სემიოტიკა #8

saqarTvelos semiotikis sazogadoeba

semiotikis kvlevis centri

semiotika

samecniero Jurnali

VIII

SEMIOTICS SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL

Tbilisi

Tbilisi 2010

2

UDC 81′22

mTavari redaqtori

cira barbaqaZe

redaqtorebi

Tamar berekaSvili Tamar lomiZe gia joxaZe

Editor-in-Chief Tsira Barbakadze

Editors Tamar Berekashvili Tamar Lomidze Gia Jokhadze

© semiotikis kvlevis centri 2010 ISSN 1512‐2409

dagvikavSirdiT: E‐mail: [email protected]

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Sinaarsi

Tema: zRva enasa da kulturaSi, zRvis semiotika

Sesavali

semiotikis pirveli samecniero konferencia 9

gigi TevzaZe

qarTveli da zRva 11

nino abakelia

akvaturi simbolos zogierTi mniSvnelobisTvis qarTul miTo-

ritualur sistemaSi 15

cira barbaqaZe

zRvis semiotika qarTuli enis masalebis mixedviT 29

naira bepievi

wylis binadrebi osur miTologiaSi 38

SoTa bostanaSvili

zRvaosani piligrimebi (b/artistuli warmodgena) 43

daviT bostanaSvili

niJarebis sasaxle 50

konstantine bregaZe

zRvis saxismetyveleba germaneli romantikosi mxatvris, kaspar

david fridrihis ferweraSi 56

nino gogiaSvili

zRva, rogorc cxovrebis simbolo, guram rCeuliSvilis

SemoqmedebaSi 69

rismag gordeziani

zRvis aRmniSvneli daudgeneli etimologiis mqone sityvebi

berZnulSi 74

lali daTaSvili

zRvis qristianuli simbolika da qarTuli literatura 79

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lali zaqaraZe

globaluri azrovnebis manifesti _ karl Smitis geopolitikuri

koncefcia 88

xaTuna TavdgiriZe

zRvis miTosi: semiotika da poetika (statia-leqsikoni) 98

daviT TinikaSvili

wylis semiotika religiebSi 124

zurab kiknaZe

zRva da xmeleTi qarTul miTosSi 136

cira kilanava

zRvis semantika “daviTianSi” 157

xaTuna maisaSvili

zRvis niSani da miTebi qarTul mediaSi, anu zRva Sina da zRva

gareTa... 163

aTinaT mamacaSvili-kobaxiZe

arekvlis fenomeni, rogorc yviTeli feris Tandayolili Tviseba

zRvis uZrav silurjesTan mimarTebaSi (Jan-mari gustav le klezios

“oqrosmaZieblis” mixedviT) 176

murad mTvareliZe

cisferyanwelTa zRva 186

TaTia mTvareliZe, maia SuxoSvili

zRvis gaazrebis ZvelberZnuli modeli 194

inga milorava

zRvis sivrculi modeli modernistul teqstSi 200

ada nemsaZe

zRva, rogorc sivrcis maidentificirebeli niSani, oTar WilaZis

romanSi _ `gzaze erTi kaci midioda~ 205

izabela petriaSvili, manana rusieSvili

zRvis xati qarTul da inglisur folklorSi 212

mamia faRava, malxaz CoxaraZe

Woroxis auzi – erTiani kulturuli sivrce 222

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rostom CxeiZe

zRva da qarTvelebi 231

maia jaliaSvili

zRvis simbolika cisferyanwelebTan 238

ramaz xalvaSi

andria mociqulis misioneruli mogzaurobebi SavizRvispireTsa

da saqarTveloSi 247

gia joxaZe

koncepti zRva qarTul Suasaukuneobriv narativSi (,,qarTlis

cxovreba” IV-XV ss.) 255

enis, literaturisa da kulturis semiotika

Tamar berekaSvili

qalaqis semiotika _ Tbilisi 270

qeTevan bucxrikiZe

samyaros kosmograma da Tanamedrove qalaqi 278

cisana burjanaZe

bibliuri saxeebis mxatvruli funqcia akaki wereTlis

SemoqmedebaSi 288

Janeta varZelaSvili

konkretulidan abstraqtulisaken: enobrivi niSnis semiozisis

egsistencialuroba 299

Tamar lomiZe

prolegomenebi gamokvlevisTvis: codnis dafuZnebis principebi XX

saukunis literaturaTmcodneobiT TeoriebSi 305

rusudan fifia

`sityuai Zlieri~ ioane minCxis poeziaSi 309

ramaz qurdaZe

niSanTa sistemis pragmatikuli aspeqti zogi Jargonuli sityvis

sesxebisas qarTulSi 314

irakli cxvediani

jeimz joisis ,,ulise”: miTosi da struqtura 321

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CONTENTS Topic: The Sea in the Language and the Culture; The Sea Semiotics Nino Abakelia On Some Meanings of Aquatic Symbolism in Georgian Mythic – Ritual System 333 Tsira Barbakadze The Sea Semiotics according to Georgian Materials 334 Naira Bepieva Water Inhabitants in Ossetic mythology 334 Shota Bostanashvili Seafaring Pilgrims – (B)art(h)istic Performance 335 David Bostanashvili Shell Palace 335 Konstantine Bregadze The Symbolism of the Sea in the Paintings of the German Romantic Artist Caspar David Friedrich 336 Nino Gogiashvili The Symbol of the Sea in Guram Rcheulishvili’s Works 338 Rismag Gordeziani Greek Words of Unknown Etymology Denoting the Sea 338 Lali Datashvili A Symbol of the Christian Sea and the Georgian Literature 338 Lali Zakaradze The Manifest of Global Thinking – Geopolitical Conception 339 Khatuna Tavdgiridze The Sea Myth: Semiotics and Poetics (Article-Vocabulary) 339 David Tinikashvili Water Semiotics in Religions 340 Zurab Kiknadze The Dream of Klytemnestra and the Ash in the Hearth 340

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Tsira Kilanava Semantic of the Sea in “Davitiani” 341 Khatuna Maisashvili The Sea In and the Sea Out, or the images and myths of the Sea in Georgian Media 341 Atinat Mamatsashvili-Kobakhidze The Phenomena of the Reflexion as the Innate Characteristic of the Yellow Colour in View of the Immutable Blue of the Sea. According to Jean-Marie Gustave Le Clézio’s Novel “Le Chercheur d’or” 341 Murad Mtvarelidze The Sea of the “Blue Horns” 342 Tatia Mtvarelidze, Maia Shukhoshvili Ancient Greek Model of the Meaning of the Sea 342 Inga Milorava Spatial Pattern of the Sea in Modernist Texts 342 Ada Nemsadze The Sea as a Main Identifier in Otar Chiladze’s Novel “A Man Coming on the Road” 343 Izabella Petriashvili, Manana Rusieshvili The Image of “the Sea” in Georgian and English Folklores 344 Mamia Paghava, Malkhaz Chokharadze Chorokhi River Basin – a Unified Cultural Sphere 344 Maia Jaliashvili The Sea Symbols in the Poetry of “Blue Horns” Poets 345 Ramaz Khalvashi Apostle Andrew’s Missionary Journeys in Georgia and the Black Sea Littoral 345 Gia Jokhadze The Concept of Sea in the Medieval Narrative (“The Life of Georgia” IV-XV”) 345

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Semiotics of Language, Literature and Culture Tamara Berekashvili Semiotics of the City – Tbilisi 346 Ketevan Butskhrikidze The World Cosmogram and the Modern City 347 Tsisana Burdjanadze Artistic Functions of Biblical Images in the Akaki Tsereteli Works 348 Tamar Lomidze Prolegomena to a Study: The Principles of Foundation of Knowledge in the XX Century 348 Rusudan Pipia “Strong Word” in the Poetry of Ioane Minchkhi 348 Ramaz Kurdadze Pragmatic Aspect of Sign System while Borrowing Some Slang in the Georgian Language 349 Irakli Tskhvediani James Joyce’s Ulysses: Mythos and Structure 349

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semiotikis pirveli samecniero konferencia

2010 wlis 15-16 oqtombers ilias saxelmwifo universitetis, baTumis SoTa rusTavelis saxelmwifo universitetisa da samecnie-ro Jurnal `semiotikis~ organizebiT baTumSi Catarda semiotikis pirveli samecniero konferencia, romlis Tema iyo: zRva enasa da kulturaSi, zRvis semiotika.

ratom zRva? bolo dros zRvis Tema gaaqtiurda Cvens kultu-

rasa da socialur garemoSi, rac SemTxveviTad sulac ar meCveneba. revoluciis Semdeg matareblis metafora zRvis gadacurvis metafo-ram Caanacvla. gza evropisken zRvaze gadis... Tumca metaforulad zRvis gaaqtiureba kidev ufro mniSvnelovania.

swored baTumSi, ama wlis seqtembris TveSi Catarda art-fes-tivali. festivalis ideis avtori da samxatvro xelmZRvaneli, cno-bili evropeli prodiuseri kris torSi, festivalTan dakavSirebiT ambobs: `mTeli es voiaJi 2002 wels erTi impulsisagan daiwyo. ev-ropul proeqts xelaxali STagoneba sWirdeboda. zRvari aRmosav-leTsa da dasavleTs Soris waiSala. evropa axal metaforas saWiro-ebda. Cven zRva avirCieT. 2006 wlidan moyolebuli, urbanuli gamow-vevebi gansakuTrebiT sazRvao qalaqebsa da portebSi Cans. festivali

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`zRvebi~ Savi da CrdiloeTis zRvebis sanapiroebze mogzaurobs, Cvens xelovnebas warudgens da mayurebels izidavs, amiT saporto qalaqebis cxovrebas cvlis...

amjerad eqspedicia `zRvebi~ stambulidan daviwyeT,… baTumSi CamovitanT Cvens energias da Cvens xelovnebas, mzadyofnas axali cvlilebebisadmi~.

rogorc Cans, zRvis ideiT Cven ufro did proeqts vexmianebiT, rac sabolood dakavSirebulia cvlilebebTan, axal xelovnebasTan, axal wesrigTan.

qarTul internet-sivrceSi, azrebi.ge-ze, gamoqveynda gigi Tev-zaZis esse `qarTveli da zRva~, romelmac feisbukSi saintereso dis-kusia gamoiwvia. swored am werilSi dasmuli problema gaxda stimu-li semiotikis konferenciis Temad zRvis semiotika gamocxadebuli-

yo. gigi TevzaZis azriT, `qarTvelebisa da zRvis Sesaxeb arsebuli warmodgenaTa [anti-zRvauri] kompleqsi ZiriTadad sabWoTa dros Seiqmna da sabWoTa xelisuflebac, nebsiT Tu uneblieT [mainc vfiq-rob, rom nebsiT], cdilobda am warmodgenis kultivirebas da warma-tebiT moaxerxa kidec. am warmodgenis gavrcelebis politikuri mo-tivi cxadia _ qarTvelebs ar unda gasCenodaT survili zRvis gada-laxviT da zRvis gavliT moxvedriliyvnen sasurvel adgilas - erTa-derTi gza, romelic saqarTvelos misTvis sasurvel samyaros - evro-pas -daakavSirebda, ruseTze da samxedro gzaze gavliT unda momxda-riyo. es proeqti albaT qarTvelebisaTvis ruseTis gardauvlobis da aucileblobis warmodgenis gamomuSavebis strategiis nawili iyo.~

vfiqrobT, konferenciam saintereso kvlevebs mouyara Tavi, romlebsac swored `semiotikis~ am nomerSi gTavazobT.

qarTul enasa da kulturaSi `zRvis mimoqceva~ adasturebs, rom zRva qarTvelis bunebis nawilia da Tu igi (qarTveli) droebiT daSorda zRvas, axla droa, miubrundes da gaaaqtiuros igi cnobie-rebasa da cxovrebaSi da Tavsmoxveuli `zRva, romelic Soria~, aqci-os axloblad da xelaxla moiSinauros. vuerTdebiT gigi TevzaZis werilis finals: `...zRva ki imave adgils, Tu ufro mets ara, daika-vebs qarTvelebis TviTprezentaciaSi, identobaSi da TviTwarmodge-naSi, rac mas 100, 200 an Tundac 800 wlis win hqonda~.

z R v a e n a s a d a k u l t u r a S i ,

z R v i s s e m i o t i k a

a

gigi TevzaZe

qarTveli da zRva∗

ara mgonia sakamaTo is, rom Cveni cxov-reba sabWoTa kavSiris dros Seqmnili um-sjelobebiTaa savse. magram umsjeloba risi umsjelobaa, advilad amocnobadi rom iyos. umsjelobis erT-erTi Zlieri mxare misi TavisTavad sicxadiT SeniRbulobaa. anu, umetesoba umsjelobebi umetesoba adamia-nebisaTvis TavisTavad cxad da martiv WeS-maritebas warmoadgens.

amas winaT leqso maWavarianis karg statiaSi _ „vin gadacuravs zRvas?“ _ erT umsjelobas wavawydi, romelic, sabed-nierod, mxolod teqstis samkaulad iyo gamoyenebuli da amitom teqsti ar gaufu-Webia. Sesabamisad, am umsjelobis gamoaSka-ravebis mcdeloba maWavarianis teqstis daskvnebs arc daakninebs da arc Secvlis. piriqiT, SeiZleba argumentebi daumatos.

„.....zRvis piras mcxovreb xalxs, argo-navtebs dadevnebul aietis miTiur xomal-

debs Tu ar CavTvliT, arasdros gvyolia floti. Savi zRva ar gviCenda masSi Secur-vis survils. amitomac davarqviT zRva _ zRvari. mis iqiT Cveni winaprebisTvis ara-

∗ pirvelad gamoqveynda internet-sivrceSi, azrebi.ge-ze

filosofiis mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori. ilias saxelmwifo universitetis reqtori. wignebi: „Cveni dro, sfinqsi da Zenonis isari (cnobiere-bis esTetika)“ (1993); „mo-mavlis niSnebi (yofierebis esTetika)“ (1995); „saqar-Tvelo: Zalauflebis simu-laciebi“ (1999); „institu-ciuri cvlilebebis socio-logia“ (2002); `saqarTve-lo: Zalauflebis dabrune-ba~ (2003); „aq da yvelgan“ (2006). „ganjadoeba. xuTi ese Tanamedrove saqarTve-

los Sesaxeb“ (2009); „uc-nobi wignebi qarTvelebis-

Tvis“. „ucnobi wignebi sa-qarTvelodan“ (2010).

gigi TevzaZe

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feri iyo, Seucnobelis SiSis garda. vikingebs sicive, SimSili da si-axlisken swrafva aiZulebda faratina gemebiT okeane gadaelaxaT. Cven, kavkasiis mTebis CrdilSi, Tbil adgilze mokalaTebulebs, ro-gorc Cans, ar gvSioda, arc siaxle gvizidavda maincdamainc da, Sesa-bamisad, arc imis mizezi gvqonia rodesme, zRvebis gadacurvaze gve-fiqra“ (leqso maWavariani, „vin gadacuravs zRvas?“ tabula” №19. 19-25 ivlisi, 2010. an http://rekuzo.blogspot.com/2010/07/blog-post_23.html).

vfiqrob, rom am abzacSi gamoTqmuli azri bevrisTvis nacnobia. Cemi mxridan, am warmodgenis aRwera rom srulyofili gaxdes, davu-matebdi, rom „laSa-giorgim scada flotis ageba, magram qalebs ga-dahyva“, da rom „qarTveli xalxi cdilobda, zRvis piras ar ecxovra, mTas irCevda sacxovreblad“.

mgonia, rom qarTvelebis da zRvis Sesaxeb warmodgenaTa es kom-pleqsi ZiriTadad sabWoTa dros Seiqmna da sabWoTa xelisuflebac, nebsiT Tu uneblieT [mainc vfiqrob, rom nebsiT], cdilobda am war-modgenis kultivirebas da warmatebiT moaxerxa kidec. am warmodge-nis gavrcelebis politikuri motivi cxadia _ qarTvelebs ar unda gasCenodaT survili zRvis gadalaxviT da zRvis gavliT moxvedri-liyvnen sasurvel adgilas _ erTaderTi gza, romelic saqarTvelos misTvis sasurvel samyaros _ evropas _ daakavSirebda, ruseTze da samxedro gzaze gavliT unda momxdariyo. es proeqti albaT qarTve-lebisaTvis ruseTis gardauvlobis da aucileblobis warmodgenis gamomuSavebis strategiis nawili iyo.

axla TviTon qarTvelebis da zRvis Sesaxeb. rasac axla davwer, iqidan zogi mouyoliaT CemTvis, rogorc gadmocema/miTi, zogic wami-kiTxavs, zogic ki _ istorikosebs uTqvamT, rogorc sakuTari kvle-

vis Sedegi. ase rom, is, rasac qvemoT naxavT, aris Worebis, ambebis da istoriuli faqtebis narevi. sul ar mgonia, rom amis wakiTxvis Sem-deg qarTvelebis anti-zRvuri identobis umsjeloba gaqreba, magram vfiqrob, rasac davwer, sakmarisia imisaTvis, rom upirobod aRar mi-viRoT umsjeloba da msjeloba mainc mogvindes am Temaze.

upirveles yovlisa, flotis da naosnobis Sesaxeb: visac Sav zRvasTan saqmiani, da ara marto sakurorto, damokidebuleba aqvs, icis, Tu rogori arasandoa is sanaosnod. faqtobrivad, ar arsebobs met-naklebad wynari periodi, romelic ramdenime kviras grZeldeba. Savi zRvis garSemo mdebare saxelmwifoebs Soris ar arsebobs arc er-Ti, romelmac floti Sav zRvaze Seqmna da ganaviTara (mxolod saqar-Tvelos hqonda mcdeloba, amaze qvemoT mogiyvebiT). Sav zRvaSi moaru-li flotebi xmelTaSua an egeosis zRvebis wynar da naosnobisaTvis idealur pirobebSi iyo Seqmnili da Semdeg gadmotanili „Cvenken“.

qarTveli da zRva

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erT-erTi mTavari qarTvelur-anti-zRvuri argumenti, romel-

sac moixmoben xolme, aris zRvis samzareulos ganuviTarebloba. TiTqosda, rkinis argumentia, magram am dros saqarTvelos is isto-riuli nawili gvaviwydeba, romelic dRes TurqeTSia, lazebiTaa da-saxlebuli da romelTa mTeli cxovrebac dResac zRvasTanaa dakavSi-rebuli. is, rom „Cvens“, sazRvars aqeT darCenil lazebs, es kultura daaviwydaT, araferia gasakviri: sabWoTa xelisufleba Zalian zRu-davda qarTvelebis zRvasTan Sexebas da „Cveni“ lazebic iZulebulni iyvnen, sxva saqme moeZebnaT Tavis sarCenad.

axla rac Seexeba mezRvaurobas: Sua saukuneebSi Sav zRvaze genu-elebi dominirebdnen. marko polo swored maTma gemebma Camoiyvanes Savi zRvis aRmosavleT sanapiroze. istoriuli wyaroebidan cnobi-lia, rom qarTvelebi, romlebic axlandeli baTumis teritoriidan samxreTiT saxlobdnen, iyvnen kargi mezRvaurebi da aseve _ saxifaTo mekobreebi. rogorc Cans _ raRac Tanamedrove somalelebis msgavs saqmianobas eweodnen. arafers vityvi yabalaxze, romlis formis mi-xedviTac Tu vimsjelebT, misi pirveladi daniSnuleba sazRvao kapiu-Sonoba gaxldaT. rac Seexeba saqarTvelos sanapiros zeda zols _ is sanaosnod cudi iyo, magram isic cnobilia, rom isini, vis xelSic fo-Tis sanapiro iyo, savaWro gemis mflobelebs gemis safasuris anazRa-urebas pirdebodnen, Tuki gemi portSi Semosvlisas CaiZireboda. mTliani xisgan didi, zRvaSi sanaosno navebis gamoTlis Sua saukunee-bis droindeli xeloba me-20 saukunis 20-ian wlebamde, gasabWoebam-de, iyo SenarCunebuli guriaSi.

imis magaliTad, Sua saukuneebSi zRvas rom mniSvnelovani adgi-li eWira qarTvelebis cxovrebaSi, vfiqrob, „vefxistyaosanic“ sak-marisia. gaxsovT albaT, rom zRva erT-erTi centraluri adgilia TxrobaSi. is, rom saqarTvelos floti ar hyavda, erTi mxriv, poli-

tikiT, xolo meore mxriv, isev da isev Savi zRvis gansakuTrebulad areuli bunebiT aixsneba. naosnebi axlac eridebian Savi zRvis, pirda-pir, mis centrze gavliT, gadakveTas da warmoidgineT, ra iqneboda is Sua saukuneebis zRvaosnebisaTvis. „vefxistyaosanze“ gamaxsenda: is, rom fridoni navs, romelsac nestan-darejani mihyavs, napir-napir misdevs cxeniT, Zalian „Sav-zRvuri“ aluziaa: Savi zRvis araprogno-zirebadi xasiaTis gamo axlac yvelaze uxifaTo naosnoba sanapiro zolTan axlos moZraobaa.

laSa-giorgis flotur ambiciebs rac Seexeba: albaT is dro yvelze ufro xelsayreli iyo qarTuli flotis dasaarseblad: arc manamde da arc mere _ Savi zRva „upatrono“ aRar yofila: bizantia, Savi zRvis formaluri „mflobeli“ _ dasustebuli iyo da aravin ar

gigi TevzaZe

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SeuSlida xels laSa-giorgis droindel saqarTvelos Savi zRvis da-patronebaSi, magram mefe gardaicvala, saqarTveloSi monRolebi Se-movidnen. maleve Sav zRvaze genuelebi gabatondnen.

magram Tavi davaneboT Sua saukuneebs da Tundac me-19-me-20 sau-kunis dasawyisis saqarTveloze vilaparakoT. is, rom am periodSi da-savleT saqarTvelos afxazeTis, samegrelos, guriis da imereTis na-wilebi kulturulad sakmaod ganviTarebuli iyo, swored zRvis da sazRvao vaWrobis damsaxurebaa. ras ar naxavdiT xoneli da senakeli saSualo fenis mier zRvis gavliT gamoweril/miRebuli nivTebis sia-Si _ parizuli kabebiT dawyebuli, avejiT, wignebiT da saTamaSoebiT damTavrebuli. is faqtic, rom dasavleT saqarTveloSi mcire qalaqe-

bis kultura ganviTarebuli iyo, swored zRvis siaxloviT da misi aqtiuri gamoyenebiT aixsneba.

amitom niko nikolaZis Zalisxmeva sulac ar iyo ganuxorciele-

beli proeqti, rodesac man Savi zRvisaTvis kidev ufro meti mniSvne-lobis miniWeba daapira, vidre mas hqonda imdroindel saqarTveloSi. da gamouvida kidec. magram gasabWoebis Semdeg Savi zRva ruseTis tbad gadaiqca da nikolaZis yvela proeqti TiTqmis saukuniT SeCer-da.

saqarTvelo axlac cnobilia kargi mezRvaurebiT da kargi saz-Rvao saswavleblebiT. bevri ucxoeli [gansakuTrebiT aRmosavleTis qveynebidan da afrikidan] dRes sazRvao ganaTlebas swored saqarTve-loSi iRebs da aq miRebuli diplomi yvelgan „gadis“. mesmis, rom es rusul gavlenad SeiZleba CaTvaloT, magram 20 weli veranairi in-stituciuri gavlena ver SenarCundeba, roca wyaro aRar arsebobs da ganviTarebis safuZveli ar aris.

dRes Savi zRva, da gansakuTrebiT, saqarTvelos sanapiro – erT-erTi yvelaze ufro Seuswavleli adgilia yvela sxva zRvasa da okea-nes Soris. is, rom aqamde ar xdeboda misi Seswavla, mxolod da mxo-lod sabWoTa kavSiridan momdinare inerciiT Tu aixsneba. vfiqrob, rom studentebis daintereseba sazRvao kvlevebiT, romelTa ricxvi yovel weliwads, cotaTi, magram mainc izrdeba, migviyvans im dromde, rodesac erTaderTi „qarTvelur-anti-zRvuri“ argumenti, moxuci da mowyenili haidegeris msgavsad, sityvebSi erovnuli xasiaTis amo-kiTxvis saeWvo sarwmunoobis mqone TamaSi („zRva-zRvari“) iqneba. zRva ki imave adgils, Tu ufro mets ara, daikavebs qarTvelebis TviT-prezentaciaSi, identobaSi da TviTwarmodgenaSi, rac mas 100, 200 an Tundac 800 wlis win hqonda.

nino abakelia

akvaturi simbolos

zogierTi

mniSvnelobisTvis qarTul

miTo-ritualur sistemaSi

wyali yvela SesaZlebeli arsebobis wyaro, Tavdapirveli substanciaa, romli-

danac yvela forma momdinareobs da ukan brundeba dakninebis an kataklizmebis gamo. Sesabamisad, yvelafris dasabami da dasawyi-si, miwasTan da haerTan erTad, sivrcul realobas miekuTvneba (upirispirdeba cecxls – rogorc droiT process) da, ro-gorc aseTs, sxvadasxva xalxis samyaros suraTSi gansxvavebuli adgili miesadageba (eliade 1974, Sevalie 1996, CeTvaindi 1986).

qarTul enaSi `Sesakrebeli wyalTa~ moiazreba zRvad, romelsac asxvaveben si-didiT da, Sesabamisad, momcro zRvas tbas uwodeben, mdinares ki _ `minaden wyals~. (Sdr. sulxan-saba). okeanesTan, zRvasTan, mdinaresTan, tbasTan, WasTan, romlebic, Tavis mxriv, wylis mdgomareobaTaA simrav-lesa da sxvadasxva formas warmoadgenen, gansxvavebuli rwmena-warmodgenebi aso-cirdeba.

zRva, rogorc, zogadad, `Sesakrebeli wyali~, da, kerZod, Savi zRva, konkretu-lad gamokveTili specifikuri teritori-aa, romelsac imis mixedviT, Tu vis surda misi moxelTeba, sxvadasxva saxeliT ixseni-ebdnen, magaliTad, rogorc `zemo zRvas~ (asirielebi Zv.w. XIII-XII ss),~axSianas~ (anu Savs, Rrmas _ iranelebi),~avqsinus pontoss~ (arastumaTmoyvares), `pontikon

istoriis mecnierebaTa doq-tori, ilias saxelmwifo universitetis samagistro da sadoqtoro programebis fakultetis asocirebuli profesori, SedarebiTi li-

teraturis institutis mkvlevari. iv. javaxiSvilis sax. istoriisa da eTnolo-

giis institutis mTavari mecnieri TanamSromeli. Zi-riTadi naSromebi: simbolo da rituali qarTul kul-

turaSi, Tb., 1997. interes-Ta sfero: kulturuli an-Tropologia, semiotika, uZ-veles kulturaTa kvlevebi, miTologia da religiebis istoria, analizuri fsiqo-logia, literaturis isto-ria, musika, xelovnebis is-toria.

