXI century. That suggests - in the nearfuture there should be a new metaphor forming coherent vision...

Mamuka Surmava

The Critique of Impure Reason: Foucault and Habermas

Commentators have generally paid much more attention to Foucault’sbreak with earlier forms of critical theory then to his continuities with them. But forpurposes of developing a critical theory adequate to the contemporary situation,focusing only on discontinuities can become counterproductive. What unites Fou-cault with Critical Theorist thinkers is as significant as what divides them. In thearticle it is defined certain broad similarities beside of considerable differencesbetween Foucault’s genealogy and program of critical theory recently renewed byJürgen Habermas. Both Foucault and Habermas call for transformation andradicalization of the Kantian approach to critiqua. The intrinsic impurity of reason– its embeddedness in culture and society, its entanglement with power and inter-est – makes its structures inaccessible to the sorts of introspective survey of thecontents of consciousness favored by early modern philosophers and some twen-tieth-century phenomenologists. To explore the nature of human reason, we haveto get at those practices, and this calls for modes of sociohistorical inquiry that gobeyond the traditional bounds of philosophical analysis. The critique of reason is nolonger understood as transcendental; it is sociocultural in origin. Correspondingly,both Foucault and Habermas reject the Cartesian picture of an autonomous rationalsubject set over against a world of objects that seeks to represent and, throughrepresenting, to master. Knowing and acting subjects are social and embodiedbeings, and the products of their thoughts and action bear traces of their situationsand interests. But while both approaches seek to transform the critique of reasonthrough shifting the level of analysis to social practice, Foucault sees this as leadingto a critique that is radical and attacks rationalism at its very roots, whereas Habermasunderstand critique rather in the sense of determinate negation that aims a moreadequate conception of reason. Finally, while Both approaches see critique of ap-parently rational practices as having the practical purpose of breaking their hold

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upon us, Foucault does not regard genealogy as being in the service of reason,truth, freedom, and justice – there is no escaping the relations and effects of poweraltogether, - wheres Habermas understand the critique as working to reduce suchrelations and effects and to replace them with social arrangements that are rationalein other than instrumentalist sense.

Later Foucault’s perspective had clearly shifted. He emphasizes the free-dom we have to act within, upon, or against cultural and institutional systems. Thismay be described as a shift from the investigation of coercive practices to thestudy of practices of freedom.

Viewed from the perspective of social theory, Foucault’s later frameworkof interpretation lies at the opposite extreme from his earlier social ontology ofpower. Then everything was a function of context, of impersonal forces and fields,from which there was no escape – the end of man. Now the focus is on ‘thoseintentional conduct but also seek to transform themselves. Neither scheme pro-vides an adequate framework for critical social inquiry. The ontology of powerwas too reductive and one-dimensional for that purpose; the later, multidimensionalontology still depicts social relations as strategic and thus forces the search forautonomy, so central to the critical tradition, onto the private path of rapport á soi.This is not at all to deny the power and insight of Foucoult’s historical-criticalstudies; it is to question his own accounts of their presuppositions and implications.I have been arguing that his work is better understood as a continuation andenrichment of the critical-theoretical tradition. His strengths are often weaknessof mainstream critical social theory; his nominalism, descriptivism, and historicisma counterweight to the usual emphasis on the general, the normative, and theoreti-cal. However universal critical theory may be at the level of concepts and prin-ciples, in pursuing its practical interests, it must finally reach the variable,contigentthat so occupied Foucault and made his work so powerful a factor in thecontemporary politics of identity. In this regard his investigation into historicalcontexts in which specific ‘practical systems’ arise and function and his studies ofthe formation of the moral-rational subject are a valuable complement to moreglobal discourses about rationalization. Foucoult’s historical-critical studies challengecritical theorists to go further than they have in detranscendentalizing their guidingconceptions of reason, truth, and freedom.