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Talass~ (pontos zRvas), `evqsinos pontos~ (stumarTmoyvare zRvas) (berZnebi), `buntus zRvas~(a.w. IX arabul-sparsuli geografiuli naSromebi), `xazarTa zRvas~,~yirimis zRvas~, `qerCis zRvas~, `trapi-zonis zRvas~, `rusebis zRvas~, `hudal al alems~ (qveynierebis saz-Rvars), `darie gurzans~ (qarTvelTa zRvas) (XI saukunis sparsuli wyaro; ucnobi avtoris geografiuli naSromi) da sxv. (T.beraZe 1981, 3-58).

qarTvelebi im xalxTa ricxvs miekuTvnebian, romelnic sakuTar istoriul da miTologiur mexsierebas zRvas ukavSireben da, ro-gorc gansxvavebul elements kulturis topografiaSi, gansaz-

Rvrul adgils uCenen. sainteresoa, rom sxvadasxva xalxis cxovrebaSi zRvas gansxva-

vebuli mniSvneloba aqvs. magaliTad, Zveli berZnebisTvis zRvas, ro-gorc maTi cxovrebis integralur nawils, saSuamavlo da gamaerTia-nebeli funqcia hqponda da, Sesabamisad, kolonizaciis, savaWro da gacvlis adgili, bunebrivi resursebis eqspluataciisTvis gankuT-vnili lokuss warmoadgenda. es imas niSnavs, rom mas hqonda ekonomi-kuri, politikuri da saomari mniSvneloba. aqedan gamomdinare, Zveli berZnuli samyaros suraTSi zRva centrSi iyo moTavsebuli, xolo misi napiri (resp. dasaxlebebi) qmnida periferias. Sesabamisad, maTi kolonializmis modeli xmelTaSuazRvispireTsa da Sav zRvaze, ro-gorc mis ganvrcobaze, specifikuri iyo (misi umniSvnelovanesi da-saxlebebi teritoriis SigniT 25 milze Rrmad ar Sedioda) (topo-rovi 1993, 417).

berZnebisagan gansxvavebiT, qarTvelebisaTvis zRva horizonta-lur proeqciaSi periferiul sazRvars (qveynerebis sazRvars) war-moadgenda, romelic saaqaosa da saiqios, amiersa da imiers, Sinasa da gares Sorisaa moqceuli. zRvris simbolika, romelic sivrcis simbo-lur organizaciasTan aris dakavSirebuli, uSualod kosmologiur sistemas efuZneba, misgan gamomdinare da, Tavis mxriv, samyaros sura-Tis Semqmnelia (n. abakelia 2008).

am TvalsazrisiT, sainteresoa aRmosavleT saqarTvelos reali-

aSi dadasturebuli leqsis fragmenti: `... brZanebda dambadebeli:

me davdgi miwa myaria, zed gadavxure zecada sina, Wiqa da rvalia

Sig gavacine mze, mTvare mavali dRe da Ramea; mrgvalad movartyi sami zRva TeTri, wiTeli, Savia...~ (kiknaZe 2010).

akvaturi simbolos zogierTi mniSvnelobisTvis ....

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aq zRvaSi zogadad sakrebeli wyalTa, wylis rezervuari igu-lisxmeba, romelic samferi (TeTri, wiTeli, Savi) sami sartylis sa-xiT ekvris samyaros... (Sdr.: infeqciur daavadebaTaA sulebis ferebi: wiTela batonebi, Savi yvavili; zRapris gmiri, romelic wiTeli, TeTri da Savi raSis mflobelia; `Jamnis~ sami viriT (TeTri, wiTeli da SaviT) xevsureTSi Sesvla, stumroba; sami sudara (TeTri, wiTe-li da Savi); samonadireo eposSi TeTri da Savi ZaRlebis arseboba da sxva (ix. oqroSiZe 1973, virsalaZe 1955, ColoyaSvili 2004, xidaSe-li 2010, mindaZe 2010). motanil arasrul CamonaTvalSi feri rCeba simboluri azrovnebis erT-erT mTavar sayrdenad.

m. xidaSelis aziT, qarTul kulturaSi gamoyenebuli (wiTeli, TeTri da Savi) ferebi arqauli simbolikis yvela niSans atarebdnen, erT sistemaSi iyvnen gaerTianebulni da maTi funqciebi mkveTrad iyo gamokveTili (xidaSeli 2010, 473). magram faqti, rom qarTul tra-diciaSi wiTeli sikvdil-sicocxlis feri iyo, Savi _ sikvdilisa da aRorZinebis, TeTri ki _ sikvdil-sicocxlisa, ferTa ambivalentur gaazrebaze migvaniSnebs da is, rom erTi da igive feri urTierTga-momricxav axsna-ganmartebas eqvemdebareba, gvibiZgebs ferTa siv-rcobrivi aspeqtiT dalagebisken da mis kosmologiasTan dakavSire-bas (amaze cota qvemoT).

imis gamo, rom adamiani samyaros sknelTa sazRvrebTanaa dakavSi-rebuli, mas saSualeba eZleva Seicnos keTili, boroti da neitralu-

rad kategorizebuli zebunebrivi arsebebi, romelnic moZraoben sak-raluridan profanulSi da piriqiT, sferoebSi. sxvadasxva modalur doneze ganTavsebuli sazRvrebidan (ix. abakelia 2008) aq yuradRebas SevaCerebT mxolod zRvaze, tbaze, mdinareze, rogorc liminalur zonebze.

miTologiur rwmena-warmodgenebSi erTmaneTs upirirspirdebian `sakuTari// sxvisi~, `nacnobi~//~ucnobi~ (`ucxo~), `Sina~// `gare~, zRva (rogorc auTvisebeli adgili) da xmeleTi, dRe da Rame; ufro zogadad _ samyaro da anti-samyaro, mowesrigebuli Sina da mouwes-rigebeli qaosi. orive samyaro dasaxlebulia sxvadasxva saxis arse-bebiT, romelnic cdiloben gadalaxon sazRvrebi da SeaRwion sapi-rispiro samyaroSi sxvadasxva mizniT.

gare samyaros miRmuri personaJebi, romelTac aqvT, rogorc ke-Tili, ise avbediTi zemoqmedebis unari, Caketili sivrcis sazRvrebis `RiobebSi~ ciklurad iWrebian, romlebic iReba sezonebis cvlis dros (mag.: Wiakokonobaze, vnebis kviris did xuTSabaTs, eliobaze (2.08), mariam RvTismSoblis miZinebis dResaswaulze (28.08); Winke-bis mosvlisas gazafxulsa da Semodgomaze, mesefis zRvidan amos-vlis dros Semodgomasa da gazafxulze da sxv. aseve nebismierad mo-

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dian infeqciur daavadebaTaA sulebi _ `batoni-angelozebis~ saxiT da sxv. (n.a. gv 155). `sxvis~ sivrceSi yofnisas miRmuri personaJebi (zRvis sulebi, tbis sulebi, mdinaris sulebi...) Tavs sxvadasxvagva-rad avlenen. zebunebrivi arseba, romelic `sxva~ sivrceSia moxved-rili, uxilavia Cveulebrivi adamianebisTvis, magram xilulia super-sensitiuri adamianebisTvis, romelTac SeuZliaT maTi xilva (upira-tesad, es arian monadireebi, meTevzeebi, mezRvaurebi). adamianebi da daimonebi (anu zebunebrivi arsebebi), rogorc es kargadaa cnobili specialuri literaturidan, erTmaneTTan urTierTobaSi Sedian siz-mrebisa Tu xilvebis meSveobiT, am SemTxvevaSi _ zRvasTan, tbasTan, mdinaresTan da a.S. anu yvela saxis wylian adgilTan, rogorc limina-

lur, zRvrul zonasTan. am adgilebTan sxvadasxva saxis gadmocemebi da simboloebia dakavSirebuli. aq SevexebiT mxolod akvatur limi-

nalur simboloebs, romlebic rogorc personifikaciebi, samive (fsi-qikur/mikrokosmul, sazogadoebriv/mezokosmur da bunebriv / makro-kosmul) doneze moqmedeben.

zRva, rogorc RvTaebrivi wesrigis, mravalsaxa kosmosis nawi-li, qarTul tradiciaSi upiratesad mdedrul principTan asocirde-boda. misi miTologiuri personifikacia xazgasmiT mdedruli gaxl-

daT da zRvis nenes, zRvis dedis (zogjer moxuci qalis) saxiT war-moidgineba. zRvis atributebi kverTxi da Savi ZaRli iyo. misi amgvari percefcia Zalian hgavs imave qarTul tradiciaSi dacul kosmizire-buli dedis erT-erT nairsaxeobas _ nadirT patrons, romelsac Tav-ze ia-vardisa da samoTxis ucxo yvavilebis gvirgvini adgas, xelSi dedoflis damamtkicebeli insignia – swori Txilisagan Tlili jo-xi upyria (Sdr. hekates misteriebSi kverTxi, romelsac `TeTrfoT-liani~ ewodeboda). orive qalRvTaebasTan (akvaturTan da teluri-

ulTan) asocirdeba Savi ZaRli, romelic maTi atributi an zogjer maTi ipostasia. orive qalRvTaebisTvis, romelnic xTonur zonas mie-kuTvnebodnen, gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba maT adgilsamyofels hqonda. mag.: tyis dedoflis sauflo warmoidgineboda, rogorc far-To mindori, garSemortymuli maRali mTebiT da vercxlisferi wya-roebiTa da tbebiT, xexiliT, yvlanairi yvaviliT: iqve mobalaxe ve-luri da Sinauri cxovelebiT. ayvavebuli da nayofieri buneba qal-

RvTaebis Cveulebriv fons warmoadgenda, romelSic misi Zlevamosi-

leba sxvadasxva saxiT vlindeboda. v.bardaveliZis (1957) mier rekon-struirebuli qalRvTaeba nanas (romelic didi deda RvTaebis erTer-Ti nairsaxeobadaa miCneuli mis mier) saasparezo fonic, masTan aso-cirebuli legendebisa da variantebis mixedviT, dakavSirebuli iyo zRvasTan. simRerebis mixedviT `batonebi~ (infeqciuri daavadebebis sulebi modiodnen TeTri zRvidan (s. wevaSi, zemo imereTi) (e.i. pir-


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veli satylidan, romelic samyaros gars artyia - n.a.). legendebis mi-xedviT, es qveyana xan zRvispiras cicabo kldezea aRmarTuli, xan kunZulze, romelsac yvela mxridan zRva uvlis (kaxeTi). gavrcele-

buli rwmena-warmodgenebis mixedviT, `batonebis~ qveyana SemoRobi-lia maRali galavniT da aqvs didi alayafis kari, romelic urduliT iketeba. masSi gamWvirvale brolismagvari wyaroebia, romlebSic cis laJvardi irekleba; yvelgan moedineba Taflisa da rZis mdinareebi, CanCqerebi margalitis Sxefebs afrqveven, xolo mzis sxivebi qveyanas cisartyelas ferebiT aferadeben. masSi aRmarTulia koSkebi an dide-buli sasaxleebi; koSkebi didi batonebisTvis da karvebi patara ba-tonebisTvis (bardaveliZe 1957). gurul legendebSi, ciuri samefos cisartyelas ferebi miiReba `batonebis~ TeTrad, wiTlad da lur-

jad (rogorc muqi da bneli feri, lurji da Savi aq sinonimuria.Sdr. lomiZe 2008, 115. - n.a.) SeRebili sacxovreblisagan... svanuri legen-

dis mixedviT, cicabo kldis Tavze, romelic zRvispirasaa gaSlili mindoria. yvavilebiT mofenil mindorze didi wyaroa, sadac batone-bis dedaa.... (bardaveliZe 1957) (TeTri da wiTeli feri samyaros sartylebis ferebi figurirebs mebodiSeTa tansacmelSic da Sesawi-ravTa ferebSic).

nana warmoidgineba didi dedis saxiT, romelic arwevda oqros akvans da tkbili xmiT aZinebda masSi mwol vaJiSvils.

igive samoTxiseuli landSafti ilias bazaleTis tbaSic (rome-lic xalxuri gadmocemebis inspiraciiTaaA Seqmnili) iZebneba; am leqsSi tbis Ziras maradmwvane, ayvavebuli, uWknobi walkotia; masSi akvania CviliT, romelsac gars grZneuli sirinozni exvevian da umRe-rian...batonebis //mzis (cis) baRSi da wyalqveSa baRSi erTnairi wal-

kotia, romlis SuagulSi oqros akvania yrmiT. zRvis siRrmeebSi, zRvis nenes garda, cxovroben da mas marTaven

mesefebi, magram maTze damokidebulia xmeleTze mcxovrebTaAkeTil-

dReobac. samyaros suraTSi gare sknelSi moqceuli mesefebi, romle-

bic, rogorc Cans, adgilobrivi Sesaqmis miTis personaJebic iyvnen, drodadro Sinas saqmeebSic ereodnen da monawileobdnen. isini cik-lurad modiodnen da aregulirebdnen saaqaos saqmeebs.

amgvarad,`cikluri stumrebi~ dasavlur qarTul realiaSi ari-an e.w. mesefebi sxvadasxva dros avismqneli an sikeTis momtani arseba-ni. megruli da aWaruli masalis mixedviT, isini adamianis msgavsi (mdedri da mamri) arsebebi arian, romelnic rigrigobiT amodian we-liwadis garkveul dros (oqtombris bolo 3 dRe da noembris pirve-li sami dRe 28.10- dan 3.11-mde) zRvidan da modian adamianTaA samya-roSi (sxva gadmocemiT, isini xmeleTze cxovroben). maT mosvlas Tan sdevs amindi an uamindoba, mosavali an mousavlianoba. maT dasdevT Sa-

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vi ZaRli. mesefebi nadirTpatronebi arian, mosvlisas iTvlian na-dirs. am dros monadire sanadirod ar wava. nadiri da frinveli erT adgilze grovdeba. mesefi maT niSnavs da swored niSniani nadiris mokvlis ufleba aqvs monadires. iRbliani nadiroba damokidebulia imaze, Tu vin daado nadirs niSani, qalma mesefma Tu kacma. mesefebi TviTonac kargi monadireebi arian. isini mSvil-isriT xocaven nadirs da Semdeg nanadireviT nadims awyoben. megruli rwmena-warmodgenebis mixedviT, nadiris Zvlebs tyavSi Cayrian, joxs dahkraven da acoc-xleben (abakelia 2008), zustad iseve, rogoc xmeleTis nadirTpat-ronebi aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi gavrcelebul rwmena-warmodgeneb-Si (n.a). wasvlisas mesefebi glexebs paraven mTeli wlis samyof oT-xfexs da maTTan erTad ubrundebian zRvis fskers... maTi wasvlis Sem-deg wvimac wydeba da idarebs (virsalaZe 1976). mesefebi da Winkebi weliwadSi orjer Cndeban sezonis cvlilebisas (gazafxulsa da Se-modgomaze). maTi mosvlisas mosaxleoba saTanado Tadarigs iWers. yvelafris karebs ketavs da rkinas (walds an namgals) daadebs avi Tvalisagan dacvis mizniT.

termini mesefi sxvadasxva dros sxvadasxvanairad ixsneboda, Tumca yvela es axsna-ganmarteba dResdReobiT isev varaudebis sfe-roSi rCeba. mag.: mesefebs erTni nadirTpatronebad miiCneven (Tandi-lava 1986; virsalaZe 1976, 1964) sxvani _ wvimis momyvan patara RvTaebebad (nadaraia 1979), zogi maT, iseve rogorc nadirTmfar-vels, micvalebulis sulebs ukavSirebdnen, romlebic xalxuri rwmeniT, mudmivad Tan sdeven adamianebs da icaven gareuli nadiris-gan (m. makalaTia). mesefi ixsneboda, rogorc veSapis identuri forma (i.javaxiSvili, n.mari), rogorc ganmgebeli (a.canava), rogorc meufe, mefe, batoni... arsebobs xalxuri etimologiac, romelic mas maisTan (zogi gadmocemiT maTi napirze gamosvlis dro maisia, xolo megru-lad maisi mesia) akavSirebs. napirze amosuli mesefi gzaze yvela-

fers (foTols, qvas, miwas) ukuRma abrunebs (ukuRma miRmuri samya-ros mimarTulebaa).

Cveni azriT, mesefis arsis gagebaSi SesaZloa maTi simravle dag-vexmaros. sayuradReboa, rom sityva mesef-Si gamoyofili `sefe~ Se-saZloa, niSnavdes samefo kariskacsac (vezirs). xom ar mianiSnebs es faqti, rom unda arsebobdes mesefis meufe, romlis kverTxic (samefo Zalauflebis insignia) maT napirze gamoaqvT? xom ar aris es meufe zRvis nene, romlis atributebi kverTxi da Savi ZaRlia (zogjer TviTon RvTaebis erT-erTi ipostasi)? mesefi zRvis nenes mesefea (veziria), romelic maT xmeleTze agzavnis ramdenime davalebis Se-sasruleblad: nadiris raodenobisa da amindis dasaregulireblad.


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amgvarad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom xTonuri siRrmeebi qarTul tra-diciaSi gansaxierdeboda Tavisi struqturiT teluriuli da akva-turi qalRvTaebebis saxeebSi, romlebic saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxeSi sxvadasxva saxeliTaa warmodgenili: nerCis batoni // fuZis angelozi (samegrelo, guria, imereTi), argila// igive adgilis deda (svaneTi), adgiel dedofal//adgilis dedofali, adgilis deda (aR-mosavleT saqarTvelos mTa), zRvis deda, wylis dedaA da sxv. mrava-li saxelwodebiT warmodgenili es saxe, romelsac aSkarad sivrcu-li ganzomilebac aqvs, gansazRvrul adgilSi Cenasa da am adgilis flobas gulisxmobs. is uSualo kavSirSia kosmiuri dedis ideasTan, romlis xatebac qarTul tradiciaSi qalRvTaebis nairfer saxeebsa da xatebebSi iSleba, romlebic mis sxvadasxva Zalasa da aspeqtebs avlenen (abakelia 1991).

amgvarad, ayvavebuli buneba Cveulebrivi fonia qalRvTaebisTvis, romelic sxvadasxva saxiT vlindeba. magram qalRvTaeba mudam amgvari idiliuri ganwyobiTaA da mdgomareobiT ar Cndeba. igi, aseve, asocir-deba wvimasTan, TovlTan, zvavTan da, zogadad, gaavdrebasTan xmeleT-

ze. mis am saxesTan dakavSirebiT iqmneba miTologiuri kompleqsebi: wylis deda _ meTevze, nadirTpatroni – monadire (Sesabamisad, mok-vdavisa da ukvdavis mimarTeba), sicocxle –sikvdili, nadirTpatro-ni – iRbliani nadiroba, yurSa – monadire da sxv. (abakelia 1997).

Tu nadirTpatronis pirvel, mSvid, idiliur saxesTan jixvi, ar-Cvi, mTis antilopa, Sveli, irebi da sxv. asocirdeba, romlebic, ro-gorc rqosnebi, mas nayofierebasa da mTvaris simbolizmTan akavSire-ben, mis meore xatebasTan _ gaavdrebasTan miTologiuri ZaRli yur-Saa dakavSirebuli (Sdr. ciuri ZaRlis elvasTan mimarTebas). e.virsa-laZis naSromSi mocemulia yurSas garegnoba: `yurSas yur-tuCi oq-rosi asxia, yurSas Tvalebi `mTvaris odenaa, yurSas yefa quxilsa hgavda zecisasa~, yurSas warbebi gvelebia~. yurSas personaJis gan-xilvisas g. SaraSiZem yurSas meteorologiur funqcias gansakuTre-bulki yuradReba miaqcia (SaraSiZe 1968). beTqilis miTis ganxilvi-

sas g.SaraSiZem sagangebod gaamaxvila yuradReba atmosferul feno-menze, ufro ki monacvleobis meqanizmze. romlebzec gansakuTrebuli zemoqmedeba nadirTpatronebsa Tu jagnaris// tyis RvTaebebsa aqvT, roca exeba cis mdgomareobas an mouxelTebel da saxifaTo gadasvlas sibnelidan sinaTleSi. svanuri rituali didi sifrTxiliT yofs da-lisaTvis samoqmedod dRe-Rames Suaze, zustad ciskris varskvlavis gamoCenisas. kultis mizania bindis gafantva da dilis dabruneba (ga-Teneba). aRniSnuli specifikuri miznis miuxedavad, igi mTlianad na-dirobis qalRmerTs eZRvneba. aqac bunebis fenomenis cvlazea lapara-

ki (Rame-gaTeneba) (SaraSiZe 1986, 78-118).