Izabella Petriashvili

Metaphor and Pragmatics of Political Discourse

The study of political discourse, like that of other areas of discourse analysis,covers a broad range of subject matter. This article provides insight into thepersuasive use of metaphor and its pragmatic functions in political discourse, based

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on a collocational analysis of discourses in American and Georgian political speeches.Why are metaphors rhetorically successful? It is proposed that metaphors areeffective when they are both cognitively plausible and evoke an emotional response.They persuade because they integrate pragmatic, cognitive and linguistic knowledgewith awareness of culture, ideology and history. The article presents a series ofcorpus-based studies in which analysis of collocations, as well as the pragmaticuse of creative/novel metaphors vs. conventional metaphors, provides insight intothe cognitive motivation and expressive connotation of metaphor. By unifyingtraditional and cognitive semantic with pragmatic approaches, we become awareof the importance of metaphor in persuasive language in political discourse.

However, some of the possible effects of metaphor go beyond persuasion. It isimportant to bear in mind that persuasion is not the only function of creative meta-phors. The study has revealed the following pragmatic functions of metaphors inAmerican and Georgian political speeches:

� Metaphors may communicate something which is difficult to express in literalspeech because literal words are lacking

� Metaphors may help in face-threatening situations in which it is moreappropriate to speak about a topic in an indirect way

� Metaphors may add vividness to a speech� Metaphors may help structuring the argument� Creative metaphors may introduce new angles of sight

Changes in social practices may produce new discursive challenges whichdemand creative response from the audience, its readiness to comprehend creative/novel metaphors. In this respect, it is crucial to get politically relevant messagesacross to the addressees in order to fulfil a specific function. If a metaphor cannotbe perceived or interpreted by the addressees in a proper way, consequently, itspolitical-communicative function cannot be performed either.

Mirian EbanoidzeText and Reality (Contoure of ,,Wen’’)

The classical metaphysics finds the source of text beyond it, in the image ofthe author or reality, the emphasis and focus on discourse and language in the 20thcentury literature frees us from phenomena of articulation and expression. Lan-guage refers only to itself. Therefore we have, ~the death of the author~, formu-lated by Roland Barthes. Instead of representation, mimesis, articulation and sym-bolization, which make literature dependent to the extra circumstances, the French`nouveau roman~ tries to speak without interpretations and to stay on the surface,thus approaching Mallàrmean idealistic literature without seeking of depths, truth

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and hidden sides, but writing is always connected to power. According to somecritics, literature frees from power. They see nothing beyond the texts, but poweris everywhere and everything is full of it. It is even in the ecstatic desire to be freeor to make revolution. It is formed not only by those `possessing’’ power, but bythose who `does not possess’’ it as well. Here we face isomorphism, which makeswriting take its place among other social practices. Power is created by writingtoo. Deleuze views literature as a machine, connected to the machine of war, tothe love machine, revolution machine, etc. Kleist and a mad machine of war, Kafkaand strange machine of bureaucracy - the research of these themes overcomesfetishistic tendencies in modern literary studies, expressed in autonomic and self-sufficient values of writing; we never ask what a book says, what it is - signified ora signifier. We don’t try to understand it, but we ask what makes it move, whatfrequencies it is or it is not engaged in, in what plurality it is involved to be changed.

There are no boundaries between text and reality in the chinesse written tradi-tion. We have to return to the term of ,,reality’’.

Literature, as magic stone can express the world by some paradoxcal way.

Giorgi Kekelidze

Because of the non-existent borders

Annexation of Georgia by Russia in 1921 except some poor results has bornexceptionally interesting phenomenon - Georgian cultural emigration. In spite ofsocial poorness and nostalgia - Georgian scientists, painters, sculptors, writers andartists dispersed in the continent of America and Europe created valuable culturalproducts. Before dissolution of the Soviet Union those names (except GrigolRobakidze) were unknown for Georgians living in Georgia.

When professor Guram Sharadze brought great archive of emigrants’ heritage,there was created Georgian emigration museum and was published three-volumeedition “Under the Foreign Sky” (probably bestseller), hence, that new namesshould have been added to the Georgian literature’s reading-book as the other artfield. But in the end of XX century Grigol Robakidze’s writer talent critics wasenough. (The fact is that, I haven’t seen names of most of them in Georgianpoetry anthology and I haven’t seen analyze and critics of the text, but some ofthem (because of art level and historical point of view) deserves it).