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mamri da mdedri mesefebis xmeleTze gadmosvla, Cveni azriT, mamri da mdedri arsebebis saxiT, dar-avdris moncvleobis maCvenebe-lia, romelsac zRvis deda aregulirebs.

kvakasielebisTvis (da ara marto kavkasielebisTvis n.a. ) sezo-nuri, meteorologiuri, dRisa da Ramis da a.S. monacvleoba droisa da sivrcis rigSi Sedis. atmosferuli fenomenebis regularuli ga-meoreba da Tanmimdevroba dakavSirebulia casa da miwas Soris gan-sxvavebis variantebze. es, g.SaraSiZis mixedviT, erTgvari determi-nizmia, romelic drois msvlelobaze sakuTari kanonebiT moqmedebs. Sesabamisad, pirvelze (sivrceze) zemoqmedebiT _ SeinarCuneb an ver SeinarCuneb dros. es jaWvuri Tanmimdevroba aSkaraa gvalvisa da wvi-mis monacvleobaSi da gamodgeba Ramisa da dRis monacvleobaSic, mag-ram Sebrunebuli meqanizmis gamoyenebiT. pirvel SemTxvevaSi monac-vleoba miiRweva cisa da miwis SeerTebiT, meoreSi – maTi daSorebiT. Ramis sibnele, rogorc g. SaraSiZe ganagrZobs, gamowveulia cisa da miwis SeerTebiT, SereviT, rac miTiur planSi Seesabameba mzis gaday-lapvas hipoxTonuri Zalis mier. SeerTeba irRveva gamTeniisas, roca mze Tavis STanmTqmels dausxlteba. am dros ciuri sivrce da dedami-wa erTmaneTs Sordeba. es daSoreba iwvevs dRisa da Ramis monacvleo-

bas. amindze (droze) misi zemoqmedebis principi igivea, rac nadiro-bis geniebisa (SaraSiZe 1986).

amgvari ritmuli monacvleoba kargad Cans mesefebis xmeleTze regularulad gamosvlis miTSic. Savi zRvis suli da misi personi-fikaciebi xTonur tips ganekuTvneba da, Sesabamisad, saxifaToa. am konteqstSi vxvdebiT zRvis nenes da mesefebs. personaJi, RvTaeba ad-gilisa, Rirebulebas aniWebs konkretul adgils da sakuTari Tavis meSveobiT gansazRvravs am adgils, rogorc `sakuTars~. adgilis siv-rceSi Sesuli _ adgilis sulia (genius loci), adgilis dedaa, rome-lic flobs am adgils (aseTi SeiZleba iyos zRvis suli, tbis suli, mdinaris suli, tyis, suli, kldis suli da sxv. e.i. adgilis mixed-viT sxvadasxva saxeliT warmodgenili adgilis deda).

zRvis garda, sxva liminalur zonebs tbebi da mdinareebi warmo-adgenen. sxva akvatur personifikaciebs tbebis (igive mcire zRvebis) zoomorfuli (verZi, xari, cxeni) simboloebi warmoadgenen, romle-

bic tbebSi cxovroben da maTTan nayofiereba da aseve amindis cvlaa dakavSirebuli. zog tbas mag.: imerxevSi uSualod buRis tbas (buR-goils) eZaxdnen. legendis mixedviT, am tbaSi wiTeli xari cxovrob-da, romelic zafxulobiT amodioda da Zroxebs amakebda... (saxokia 1985). samegreloSi cnobili iyo miqam-garios tba, romelzec amindi da uamindoba iyo damokidebuli; masSi, gadmocemiT, TeTri verZi cxovrobda, romelic zafxulobiT napirze amodioda da cxvrebs ner-


23

bavda. miqam garios (mTavarangelozebis miqaelisa da gabrielis) tbasTan wesad iyo mTis ZirSi Sesawiravis Sewirva (saxokia 1985). xanSi Sesuli mwyemsi xonCaze dawyobili saklavis gul_RviZliT yve-las magivrad tbis patron miqam-gariosTvis atarebda locvas da sxv. tbebisTvis icodnen ZRvenis mitana sakvebis saxiT da wyalSi Cayra. masTan dakavSirebuli iyo samoTxiseuli miraJebi. masSi bunebrivi simboloebis garda, asocirdeba, fsiqikis mier Seqmnili simboloebi, rogoricaa gveleSapi da devi.

mravali eTnografiuli da arqeologiuri masala arsebobs tbe-bis, mdinarebis, wyaroebis, Webis (romlebic miwis Tvalad iTvlebod-

nen. magaliTad, Wis gaTxra Tvalis gaxsnad aRiqmeboda samegreloSi) da a.S. Tayvaniscemaze. mudmivad cvalebadi da Seuqcevadi mdinareebi uZvelesi droidan asocirdeboda drois nakadTan, romelic mxolod erTi mimarTulebiT miedineboda. mdinaresTan dakavSirebuli sxva cnobili simboluri mniSvnelobebi iyo: saiqioSi mimavali gza, cod-vebisgan ganwmendis saSualeba, nayofiereba da sxva. mdinare sakomuni-kacio saSualeba iyo saaqaosa da saiqios Soris. mdinares Sinidan ga-reT atandnen cud ambebs, sakralur obieqtebs. ganZis Caflva mdina-ris piras e. i. marginalur zonaSi, Sesawiravis gakeTebas utoldebo-

da (lorTqifaniZe 2004), xolo Cveni azriT, Sinasa da gares Soris arsebuli cirkulaciis maCvenebeli iyo (abakelia 2007). eTnografi-

uli monacemebiT, qarTul tradiciaSi mdinaresTan, rogorc qaluri (wylis deda, gveli, gvelSapi ) aseve, mamakacuri (xari, verZi, devi...) sawyisebi asocirdeba.

gvelisa da gveleSapis saxeebi qarTul tradiciaSi dakavSirebu-lia wyalTan. gveleSapi (veSapi) wylis mflobeli, misi binadari da darajia. qarTul zRaprebSi urCxuli wyals umsxverplod aravis uTmobs; msxverpli unda gaiRos ara marto mdabio xalxma, aramed xelmwifemac (Ciqovani 1949). veSaps, rogorc wesi, ebrZvis gmiri... (xalxur doneze mag.; leCxumsa da qvemo svaneTSi moaruli gadmoce-mis Tanaxmad, mas mama-Svili an sxva versiiT, ori Zma vaJina da JivJiva ebrZoda, qristianul doneze _ upiratesad, wm. elia, wm. giorgi).

rwmena-warmodgenebi wylismflobeli gveleSapis Sesaxeb uSua-lodaa dakavSirebuli megaliTur ZeglebTan, kerZod, veSapebTanA/vi-SapebTanA da maT miTologiasTan. nayofierebasTan erTad maTTan mete-orologiuri simbolizmicaa dakavSirebuli (ix. abakelia 1997).

rwmenebi wylismflobeli gveleSapis Sesaxeb uSualod ukavSir-deba zemoT xsenebul megaliTur Zeglebs. da, rogorc aRiniSna, Tu erT SemTxvevaSi es Zeglebi nayofierebis, rZisa da Svilierebis mim-cemia, sxva SemTxvevaSi maTTan gvalva-delgmaa dakavSirebuli.

nino abakelia

24

n. marisa da i.smirnovis (1931: 87-90) aRniSvniT, saqarTvelosa da somxeTSi gavrcelebul veSapebis zedapirze rig SemTxvevaSi sxva-dasxvanairi gamosaxulebebis garCevaa SesaZlebeli. yvelaze xSirad ki, cxovelis Tavis, rqebiT. zog veSapze aRniSnuli gamosaxulebebi detaluradaaa damuSavebuli, zogze ki – stilizebulia. xSirad, am cxovelTa xaxidan gadmodis erTi, ori an sami talRiseburi xazi, ro-melic wylis nakadTTan identificirdeba (sixaruliZe 1972: 24). am Zeglebze gatyavebuli cxovelis tyavi (umeteswilad, xaris. gvxvdeba kameCis da cxvrisac) Sesawiravis tyavadaa miCneuli, romelic TiT-qosda mTel stelazea gadafenili (n. mari da i.smirnovi: 1931 87-90). Sesawiravis gatyavebisas Tavis, kudis da kidurebis xeluxleblad datoveba msxverplSewirvis uZvelesi formaa, romelic XX Suawle-

bamde saqarTvelos mraval kuTxeSi dasturdeba (ix. abakelia 1987: 237-243; 1991: 83-115).

Cveni kvlevis Tanaxmad (abakelia 1997, 2010), menhirebTan aso-cirdebian cis RmerTebi (amaze metyvelebs xSir SemeTxvevaSi xaris gamosaxuleba, romelic, Tavis mxriv, amindis RmerTis universalur simbolos warmoadgens. aRniSnuli Tezisis gasamyareblad SeiZleba movitanoT tipologiuri masala erTerTi uZvelesi xalxis, kerZod, xeTebis religiidan, romelic amindis RmerTs huwaši-s exeba. sad-Resasawulo teqstebis umetesi konteqstidan da sakulto inventa-ridan gamomdinare, huwaši qvis stela an beTilia, romelzec zogjer reliefebia amotvifruli. maT aTavsebdnen rogorc taZarSi, ise Ria cis qveS, wyaros TavTan an tyesTan axlos an mTaze. xeTologiuri ga-mokvlevebis Tanaxmad, qvis stelebi sxvadasxva RvTaebas eZRvneboda, magram maT Soris yvelaze cnobili da mniSvnelovani amindis RvTaebis gamosaxulebiani stela iyo (aseve, mniSvnelovnad gveCveneba, rom amin-dis RvTaebis gamosaxuleba dResaswaulebis dros gamohqondaT taZ-rebidan, ritualuri procesiiT mihqondaT qalaqgareT da misi ste-lis win aTavsebdenen (zingeri: 1986: 245-2530). aRniSnuli masala zemoT gamoTqmul varauds amyarebs, rom qvis stelaze SesaZlebeli iyo amindis RvTaebis gamosaxva (iseve rogorc, Cvens sinamdvileSia, misTvis Sesawiri cxoveli anu misi erT-erTi ipostasi gamoesaxaT).

unda aRiniSnos, rom materialuri Zeglebis garda, es rwmenebi asaxulia wmindanebis epiTetebSi. am TvalsazrisiT, sainteresoa aR-mosavleT saqarTvelos mTaSi mTis veSagis/mTis SeSagis (romlis erT-erTi epiTeti `wyarosTavisa~ aris) arseboba (ix. oCiauri 1988), romlic aRniSnul regionSi cis RmerTis (Semdeg ki amindis RmerTis, xolo qristianul doneze _ wmindanis) saxiT aris warmodgenili Ta-vis xTonur antagonistTan erTad. xalxur rwmena-warmodgenebSi, qristianul doneze, masTan asocirdeba wm. giorgi da misi xTonuri


25

mowinaaRmdege da es transformacia miikvleva Cvens mier wm. gior-gis dawnexil, kondesirebul epiTetSi, romelic ufro farTo kon-teqsts gulisxmobs. am konkretul SemTxvevaSi, wm. giorgi (erT-erTi axali Teofaniaa amindis RvTaebisa qristianul doneze) iTvisebs da-marcxebuli xTonuri mowinaaRmdegis saxels da gvxvdeba wm. giorgi mTis veSagi/SeSagi wyarosTavisa~-s saxeliT, romlis ganmgebelic TviTon xdeba brZolis Semdeg.

sainteresoa, rom xaris gamosaxulebiani veSapebi, rogorc amas n. mari da i.smirovi aRniSnavdnen, gvxvdebian mTebSi mdinareebis saTa-veebTan, wyarosTan, tbebTan, arxebTan da sxv. (ix. mari da smirnovi, 1931). es faqti xSir SemTxvevaSi dasturdeba qarTul realiaSic (gavixsenoT baraleTis svetisa da sxva qvasvetebis mdebareoba), aseve _ sakralur topografiasa da wmindanis epiTetSic.

Cveni dakvirvebebis mixedviT, qarTul tradiciaSi menhirebi (sxva tradiciebisgan gansxvavebiT, romlebSic isini cal-calke fi-gurireben, Sesabamisad, kromlexebisa da menhirebis saxiT) orive principiT _ mdedruliTa da mamruliT _ erTad arian warmodgenili.

amgvarad, qarTul tradiciaSi megaliTuri Zeglebi, romlebic veSapis saxeliT arian cnobili, konsekrirebulni arian maTSi zebu-nebrivis damswreobiT. warmoadgenen ra Teofanias, isini mianiSneben sakraluri `centris~ (terminis eliadeseuli gagebiT) erT-erT na-irsaxeobaze. profanul sivrceSi Casmuli zebunebrivi sivrcis rea-lobis `ierofanizacia~ uSualod miiRweva TvalsaCino simbolizmiT, romelsac TviTon qvis forma avlens (erTis mxriv, cis ganmgebeli, me-ores mxriv misi xTonuri mowinaaRmdege) da romelic mas kosmiuri energiis centrad aqcevs.

Cveni kvlevebis Tanaxmad, wyaroTavi, wyalsacavi, zRva, tba, mdi-nare da sxv. e.w. `liminaluri~ zonaa, romelzec samyaros centri ga-dis da romelic Cven kosmiuri brZolis adgilad gvesaxeba. am adgi-lebSi aRmarTulia brZolis amsaxveli simbolo qvis veSapis saxiT, romelzec xaris (amindis RvTaebis erTerTi gavrcelebuli gamovli-

nebis) gamosaxulebaa. amrigad, zemoT Tqmuli mokled Semdegnairad SeiZleba Sejamdes: winamdebare kvleva organizebulia wylis mdgomareobaTaA sim-

ravlisa da formebis garSemo, romlebic sivrcul realobas miekuT-vnebian da rogorc aseTni qarTvelTa samyaros arqaul modelSi gan-sazRvrul adgils ikaveben.

qarTvelebisTvis, rogorc mcirericxovani xalxisTvis, zRvas ar gaaCnda kolonizaciis, savaWro da gacvlis funqciebi (rogorc es Zveli berZnebisTvis iyo damaxasiaTebeli), magram is yovelTvis maT istoriul da miTologiur mexsierebaSi rCeboda da kulturis to-

nino abakelia

26

pografiaSi periferiaze moiazreboda. qarTvelTaTvis aTvisebuli samyaros nawili `Sina~ moTavsebuli iyo samyaros centrSi, romel-

sac gars sami samfera (TeTri, wiTeli,Savi) sartyeli uvlida (da mis vertikalur da horizontalur topografias gulisxmobda). sar-tylebSi dasaxlebuli arsebani sartyelTa ferTa mixedviT iyvnen dajgufebulni ( rogorc nakleb saSiSi, metad saSiSi da ukiduresad saSiSi arsebani).

kosmogoniis amsaxvel citirebul leqsis fragmentSi (romelic arc Tu ise Zveli Cans, magram romelSic arqetipebi moqmedeben) fere-bi kosmiuri simbolizmis gamomxatvelia. yovel sartyels Sesabamisi zebunebrivi arsebebi Seesabameba.

gamovlenilia zRvis suli Tavisi TiasoTi, mesefebis (vezirebis saxiT), romelic SeiZleba Sedardes did nanasa da mis mesefeT _ bato-nebs. gamovlenilia tbisa da mdinareTa zoomorfuli da antropomor-fuli arsebani maTi Sesabamisi mdedruli da mamruli sawyisebiTa da funqciebiT. wyaros, mdinaris da tbis maxloblad aRmarTuli megali-

Turi Zeglebi miCneulia sakraluri centris erT-erT nairaxeobad, romelic amindis ganmgeblis ( qristianul doneze wm.giorgis) da misi xTonuri antagonistis kosmiuri brZolis adgilad moiazreba.

literatura

abakelia 1991: Н. Абакелия, Миф и ритуал в Западной Грузии, 1991. abakelia 1997: nino abakelia. simbolo da rituali qarTul kultu-

raSi, Tb., 1997. abakelia 2007: nino abakelia, saganTa funqcionirebisaTvis samyaros

modelSi (qarTuli masalis mixedviT). semiotika, 2. Tb., 2007.

abakelia 2008: nino abakelia, `daimonebi~ qarTul miTo-ritualur sistemaSi, semiotika, 3, Tb., 2008.

bardaveliZe 1957: В.В.Бардавелидзе, Древнейшие религиозные верования и обрядовое графическое искусство гру-зинских племен, Тб., 1957.

beraZe 1981: T. beraZe. zRvaosnoba Zvel saqarTveloSi, Tb., nakaduli, 1981.

eliade 1974: Mircea Eliade. Patterns in Comparative Religion, A Meri-dian Book, New American Library, Times Mirror, New York, 1974.

virsalaZe 1955: elene virsalaZe, barbol-babari qarTul fol-

klorSi, saqrTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademiis moam-be, t. XVI, 1, Tb., 1955.


27

virsalaZe 1964: el. virsalaZe. qarTuli samonadireo eposi, Tb., 1964.

virsalaZe 1976: el. virsalaZe. qarTuli miTologiis istoriidan. `haeris mcvelni~. iv.javaxiSvilis dabadebis 100 wlis-

Tavisadmi miZRvnili saiubileo krebuli. Tb., 1976. zingeri 1996: Itamar Singer. The huwaši of the Storm-God in Hattuša.

Tűrk Tarih Kurumu Yayinlari IX. Dizi –ξa-9. IX.Tűrk Kongresi, Ankara. 1981. I Cilt.Ankara. 1986.

Tandilava 1986: z. Tandilava, RvTaeba mesefis miTologiuri saxis gagebisaTvis, kr. samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos ze-pirsityviereba, Tb., 1986

kiknaZe 2010: zurab kiknaZe da tristan maxauri (Semdgenlebi). xal-

xuri poeziis anTologia. qarTuli wignis mxardaWeris fondi, Tbilisi, memkvidreoba, 2010.

lomiZe 2008: Tamar lomiZe, feris mxatvruli gaazrebis Tavisebure-bebi nikoloz baraTaSvilis poeziaSi,semiotika,3, Tb., 2008

lorTqifaniZe 2004: O.Lortkipanidze. “Hoards” in Colchian Bronze Culture: their Role and Function, Journal of Georgian Archaeology, No. 1. Tbilisi, 2004.

mari da smirnovi 1931: Н.Я.Марр. Я.И. Смирнов. Вишапы (ТР. гос. Академии истории материальной культуры, т.1.Л., 1931.

mindaZe 2001: nunu mindaZe, religiuri sinkretizmi qarTul xalxur medicinaSi. qarTveluri memkvidreoba, V, quTaisi, 2001.

nadaraia 1979: m.nadaraia, wvimis patara RvTaebebi _ mesefebi da Win-kebi. kr. `samegrelo~, mecniereba.Tb., 1979.

oqroSiZe 1973: T.oqroSiZe. ferTa simbolika qarTul jadosnur zRaprebSi. ciskari,1. Tb., 1973

oCiauri 1988: al. oCiauri. qarTuli xalxuri dReobebis kalendari, `mecniereba~, Tb., 1988.

saxokia 1985: mogzaurobani (guria, aWara, samurzayano, afxazeTi), Batumi, 1985.

sixaruliZe 1972: А.Н. Сихарулидзе. К вопросу о значении изобра-жения быка на триалетских вешапах и вешапоидах. Кавказский этнографический сборник.4.Тб., 1972.

toporovi 1993: В.Н.Топоров. Эней - Человек Судьбы (К средизем-номорской персоногогии. Часть 1.Москва, Радикс, 1993.

xidaSeli 2010: manana xidaSeli. feris simbolika maxlobeli aRmo-savleTis adresamiwaTmoqmedo kulturebsa da qarTul

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xalxur kulturaSi. krebulSi: m.xidaSeli. saqarTvelos Zveli kulturis sakiTxebi, Tb., 2010.

SaraSiZe 1968: GG. Charachidzé. Le systeme Religieux de La Géorgie Paienne. Paris, 1968.

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CeTvaindi 1986: T. Chatwynd. A Dictionary of Symbols, London, Glasgow, Toronto, Sydney, Auckland, 1986.

Ciqovani 1949: mixeil Ciqovani. veSapTmebrZoli gmiri da wminda mxe-dari. puSkinis sax. pedagogiuri institutis Sromebi. t.VII. Tb., 1949.

ColoyaSvili 2004: rusudan ColoyaSvili, uZveles rwmena-warmod-genaTaAkvali xalxur zRaprul eposSi, Tb., 2004.

cira barbaqaZe

zRvis semiotika qarTuli

enis masalebis mixedviT

zRvis semantikuri veli

qarTuli enis leqsikonebis mixed-

viT, leqsema zRvis saintereso semantiku-

ri veli dasturdeba. pirvel rigSi, unda

aRvniSnoT, rom uZvelesi fuZea da aRdge-

nilia misi saerToqarTveluri arqetipic.

aseTi fuZeebi qarTulSi bevri ar aris.

gvxvdeba Zvel qarTulSic: `xolo

zRuai igi qarisagan aRxirRueoda~; `war-

vidoda zRuasa mas galileisasa~…da sxva.

qarTul zRu-a fuZes Seesatyviseba megru-

li zRv-a, lazuri zoR-a da svanuri zu-

Ru-a. giorgi klimovma saerToqarTveluri

fuZe-enis donisTvis aRadgina zRua- arqe-

tipi. hainc fenrixisa da zurab sarjvela-

Zis qarTvelur enaTa etimologiur leqsi-

konSi dasturdeba zRvasTan dakavSirebu-

li kidev erTi uZvelesi fuZe: zRuel-.

qarTuli: zRvel- zRvel-a (rac niSnavda

kokispirul wvimas, misi megruli Sesat-

yvisi iyo: zRvar- zRvar-zRval-i (rac ag-

reTve kokispiruli wvimaa), zRvar-zRva-

la-an-s _ kokispirulad wvims. qarTuli

enis imerul dialeqtSi dasturdeba

zRvel- Ziri, romlis kanonzomieri meg-

ruli Sesatyvisia megruli zRvar-,

zRvar-zRval- (reduplicirebuli fuZe)

_ es masala Seapirispira hainc fenrixma.

zRvidanaa nawarmoebi: zRvauri (zRvi-

dan monaberi qari), zRvavdeba (zRvasaviT

bevri, didi xdeba), mozRvaveba, uzRvavi...

filologiis mecnierebaTa doqtori, ilias saxelmwi-

fo universitetis samagis-tro da sadoqtoro progra-mebis fakultetis asocire-buli profesori, Sedarebi-Ti literaturis institu-tis mkvlevari. ZiriTadi naSromebi: mo-nografiebi _ qarTuli mWev-rmetyvelebis lingvopragma-

tika (2003), qarTuli saka-nonmdeblo stili (1996), poeziis semiotika (2009). interesTa sfero: semio-

tika, ritorika, poetika, kritika.

cira barbaqaZe

30

semantikurad zRvas ukavSirdeba kidev erTi leqsema: zRvari

_ sazRvari, mijna. miuxedavad imisa, rom zRvarSi aSkaraa zRvis

Tviseba, rom is aris zRvari, gamyofi... es etimologia mainc saWi-

roebs ufro dazustebul kvlevas. qarTulSi aris kidev erTi leq-

sema zRveva (azRvevina, miuzRo), romelSic Soreulad SeiZleba

`zRua~ fuZe ivaraudebodes, Tumca esec mxolod varaudia.

biZina foCxua qarTuli enis leqsikur fondSi saerToqarTve-

luris namemkvidrevad miiCnevs Semdeg sityvebs: wyali, zRva, tba,

Rele, Rvari, Tovli, wvima, (foCxua 1974:317).

zRva gadataniTi mniSvnelobiT bevris aRmniSvnelia idiomebSi:

zRva sixaruli, zRva xalxi, siyvarulis zRva...

zRvis mTavari Tviseba Relva metaforizebulia qarTuli enis

leqsikaSi da dakavSirebulia adamianis Sinagan emociebTan: avRel-

di, guli miRelavs... Relvam Semipyro...