Rusudan Nishnianidze’s two-volume edition “Sakartvelo samans aket da samansiket” (Tbilisi, Merani 2005, editor – Chkheidze Rostom) was considerable, becausewas implemented successful experiment to familiarize emigrant writing to the readerby literary critic view.

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This book once more showed to the society, that it is necessary to discuss textsof “Sonnet” in common Georgian literature context and it is incorrect to discussthem separately. As you concluded, the goal of our work is to search the samethemes, motive and differences of those poets creation who acted in the beginningof XX century in Georgia and emigration. Only three were discussed from theemigrants, we have not discussed the principal authors (among them GrigolRobakidze) and later emigrants: Giorgi Kipiani, Giorgi Lolua and atc. We thinkthat they are new aesthetic ones and require other kind of research.

We tried to compare some of them to the different poet, where it was identical,where – antagonistic and where – autonomous (Rusudan Nishnianidze hasprocessed symbolic of dream, destiny, mourning and sun. Themes discussed byher, we addressed only “Mgzavri” (Traveler) because it is one of the difficult andmany-sided face. It is extremely flexion state for Georgian emigrant poets and notonly for reporting the view to the recipient, correspondingly it requires commentator– interesting form of traveling in Georgian Literature – from hometown and to thehometown (first – forced and implemented, the second – willing andunimplemented).

In XX century Galaktion Tabidze often and intensively addressed to “Merani”.As a horseman - horse (or horses) – world. (“Blue Horses”, ”Epemerebi” andatc.) Emigrant poets’ view about horse is interesting; they consider it as a humanimpellent symbol and their symbols see develops compositionally. Dynamic isdescend – and coincides Baratashvili’s and Galaktion’s ideas about “Merani”,then it gives pragmatics character and topped as a satyr mood in one poetry.(Technocratic terms in their poetry and aggravation of poetical opposition byneologism may be a bit artificial for the modern reader, but in that time (1920) itwas original and appropriate thinking).

The King Tamar’s cult transfer in literature was not rarely (Gr. Robakidze. G.Leonidze), but in emigrant poetry it has quite different meaning – substitute forhomeland. The traveler who will never reach Georgia expects the past with dreamand trying to live in it, “Beautiful hand of queen” – gives pope, but decadent spiritof the XX century see hopeless “that” and once more proves that dream iscorecursive even in the XX century.

In the beginning of XX century we often meet “letter” in emigrant poetry andit seems to be more complaint, than simple regards. For most part, it is sent invillage or from village and the consignee is the family member as a rule. The letterdoesn’t have romantic-mystic shade as it was in the XIX century – it is straightand realistic, but some times a bit cynic. The author rarely requests someone’shelp (the recipient of the letter mostly charges something important and somethinginevitable that the life).

Poet’s exceptional, socially active and tribune face is live in the texts of emigrantpoets, - it is the face that become principal and determinant figure in the Georgianliterature in 50-60 years.

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Also, we made some research of poetry criterion to ascertain versification insome Georgian emigrant poets’ creation. That is new initiator for its part andrequires continuing work with specialists.

By the side of formalist search, creation of Georgian emigrants’ poetry doesn’tdistinguish with innovation. The authors escape from experiments (except one ortwo excepting) and rely on such forms of versification which renewal in Georgianpoetry is related to the order of “Tsisperkantselebi”.

Most of the poetry is izosilabic, we meet heterosilabic rarely and mostly it ismade unintentionally. Grigol Robakidze wrote sonnets. He is the founder of suchpoetry in Georgian literature. Poet’s 13th poetry has already has response inprosody (Akaki Khintibidze – “Sonnets of Grigol Robakidze”, Tamar Barbakadze“Sonnet”). Besides the sonnets there is indicated lonely form stanza. On the wholeit is used by Shaklva Amirejibi.

Also add, one significant circumstance – despite that fact that, for many yearsemigrant poets had contact to the European literature and kept an eye on many artinnovation from 30 years, they stayed devoted to that poetry both in formal andthematic points of view. They heritage it in the end of the XIX and in the beginningof XX century. In the future, it is interesting to know what cause their indifferencetoward the events in that period, lack of integration ability, business caused by thesocial background and exaggerated love of the past (or three of them together).

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სემიოტიკა #6

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