Zalian sainteresod gveCveneba Zveli qarTuli enis leqsikon-

Si dadasturebuli menaveobis leqsika:

menave _ navis mmarTveli, patroni.

menaveT-moRuawe _ `ara xolo menaved, aramed menaveT-moRua-

wei yovlad... ganwesebul var~.

menaveT-moZRuari _ menaveTa Tavi;

agreTve: navis-ufali, navis mavlinebli (menave), navis-marTebe-

li, navis-moqmedi da sxva (abulaZe 1973:231, sarjvelaZe 1995).

sulxan-saba ki navis mravalferovan semantikur vels gvTava-

zobs (zomebis mixedviT): navi _ ese zogadi saxeli ars yovelTa nav-

Ta. mciresa navsa _ nuSa, missa udidessa _ varcli, kopano, karapa, kar-

paWa, xumaldi, karafiTa, oCxomeli, oleWkanderi, katarRa _ erTi me-

ores udides-udidesni arian, xolo xomaldi da dromoni udides yo-

velTa. stoli _ saomarni navni.

menave _ eseni arian yovelni navTa muSakni: xolo navse ewodebis

navis maSenebelsa da navkosalari _ menaveT moZRvarsa, xolo mepro-

re _ menaveT uxucessa, mpirvelobni _ menaveT gamgebelsa, navturi _

katarRis mnesa da navte _ momcro navis menavesa, xolo mxervali _ na-

vis mavlinebelsa, romelsa upyries timoni da meafqioe _ afris gamge-

belsa.

navsadguri _ sadaca navi dadgomad SesaZlebel ars zRvaTa Si-

na, navsayudeli _ sada zRva ukumdgaria, viTarca tba, myudro da uRe-

lavi (ellenebr: limena, limoni).

menaveobasTan dakavSirebuli mravalferovani leqsikis arse-

boba adasturebs, Sesabamisad, mravalferovani funqciebi arsebobda

da rom qarTvelebi `gaSinaurebuli~ iyvnen zRvasTan.

zRvis semiotika qarTuli enis masalebis mixedviT

31

Zalian mniSvnelovania agreTve, rom qarTvelebma simSvidis,

daculobis, TavSesafris metaforad swored zRvasTan dakavSirebu-

li leqsema _ navsayudeli airCies.

qarTuli enis leqsikaSi zRvis semantikuri velis Seswavla

(rogorc pirdapiri, aseve gadataniTi mniSvnelobiT) adasturebs,

rom zRva qarTvelis bunebis nawilia da rom sityva zRva uZveles,

arqetipur doneze aRdgenili leqsemaa. agreTve zRvis semantikuri

veli _ zRvaosnobasa da naosnobasTan dakavSirebuli leqsika, mena-

vis ierarqiebi da Tavad navis mrvalsaxeoba (Sesabamisi qarTuli

SesatyvisebiT) gamodgeba argumentebad, rom aRniSnuli konceptiT

gamoxatuli farTe semiotikuri veli Cveni, qarTvelis, bunebis

erTgvari matricaa.

wyali, nakadi, mdinare _ drois metafora

anu

”wyalwaRebulebi”

`Cvens cxovrebiseul gamocdilebaSi dro yovelTvis

heraklites drois msgavsia. Cven niadag vixsenebT am Zvel Sedarebas, TiT-

qos amdeni saukunis manZilze araferi Secvlila da

kvlavindeburad vrCebiT heraklited, mdinareSi Tavis anarekls rom uyu-

rebs da fiqrobs imaze, rom mdinare mdinare araa, imitom,

rom wyali Seicvala, da Tavadac araa heraklite, radganac isic Seicvala

mas Semdeg, rac ukanasknelad umzerda mdinares~.

borxesi, ~dro~

`ver movirCine Cemi yrmobis wvimebis wyevla. maSinRa mivxvdi: rom sicoc-

xlis wyalma wamiRo~.

giorgi kekeliZe

wylis (mdinaris) drosTan kavSiri universaluri metaforaa.

am analogiiT enasa da kulturaSi mravali axali metafora ibadeba

– gansxavavebul enaze, gansxvavebuli sintaqsiT, magram saerTo

ideiT, rac adasturebs kacobriobis fsiqikur da mentalur erTia-

nobas da, amave dros, gamoxatvis individualobas. yvelaferi, rac

arsebobs, dros miaqvs... Tumca zogs inaxavs dro, zogs ki _ swra-

fad aqrobs da iviwyebs. mas Semdeg mravalma wyalma Caiara _ ityvis qarTul enaze

molaparake da `mraval wyalSi~ bunebrivia, dros igulisxmebs; anu

_ didi dro gavida... Sesabamisad, frazeologiaSi arsebobs sintag-

ma: cxovrebis dineba. raki dro – mdinarea, xolo cxovreba droiT

cira barbaqaZe

32

gansazRvruli, maSasadame, cxovrebac mdinarea, anu dineba, romel-

sac zogi mihyveba, zogs miaTrevs es dineba, xolo zogisTvis more-

vad iqceva. aqedan kidev erTi frazeologiuri sintagma: cxovrebis

morevi. cxovreba zRvasTanac identificirdeba qarTul cnobiereba-

Si – cxovrebis zRva. am metaforul kavSiris arss kargad gamoxa-

tavs oTar WilaZe leqsSi `moxetiale kunZuli~:

`daxetialobs Cemi kunZuli,

mTeli qveyana zRva aris misTvis.

is erT adgilze ver gaCerdeba,

gamoclili aqvs fexqveS sayrdeni.~

`moxetiale kunZuli~ asociacias aCens artur rembos

`mTvral xomaldTan~.

mec CamiTria zRvis simReram, iq cis kamara

da varskvlavebiT moWedili maradisoba

imzireboda da qceuli uZReb samared

xandaxan cxedars, Cafiqrebuls, zeviT esroda.

uceb dairRva lilisferi zRvis maqmanebi,

dRis neli ritmi da kaSkaSi, da viT uRvinod

daTroba anda usazRvroba Cveni qnarebis,

gamwarebuli siyvarulis vigrZen duRili! (frangulidan

Targmna givi gegeWkorma).

cxovrebis yvela dineba metaforulad Tavs iyris cxovrebis

zRvaSi. es zRvac droiT da droSi gansazRvrulia, TiTqos dagro-

vili droa. adamiani mogzauria (an mxedari), zRvaosani an naosani

(an sulac, kunZuli), romelic mowodebulia. gamudmebulad moZra-

obdes. zRva ki (cxovreba) mRelvare da xifaTiT aRsavsea, amitom

unda imoZrao ise, rom ar daiRupo. maZiebeli adamianis Tandayoli-

li swrafvaa `bedis samZRvris~ gadalaxva... baraTaSvili `merniT~,

galaktioni `lurja cxenebiT~ miiswrafis am gadalaxvisken. vaJa-

fSavela ki ityvis:

`dezi vkra Cemsa lurjasa,

gadaverio zRvaSia.

TqvenTan ZaRlurad sicocxles

sikvdili mijobs cdaSia;

ver maawonebT karg ymasa,

rac ar maudis WkvaSia!~ (`qeifi~)

baraTaSviliseul da galaktioniseul sulis swrafvas vaJa-

fSavela `lurjas zRvaSi gadareviT~ gamoxatavs, rac kidev ufro

amZafrebs sulis swrafvas.

mdinaris, zRvis gadalaxviT gmiri gadis gaRma, axal samyaro-

Si. zRvis (mdnaris) gadalaxvas da meore napirze (gaRma) gasvlas


33

bevri simboluri, metaforuli Tu ezoTeruli mniSvneloba ukav-

Sirdeba. qarTuli enis frazeologiaSi ki gaRma gasvla gardacva-

lebaa.

zRvis saintereso semiotikaa akaki wereTlis leqsSi:

zRvao, aReldi, aReldi, qartexils daemorCile!

aamTagore talRebi, kideebs gadaacile!

margalitebis salaro Seni ufskruli gulia,

myudroebis dros is ganZi qveynisTvis dafarulia.

mxolod rodesac mrisxaneb, guls uxsni mzes da mTvaresa,

im margalitebs Sestyorcni Sen Semkvrels aremaresa.

poeto! nurc Sen ekrZalvi mrisxane gulis Relvasa!..

Zilis dros quxils nu moSli da sibnelis dros elvasa!

akaki wereTeli poetisa da zRvis identifikacias mimarTavs

da mRelvarebas miiCnevs maT mTavar Tvisebad, radgan simSvidis

dros ganZi poetisa da zRvis gulSi _ orivegan dafarulia da

mxolod aRelvebul talRebs da poetis aRelvebul guls SeuZlia

margalitebis amotana fskeridan.

zRvis saintereso metaforul semantikas warmoadgens Tana-

medrove avtori giorgi kekeliZe Tavis poeziaSi. sainteresod ga-

daTamaSebuli qarTuli enis idiomaturi TqmebiT poeti qmnis xan

axal semantikas, xan kidev frazeologizmebis (enobrivi cnobiere-

bis) sazRvrebSi rCeba. `zRva kovziT dailia~ da `kovzi nacarSi Ca-

mivarda~ zRvasTan mimarTebiT ase gamoiyena poetma:

kovzis Zlispiri

zRvas vsvamdi kovziT –

ZarRvebad gavidgi marjnebi,

xolo Tevzebi

dardiviT mereoda –

badeebs xandaxan TviTonve vCuqnidi,

radgan dards ra dalevda –

me erTi viyavi,

erTi viyavi da

zRvas vsvamdi.

zRva didi iyo – me ukve ufro.

erTxelac, CaTvlemils, sizmrebi amewva –

mze CemSi Cavida.

.....

kaci aRar darCa, rom ebWo –

is ki mainc icinoda:

cira barbaqaZe

34

sxva mzeebma sxva zRvebi gadawves,

Rrubeli – am zRvebis nacari afantes qarebma

da mere daiqca gacrili nacari.

gawvimda.

......

gawvimda.

zRvas vsvamdi kovziT

da nacarSi Camivarda.

frazeologizmebis pirdapiri da gadataniTi mniSvnelobebis

SereviT aqtiurdeba sruliad sxva mniSvneloba da myari gamonaT-

qvamebic axal niuansebs iZens. asea am leqsSic. `zRva kovziT dai-

lia~ _ es gamonaTqvami moTminebis mniSvnelobas ukavSirdeba, iseve,

rogorc `wveTma qva gaxvrita~. warmodgenil teqstSi ki pirdapiri

mniSvnelobiTaa (leqsis konteqstSi ki – simboluri)gamoyenebuli

`zRvis kovziT daleva~, romlis finalia `kovzi nacarSi Camivar-

da~ anu: araferi gamomivida.

am leqsis gagebac mravalgvarad SeiZleba, iseve, rogorc

mravalgvaria zRvis mniSvneloba mocemul konteqstSi. miTologiu-

ri, arqetipuri Tu metaforuli-simboluri Sinaarsi aqvs am

teqsts... zRva aris _ dro, stiqia, cxovreba, aracnobieri... yvela

SemTxvevaSi, gansxvavebuli mniSvnelobebis miuxedavad, azri final-

Sia gacxadebuli. sxva leqsSi ki giorgi kekeliZe sakuTar andazas

Seqmnis: `ver movirCine Cemi yrmobis wvimebis wyevla. maSinRa mivxvdi:

rom sicocxlis wyalma wamiRo~. `wyalwaRebuli~ poeti frTxili-

caa:

nu gaSli afrebs, ver wagviyvans Sors Cveni navi...

wamixda xasiaTi da mosavali –

qari davTese

da

mzea… (`sxva andazis Zlispiri~)

leqsSi `embienti~ ki avtorma mSvidi mgzavrobis survili ase

gamoxata: `me iqiT waval, sadac wyali iqneba mdore~. poeti xan Tavad iqceva zRvad, ganudgeba Zmebs, romlebmac

`afrebi gaSales~ da Soreul mogzaurobaSi wavidnen. samagierod,

grZnobs maTi gemebis fskers...

Cemma

Zmebma

miaSures

udides


35

gemebs,

Cemma Zmebma gaSales amayi afrebi.

micuraven axla,

micuraven mSvidad,

saocari TavdajerebiT

saocradve bednierni.

da

Cemi Zmebis xomaldebis fskers

msubuqad grZnobs

Cemi

mTvlemare

mkerdi.

ra mimarTebaa zRvis fskersa da zedapirze mocurave gemebs

Soris? iqneb maradiulisa warmavalTan?

avtori (iseve, rogorc yvela) bolos `gaRma gadis~, aq gadaa-

TamaSdeba kidev erT idioma: drois gayvana. finali ki leqsSi `kacis

Zlispiri~ aseTia:

dro gamyavs,

radgan mxolod es saqme vici,

Tundac xels xelad gamowvdili talRa miSlides,

aTasi da binZuri talRa.

dro gamyavs.

aha, gamoCnda is napiric,

me gavedi da daRlisgan male movkvdebi,

aseTia Cemi wesi –

me movkvdebi,

dro ki samSvidobos

gaviyvane.

zRvis metaforas sainteresod xsnis zurab qarumiZe romanSi

`Rvinomuqi zRva~. avtori wers: `yvelaze saintereso stimuli am

wignis dawyebisTvis iyo Tbilisis istoriis xuTtomeulis pirve-

li tomi. gadaSli da kiTxulob, rom Tbilisis teritoria geo-

logiuri TvalsazrisiT kainozouri zRvis fskeria, romelic Camo-

yalibda kainozour eraSi da a. S. warsulis xedvis Cveneburi vari-

antia. me momewona es metafora. Semdeg zRvisa da qalaqis metafo-

raa. es axali ar aris, joisiseulia; aq imdenad qalaqisa da zRvis

metafora ki ar aris mTavari, TviTon es wignia zRva _ Rvinomuqi

zRva. xatebis asociaciebi, raRac ucxosadmi swrafvis, Riaobis,

damokidebulebis, amitomac es aris garemos garRvevis mcdeloba.~

(xazgasma Cemia _c.b.)

cira barbaqaZe

36

zaza SaTiriSvili am romanis Sesaxeb miuTiTebs: àvtori ar

aris orientirebuli ambis moyolaze – mas ainteresebs ara isto-

ria, aramed is, Tu ra mosdis enas, roca wer. wera – ai, romanis

realuri Tema da Sinaarsi.

qarumiZe iRebs idiomas, enis am gaqvavebul Sres, jer aqcevs

mas metaforad, anu imad, rac idioma odesRac iyo (lingvisturi

`miTologiis~ Tanaxmad) da amis Semdeg is am metaforas ànarati-

vebs~, àambebs~. magaliTad, `xelwera~, `bedis wera~ – gamoTqmebi,

romlebic sxva araferia, Tu ara gaqvavebuli metaforebi, romleb-

sac Cven yoveldRiur metyvelebaSi avtomaturad, yovelgvari

orazrovnebis gareSe viyenebT – qarumiZis romanSi ìbruneben~

orazrovnebas, iZenen metaforul (sazogadod, tropul) ganzomi-

lebas, romlis Semdegac avtori kidev erT xerxs mimarTavs –

trops àbukvalurebs~, materialurs xdis _ xeli personaJi xde-

ba, `xelwera~ – ambavi, anu is, rasac avtori gviyveba.~

sxvaTa Soris, aqve SevniSnavT, rom isini imas, rasac zurab

qarumiZe mimarTavs (e. w. idiomaTa etimologia) `Rvinomuq zRvaSi~,

giorgi kekeliZe amas poeziaSi àkeTebs~. ena, romelic scenaze ga-

modis avtoris (rogorc mediumis) meSveobiT, gvabrunebs saganTa

arsisken da siRrmisken. metaforulad teqsti iqceva zRvad, rome-

lic periodulad zedapirze amoativtivebs imgvar `niSnebs~, rom-

lebic gvixsnian etimologias, anu arss.

rac Seexeba, wyalTan dakavSirebul qarTuli enis frazeolo-

gizmebs da idiomebs, unda aRiniSnos, rom isini umeteswilad, uar-

yofiT semantikasTanaa dakavSirebuli. magaliTad: wylis nayva,

wyalSi gadayra, wyalwyala, wyalwaRebuli, arc Zmari, arc wyali,

wyali Seudga, win - wyali, ukan – mewyeri, wyali ar gauva da sxva. da-

debiTi semantikisaa wylisgan nawarmoebi _ wyaloba, mwyalobeli...

agreTve: Seni wyali gadamesxas!

zRva, rogorc koncepti, ambivalentur xasiaTs atarebs da

aerTianebs dadebiT da uaryofiT mniSvnelobebs erTdroulad, ri-

Tac qmnis erTian da ganuyofel bunebas.

literatura

baSliari 1998: Башляр Г. Вода и грезы. Опыт о воображении мате-рии / Пер. с франц. Б.М. Скуратова. - М.: Издательс-тво гуманитарной литературы.

beraZe 1981: Tamaz beraZe, zRvaosnoba Zvel saqarTveloSi, Tbilisi.

beraZe 2009: Tamaz beraZe, samxedro-sazRvao saqmis istoriidan,

Tbilisi.


37

mamardaSvili... 1974: M. K. Мамардашвили, А. М. Пятигорский, Символ и сознание, Москва.

foCxua 1994: biZina foCxua, qarTuli enis leqsikologia, Tbilisi.

Smiti 2010: karl Smiti, xmeleTi da zRva, msoflio-istoriuli

ganazreba (germanulidan Targmna giorgi TavaZem),

Tbilisi.

leqsikonebi

hainc fenrixi, zurab sarjvelaZe, qarTvelur enaTa etimologiu-

ri leqsikoni, Tbilisi, 2000.

qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikoni (Svidtomeuli), arn. Ciqo-

bavas saerTo redaqciiT.

zurab srjvelaZe, Zveli qarTuli enis leqsikoni, Tbilisi, 1995.

sulxan-saba orbeliani, leqsikoni qarTuli (ortomeuli), Tbili-

si, 1993.

ilia abulaZe, Zveli qarTuli enis leqsikoni, Tbilisi, 1973.

naira bepievi

wylis binadrebi osur

miTologiaSi

wylis binadarT TiTqmis yvela kavka-

sieli xalxis folklori icnobs. magram

ZiriTadad isini avsuli qalebi arian,

romlebic TavianTi grZneulebiT cdilo-

ben mamakacTa datyveveba-vnebas. wyalTan

axlos cxovrobs avsuli ali. igi demonu-

ri arsebaa, xiblavs mamakacebs da mere Ru-

pavs.

samegreloSi wylis deda (wyariS di-

da) lamazi grZelTmiani qalia. igi wyal-

Sia, cxenosans xels Caavlebs, Semdeg ki

cxenianad Rrma wyalSi CaiTrevs. arc meba-

durebs indobs igi, axvevs maT badeSi da

axrCobs.

afxazur miTologiaSi wylis RvTae-

baa ZiZlani. adreul safexurze mas wvima-

sac SesTxovdnen. Semdegi drois Tqmule-

bebSi igi alis msgavs avsul qalad iqca.

Aafxazur miTologiaSi sxva binadari qa-

lebic arian. isini Rame gamodian da mama-

kacebis Setyuebas cdiloben.

CeCnuri folklori icnobs wylis

dedas (xi-nana). romelsac civi, slikina

sxeuli aqvs.

yumixebis warmodgeniT, wyals gana-

gebs suv-anasi (wylis deda). man sakuTari

Tavi SesTavaza kacs, Semdeg Tavisi grZne-

uli Tma Semoaxvia mas, romelmac amas ve-

rafriT daaRwia Tavi. mixvda, Tu qalis

nebas ar dahyveboda, qali moaSTobda. qal-

ma beWedi gaukeTa TiTze da gaafrTxila,

filologiis doqtori, iva-ne javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo uni-versitetis profesori. monografia: `grigol bag-rationis cxovreba da Se-moqmedeba~ (2006). Targmni-li da gamocemuli aqvs kre-bulebi: `osuri folklo-

ri~ (2004), `osuri zepir-sityviereba~ (2006), qarTu-li prozis anTologia osur enaze (2007), osuri prozis anTologia qarTul enaze (2007), osuri Tqmulebebi (2010).

interesebis sfero: lite-

ratura, folklori, enaT-mecniereba.

wylis binadrebi osur miTologiaSi

39

aravisTvis araferi eTqva amis Sesaxeb. kaci dabrunda Tu ara, Tavis

sacoles aCuqa is beWedi. Mmesame dRes suv-anasma igi wyalSi daax-

rCo (sixaruliZe 2007: 157).

sruliad gansxvavebuli samyaroa wyali da wylis binadari

osur miTologiaSi.

donbedTiri osuri miTologiis mixedviT, wylisa da wyalqve-

Sa samyaros mbrZanebeli naxevrad kaci, naxevrad Tevzia. igi meTev-

zeTa RvTaebad iTvleba. Oosuri Tqmulebebis mixedviT, donbedTiri

mamakacia, radgan meTevzeebi Cveulebriv mamakacebi arian. donbed-

Tirs asulebic hyavs – wylis asulebi, romelTac qalebi scemen

Tayvans, radgan osuri wes-Cveulebis mixedviT, wyals qali ezideba

(mamakacisTvis es sircxvilad iTvleboda). saerTod, donbedTirebs

wyalSi da wyalqveS mcxovreb xalxs uwodeben.

narTebis eposSi wyali da wylis samyaro ganuyofeli nawilia

mTlianad samyarosi.Oosi mecnieri v. abaevi marTebulad aRniSnavda:

`RmerTebis samyaro, adamianTa samyaro da bunebis samyaro – es sami

samyaro narTebis droSi erTi sicocxliT sunTqavs da maT erTma-

neTis ena esmiT~ (abaevi 1988: 35). marTlac, RvTaebebi (warmarTu-

li da qristianuli), adamianebi da stiqiebi (qari – galagoni, wya-

li, zRva _ donbedTiri), samive maTgani osur eposSi _ narTebisa

da carciaTebis samyaroSi gansakuTrebulad aris warmoCenili.

donbedTirebi narTebisaTvis sapativsacemo RvTaebas warmoad-

genen. narTebis ufrosi varxagi iyo, varxags ori vaJi SeeZina _

tyupebi... gaixara varxagma... iseTi saRvTo gamarTa, narTebs rom

ekadrebodaT. dapatiJa zecis binadarTagan qurdalagoni, wylis bi-

nadarTagan _ donbedTiri, narTebidan bora da sxvani. samyaros

mTlianoba (ca, wyali, adamiani) Tavidanve ase harmoniulad aisaxa

narTebis eposSi.

swored bunebis, stiqiis samyaroSi moiazreba wyali, rogorc

osTa macocxlebeli, maTi sulierebis kidev erTi navsayudeli, sa-

dac maT garkveuli mimarTeba aqvT.

donbedTirebis sacxovrisic gansakuTrebulia: `axsarTagi

zRvis fskerze rom Cavida, donbedTirebis saxlSi moxvda. saxli ki

marTlac saocari ram iyo _ kedlebi Zvirfasi mbrwyinavi sadafisa

hqonda, iatakad lurji mina ego da saxuravad ciskris varskvlavi

exura~ (narTebi, gv.42). wylis binadarni araCveulebrivi silama-

ziT gamoirCeodnen: donbedTirebis asuli `iwva sawolze, xSiri,

oqrosferi kululebiT lamis iataks exeboda. mzesaviT pirbadrs

brolis yeli uqaTqaTebda~ (abievi 1988: 45) aseTi iyo Zerasa mze-

Tunaxavi, donbedTirebis asuli, romelic narTebis – uruzmagisa

da xamicis mSobeli iyo.

naira bepievi

40

samyaros samganzomilebiani sistema Taviseburad aqvT warmod-

genili kavkasiis sxva xalxebs. afxazebis azriT, Cveni samyaros

garda arsebobs ramdenime samyaro, zogi Cvens qvemoTaa ganlagebu-

li, zogi – Cvens zemoT, Cven SuaSi varT da amitom welze vikeTebT

qamars. aseTive rwmena aqvT raWvelebsac, arsebobs sami samyaro, ze-

da Zalian baraqiania, amitom mis mcxovrebT ar sWirdebaT didi

garja, qveda Zalian unayofoa, xolo Cvens samyaros Sualeduri

adgili uWiravs (sixaruliZe 2007: 235).

osur miTologiaSi, rasakvirvelia, es zesknel-qveskneli da

Sualeduri samyaro moiazreba, magram aq kidev metad aris dakon-

kretebuli uSualod zeciuri, miwieri da wylis stiqionTa erTia-

noba.

wylis sulis baTagisa (an gaTagis) da narTi mzeTunaxavis

(romelic gaTagma Zalis gamoyenebiT daimorCila) Svili iyo nar-

Tebis eposis erT-erTi STambeWdavi gmiri –sirdoni.

baTraZis maxvili, g. Sanaevis mier Cawerili Tqmulebis mixed-

viT, `Cagdebulia Sav zRvaSi da roca dasavleTidan elavs, osebi am

elvarebas baTraZis maxvilis brwyinvas miakuTvneben, romelic

zRvidan zecaSi avardeba xolme uwminduri sulebisa da eSmakebis

gasaJletad~ (abaevi 1988: 17).

imdenad Zlierad Semodis zecis, miwisa da wylis ganzomilebe-

bi narTebis samyaroSi, rom TviT zeciuri vasTirjisa da wylis

RvTaebebis donbedTirebis asulis Zerasas Svilia narTebis saTayva-

nebeli diasaxlisi saTana. samive sferos binadarni narTebis eposSi

erTiandebian. Aaq swored samive _ zeca (vasTirji), wyali, (Zerasa

_ donbedTiris asuli) da miwa (narTebi, romelTa dedaboZi aris

saTana) erT mTlian ganzomilebaSia warmodgenili. narTebs sir-

donma auwya saTanas dabadeba. saTanaUuruzmags gamohyavs akldami-

dan, sadac Zerasam Soba. vfiqrobT, srulyofileba amitomac miiR-

weva: `saTana iseTi lamazi da gonieri qali dadga, rom misi sila-

maze bnel Rames dResaviT anaTebda. Aazrovneba ki basr danaze uf-

ro gamWriaxi da isarze ufro mizanmimarTuli hqonda.~

isic unda iTqvas, rom sxvadasxva samyaroTa urTierTkavSiri,

wylisa da zecis an wylisa da miwis, sakmaod Znelia da garkveuli

Zalis gamoyenebiTac xdeba zogjer. narTebis eposidan cnobilia,

rom vasTirjim Tavdapirvelad donbedTirebis asuli ver daimorCi-

la. Mmoxerxebulobis wyalobiT qali advilad dausxlta xelidan

(wylis piras mivida, viTom xel-piris dasabanad da iqidan `Tavis

samSoblo~ _ donbedTireTSi Cavida). Ggardaicvala ukve xmeleTze

mcxovrebi Zerasa da akldamaSi (Svilebs unda eyaraulaT, dedis an-

derZis Tanaxmad, isini ki qorwilSi wavidnen) vasTirjim igi maT-

wylis binadrebi osur miTologiaSi

41

raxis erTi dakvriT gaacocxla, vasTirjim aisrula wadili da

wlis Tavze swored am akldamaSi daibada saTana.

aseTive winaaRmdegobaa wylisa da miwis erTianobis SemTxveva-

Sic. wylis binadarma gaTagma narTi mzeTunaxavi Zalis gamoyenebiT

daimorCila da daibada narTi – sirdoni.

miuxedavad amisa, am sami ganzomilebis is harmonia, rac narTe-

bisa da carciaTebis eposSi Semdeg viTardeba, aSkarad migvaniSnebs,

rom osTa winaprebs, carciaTebs, saocari siaxlove hqondaT wyal-

Tan, wylis samyarosTan. `mudmivad wylis napiras cxovrobdnen

carciaTebi, ase ufro uadvildebodaT cxovreba... carciaTebi pata-

ra mdinareebis napirebzec cxovrobdnen. sadac mdinareebi ar iyo,

iq carciaTebi naxulobdnen did tbebs da mis napirebze saxlde-

bodnen. daleviTac im wyals svamdnen (osuri Tqmulebebi). carcia-

Tebsac hqondaT iseTi wyaroebi, romlebic adamianebs avadmyofobi-

sagan kurnavda, Tbili wylebic hqondaT, mJave wylebic.

saRvTos gadaxdis dros erT-erTi aucilebeli rituali

sruldeboda – yabaxi imarTeboda. `am saRvToze sami saxis yabaxi

gaimarTeba: erTi zecaSi, meore – wyalSi, mesame – kacis Tavze~ (mi-

wiereba) (osuri Tqmulebebi 2008: 108).

sam ganzomilebad danawevrebul samyaroSi (ca, miwa da wyali)

Tavis gamoCena mxolod umamacesT SeeZloT. aseTebi ki, Tqmulebis

mixedviT, roca Sejibri gaimarTa, aRmoCndnen. caSi – vacila (RvTa-

eba), zRvaSi – Cexi (ucnaurad mJReri kacis saxeli), miwaze ki car-

ciaTebis disSvili imarjvebs.

narTebi donbedTirebsac stumroben. axsarTagi donbedTireb-

Tan midis. Semdeg ki maTi siZe xdeba, donbedTiris qaliSvils, Ze-

rasas irTavs colad. Uuruzmagi da xamici maTi vaJebi arian.

donbedTirebi narTebs swyaloben. roca narTebs Zalian gau-

WirdaT,Mman narTebs mimarTa: `Cems wylebze wisqvilebi gamarTeT,

Cems qaliSvilebs gavafrTxileb, rom wisqvilis borblebi Seufer-

xeblad atrialon, narTebs ki es sikeTe Cemgan saCuqrad hqondeT.~

donbedTirebs unaTesavdebian carciaTebic: `carciaTebs Zalian

bevri ucolo vaJi hyavdaT. ucolo vaJebma qaliSvilebi, romlebic

miwveul xalxs mohyvnen, sacoleebad SearCies. zogma zecierTa qa-

liSvili airCia, zogma _ donbedTirebisa~.

carciaTebis Txzulebebis mixedviT, donbedTirebi swyaloben

maT. carZois evgviparebi ver sZleven, radgan igi wyals Seafarebs

Tavs. donbedTirebi daicaven. magram arseboben wylis sxva binadar-

nic (sxva donbedTirebi), romlebic Seuteven mas da mis mtrebs, ev-

gviparebs, daexmarebian mis damarcxebaSi.

amrigad, wyali da wylis binadarni narTebisa da carciaTebis

naira bepievi

42

eposSi RvTaebebTan (zecasTan), adamianebTan harmoniul urTier-

TkavSirSi Tanaarseboben. isini keTili sulebi arian da zogierTi

sxva eposebis wylis binadarTagan gansxvavebiT, adamianis sikeTi-

saTvis arian mowodebulni. donbedTirebi sruliad gansxvavebuli

RvTaebebi arian, romelTac osur miTologiaSi gansakuTrebuli ad-

gili ukaviaT. maT araferi aqvT saerTo wylis avsulebTan, adamian-

Ta mtrebTan. donbedTirebs aqvT TavianTi samefo, samyaro, saidanac

isini miwier arsebebs narTebs, carciaTebs swyaloben da zogjer

maT unaTesavdebian kidec. sagulisxmoa is faqti, rom osuri Tqmu-

lebebis mixedviT, osebi wylis maxloblad saxldebodnen, maT mdi-

nare an tba aucileblad axlos unda hqonodaT. albaT amis gamo

iyo, rom maT Seqmnes aseTi dasamaxsovrebeli saxe wylis RavTaebe-

bisa, donbedTirebisa.

literatura

abaevi 1988: v. abaevi. osTa narTuli eposi, wignSi narTebi, osuri-

dan Targmna m. cxovrebovam, cxinvali, 1988.

sixaruliZe 2007: qeTevan sixaruliZe. kavkasiuri miTologia,

Tb., 2007.

osuri Tqmulebebi 2008: osuri Tqmulebebi, osuridan Targmna n.

bepievam, Tb., 2008.

orjonikiZe 1967: Îðäæîíèêèäçå, 1967. Ïðîèñõîæäåíèå îñåòèíñ-êîãî íàðîäà, Îðäæîíèêèäçå, 1967.

orjonikiZe 1989: Îðäæîíèêèäçå, 1989. Íàðòû Êàääæûò¸, Îðä-æîíèêèäçå, 1989.

mileri 1992: Âñåâîëîä Ìèëëåð, 1992. Îñåòèíñêèå ýòþäè, Âëàäè-êàâêàç, 1992.

carciatebi 2007: Öàðöèàòû òàóð¸ãúò¸, 2007. èðîí àä¸ìû ýïîñ, Äç¸óäæûõú¸ó, 2007.

SoTa bostanaSvili

zRvaosani piligrimebi

(b/artistuli warmodgena)

`zRvaosani piligrimebi~ semiotikuri refleqsiaa konceptualur proeqtze (su-raTze), romelsac hqvia `piligrimebi~, igi-ve moxetiale kunZuli, an meeqvse kontinen-ti. proeqtma iuneskos mier mowyobil arqi-teqturis saerTaSoriso konkursSi gaimar-jva (venecia, 1988). konkursis Tema gax-ldaT `ocdameerTe saukunis civilizaciis sivrce~.

`piligrimebi~ Tavad gaxlavT niSanTSe-moqmedebiTi suraTi, ferweruli da enobri-vi semiurgiuli teqsti. igi amoizarda kon-kretuli, lokaluri (qarTuli) kultu-

ris saxe(l)ebidan da gadaizarda sazogado saxe(l)Si da sax(e)lSi. aq kerZos da sazo-gados, romlebsac sxvadasxva aRsaniSnebi da aRmniSvnelebi aqvT, niSani akavSirebT da radgan piligrimebSi gamosacnobic arafe-ria (rac Cadebulia, imas amoviRebT), winam-debare statia gTavazobT mis gasinjvas ro-lan bartis cnobil teqstTan mimarTebaSi: `suraTis ritorika~ [barti 1989, 298-

302]. rogorc cnobilia, `suraTis ritori-

ka~ eweva `panZanis~ firmis makaronis rek-lamis semiotikur analizs. Cven `SeviWre-biT~ bartis teqstSi, `gamovaZevebT~ maka-rons, pomidors da yvela danarCens da Sevi-tanT zRvas, cas da taZrian skamebs. an ase: Cven davdgamT semiotikur speqtakls `pi-

saqarTvelos teqnikuri uni-versitetis arqiteqturis fakultetis sruli profe-sori; arqiteqturis saerTa-Soriso akademiis profeso-ri; poeti. ZiriTadi Sromebi: „arqi-teqturis poetika”; „Tbi-

lisis ritualebis sasax-

le”; “sazRvrebis konfliq-

ti da urbanuli konfliq-

tis sazRvrebi”; “uridod da uderidod”; „protoposti, anu gavTend-i”. interesTa sfero: filo-

sofia, filologia, lite-

ratura.

SoTa bostanaSvili

44

ligrimebi~ bartis scenaze. maS ase, Tqven winaSea b/artistuli war-modgena.

instruqcia: rolan bartis teqsti warmodgenilia muqi da dax-rili SriftiT. kvadratul frCxilSi miTiTebulia mxolod gverdis nomeri. mravalwertiliT aRniSnulia Cvens mier gamotovebuli adgi-lebi bartis teqstidan.

sami Setyobineba.

Cven winaSea [298] suraTi (gamosaxuleba, leksia). vxedavT: zRva-ze da cis fonze ganlagebulia skamis formis minis eqvsi nageboba. Ti-Toeul skamze saTiTaod devs (awyvia, gamofenilia, `zis~) xuTi sxva-dasxva konfesiis taZari. meeqvse skamze ki xea amozrdili. erTi sit-yviT, maT sxdoma aqvT. skamebis sazurgeebis siluetebi gansxvavdebian stilisturi niSnebiT. mocurave skamebi Sejgufebulni arian magi-dasTan, imave _ navsadgomTan, romlis konfiguraciaze teqstia gan-Tavsebuli. vecadoT, gamovyoT is Setyobinebebi, romlebic SesaZle-

belia Sediodnen (inaxebodnen) am gamosaxulebaSi [298]. pirvels am Setyobinebebs Soris aqvs enobrivi substancia da uSu-

alod gveZleva; igi warmoqmnilia suraTis qveda nawilSi ganlagebu-

li teqstiT. ..... am Setyobinebis kodi sxva araferia, Tu ara inglisu-

ri enis kodi; imisaTvis, rom gavSifroT msgavsi Setyobineba, saWiroa mxolod wakiTxvis unari da inglisuris codna. Tumca, enobrivi Set-yobineba aseve SeiZleba iyos danawevrebuli, imdenad, ramdenadac [298] suraTis teqstis saTaurs, romelic zRvis gamosaxulebasTan erTad ikiTxeba, daemata (am werilSi) `zRvaosani~, rom SesaZlebeli gaxdes (am werilis) wakiTxva (zRvis) gamosaxulebis gareSec. amde-nad `zRvaosani piligrimebi~ Tavadve migvaniSneben mcuravi saxlebis misiaze da gadagviyvanen kulturis garkveul paradigmebTan. kerZod: utnafiStimTan, noesTan, kolumbTan da misT.

rac Seexeba Tavad suraTis enobriv Setyobinebas, misi qarTuli Targmani aseTia:

piligrimebi.

mcuravi sakarcxulebi saxlebia. mcuravi saxli moxetiale kunZulia - meeqvse kontinentia _ TavSesafaria, `... Tu aRiareb, rom iRupebi~. sakarcxuli individualobis simboloa.

sakarcxuli dasvenebis simboloa.

sakarcxulebis yriloba dialogis niSania. sakarcxulebis sazurgeebi teleekranebia _ piligrimTa sa-


45

qadago ena. sakarcxulebi sxvadasxva kulturis warmomadgenlebi arian. es sxvadasxvaoba maTi zurgebia. es sxvebi sakarcxulebze sxedan.

sakarcxulebi adgilia (sacxovrebeli, samuSao, dasasvenebe-li...).

sakarcxulebi dacuraven erTad da cal-calke.

sakarcxulebi samyaros gadaaqceven interierad - saerTo saxlad.

sakarcxuli _ qancgawyvetili kacobriobis dasvenebis sim-boloa.

sakarcxulebi...

teqstSi aRar aris naxsenebi (aRar Sevida) sintagma maxvSis sakar-cxuli, saidanac Tavisi genetikuri kodi miiRes Cveni suraTis skameb-ma da romelic, Tavis mxriv, damatebiT codnas moiTxovda da gvagzav-nida qarTul kulturasTan _ svaneTTan, tabus da sakralobis niSnis matarebel saganTan. sxva enobriv sivrceSi (aq, inglisurSi) sawyis sintagmas Caenacvla `skami~, romlis resakralizacias, masze mjdomi taZari axdens (ganagebs).

teqstSi naxsenebia aseve moxetiale kunZuli, magram ucnobia (sxvebisTvis) misi warmomavloba, rogorc oTar WilaZis poemis saTa-uri, romelic poetis suliskveTebis muxts gamoxatavs: `daxetia-lobs Cemi kunZuli / pirvelyofili gulubryvilobiT / darwmunebu-li, rom saWiroa, / rom vinmes mainc miuswrebs sulze / amxela zRva-Si~.

saxe(l)ebma _ `maxvSis sakarcxuli~ da `moxetiale kunZuli~ - monawileoba miiRes sxva speqtaklSi (`piligrimebSi~) da gardaisax-nen sxva saxe(l)ebSi. am aqciiT gafarTovda niSani - aRsaniSnebi da aR-mniSvnelebi gamravldnen. miuxedavad amisa, upirveles yovlisa, moce-mul SemTxvevaSi aris mxolod erTi tipuri niSani, da saxeldobr, bunebrivi (werilobiTi) enis niSani. Cven visaubrebT erTi Setyobine-bis arsebobaze.

Tu gadaverTvebiT enobrivi Setyobinebidan, Cven aRmovCndebiT ga-mosaxulebis, rogorc aseTis, winaSe. am gamosaxulebaSi inaxeba dis-kretuli niSnebis mTeli rigi. pirvel rigSi (Tumca, CamoTvlis Tan-mimdevroba aq sulerTia, radgan es niSnebi ar arian xazovanni. isini warmogvidgenen [299] paradoqsul inscenirebas): skami - interieris elementi - sxva (hipertrofirebul) masStabSi, sxva masalaSi da sxva adgilas, iq, sadac ver ganTavsdeba. aseTi adgili mxolod suraTSia, an jer mxolod suraTSia (radgan SesaZlebelia axali teqnologiu-

SoTa bostanaSvili

46

ri amocanis dayeneba). am moulodnelobas, gnebavT, utopias da ab-surds, emateba is, rom skamebze taZrebia ganlagebuli. warmodgenil suraTSi taZrebi erTaderTi savaraudo masStaburi elementebi arian, romlebic skamebis masStabs gansazRvraven (savaraudod, Cveni skamebi ocdaaTsarTuliani saxlebi arian da maTi saerTo simaRlec as metrs aRwevs).

imisaTvis, rom wavikiTxoT es pirveli niSnebi cal-calke, sru-liad sakmarisia is codna, romelic gamomuSavebulia Cveni, farTod gavrcelebuli civilizaciis mier, .... [299], magram sruliad SeuZle-

belia maTi wakiTxva suraTiT SemoTavazebul situaciaSi. amisaTvis arasakmarisia is codna, romelic nebismier kulturul adamians gaaC-nia, amitom is am suraTs fantastikis sferoSi moaTavsebs, radgan su-raTi Cveuli sagnebis uCveulo xarisxebs da ganlagebebs gvTavazobs - uCveulo situacias. SeiZleba iTqvas _ sxva, Secvlil kulturas da civilizacias. saqmec is gaxlavT, rom es sxva ar aris fantastikis sferodan. aq kultura Tavis sxvas warmogvidgens _ kulturuli bu-nebis eqspozicias, kulturas kulturis Sesaxeb. amdenad, Cven wina-Sea metakulturuli leksia da refleqsia. suraTi TiTqos xids sdebs bunebrivi sagnebidan gadamuSavebul sagnebamde [300].

rac Seexeba meore niSans, aq ki Tavad kompozicia gvaiZulebs ga-vixsenoT ramdenime suraTis Sesaxeb (mag.: rene magriti), romlebic gamoxataven saganTa uCveulo yofaqcevis adgils, an am qcevis uadgi-lobas suraTis gareT, da amdenad is gvagzavnis esTetikur aRsaniS-nTan [300], romelic ver gvixsnis saqmis viTarebas: Cven winaSea peiza-Juri interieri, an piriqiT _ interieruli peizaJi; aq gansxvavebul-

Ta Soris sazRvrebia waSlili. codna, romelic saWiroa am niSnis asaTviseblad, ganekuTvneba mxolod sulieri kulturis sferos [300], magram is erTgvari akulturuli arcodnaa, suraTi ki kompo-ziciis niRbiT warmogvidgens srul mentalur dekompozicias. esTe-tikuri fenomeni ver gvixsnis (ver ganmartavs, ver gvagebinebs) imas, Tu ra xdeba, ra ambavia suraTSi. da Tu is uZluria da ver gvixsnis (ver gviSvelis, ver gvanTavisuflebs) saganTa Tavnebobisagan, is ix-snis (Tavs anebebs) pasuxismgeblobas da gvixsnis (gviRebs) gzas uto-posisken _ umiwobisken _ ubiwobisken _ usaxe(l)obisaken, saidanac xelaxlaa gasakeTebeli Tavdapirveli dasasrulis ingredientebiT. esec es(s)e _ mcire artistuli pauza vidre isev b/artistul pozas miviRebdeT. erTic vTqvaT am antraqtis dros: Cemma mterma Sexeda yve-lafers mxolod seriozulad, an, kidev uaresi, mxolod araseriozu-lad; yoveli raRaca (movlena, faqti, komentari) ubralod, sainte-reso unda iyos (farTe gagebiT). arc Cvens werils aqvs sxva preten-zia.


47

Cven mier gamoyofil niSnebs SeiZleba davumatoT kidev erTi, ro-melic migviTiTebs imaze, rom Cven, suraTis saxiT, swored konceptu-alur sakonkurso proeqtTan gvaqvs saqme da ara raime sxvasTan: amaze metyveleben rogorc adgili [300] _ zRva, mogzauroba gemiT, sadac Sesrulda da gamoifina planSeti sxva monawileTa Soris, gamarjve-bulTa dajildoebis adgili (san-markos moedani); sakonkurso devi-zi, programa, masmedia, maT Soris Jurnali, sadac gamoqveynda gamar-jvebuli proeqtebi. erTi sityviT, informacia imis Sesaxeb, rom Cven winaSea suraTi-proeqti, ar Sedis Tavad suraTis davalebaSi, ar war-moadgens mis imanentur mniSvnelobas, radgan gamosaxulebis suraTo-ba aq mTlianad funqcionaluria: .... [300].

maSasadame, Cven winaSe gamosaxulebaa, romelic Tavis TavSi ata-rebs CamoTvlil niSnebs; cxadia, es niSnebi qmnian erT Tavisebur mTlianobas da radgan isini diskretulni arian, saWiroeben garkve-ul kulturul codnebs da gvagzavnian globalur aRsaniSnebTan (ma-galiTad miTTan), romlebic gaJRenTilni arian emociur-Rirebule-

biTi warmodgenebiT; maSasadame, suraTze enobriv SetyobinebasTan er-Tad aris kidev erTi Setyobineba - ikonuri. da es yvelaferia? ara. ..., me `mesmis~, rom Cem winaSe ara ubralod formebi da saRebavebia, ara-med, sworedac rom Tavmoyril saganTa sivrcobrivi gamosaxuleba, romelic eqvemdebareba identifikacias (nominacias). am mesame Setyo-binebis aRsaniSnebad muSaoben sagnebi, xolo mis aRmniSvnelebad - igi-ve sagnebi, magram daxatulebi; [301]. isini mxolod mogvagoneben rea-lur sagnebs, an asocirdebian maTTan. zRvis anturaJis wyalobiT isi-ni imyofebian realur garemoSi, magram qmnian ararealur situacias, rasac ganapirobebs maTi urTierTganlageba da Senacvlebuli masSta-bebi. aq yvelaferi daxatulia, xelovnurad aris Seqmnili da mxolod suraTis kuTvnilebaa. aq aRsaniSnsa da aRmniSvnels Soris sruli TviTnebobaa, darRveulia maTi struqtura da saerTod, aq yvelaferi daSlilia da xelaxlaa awyobili. am aRniSvnis veqtori mis gareT aris mimarTuli da aRsaniSni emTxveva aRmniSvnels. ramdenadac cxa-dia, rom analogiur gamosaxulebebSi damokidebuleba aRsaniSn sagan-sa da aRmniSvnel saxes Soris TviTneburia, maSin ... ar unda gamoiric-xos, rom aRsaniSni warmovidginoT sagnis fsiqikur saxed. miuxedavad amisa, mesame Setyobinebis specifika imaSi mdgomareobs, rom urTier-Toba aRmniSvnelsa da aRsaniSns Soris aq kvazitavtologiuria, mxo-lod diskretul niSnebs Soris, da ara suraTis sinkretulobasTan mimarTebaSi ..... aq aris kodirebis aqti da Sesabamisad, transformacia da eqvivalentobis principi, romelic ar uTmobs adgils kvaziiden-turobis princips. sxva sityvebiT, ikonuri Setyobinebis niSnebi ik-vebebian niSanTa garkveuli sawyobidan. isini miekuTvnebian garkveul

SoTa bostanaSvili

48

kods, ris Sedegadac Cven ver aRmovCndebiT paradoqsaluri fenomenis saxis winaSe _ ukodo Setyobinebis winaSe. ..... [301]. da mainc, am Sem-TxvevaSi, laparakia Tavisebur anTropologiur codnaze. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom meore simboluri kodisgan gansxvavebiT, mesame Setyobi-neba unda Seesabamebodes bukvalurs [302]. asea Tu ara es? miuxedavad imisa, rom zRva, ca da taZrebi (xec) ferweruli eqvivalentebia, aq mxolod xelaxali kodirebis aqtia. es aris Setyobineba kodirebis procesis Sesaxeb. gnebavT metaSetyobineba da meti Setyobineba. es is SemTxvevaa, roca codnas arcodnis vakansia uCndeba da ar avsebs, rom nulovani codnis niSniT warmosdges. Tu pirvel SetyobinebaSi `an-Tropologiuri~ codna gvexmareba (skami, zRva, ca, taZari), meoreSi -simboluri cnobiereba; mesameSi mxolod arcodnaa, `bukvaluris~ namcecebTan erTad.

maSasadame, Tu yvela naTqvami sworia, es niSnavs, rom gansaxilvel suraTSi sami Setyobinebaa, da saxeldobr: enobrivi Setyobineba, iko-nuri Setyobineba, romelsac safuZvlad udevs raime kodi da bolos, ikonuri Setyobineba, romelsac safuZvlad ar udevs araviTari kodi, rac gamowveulia suraTis sinkretuli da absurduli situaciiTac. suraTis mayurebeli aRiqvams erTdroulad percefciul (aRqmiT) da `simbolur~ gamosaxulebebs. aseTi sinkretizmi _ wakiTxvis ori ti-pi damaxasiaTebelia Tavad gamosaxulebis funqciisaTvis masobrivi komunikaciis CarCoebSi. .....Cveni mTavari mizania mTlianobaSi gavacno-bieroT gamosaxulebis struqtura, maSasadame is urTierTobebi, romlebsac, sabolood samive Setyobineba iziarebs [302]. .... bukvalu-

ri Setyobineba sayrdenis rols asrulebs simbolurisaTvis. amasTa-nave, Cven viciT, rom sistema, romelic iyenebs sxva sistemis niSnebs aRmniSvnelebad, sxva araferia, Tu ara konotaciuri sistema, amitom amieridan bukvalur gamosaxulebas vuwodoT denotaciuri, xolo simbolurs _ konotaciuri. amdenad, Cven ganvixilavT jer enobriv Setyobinebas, Semdeg denotaciur gamosaxulebas (rac Cveni suraTis-Tvis problemaa) da bolos _ konotaciur gamosaxulebas [303].

pirveli moqmedebis dasasruli. farda

literatura

barti 1989: Барт Р. Риторика Образа, // Избранные работы, pp. 298. Москва: Прогресс, 1989


49

piligrimebi

daviT bostanaSvili

niJarebis sasaxle

zRvaze, zRvaSi da zRvis qveS mTeli sam-yaroa. magram iSviaTad SevxvdebiT sintag-mas: `zRvaze, ama da am adgilas~. zRva uadgi-lo adgilia _ igi qmnis uadgilobas, uto-poss. SeuZlebelia, zRvis erTgvarovnebis ruqa-struqturis gamovlena. misi uniSno, usaxo (magram ara usaxuri) zedapiri da siRrmeebi mxolod gansakuTrebuli mcire-ricxovani TemebisaTvis aris struqturi-rebuli da mravalmniSvneliani (mezRvaure-bi, meTevzeebi, zRvis arqeologebi).

zRvis ganfeniloba kulturaSi am konfe-renciis Temaa. uSualod arqiteqturul kon-teqstSi SegviZlia gavixsenoT qalaqebi zRva-ze (tange da dRevandeli utopiebi), zRviT garSemortymuli, `damwyvdeuli~ sazogadoe-bebi (kreta) da ukacrieli, saidumlo kunZu-lebi; wyalqveS gauCinarebuli qalaqebi (miTi-uri atlantida da dioskuria) da `saxlebi~ (`nautilusi~). mcuravi `qalaqebi~ (kidobani, sazRvao lainerebi da aviamzidebi); aseve zRvispira qalaqebis literaturuli xibli (o. WilaZiseuli qalaqi vani).

yvelafer amas SegviZlia vuwodoT zRva kulturaSi; da amave saxeldebas vaigivebT cnebasTan zRvis semiotika, imisgan damou-kideblad, Tu ramdenad aris amgvari CamoT-vla-mimoxilva-eqsplikacia semiotikis sa-mecniero komponenti. SesaZlebelia Tu ara uSualod semiotikuri analizis warmarTva Temaze _ zRva da arqiteqtura.

arqiteqtori. stu-s arqi-teqturis fakultetis doq-toranti. ZiriTadi Sromebi: „arqi-teqtura da xelisufleba`, „arqiteqturis semiolo-

gia`, „casaxle`. interesTa sfero: kultu-

rologia, lingvistika, li-

teratura.

niJarebis sasaxle

51

am sakiTxze pasuxis gacemas cdilobs Cveni Tema _ `niJarebis sasax-le~, romelic ganixilavs 1973 wels aSenebul sidneis operis Teat-ris Senobas (arqiteqtori iorn utzoni). Senobas, romelmac avstra-lia arqiteqturuli orientiris mqone iSviaTi qveynebis rigSi Caayena.

pirvel sakiTxad ganvixilavT statiis saTaurSi _ `niJarebis sa-saxle~ _ asaxul problemas: msgavseba arqiteqturaSi. sidneis yureSi aRmocenebul TeTr moculobaSi, erTi SexedviT, ioli dasanaxia misi msgavseba gemis ialqnebTan, niJarebTan d.a.S. bartis dakvirvebiT, `for-mis danaxvisTanave igi rames unda daemsgavsos: adamianebi ganwirulni arian analogiisTvis~ [Cendleri 1994]. Senobis garsis magvari (magram ara garsuli) konstruqcia niJaris saxes aRZravs da aqve SevniSnoT enobrivi damTxveva: `garsi~ da `niJara~ inglisur enaSi erT aRmniS-vnelSi erTiandebian _ `shell~. am msgavsebis `safuZvlianobas~ isic am-yarebs, rom operis Teatris Senoba (niJarebiani sasaxle) wylis (zRvis) zedapiridan amoizrdeba. moculobebis TeTri feri, maTi siax-love zRvasTan, enobrivi TamaSi _ is komponentebia, ris analogiaze damyarebuli motivirebuli niSani iwyebs konotaciebis, da Sesabami-sad, miTis Seqmnas (TeTris, niJarebis, ialqnebis konotaciebi). sidneis yure operis saxliT adgili-Setyobinebaa, cnobadi da warmatebuli.

ra rols TamaSobs msgavsebis fenomeni arqiteqturiT moxibvlis dros. igi uzrunvelyofs Setyobinebis iolad damaxsovrebas da mnax-vels amocnobisgan miRebul siamovnebas sTavazobs. gavixsenoT r. ia-kobsonis mier Semotanili termini `literaturuloba~ da mis msgav-sad SemovitanoT cneba `arqiteqturuloba~, romelic ar aris damo-kidebuli utilitarul, raodenobriv, istoriul, sociologiur, teqnologiur kategoriebze. msgavsebis fenomeni operis Senobis Sem-TxvevaSi xelisSemSlelic SeiZleba aRmoCndes misi arqiteqturu-lobis aRmosaCenad. msgavsebebi da asociaciebi gamocnobis siamovnebas gvaniWebs - ra kargia, rom Senoba hgavs ialqnebs! niJarebs! yoveli Se-nobis danaxvisas, romelic Senobas ar hgavs (arc erT nacnob tipolo-

giur kodSi ar jdeba), veZebT mis mgavsebas rame sxva saganTan da Sem-deg am msgavsebis logikur mizezs, rom TiTqos Senobam msgavsebis sa-fuZvelze metaforulad misi funqcia unda aRniSnos.

rogor dagvexmareba semiotika am metaforul SetyobinebaSi aR-movaCinoT arqiteqturuloba.

naSeni samganzomilebiani Setyobinebaa. arqiteqtor Jan nuvelis dakvirvebiT, am Setyobinebis wakiTxva, kinos enaze rom vTqvaT, uwyve-ti gadaRebis reJimia (continious shot). sidneis opera - misi geometria - mudmivad da uwyvetad icvleba (xedvis kuTxis cvlasTan erTad) _ Seisruli kamarebidan erTmaneTSi moTavsebuli niJaris magvar forme-bamde, Semdeg `ialqnebis~ simravlemde. am gardasaxvebs Soris Suale-

daviT bostanaSvili

52

duri mdgomareobebis usasrulobaa. arqiteqturis kiTxvisas erTi SexedviT SeuZlebelia sxva adgilas da sxva droSi gadaxtoma, erTi sasruli situaciidan meore situaciaSi aRmoCena Sualeduli uwyve-ti gadasvlis gareSe. meore mxriv, arqiteqtura, rogorc vizualuri Setyobineba, Senobis konturebiT ar amoiwureba da igi garemosTan erTad ikiTxeba. swored am kiTxvis procesSi SeiZleba moxdes uwyve-ti kadris gawyveta da droiTi gadasvla-gadanacvleba (cut).

rodesac Senobis interieridan, pasaJebidan an mis moculobebs Soris kadrSi Semodis sxva epoqis Senoba, qalaqis an bunebis fragmen-ti, es arqiteqturuli scenis (Senoba da `garemo-konteqsti~) kino-wakiTxvis sinqronul-sintopur farglebs scildeba: erTi Senoba da misi dro; amis nacvlad saxezea diaqronia-diatopia: moZraobisas kad-rSi Semosuli qalaqis fragmentebi sxvadasxva droiT situaciebisken gagzavnian _ SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom arqiteqturasac SeuZlia droiTi montaJis Seqmna.

sidneis operis uwyvet cvalebadobaSi yuradRebas iqcevs ori mdgomareoba _ ori Setyobineba: 1. Senobis Seisruli TaRebi sidneis caTambjenebis fonze 2. `afrebi~, `niJarebi~ zRva-cis fonze. Tavad Senobac am ori qaosis (qalaqis qaosi da uniSno, uorientiro zRvis zedapiris sicariele) sazRvarze dgas. pasuxi rom gavceT konferen-ciis Temas _ zRvis semiotika _ uwyveti kadrebis simravlidan Cven erT vizualur Setyobinebas avarCevT, sadac amgvar sintagmasTan gvaqvs saqme: TeTri laqebis simravle, zRva, ca da horizonti.

semiotikuri diskursi zRvis peizaJis struqturis gamovleniT SegviZlia daviwyoT.

umberto eko arqiteqturis sakuTari kodebis Ziebisas geometri-as ganixilavs, rogorc arqiteqturis, ise peizaJis (garemos) aRmwer sistemas. geometriul metakods instrumentuli mniSvneloba aqvs, rodesac saWiroa `kodis povna, magaliTad, romelime peizaJisTvis, raTa Semdeg masSi CavweroT Sesabamisi arqiteqturuli gadawyveta~ [eko 2004: 293-294]. eko iqve SeniSnavs, rom obieqtis aRmweri kodi ar gulisxmobs imas, rom swored igi udevs safuZvlad am obieqts da geometria ver CaiTvleba arqiteqturis sakuTar kodad.

zRvis da cis mudmivadcvalebadi zedapirebi da horizonti aranair adgilze ar miuTiTeben; erTaderTi orientiri swori horizontaluri xazia - erTaderTi `myari~ niSani - zRvis geometriuli kodi _ xazia. mis horizontalurobas misi referenti adgens - realuri zRvis hori-zonti; mxolod iq arsebobs erTaderTi orientacia zeviT/qveviT.

udabnos `geometriuli kodi~ zRvis msgavsia da aqve SevniSnoT, rom udabnos horizontze damiwebuli piramidebi da zRvis horizon-tze amozrdili sidneis opera erTi situaciis ori gankerZoebaa _ erTi sintaqsia.

niJarebis sasaxle

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zRva idealuri adgilia arqiteqturis dabadebisTvis. erTi mxriv, misi sicariele TiTqmis nebismier niSans amniSvnelebs da ori-entirad gadaaqcevs. meore mxriv, Tavad am niSnis Semotana zRvis ase-mantiur situacias adgilad aqcevs. erTi mxriv, zRva TeTri furce-lia, u(kon)teqstobaa, meore mxriv, swored es u(kon)teqstoba iqceva mZlavr konotaciur saxed (qaosis da wylebis urTierTanalogia). erTi mxriv, arqiteqtori Tavisufalia nebismieri niSnis Semosatanad zRvaSi, meore mxriv, zRvis Zlieri simboluri saxe gansakuTrebul niSans moiTxovs.

mivubrundeT sidneis operas. samganzomilebiani aq-ar-myofi si-tuacia (realoba) fotoSetyobinebamde daviyvaneT. `gageba gulis-

xmobs erTi tipis realobis reducirebas meore tipamde~ [Lévi‐Strauss, Claude (1961): Tristes Tropiques. citirebulia: Cendleri 1994]. es fototeqstic ufro martiv struqturamde SegviZlia da-viyvanoT. `zRva + ca + TeTri + zedapirebi~ Tanmimdevruli gamarti-vebebis Sedegad miviReT Semdegi modeli: horizontaluri xazi + Se-nobis grafikuli silueti. swored am modelze ganvaxorcielebT ramdenime paradigmatuli (Canacvlebis) da sintagmaturi transfor-maciebis (mimateba, gamokleba) operacias. am operaciis ganxorciele-

ba fototeqstzec SeiZleba Tu zRvas da cas sxva niSnebiT Cavanac-vlebT: zRvas - qviSiT, mdeloTi, kldiT d.a.S.; cas - urbanuli frag-mentiT, mTiT. TeTrs - sxva ferebiT.

amjerad Cven ar gavamaxvilebT yuradRebas, Tu rogor aris arti-kulirebuli Tavad Senoba _ mas erT sintagmatur erTeulad Cav-TvliT. erT SemTxvevaSi horizontalur xazs paradigmatuli veli-

dan gamoxmobil, sxva tipis xazebiT CavanacvlebT. meore SemTxvevaSi mivmarTavT sintagmatur transformaciebs: xazebis damatebas, sin-tagmatur erTeulTa gadanacvlebas.

ra instrumenti gagvaCnia imis dasamowmeblad, rom sintagmaturi da paradigmatuli transformaciebisas (Cven SemTxvevaSi, garemo-kon-teqstis cvlilebisas) Setyobineba ase da amgvarad icvleba? rom er-Ti aRmniSvnelebis meoreTi Canacvlebisas Sesabamisad icvleba aRsa-niSnebi? am transformaciebis (Sdr. elmsleviseuli komutaciis tes-ti) ganxorcieleba enobriv sivrceSi SesaZlebelia, sadac `mkvle-

vars gasaanalizebeli enis azris Sesaxeb garkevuli codna aqvs. semi-ologiaSi ki vxvdebiT sistemebs, romelTa azri ucnobia~ [barti 1964, 119]. CvenTvis marlTac ucnobia rogorc operis Senobis, aseve aq ganxiluli fotoSetyobinebis aRsaniSni. SeiZleba aRmoCndes, rom am operaciebiT sidneis operis Senoba Tavisufldeba msgavsebis tvir-Tisgan. am tvirTs mas akisrebs misi zRvasTan yofna, TeTri feri da mi-si geometria. am tvirTisgan gaTavisufleba ideologiis (adresatis

daviT bostanaSvili

54

codnaTa da molodinTa sistema) daZlevasac gulisxmobs. `zRvasTan ialqani~ mosalodnelia. es mniSvneloba imdenadaa kodificirebuli, rom swored es codna ganapirobebs mis mimsgavsebas ialqnebTan, niJa-rebTan. gai kukis sityvebiT: `Cven maSin vxedavT msgavsebas, rodesac ukve viciT mniSvneloba~ [Cook, Guy (1992): The Discourse of Advertising. citirebulia: Cendleri 1994]. amasTan erTad saintere-soa Semdegi stereotipi: `zRva + TeTri (feri)~. erTi SexedviT, igi Cveulebrivi vizualuri sintagmaa - parole‐Si Tavisufali kombinire-bis Sedegi. warmodgena, rom `zRvas uxdeba TeTri feri~, am kombinaci-ur Tavisuflebas zRudavs da mas gayinul sintagmad aqcevs (syntagme figé) - Sesabamisad, igi iseTi frazaa, romelic èkuTvnis langue‐s siv-rces da mis kombinirebaSi individi ar monawileobs~ (sosiuri, citi-rebulia: barti 1964, 95). mravali semiologiuri sistema iyenebs am-gvar gayinul sintagmebs da `SegviZlia moviazroT sintagmaTa mTeli lingvistika, romelic sWirdeba yvela upiratesad stereotipur we-rilobas~ [barti 1964, 95]. miuxedavad operis Teatris originalu-

robisa, Cven mainc SgviZlia visaubroT masSi arsebuli stereotipu-ri werilobis (écriture stéréotypée) rolze.

formis sxva situaciebSi moTavsebiT SevZlebT ukeT wavikiTxoT mi-si arqiteqturuloba da davuSvebT, rom arqiteqturul formas aranai-ri kavSiri ar aqvs mis konteqstTan; àrqiteqturuli obieqtis lan-

dSaftSi Cawera~ ki saeWvo konceptia. gavixsenoT le korbuzies sityve-bi: àra akropolisis mTa karnaxobs parTenons, aramed parTenoni...~.

rogor dagvexmareba semiologiuri codna `zRvis sintagmaSi~ axa-li niSnis damatebisas - zRvaze naSenis Setanisas. pirveli mosalodne-

li aqcia SeiZleba iyos vertikalis Semotana. meore magaliTi ki ubra-lod horizontaluri xazis dublirebaa (rogor SeiZleba misi naSenad ganxorcieleba, es sxva sakiTxia). amgvarad, semiotikuri analizi Ta-vad SeiZleba gadaizardos semiotikur praqtikaSi - sintagmaturi ga-damontaJebidan dawyebuli axali niSnebis SeqmniT damTavrebuli.

literatura

barti 1964: Barthes R. Éléments de sémiologie, in Communications 4, pp. 91-135

eko 2004: Эко У. Отсутвующая структура. Санкт-Петербург: Simposium. 2004

Cendleri 1994: Chandler, Daniel (1994): Semiotics for Beginners [WWW document] http://www.aber.ac.uk/media/Documents/S4B/semiotic.html [1.10.10]

niJarebis sasaxle

55

danarTi.

sidneis operis Teatri gizas ansambli

sintagmaturi da paradigmatuli transformaciebi.

konstantine bregaZe

zRvis saxismetyveleba

germaneli romantikosi

mxatvris, kaspar david

fridrihis ferweraSi

rogorc cnobilia, romantikosi avtori _ rogorc mxatvari, ise mwerali _ mniSvne-lovan Semecnebiseul da esTetikur dat-virTvas aniWebs bunebas, bunebis suraTebs; romantikuli mxatvruli teqstebis liri-

kul gmirsa, Tu ferweruli tiloebis pro-tagonists imTaviTve axasiaTebs bunebisad-mi gaunelebeli swrafva, rac maTi ucilo-

beli personaJiseuli ontologiaa. amitomacaa, rom romantizmSi, rogorc mxatvrobaSi, ise mwerlobaSi, mocemulia bunebis suraTebis ara ubralo ilustri-

reba da maTi TviTmiznuri deskrifcia, da Sesabamisad, maTi mimeturi asaxva, aramed aq gvaqvs empiriuli bunebis esTetizeba, rac gulisxmobs empiriuli bunebis suraTebis saxismetyvelebiT, anu simbolur gardasax-vas, bunebisaTvis simboluri Rirebulebis miniWebas, ris safuZvelzec romantikul poetur teqstSi Tu romantikul ferwe-rul tiloze mocemuli bunebis suraTi uk-ve empiriuli bunebis mimeturi asaxva ki aRaraa, aramed konkretuli filosofiuri Tu misterialuri sazrisis matarebeli sa-xismetyvelebiTi kodia. amitomac, romanti-kosi avtoris mier realizebuli esTeti-kur-SemoqmedebiTi gardasaxvis Sedegad mo-cemuli bunebis suraTebis niSan-Tviseba uk-

filologiis mecnierebaTa doqtori, iv. javaxiSvilis Tbilisis saxelmwifo uni-versitetis humanitaruli fakultetis asistent-pro-fesori. S. rusTavelis qar-Tuli literaturis insti-tutis komparativistikisa da literaturis Teoriis ganyofilebis mecnieri Ta-

namSromeli. goeTesa da no-valisis saerTaSoriso sa-

zogadoebebis wevri. ZiriTadi naSromebi: nova-lisis saxismetyvelebis Zi-riTadi aspeqtebi, 2001. no-valisis enis filosofia, 2003. literaturisa da enis filosofiuri narkveve-bi (novalisi, goeTe, v. f. humboldti...), 2009. Tar-

gmanebi: novalisi: „Ramis himnebi“ (2007); novalisi: „sumbulisa da vardkokoris zRapari“ (2008). interesTa sfero: germanu-li romantizmi, hermenevti-ka, enis filosofia.

zRvis saxismetyveleba germaneli romantikosi mxatvris ...

57

ve imTaviTve simboluria, empiriuli bunebis esTetizebis procesSi romantikosebis mxatvrul teqstsa Tu ferwerul tiloze buneba uk-ve fuZndeba da gardaisaxeba, rogorc transcendenturobaze imTaviT-ve mimarTuli da misi Tavis TavSi Semcveli mxatvruli simbolo. bunebis esTetizebis procesSi amavdroulad vlindeba romantiko-si avtoris mier bunebis arsis `miTosuri~ gaazreba: anu, bunebisadmi romantikosi avtorisa Tu misi lirikuli gmiris swrafva ukve aris ara zedapiruli sentimentaluri grZnobebis gamowvevisa da aRZvris saSualeba, ara erTjeradi emociebis aRZvris saSualeba, aramed samya-ros sulisa (Weltseele) da usasrulo transcendenturobis mudmivi cxovelmyofeli siRrmiseuli gancdis gamowvevis saSualeba, rasac safuZvlad udevs bunebis Sesaqmeseul cocxal arsad, RvTis qmnile-

bad, RvTaebrivi sawyisis Semcvel fenomenad gaazreba. amgvarad Semec-nebuli da SemoqmedebiT procesSi moqceuli empiriuli buneba ukve aris saxismetyvelebiTi esTetikuri Rirebuleba, mas ukve simboluri datvirTva eniWeba da romantikosebis mxatvrul teqstebsa Tu fer-werul tiloebze umeteswilad fuZndeba, rogorc dakarguli para-dizuli yofis aluzia da saRvTo transcendenturobis mxatvruli simbolo.

aqedan gamomdinare, buneba romantikos lirikul gmirs aniWebs transcendirebis, anu empiriuli sinamdvilis gadalaxvis saSuale-

bas, bunebisadmi swrafvis dros igi ukve transcendirebs: anu, buneba-Si `gaWra~ da misi Wvreta (Anschauung) da gancda (Gefühl) romanti-kos protagonists empiriuli sinamdvilisa da sakuTari empiriuli `me~-s axal xarisxSi moazrebis spiritualur unarsa da religiur grZnobas aniWebs, rac Semdgom vlindeba am empiriul mocemulobaTa mistikur daZlevasa da gadalaxvaSi da transcendenturobasTan zia-rebaSi. amitomac romantikosebTan, Sesabamisad, romantikos prota-gonistebTan, bunebis aRqma mudam `miTosuria~, anu isini bunebaSi Wvreten absolutis, an dakarguli paradizuli yofierebis fragme-tul gamovlinebebs empiriul sinamdvileSi. Sesabamisad, romantikul teqstebsa Tu ferwerul tiloebze mocemuli bunebis suraTebi ukve warmoadgenen dakarguli samoTxiseuli yofis simbolur aluziebs, transcendenturi sivrcis mxatvrul simboloebs.

romantikosi protagonistis bunebisadmi mimarTebasa da swrafvas fixtes mier SemuSavebuli da romantizmSi koreqtirebuli da srul-

yofili `me~-sa (Ich) da `ara-me~-s (Nicht‐Ich) dialeqtikuri urTier-TmimarTebis Semecnebiseuli sqema udevs safuZvlad: anu `me~, ro-gorc Semmecnebeli subieqti masSi imTaviTve mocemuli transcendi-rebadi enteleqiisa da inteleqtualuri Wvretis (die intellektuelle Anschauung), anu sinTezuri Wvretis safuZvelze a priori miemarTeba

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misi cnobierebis miRma arsebuli àra-me~-sadmi (am SemTxvevaSi bune-bisadmi), Semohyavs igi Tavis cnobierebaSi, aqcevs mas cnobierebis sa-kuTrebad da Semdgom am àra-me~-s Semecnebis safuZvelze `me~ kidev ufro siRrmiseulad Seimecnebs sakuTar Tavs. amgvarad, aRniSnul Se-mecnebis sqemaSi impliciturad moqmedebs transcendirebis principi: anu, sakuTari SezRuduli empiriuli ~me~-s farglebidan aprioruli gasvla, misi gadalaxva da Semdgom kvlav masTan dabruneba, ris Sede-gadac yalibdeba axali, ufro maRali da ganvrcobili warmodgena sa-kuTar subieqturobaze. aq mimdinareobs subieqtis mier sakuTari Ta-vis imgvari Semecneba, rodesac igi empiriaSi Tavis Tavs moiazrebs ze-empiriulis, transcendenturi mocemulobis wevrad, zeempiriul `me~-d. aq ki warmoebs fixteanuri gadasvla (transcendireba) empiri-uli `me~-dan araempiriuli, zeempiriuli `me~-sken, risi SesaZleb-

lobis winapirobacaa `me~-s àra-me~-sadmi (mag. bunebisadmi) aprio-ruli mimarTeba da swrafva (Sehnsucht). amgvarad, romantikosebTan àra-me~ _ buneba _ gvevlineba rogorc transcendirebis SesaZleb-

lobis ucilobeli winapiroba. swored transcendirebadi bunebis saxismetyvelebaa mocemuli cnobili germaneli romantikosi mxatvrisa da fermweris, kaspar da-vid fridrihis (1774-1840) ferwerul tiloebze asaxul bunebis su-raTebSi, mis cnobil zRvis, mTisa da tyis landSaftebze. aq mocemu-li bunebis suraTebi swored SemoqmedebiTi esTetizebis produqtia, ris safuZvelzec fridrihis tiloebze mocemuli bunebis suraTebi empiriuli bunebis mimeturi asaxva ki aRaraa, aramed konkretuli fi-losofiur-SemecnebiTi semantikiTY`datvirTuli~ simboluri mxat-vruli saxeebia. fridrihis tiloebze asaxul esTetizebul bunebas mudmivad transcendirebis saxismetyvelebiTi funqcia akisria: anu, mis ferwerul tiloebze asaxuli bunebis suraTebis mxatvruli funqciaa mayureblisa da ferweruli tilos protagonistis cnobie-reba a priori moaqcios transcendirebis procesSi, e. i. gamoiwvios maTSi empiriulis gadalaxvis (Übergang) aprioruli moTxovnileba da transcendenturisaken gaunelebeli swrafva (Sehnsucht) (Sdr. fridrihis cnobili, dRes ukve romantizmis Tavisebur logod qceu-li ferweruli tilo `mogzauri nislis zRvis winaSe~ [1818]). amitomac, SemTxveviTi araa, rom swored `me~-sa (subieqtisa) da àra-me~-s (bunebis) dialeqtikuri urTierTmimarTebis romantizmi-seuli sqema udevs safuZvlad fridrihis ferwerul tiloebs, mis cnobil landSaftur mxatvrobas, sadac vlindeba romantizmis fi-losofiis mTavari postulatebi _ Wvreta (Anschauung), gancda (Gefühl), swrafva (Sehnsucht) da gadalaxva (Übergang). xolo am sqe-mis Tanaxmad, rogorc es zemoT ukve aRiniSna, Semmecnebeli subieqti


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(`me~) sakuTari cnobierebiseuli nebelobis (Wollen) safuZvelze ap-riorulad unda iswrafodes, rogorc sakuTari empiriuli `me~-s SezRudulobis, ise movlenaTa sinamdvilis (empireis) daZlevisa da gadalaxvisaken, ris safuZvelzec `me~-m unda moipovos ufro maRali Tvalsazrisi sakuTar Tavze. am procesis SesaZleblobis ucilobeli winapiroba ki aris `ara-me~, romelic romantikul mxatvrul teq-stSi, an ferwerul tiloze SeiZleba warmodgenili iyos satrfos poeturi simboloTi, an bunebis saxismetyvelebiT.

kaspar david fridrihi: `mogzauri nislis zRvis winaSe~ (1818) aqedan gamomdinare, konceptualuri TvalsazrisiT sruliad lo-

gikuria, rom fridrihis ferwerul tiloebze bunebis suraTebTan erTad Soreul, Tu axlo perspeqtivaSi mudmivad gamosaxulia cal-

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keuli adamiani, an adamianTa jgufi, anu transcendirebisaken mswrafi Semmecnebeli subieqtis, an subieqtTa figurebi, romelTa egzisten-cialuri da ontologiuri amocanaa aprioruli transcendireba, anu empiriulobis daZleva da gadalaxva. aq bunebis suraTebs fonis, uka-na planis meoradi funqcia ki aRar akisria, rogorc, vTqvaT, frangu-li barokosa Tu rokokos warmomadgenelTa ferwerul tiloebze, mag. antuan vatos ferwerul tiloebze, aramed fridrihTan buneba da protagonisti, romelic a priori Semmecnebeli subieqtia, aqtiur ur-TierTqmedebaSi arian CarTulni, rogorc `me~ da `ara-me~, da vlinde-

bian, erTi mxriv, rogorc transcendirebis SesaZleblobis winapiro-ba (buneba), da meore mxriv, rogorc transcendirebisaken mswrafi su-bieqti. swored amgvar dispoziciaSi arian moqceulni fridrihis cnobil zRvis landSaftebze subieqti da buneba (zRva), risi paradigmatuli nimuSicaa misi cnobili tilo `beri zRvasTan~ (1809/10).∗* aq beri da zRva warmoadgenen `me~-sa da `ara-me~-s dialeqtikuri urTierTqme-debis sqemis Semadgenel nawilebs. am SemTxvevaSi zRvas swored eg-zistencialuri zRvrulobis, anu empiriulsa da araempiriuls So-ris egzistencialuri zRvrulobis efeqtis Seqmnis mxatvruli fun-qcia akisria da amavdroulad, simbolurad ganasaxierebs rogorc romantikosi protagonistis swrafvis obieqts _ usasrulo tran-scendenturobas, ise protagonistisaTvis am transcendenturobi-saken swarfvis (anu transcendirebis) aRZvris winapirobas. tiloze asaxulia qviSian napirze mdgomi mamakaci, romelic mRvrie da TiTqmis Savi ferebiT mosil zRvas gadahyurebs. ca zogan muqi lurjia, zogan daburuli da danislulia. suraTze mxolod cis zeda nawilia SedarebiT naTeli tonebiT mosili. cis, da zogadad, suraTis ferTametyveleba saRamo Jamze miuTiTebs.

∗ am mxatvrul tilos es saxelwodeba, faqtobrivad, misces fridrihis ko-lega romantikosma poetebma da mwerlebma qlemens brentanom, axim fon ar-nimma da hainrih fon klaistma, romelTa subieqtur aRqmaSic tiloze gamo-saxuli pirovneba ratomRac beris _ mag. kapucineli beris (klaistTan) _ STabeWdilebas tovebda (Teoria... 2000: 395). Tavad fridrihi Tavisi sura-Tis protagonists berad saerTod ar moixseniebs da ubralod uwodebs “er-Ti kaci” (“ein Mann”) (Teoria... 2000: 282)


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amgvarad, mocemul ferwerul tiloze fridrihis mier TiTqosda zedmiwevniT sqematizebulia romantikuli msoflgancda da msof-laRqma: martosuli, `suliT oboli~ adamiani bunebis wiaRSia `gaW-rili~, da amdenad, mas cxovrebisaTvis zurgi Seuqcevia, xolo su-raTze Tavad buneba warRvniseuli da apokalifsuri niSan-Tvisebebis matarebelia (mRvrie zRva, nisleuli zRvaze da daburuli zeca). aqe-dan gamomdinare, romantizmis filosofiis umTavresi postulate-

bis (swrafva, gadalaxva) gaTvaliswinebiT suraTis simbolikas ase-Ti semantika eqneba: xmeleTi (qviSiani napiri) ganasaxierebs amqveyni-ur amao cxovrebas, warmaval empiriul sinamdviles, zeca _ tran-scendenturobas, zRva _ sikvdils, xolo mWvreteli beri _ tran-scendenturobisaken mswraf Semmecnebel subieqts. magram am saxismetyvelebiTi sqematizebisagan nawarmoebs ifaravs da originalobas aniWebs swored suraTis unikaluri lurji ferTa-metyveleba da perspeqtiviseuli ganfena, romelic agebulia prota-gonistisa da bunebis aradabalansebul dispoziciaSi, rac saboloo jamSi mkveTri dinamikurobis efeqts qmnis. xolo suraTze lurji feris saxismetyvelebiTi funqciaa, erTi mxriv, moaxdinos transcen-denturi sivrcisa da misken protagonistis swrafvis maqsimaluri simbolizeba, ramdenadac lurji feri imTaviTve transcendenturo-bisa da misken swrafvis mxatvruli simboloa (mecleri 2008: 47-48); meore mxriv, lurji feris saxismetyvelebiTi funqciaa Seqmnas Ra-mis, saRamos efeqti, anu simbolurad mianiSnos im erTaderT aucile-

bel qronotopze, rodesac Wvretisa (Anschauung) da gancdis (Gefühl) safuZvelze iwyeba transcendirebis procesi, ramdenadac zogadad romantizmis saxismetyvelebiTi paradigmidan gamomdinare

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mxolod da mxolod Rame, saRamoa transcendirebisa da miRmierisaken mistikuri swrafvis erTaderTi ucilobeli mxatvruli tropi (Sdr. novalisis `Ramis himnebi~). amgvarad, mWvreteli beri Semmecnebeli subieqtis, am SemTxvevaSi, axali Tanamedrove romantikosi adamianis simboloa, romelic Tavis TavSi aviTarebs SemecnebiT da SemoqmedebiT Tavisuflebas,1 xolo ze-ca fuZndeba, rogorc usasrulo transcendenturobis simbolo. am konstelaciaSi ki zRva ukve simbolurad ganasaxierebs empiriulsa da araempiriul sinamdvileTa Soris arsebul Sualedur araempiriul sivrces _ sikvdils. amasTan isic niSandoblivia, rom aRniSnul su-raTze (da ara marto aq, aramed fridrihis sxva ferwerul tiloebzec, sadac zRvis landSaftebia mocemuli) zRva da zeca TiTqosda erwymis erTmaneTs, maT Soris horizontaluri zRvari TiTqmis waSlilia, ris safuZvelzec es ori mocemuloba (zRva da zeca) erT mTlianobas qmnis da isini ukve erTdroulad da erTbaSad aRiqmeba, rogorc transcen-denturi sivrce, rac qmnis suraTze mocemuli zRvis simbolikis orma-gi interpretaciis SesaZleblobas: erTi mxriv, zRva aris araras (das Nichts), sikvdilis simbolo, xolo meore mxriv, igi ganasaxierebs transcendentur, zeempiriul sivrcesac, rac ukve romantikosi pro-tagonistis (beris) swrafvis sagania, da rac mis egzistencias maradi-ul Rirebulebas aniWebs. Tumca, rogorc cnobilia, zRva, da zogadad, wylis simbolika, ase-ve ganasaxierebs adamianis arsSi imTaviTve mocemul aracnobieris sferosac (mecleri... 2008: 227-228), romelic upirispirdeba subi-eqtis cnobierebas, e. i. upirispirdeba im goniT organos, romelic ga-napirobebs subieqtis subieqturobis, anu misi pirovnulobis, misi `me~-s onto-egzistencialur dafuZnebas. amgvarad, subieqtis Sinagan arsSi aracnobieri vnebebi upirispirdeba subieqtis `me~-s, mis cnobi-erebas, anu aracnobieri eswrafis subieqtis pirovnebis daSlasa da dekonstruqcias, rac egzistencialuri TvalsazrisiT mis ararasul mdgomareobaSi gadasvlas niSnavs, ramdenadac aracnobieris bneli da ukontrolo vnebebi da ltolvebi swored pirovnulobis, subieqtis rogorc fizikuri, ise sulieri sikvdilis mizezi xdeba. Sesabamisad, aracnobieri ltolvebiTa da vnebebiT dabinduli cnobiereba brkol-

deba saRvTo transcendenturobisaken swrafvisas, ramdenadac arac-nobieri upirispirdeba subieqtis transcendirebad bunebas da abrko-lebs mis transcendenturobisaken swrafvas, anu aferxebs gadalax-

vis apriorul process. xolo, Tavis mxriv, subieqtis WeSmariti eg-zistencia, romantikosTa rwmeniT, swored am ontologiur gadalax-

vaSi mdgomareobs, ramac subieqti sabolood unda aaridos ararase-ul araWeSmarit egzistencias.


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am SemTxvevaSi zRva, rogorc aracnobieris simbolo, upirispir-deba mWvreteli beris cnobierebas, abrkolebs misi subieqturobis dafuZnebas, da aqedan gamomdinare, mis saRvTo transcendenturobisa-ken swrafvas. amgvarad, aq zRva, rogorc aracnobieris simbolo, an-Tropolgiuri TvalsazrisiT ganasaxierebs empiriuli subieqtis (am SemTxvevaSi suraTis protagonistis) Sinagani arsis arasrulyofi-

lebas, romelic upirispirdeba zRvasTan myofi beris `me~-s, e. i. mis pirovnulobas, subieqturobas da Sedegad abrkolebs mis swrafvas tarnscendenturobisaken.

amgvarad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom fridrihis ferwerul tiloze `beri zRvasTan~ erTbaSad ikveTeba anTropologiuri, egzistencia-luri da ontologiuri problematika, sadac avtori cdilobs zoga-dad adamianis arsebobis problemis xelaxal gaazrebas, rac roman-tizmSi mTeli sisruliTa da simZafriT daisva, ramdenadac romanti-kosTa TvalsazrisiT, XVIII s. ganmanaTleblobisa da racionalizmis mier mocemuli samyarosa da adamianis modeli iyo calmxrivi, anu mxolod empiriul sinamdvileze gaTvlili da amdenad, warmoadgenda adamianis arsisa da yofierebis arasrulyofil hermenevtikas. Sesaba-misad, racionalizmis ontologias ar hqonda WeSmaritebiseuli Ri-rebuleba.A amitomac, romantikosebis mixedviT, aRniSnuli calmxrivobis daZlevis winapiroba iyo, erTi mxriv, aradogmaturi religiuri xe-lovnebis, an, meore mxriv, e. w. xelovnebis religiis (Kunstreligion) dafuZneba (fr. Slaiermaxeri, v. h. vakenroderi, fr. Slegeli, nova-lisi), sadac religias, religiurobas Camoscileboda wminda ekle-

siur-dogmaturi gageba da Tavad sityvas religia da zogadad, reli-

giurobas daubrundeboda Tavisi pirveladi etimologiuri mniSvne-loba _ anu, religia (laT. religio), rogorc kavSiri, mimarTeba, am Sem-TxvevaSi _ saRvTo transcendenturobisadmi mimarTeba da masTan kav-Siri.

amitomac, romantikosebis xelovnebis Teoriis mixedviT, xelovne-

bis nimuSi Tavisi arsiT imTaviTve religiuri, anu kavSiriseuli unda iyos, anu is a priori transcendenturobasTan unda amyarebdes kavSirs, unda transcendirebdes. Aaq, ra Tqma unda, religiuri, kerZod, qris-tianuli religiis motivebiTa da saxismetyvelebiTac xdeba Semoqme-debiTi operireba, magram aq isini eqcevian romantizmis xelovnebis TeoriaSi koncipirebuli esTetizebis procesSi, ris safuZvelzec qristianul motivebsa da simbolikas mxatvrobasa da literaturaSi ukve adogmaturi da araeklesiuri, `sekularizebuli~ xasiaTi aqvT. Sedegad, romantikosebi Tavisufali SemoqmedebiTi interpretacie-bis safuZvelze qmnian axal miTologias, rasac isini qristianobis

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miTologias (Mythologie des Christentums) uwodeben (novalisi, fr. Slegeli), rac msoflmxedvelobrivi TvalsazrisiT adogmaturi da araeklesiuri, pirovnul-subieqturi qristianobis dafuZnebas gu-lisxmobs, xolo esTetikuri TvalsazrisiT _ tradiciuli qristia-nuli saxismetyvelebis romantizmis esTetikis sivrceSi moqcevas da `Tavisufali poeturi gamonagonis~ (`freie poetische Erfindung~) (no-valisi), anu Tavisufali SemoqmedebiTi aqtis safuZvelze (mag. nova-lisis `Ramis himnebi~) Tavisufali religiuri xelovnebis, an ufro zustad, xelovnebis religiis (Kunstreligion) dafuZnebas, romelic xelovnebas gaaTavisuflebda da daicavda yovelgvari eklesiur-dog-

maturi religiurobisagan da daupirispirdeboda xelovnebaSi nebis-mier dogmatur-eklesiur religiur gamovlinebas da gaemijneboda aseTi tipis xelovnebas, mag. xelovnebaSi igive kaTolicizmis ten-denciebs (Sdr. SemdgomSi kaTolikobamiRebuli romantikosi mwer-lisa da poetis, qlemens brentanos gviani Semoqmedeba, an romantikos konceptulist mxatvarTa dajgufebis _ `nazarevelTa~ (`Nazare‐ner~) SemoqmedebaSi mocemuli tradiciuli qristianul-eklesiuri saxismetyveleba). swored gareligiurebuli, e. i. religiadqceuli xelovnebis _ ro-melic imTaviTve transcendenturobasTan damakavSirebeli, transcen-direbadi xelovnebaa _ nimuSebia fridrihis zRvis landSaftebi, da maT Soris `beri zRvasTan~ (da zogadad, misi xelovneba). rogorc ukve zemoT iTqva, aRniSnul tiloze mWvreteli subieqti, anu romantiko-sebiseuli Tanamedrove adamiani Cayenebulia zRvrulobisa, da Sesaba-misad, egzistencialuri finalobis situaciaSi: igi, pirvel rigSi, rogorc individi, romlisTvisac upirvelesi da Rirebulia sakuTari subieqturoba, bunebasTan, anu `ara-me~-sTan mimarTebaSi Wvrets saku-Tari arsebobis arss: aq misTvis cxadi xdeba empiriulobis daZlevis aucilebloba, razec protagonistis zurgSeqceuli dgoma da usasru-lobis Wvreta mianiSnebs, misi swrafvis sagania burusiT moculi transcendenturoba. Mmagram empiriul subieqtsa da zeempiriul tran-scendenturobas Soris, rogorc egzistencialuri aucilebloba da gardauvaloba, mocemulia sikvdilis fenomeni, romelsac suraTze zRva ganasaxierebs. swored aq ikveTeba Tanamedrove romantikosi ada-mianis tragedia da gaoreba, kirkegoriseuli an-an: misTvis sikvdili (zRva) aris egzistencialuri finaloba da misi arseboba sabolood araraSi (das Nichts) gadava da amiT mis subieqturobas, mis `me-s~ bolo moeReba, Tu sikvdili misTvis Seiqneba axali ufro amaRlebuli da WeSmariti (zeempiriuli) egzistenciis dasawyisad. mocemuli zRvrulobis mdgomareobaSi ki vlindeba subieqtis cnobierebis tragizmi, rodesac erTi mxriv, subieqtis cnobierebi-


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saTvis cxdia empiriuli sinamdvilis amaoeba, warmavloba, araWeSma-riteba, da aqedan gamomdinare, misTvis cxadi xdeba movlenaTa sinam-dvilis gadalaxvis aucilebloba; xolo meore mxriv, subieqtisaT-vis usasrulobis, anu transcendenturobis ontologiuri bundova-neba da am transcendenturobaSi sakuTari subieqturobis Semdgomi arsebobis bundovanebac cxadia, rasac fridrihis suraTze simbolu-

rad ganasaxierebs danisluli da daburuli zeca. A aq ki ikveTeba fridrihis protagonistis, da zogadad, romantikosi protagonistis msoflmxedvelobrivi skepsisi, pesimizmi da gaoreba, rac, ra Tqma unda, yvela romantikosi avtorisa da maTi yvela prota-gonistisaTvis araa damaxasiaTebeli, mag. novalisisa da misi liriku-

li gmirebisaTvis, romlebic Sinaganad aRWurvilni arian Seuqcevadi fixteanuri cnobierebiseuli nebelobiT, da romelTaTvisac ar aris damaxasiaTebeli msgavsi msoflmxedvelobrivi skepsisi da gaoreba, no-valissa da mis protagonistebs daZleuli aqvT empiriulisa da tran-scendenturis cnobierebiseuli da ontologiuri SeuTavsebloba, ra-sac ver vityviT sxva romantikos avtorebsa da maT protagonistebze, mag. l. tikis, aug. klingemanis, e. T. a. hofmanis (da nawilobriv, frid-rihis), romelTa mxatvruli teqstebi da protagonistTa Sinagani ar-si mudmivad determinebulia e. w. `ubeduri cnobierebiT~ (hegeli).

A am TvalsazrisiT, sainteresoa sakuTarive ferweruli tilos in-terpretacia, sadac fridrihi erTdroulad mimarTavs rogorc pro-tagonists, ise sakuTar Tavs:

` [...] da Senc Wvret da iswrafi dilidan vidre saRamomde, da sa-Ramo Jamidan vidre SuaRamemde; magram ver ganWvret da ver Se-icnob Seucnob miRmierebas! amaod ggonia, TiTqos naTeliqmneba da amoicnob bneliTmosil momavals! Tumc Seni Rrma kvali atyvia udabur qviSian napirs. magram sus-ti qari gadauvlis mas da Seni naterfalis nasaxic aRar darCe-ba: ugunuro adamiano, aRvsilo amao fiqriT!~ [citatis Targma-ni statiis avtors ekuTvnis – k. b.] (Teoria... 2000: 282). 2

aSkaraa, rom fridrihi sakuTari tilos interpretacias roman-tizmisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli msoflmxedvelobrivi skepsisis far-glebSi axorcielebs, da aq cxadi xdeba, rom suraTis protagonistis egzistencia swored ubeduri cnobierebiTaa determinebuli. cnobie-rebis es tipi, romelic hegelma gamoyo da riTac romantizmis msof-lmxedveloba daaxasiaTa, Tavisi arsiT tragikulia (ubeduria), ram-denadac igi, erTi mxriv, acnobierebs sakuTari empiriuli `me~-s uci-lobel sasrulobasa da warmavlobas, da movlenaTa sinamdvilis (em-pireis) araWeSmaritebas, romelsac igi moiazrebs, rogorc moCvene-

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bas, aCrdilTa samyaros (Schein, Schattenwelt), e. i. rogorc iluzias, rogorc efemeruli arsis mqone mocemulobas. xolo meore mxriv, e. w. ubeduri cnobiereba aseve acnobierebs am empiriuli sinamdvilis miRma arsebuli transcendenturobis arsebobasa da misken swrafvis aucileblobasac sakuTari transcendirebadi, mswrafveli arsidan gamomdinare. aseTi cnobierebis farglebSi empiriuli da transcen-denturi sinamdvile erTmaneTs upirispirdeba rogorc SeuTavsebeli mocemulobebi da swored aq warmoiSoba ubeduri cnobierebis tra-gizmi, ramdenadac swrafvis obieqti misTvis sabolood miuwvdomeli rCeba sakuTari sasruli da arasrulyofili bunebidan gamomdinare. swored msgavsi cnobierebiseuli paradigma ikveTeba fridrihis suraTze, sadac protagonistis winaSe zRva da zeca (transcendentu-roba) aRmarTulia rogorc ontologiuri aucilebloba, romlisa-

ken swrafvac protagonistSi iwvevs tragikul grZnobas, ramdenadac am procesSi igi amavdroulad acnobierebs sakuTar SezRudul da sasrul arssac transcendenturobasTan mimarTebaSi, rac suraTze swored bunebisa da adamianis araTanabari da daubalansebeli dispo-ziciTaa miniSnebuli _ zRva da zeca TiTqos nTqaven napirze mdgom mWvretel subieqts. amdenad, protagonistis cnobierebisa da yofis tragizms Tavad swrafvis obieqtis (transcendenturobis) bolomde Seucnobi arsi da misi miuwvdomloba iwvevs (`magram ver ganWvret da ver Seicnob Seucnob miRmierebas!~). amgvarad, fridrihis tiloze `beri zRvasTan~ zRvis simbolika, erTi mxriv, SeiZleba moazrebul iqnas sikvdilis, Sesabamisad, egzis-tencialuri finalobisa da araras simbolod, sadac zRvas ontolo-

giuri da egzistencialuri zRvrulobis mxatvruli funqcia akis-ria, rodesac zRva, rogorc sikvdilis da, amavdroulad, aracnobie-ris mxatvruli simbolo zRvars udebs da abrkolebs protagonistis swrafvas transcendenturobisaken da mis cnobierebaSi aRZravs transcendenturobis miuwvdomlobis tragikul gancdas. xolo meo-re mxriv, zRva ontologiuri TvalsazrisiT ganasaxierebs romanti-kosi protagonistis umTavresi swrafvis sagans _ usasrulo tran-scendenturobas, transcendentur sivrcesac (das Unendliche), rac romantikosi protagonistisaTvis warmoadgens saboloo WeSmarite-bis, anu WeSmariti egzistenciis sferos.Aam SemTxvevaSi zRvis sim-bolikas ukve transcendirebadi, anu zeempiriulTan kavSiris damya-rebis (e. i. religiuri) mxatvruli funqcia akisria. amdenad, fridrihis ferwerul tiloze `beri zRvasTan~ erTdro-ulad mocemulia erTi da imave mxatvruli simbolos _ am SemTxvevaSi zRvis simbolos _ ormagoba da ambivalenturoba, rac zogadad dama-xasiaTebelia rogorc kaspar david fridrihis ferweruli mxatvro-


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bis saxismetyvelebisaTvis, ise, zogadad, romantizmis saxismetyve-lebiTi paradigmebisaTvis, sadac erTi da igive simbolika SeiZleba Tavis TavSi Seicavdes ramdenime saxismetyvelebiT, da zogjer urTi-erTgamomricxav, semiozissac, rac romantizmis saxismetyvelebis ucilobeli ontologiaa.3

A SeniSvnebi:

1 saerTod Tavisufleba romantikosebTan msoflmxedvelobriv done-ze, pirvel rigSi, vlindeba religiuri da socialuri Tavisuflebebis formiT, rogorc praqtikuli yofis sferoSi, ise SemoqmedebiT pro-cesSi _ mag. adogmaturi da araeklesiuri religiurobisaken swrafva da Tavisufali siyvarulis dafuZneba, rac am SemTxvevaSi gulisxmobs partnioris Tavisufal arCevansa da masTan rogorc qorwinebiTi, ise araqorwinebiTi sasiyvarulo urTierTobis damyarebas. xolo roman-tikosTa rwmeniT, Tanamedrove xelovnebis erT-erTi umTavresi krite-riumi da SemoqmedebiTi amocana iyo sazogadoebrivi da religiuri konvenciebisagan Tavisufali subieqtisa da Semoqmedebis propaganda da primati, risi paradigmatuli nimuSic aris fr. Slegelis romani `lucinde` e. w. xelovanTa romanis (Künstlerroman) Janridan. aqedan ga-momdinare, romantikosebi TavianT Tavs, pirvel rigSi, moiazrebdnen swored rogorc Tanamedrove Tavisufal xelovanebs, romelTa Semoq-medebiTi `Tavgasuloba da nebeloba veranair kanons ver egueba` (`die Willkür des Dichters kein Gesetz über sich leide~) (fr. Slegeli), da rom-lebic TavianT mravalmxriv da yovlismomcvel, mTeli yofierebis mocvaze pretenziis mqone romantikul xelovnebas mkveTrad upirispi-rebdnen upirveles yovlisa, klasikosTa, mag. e. w. vaimaruli klasikis warmomadgenelTa (goeTesa da Sileris), maTi azriT, calmxriv, Sez-Rudul, dromoWmulsa da araaqtualur klasikur xelovnebas. 2 sainteresoa, rom swored ùbeduri cnobierebis~ perspeqtividan ganixilavs aRniSnul ferwerul tilos romantikosi novelisti da dramaturgi hainrih fon klaisti Tavis esseSi `gancdebi fridrihis zRvis landSaftis winaSe~ (1810): àraferi SeiZleba imaze ufro melanqoliuri da Semzaravi iyos, ro-goric samyaroSi es mdgomareobaa: sicocxlis erTaderTi naperwkali sikvdilis vrcel samefoSi, euli naTeli wertili eul wreSi. Tavi-si ori Tu sami idumalebiTmosili sagnis safuZvelze suraTi Cvens winaSe warmoCndeba, rogorc apokalifsi~ [citatis Targmani stati-is avtors ekuTvnis – k. b.] (Teoria... 2000: 284). 3Mswored msgavsi ormagi, ambivalenturi saxismetyvelebiTi funqcia akisria zRvis simbolikas fridrihis sxva tiloebzec _ òri mamaka-

konstantine bregaZe

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ci zRvasTan mTvaris amosvlisas~ (1816/17), `qali zRvasTan~ (1818), `kirqvis kldeebis sanapiro kunZul rugenze~ (1818), `mTvaris amos-vla zRvaze~ (1821), `gemebi navsadgurSi saRamos Jams~ (1827), `mTva-ris Suqi zRvaze~ (1830) da sxva. zRva am ferwerul tiloebzec sik-vdilis, araras, an usasrulo transcendenturobis simboloa. Cemi azriT, calsaxad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom aRniSnul ferwerul tiloeb-

ze zRvas igive saxismetyvelebiTi da sazrisiseuli paradigma udevs safuZvlad, rac fridrihis cnobil ferwerul tilos `beri zRvas-Tan~. aseve, msgavsi saxismetyvelebiTi paradigma udevs safuZvlad fridri-his meore cnobil ferwerul tilos `mogzauri nislis zRvis winaSe~ (1818), sadac kvlav vxvdebiT mayureblisagan zurgSeqceviT mdgom pro-tagonists, romelic usasrulo transcendenturobas Wvrets da mis-ken iswrafis. oRond am tiloze transcendirebis mxatvruli funqcia ukve sqeli nisliTmosil mTian landSafts akisria.

literatura

Teoria... 2000: Theorie der Romantik, (hrsg.) von H. Uerlings, Reclam, Stuttgart, 2000.

mecleri... 2008: Metzler Lexikon literarischer Symbole, (hrsg.) von G. Butzer, Verlag Metzler, Stuttgart/Weimar, 2008.

Mkaspar david fridrihi, `mTvaris amosvla zRvaze~ (1821)

nino gogiaSvili

zRva, rogorc cxovrebis

simbolo, guram rCeuliSvilis SemoqmedebaSi

mecnierebi didi xania Sejerdnen, rom simbolo aSkara SeTanxmebiTYmiRebuli ,,pi-robiTi niSania~, romelic aRqmad-materia-lur saxes aZlevs azrovnebis procesebs, mxolod igi mkveTradaa gamijnuli ,,niSni-sagan~, radganac ,,niSani~ sakomunikacio funqciis matarebelia, simbolos ki sakra-luri daniSnuleba aqvs. xSirad simboloe-

bis gaSifvris meSveobiT xdeba teqstis wa-kiTxva da kvanZis gaxsna. ,,simbolo erTgva-ri xidis rols asrulebs iracionalur samyarosa da mistikur samyaros Soris~. (1) simbolo adamianTa mexsierebaSi kodirebu-li erTi saxea, romelic meoris gamoxatvis plans warmoadgens.

Tumca, yvela konteqstSi saxe-simbo-lo simbolos ar warmoadgens, da rogorc froidi ityoda, „xandaxan sigara ubralod sigaraa“. guram rCeuliSvilis Semoqmedeba-Si zRva simbolur datvirTvas iZens. maga-liTisaTvis ganvixilavT sam moTxrobas: ,,munji axmedi da zRva~, ,,neli tango~ da ,,me da irina~. zRva ara marto simboluri, aramed sakralur-mistikuri saxec aRmoC-nda mwerlisaTvis. man, sakuTari sicoc-xlis fasad, zRvaSi daxrCobas gadaarCina adamiani. ,,nel tangoSi~ igi TiTqmis doku-menturi bukvalobiT aRwers mSvelelis (am

qarTuli literaturis mi-marTulebis doqtoranti. Telavis iakob gogebaSvilis saxelobis saxelmwifo uni-versitetis asistent-pro-

fesori. sadoqtoro Tema – “muxran maWavarianis poezi-is ZiriTadi aspeqtebi”. interesTa sfero: lite-

ratura, semiotika, poetika. leqsebis krebuli: “amindebi bis-ze”.

nino gogiaSvili

70

SemTxvevaSi mamis) daxrCobis process, romelic mwerlis ubadlo in-tuiciasa da qvecnobierSi Rrma wiaRsvlebze metyvelebs, radgan misi aRsasrulic TiTqmis identuri iyo.

zRva, moyolebuli saxarebidan, amqveyniuri cxovrebis, sicoc-xlis simboloa. amis dasturia saxarebiseuli igavi petres zRvaze gavlis Sesaxeb, roca man _ rwmenaSeryeulma CaZirva daiwyo. igavSi zRvis simbolo asocirdeba cxovrebasTan da miniSneba calsaxaa – da-eWvebuli, aramtkice, rwmenaSeryeuli adamiani iZireba cxovrebis mo-revSi. bibliuri zRva RvTis nebiT Seqmnili da SemosazRvruli ,,Se-sakrebeli wyalTaa~ da RvTisave nebiT azvirTdeba an cxreba. ,,gadaaq-cevs zRvis Relvas siwynared da dadumdebian misi talRebi~ (4, fs. 88.10. maT. 8, 26). ,,awynarebs zRvaTa xmaurs, maTi talRebis xmaurs da erebis mRelvarebas~. (4, fs. 88.10 es. 17, 12-13), – vkiTxulobT davi-Tis fsalmunSi. zRva, saxarebis mixedviT, cxovrebis, yofis simbo-loa, romelSic adamianebi arseboben da moqmedeben. aRelvebuli zRva, Sesabamisad, SfoTian, mZime, winaaRmdegobebiT savse yofas niSnavs, mSvidi da damcxrali ki Sesabamisad _ dawynarebuls. Zalian sainte-reso saxarebiseuli kompozitia ,,Relva-gvemuli~. Relva zRvis talRebTan asocirdeba, talRebis Tvisebaa, Relva-gvemuli ki cxov-rebiseuli vnebebiT gvemuli adamianis epiTetia. ,,daujdomeli saga-lobeli yovladwmidisa RvTismSoblisaTa~-Si vkiTxulobT: ,,gixa-roden, navT-sayudelo sawuTosa Sina Relva-gvemulTao: gixaroden, sZalo usZloo~. (5, 32) ,,navT-sayudeli~ igive navsayudeli, damdga-ri, usafrTxo adgilis sinonomia, sadac wuTisoflisagan ,,Relva-

gvemulni~ Tavs afareben, isveneben. zRvis simbolika saxarebamdeli movlenaa da jer kidev uZveles civilizaciaTa miTologiaSi vlinde-

ba, rogorc sicocxlis pirvelsawyisi, amorfuli da ukidegano sub-stancia. amis naTeli magaliTebia babilonuri, berZnuli da Zveleg-

vipturi miTebi. zRvis simbolo, aqedan gamomdinare, mkvidradaa kodi-rebuli Cvens mexsierebaSi da yovelTvis Sesabamis asociaciebs iw-vevs. is, rogorc yvela sxva nebismieri simbolo, warmoadgens kul-

turis mexsierebis mniSvnelovan meqanizms da literaturul teq-stebSi gvevlineba Sesabamisi saxiT. masSi kondensirebulia garkveu-li programa, romelic Tavis daniSnulebas yovelTvis zustad asru-lebs. zRvis simbolo universaluria da yvela kulturaSi daaxloe-

biT identur qveteqsts moicavs. ,,ramdenadac simboloebi kulturis mexsierebis mniSvnelovan meqanizms warmoadgenen, maT gadaaqvT teq-stebi, siuJeturi sqemebi da sxva semiotikuri warmonaqmnebi misi er-Ti plastidan meoreSi, simboloa konstanturi rigebi, romelnic kulturis diaqronias msWvalaven, garkveulwilad, Tavis Tavze iRe-ben erTianobis meqanizmTa funqcias: kulturis mexsierebis sakuTar

zRva, rogorc cxovreba, guram rCeuliSvilis SemoqmedebaSi

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Tavze ganxorcielebiT~ (1). ,,nel tangoSi~ moTxrobis siuJeti musikis fonze viTardeba; Tav-

dapirvelad, zRvisa da mis mSvid sanapirosTan sinqronulad calTvala somexi emigranti akvnesebs gitaras, tragediis Semdeg ki musikalur-

dinamikuri foni wyvilis mier Sesrulebul nel tangoSi gadadis. ,,curvis dros TiTqmis arasodes ara fiqroben~ – am winadadebiT iwyeba moTxroba, radgan curva cxovrebaa, garkveulwilad, arsebobis iner-cia. patara igori kargad curavs. amas napirze mzeze mSvidad mificxe-buli mSoblebi kmayofilebiT aRniSnaven. ,,momavalSi pirveli adgili eqneba~, – ambobs mama, magram imasac ixsenebs, rom vinme valeric Zalian kargad curavda, magram raRac SemTxvevis Sedegad daixrCo. miniSneba – nawarmoebSi Semodis gangaSis gancda da faqti: zRvidan (cxovrebidan) rom uvnebeli gamoxvide, marto kargad curva (moqmedeba) ar kmara, amas kargi amindi da mSvidi zRva (uxifaTo cxovreba) sWirdeba. igori col-

Svils gadaarCens, TviTon ki zed napirTan uskdeba guli. miTopoetur warmosaxvaSi zRvidan napirze gadmosvla, afrodites msgavsad, dabade-bis eqvivalenturia, zRvaSi Sesvla, misken mibruneba ki sikvdilis ma-uwyebelia. Sdr: zRvaSi ixrCobs Tavs ,,Tavadis qali maia~, TaraS emxva-ric adidebul engurs ewireba. zRva, rogorc sicocxlis uryevi sub-stancia da simboluri saxiT, TviTon cxovreba, guram rCeuliSvilis SemoqmedebaSi mniSvnelovan adgils ikavebs. ,,nel tangoSi~ gmiri uZ-lebs zRvruli situaciiT gamocdas, moTxrobaSi ki ,,zRva arc Tu ise Relavda~ mTavar gmirs TviTgadarCenis instinqti ereva da megobars tovebs, romelic exrCoba. misi megobari daiRala curviT (cxovrebiT) da amitom daixrCo, mas ki Zala eyo da gamovida. marTalia, guram rCeu-liSvili iseTi ostatobiT ver wardga poeziaSi mkiTxvelis winaSe, rogorc prozaSi, magram zRvis simbolos ukeT gagebisaTvis upriania moviSvelioT misi leqsi dedisadmi:

,,deda!

ar Camoxvide zRvaze zRva Zalian Relavs

SenTvis ar SeiZleba aq curaoba – zRva Zalian Relavs,

Senc Zalian Relav“ . . . aq zRva simboloa adamianis (am SemTxvevaSi dedis) mozRvavebu-

li, moZalebuli emociuri mdgomareobis da amasTan, cxovrebis - ro-gorc misi yvelaze gavrcelebuli gagebis. zRva saSiSia, igi xan kria-la da ulamazesia, xan kidev aRelvebuli da umarTavi. miTologiur okeaneSi ki binadroben saSiSi urCxulebi. ,,deda! nu Camoxval... aq yve-laferi isedac Relavs“, _ afrTxilebs dedas. sxva leqsSi ambobs:

,,win, sulelo mezRvauro, win

nino gogiaSvili

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win

win!

win!

zRva mxolod erTia da zRvas arc erTi porti ara aqvs“ . . . cxovreba, sicocxle erTia da aq ar arsebobs pauza, Sesveneba -

arc erTi porti, ,,arc erTi bina, arc erTi adgili, sadac daisvenebs“, ,,mxolod sulelebs SeuZliaT ucnobi portisken curva“, da am leq-

sis lirikuli gmiric suleli mezRvauria. leqsi savsea amaoebis gu-lismomkvleli gancdiT, romelic simboloebis - zRvis da mezRvau-ris saxiT aris motanili.

SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom zRva guram rCeuliSvilis prozauli as-parezi da stiqiaa. ,,fsiqoanalitikosebis azriT okeane asocirdeba ,,koleqtiur aracnobierTan“, romlidanac amoiwvereba sulierebis mze“. (3, 84) mwerlisaTvis zRvis sivrce TiTqmis mudmivi panoramaa, romlis fonzec xdeba movlenebi da romlis arsebobac xsnis movle-

nebs. ,,SeiZleba iTqvas, rom im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu Cven ar viciT, ra aris simbolo, yovelma sistemam icis, ra aris ,,misi simbolo“ da sa-Wiroebs mas semiotikuri struqturis muSaobisaTvis“. (1)

moTxrobaSi ,,munji axmedi da zRva~ vkiTxulobT, rom axmeds zRva arc uyvars da arc ejavreba, igi misTvis arsebobis wyaroa, rad-ganac igi meTevzea da misi fizikuri arseboba zRvazea damokidebuli. zRva – sicocxlea, romelic axmeds arc uyvars da arc ejavreba. Tum-ca zRva anu sicocxle, mas saCuqarsac sTavazobs – qalis saxiT, ax-meds cxovreba sTavazobs saCuqars, igi zRvaSi poulobs Tavis lilis. es moTxroba fabuliT da Txrobis stiliT Zalian hgavs ernest hemin-gueis moTxrobas ,,moxuci da zRva“. faqtobrivad, mwerali saTaur-Sic ki pirdapir mianiSnebs amis Sesaxeb. rCeuliSvilis prozaSi zRvas sqesi ar gaaCnia. zogadad, miTopoetur warmosaxvaSi, zRvis stiqia qa-lur sawyisTan asocirdeba – ,,didi dedaa“ _ sicocxlis warmomqmne-li wiaRi. ,,babilonur miTSi ,,mlaSe pirvelad okeanes“ ganasaxiereb-da TeTri gveleSapi TiamaTi“. (3, 84) rCeuliSvilis zRva pirdapir da calsaxad warmoadgens cxovrebis simbolos. lilis sikvdilis Sem-deg munji axmedi isev zRvis imedze rCeba: ,,Tevzaobis Semdeg xSirad egdo naxevrad SiSveli zRvis napiras da eloda damtvreuli barkasis povnas, romlis Zirzec iwveboda zRvis saCuqari“. (4, 173).

hemingueis moTxrobaSi ,,moxuci da zRva“ zRvas sqesi aqvs. misi moyvaruli Raribi meTevzeebisaTvis is mdedria, santiagos qaliviT uyvars zRva anu cxovreba, ar ejibreba mas, efereba, elaciceba, ar brazobs. SedarebiT mdidari meTevzeebisaTvis ki zRva mamria, _ meto-

zRva, rogorc cxovreba, guram rCeuliSvilis SemoqmedebaSi

73

qe. zmanebis enazec ki zRva cxovrebis simboloa. moTxrobaSi ,,me da irina~ Seyvarebul vaJs zRvaze mihyavs qali.

iqamde idiliuri urTierToba swored zRvaze yofnisas iZens gansxva-vebul xasiaTs da fatalurad mTavrdeba. ideaSi srulyofili wyvili sazRvao kurortze (anu simboluri saxiT – cxovrebaSi) yofnisas irRveva. idiliuri samyaro, romelsac qmnis wyvili qalaqSi yofni-sas, zRvaze imsxvreva. miniSneba cxovrebiseuli sirTuleebis warmo-Sobaze, romelic am konkretul SemTxvevaSi mTavari moqmedi piris sulieri ryevebis aRweriT gamoixateba, swored zRvis akompanementis TanxlebiT Cndeba. navSi xdeba mkvleloba, sadac gmiri bolomde av-lens Tavis mouTokav siyvaruls, Tanmxlebi eWviTa da agresiiT. ,,me-taforas, romelic saxes azrobriobisaken mimarTavs, upirispirdeba simbolo, romelic agreTve saxes emyareba, magram mimarTulia formis stabilizaciisaken“. (2)

samive moTxrobaSi gamokveTilia Zveli da gavleniani, bunebrivi simbolos _ zRvis saxe, ieri da daniSnuleba. zRva martiv saxe-simbo-los miekuTvneba. simbolo ki rac ufro martivia, miT ufro gavrce-lebuli, Rrma da calsaxaa. zRvis kanonikuri simbolika aqtiurad figurirebs guram rCeuliSvilis SemoqmedebaSi.

literatura

1. iuri lotmani, simbolo kulturis sistemaSi, http://www.lib.ge/body_text.php?5858

2. nina aruTinova, simbolo, http://semioticsjournal.wordpress.com 3. simboloTa ilustrirebuli leqsikoni, tomi 1, bakmi 2006 4. guram rCeuliSvili, qarTuli prozis saganZuri, neli tango, Tbi-

lisi 2010 5. axali aRTqma da fsalmunebi, stokholmi, 1993 6. daujdomeli sagaloblebis krebuli, Tbilisi 2007

rismag gordeziani

zRvis aRmniSvneli daudgeneli etimologiis mqone sityvebi berZnulSi

berZnebi, romelTa cxovrebaSic zRva gansa-kuTrebuli mniSvnelobiT gamoirCeoda, Ta-vianT damokidebulebas misdami enobriv do-nezec adasturebdnen. Zvel berZnulSi zRvis aRsaniSnavad gamoiyeneboda oTxi ZiriTadi termini: hJ qavlassa, oJ povnto~, to; pevlago~, oJ a{l~. amas emateba formativi jWkeanov~, ro-melsac garkveulwilad `msoflio mdina-ris~ mniSvneloba aqvs. aqedan oJ povnto~ da oJ a{l~ formativebis indoevropuli etimolo-

gia mecnierebaSi eWvs ar iwvevs.1 rac Seexeba danarCen terminebs, maTi etimologia daud-genlad iTvleba. viziareb im mkvlevarTa azrs, romelnic maT araindoevropul wina-berZnul samyaros ganakuTvneben. vfiqrob, iseve, rogorc mravali aseuli e.w. winaber-Znuli formativi, isinic mimarTebas gviCve-neben qarTvelur enebTan.2

1 Sdr. GEW, DELG, EDG 2 qarTvelur-winaberZnuli enobrivi mimarTebi-saTvis ix. E. J. Furnée, Vorgriechisch-Kartvelisches. Studien zum ostmediterranen Substrat nebst einem Versuch zu einer neuen pelasgischen Theorie, Leuven 1979; E. J. Fur-née, Paläokartvelisch-pelasgische Einflüsse in den indogermanischen Sprachen, Leiden 1986; r. gordeziani, winaberZnuli da qarTvelu-

ri, Tbilisi 1985;r. gordeziani, mediteranul-

qarTveluri mimarTebebi, Tbilisi 2007-2008.

iv, javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo uni-

versitetis klasikuri fi-

lologiis, bizantinistiki-

sa da neogrecistikis insti-tutis direqtori, sruli profesori, saqarTvelosa da saqsoniis (gfr) mecnierebaTa akademiebis wevr-korespon-

denti, saberZneTis arqeolo-

giuri sazogadoebis sapatio wevri, 25 wignisa da calke gamocemis, 150-ze meti samec-niero statiis avtori, sa-mecniero Jurnal Phasis-is mTavari redaqtori.


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to; pevlago~ berZnulSi niSnavda zRvas, Tumca misi semantika, rogorc Cans, Ria, gaxsnil, teritorialur wylebs miRma mdebare zRvas aRniS-navda.3 h. friskis cda, igi *pelh2 indoevropul fuZesTan daakavSi-ros,4 gaumarTleblad miaCnia r. beekess, romelic formativis wina-berZnul warmomavlobas uWers mxars.5 vfiqrob, misi dakavSireba Se-iZleboda qarTvelur *fel- fuZesTan, romelsac gaRebis, bolomde gaRebis mniSvneloba hqonda.6 m. Cuxua saerToqarTvelur arqetips *bel- formiT aRadgens da masSi Riaobis, gaxsnis, siSiSvlis mniSvne-lobas varaudobs. igi ufro Sors midis da qarTvelur fuZes saerTo naxur *b-el- `gaReba, gaxela/gaxsna, axda” fuZesTan akavSirebs. Sesa-bamisad, fuZis saerTo kavkasiur doneze aRdgenis SesaZleblobas ar gamoricxavs.7 Zneli saTqmelia, winaberZnulSi ag- elementi mawarmoebelia Tu fu-Ziseulia.8 Tuki Cemi dakavSireba misaRebia, maSin SeiZleba vivarau-doT, rom es elementi fel-/bel- Zirs saxelur formas aZlevda. Cemi azriT, msgavsi elementi SeiniSneba qarTvelur sityvaTwarmoebaSi: Sdr. saerToqarTveluri *qad da qad-ag-i. Sesabamisad, pevlago~-is ga-azreba daaxloebiT amgvarad SeiZleboda: `Ria, gaxsnili, gamRebeli, gamxsneli~. mecnierTa yuradRebas didi xania ipyrobs termini qavlassa, rome-lic xSirad gvxvdeba ukve homerosis eposSi. specialistTa erTsu-lovani aRiarebiT, am terminis etimologia daudgenelia.9 hesiqioss dadasturebuli aqvs glosa dalavgca, romelsac igi mniSvnelobiT qavlassa-s identurad, xolo warmoSobiT makedonurad miiCnevs. sav-sebiT sworad SeniSnavs furnee, rom sulac ar aris aucilebeli da-vujeroT hesiqioss da termini namdvilad makedonurad miviCnioT.10 samagierod, mkvlevarni erTsulovanni arian imaSi, rom aq aSkarad dasturdeba qal-/dal- fuZeebis monacvleoba. es ki terminis winaber-Znul warmoSobaze unda migviTiTebdes.11 rogorc glosis -agca, ase-ve berZnuli terminis -assa daboloeba SeiZleba mawarmoeblad mi-viCnioT. aseT SemTxvevaSi daismis TviT fuZis qal-/dal- semantikis

3Sdr. LSJ, 1356

4 GEW 5 EDG 6 m. Cuxua, iberiul-iCkeriuli SedarebiTi gramatika, Tbilisi 2008 7 m. Cuxua, dasax. naSr. 8 r. beekesi fiqrobs, rom es elementi winaberZnuli sufiqsia, GED, XXXIV 9 Sdr. GEW, DELG, EDG, WKE, 195 10 WKE, 195 11 EDG

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sakiTxi. am mxriv yvelaze misaRebi Tvalsazrisi a. leskim wamoayena, romelmac 1947 wels gamoaqveyna specialuri statia saxelwodebiT qavlassa.12 a. leski yuradRebas aqcevs im garemoebas, rom zRvis aR-mniSvneli oTxi terminidan ori _ povnto~ da a{l~ mamrobiTi sqesisaa, erTi _ pevlago~ saSualosi, mxolod qavlassa aris mdedrobiTi sqe-sis. a. leskis azriT, homerosis eposi da sxva berZnuli wyaroebi iZ-leva SesaZleblobas davaskvnaT, rom mxolod a{l~ da qavlassa SeiZ-leba gaviazroT terminebad, romlebic mlaSe wylis semantikas Seica-ven. igi ganixilavs mravalricxovan konteqsts, romlebSic a{l~ da qavlassa erTmaneTs SeiZleba Seenacvlon swored am funqciiT, magram arcerT SemTxvevaSi amgvar konteqstebSi ar Segvxvdeba povnto~ da pevlago~ terminebi. a. leski midis daskvnamde, rom mlaSe wylis/

zRvis mniSvnelobis mdedrobiTi sqesis mqone winaberZnul sityvas qavlassa berZnulma mounaxa marilis mniSvnelobis mqone TavisaTvis organuli fuZidan nawarmoebi ukve mamrobiTi sqesis sityva a{l~ da orive maTgans absoluturad sinonimuri gageba mianiWa. aqedan gamom-dinare, bunebrivia, vifiqroT, rom CvenTvis saintereso fuZe qal(a)-/dal(a)- Seicavda marilianis, mlaSesTan miaxloebulis mniSvnelo-

bas, saidanac romeliRac winaberZnuli mawarmoeblis meSveobiT na-warmoebi iqna `mariliani wylis~ mniSvnelobis mqone zRvis aRmniSvne-li termini.13 vfiqrob, es winaberZnuli fuZe mimarTebas gviCvenebs qarTvelur enobriv samyarosTan. ukanasknel xanebSi m. Cuxuam saer-ToqarTvelur doneze aRadgina *dal-a arqetipi, romelic `delamos, dos, kveTis~ mniSvnelobas Seicavs; misi azriT, am fuZes aqvs kanonzo-mieri Sesatyvisi saerTo naxuri *dur-←*dîor _ `mlaSe, mariliano-

ba~ saxiT. es ki SesaZleblobas iZleva vimsjeloT fuZis ukve saerTo-kavkasiur doneze aRdgenis SesaZleblobis Sesaxeb.14 rogorc Cans, Tavad saerToqarTvelur donezec misi umTavresi semantika swored `simlaSe, marilianoba~ SeiZleba yofiliyo, razec svanuri fuZis dər‐/də ̅r erT-erTi mniSvneloba: `Roris an xbos damarilebuli maWi-ki, romelsac iyeneben kveTis dasamzadeblad”15 SeiZleba miuTiTebdes. Tuki es asea, SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom im winaberZnuli enis wiaRSi, romelSic marilianobis, simlaSis Semcveli dal(a)- fuZe dasturde-boda, am fuZis bazaze warmoiqmna zRvis aRmniSvneli termini, rome-lic Sevida berZnul enaSi.

12 A. Lesky, Thalassa, Hermes 78, 1943, 258 ff 13 A. Lesky, op. cit. 14 m. Cuxua, dasax. naSromi, 314 15 v. Tofuria, m. qaldani, svanuri leqsikoni, Tbilisi 2000


77

yuradRebas iqcevs termini jWkeanov~. iseve, rogorc es miTopoetur azrovnebaSi xdeba, okeanosi, yoveli SemTxvevisaTvis, adreul ber-Znul eposSi warmoadgens e.w. personificirebul msoflio nakads, mdinares, romelic dedamiwas gars uvlis. homerosTan igi aris yvela RmerTisa da sagnis mSobeli (Il. XIV, 201, 245‐46). homerosTan erTmane-Tisgan gansxvavdeba zRva da okeanosi ramdenime niSniT: zRva aris wylis sivrce, metnaklebad Caketili Tu kontinentebiT Semosaz-Rvruli, romliTac adamianebi erTmaneTs ukavSirdebian zRvaosnobis saSualebiT. zRvebis sanapiroebze ganlagebul qveynebSi ZiriTadad realuri xalxebi saxloben. SesaZloa vifiqroT, rom homerosTan zRvad moiazreba ZiriTadad xmelTaSuazRvispireTi. okeanosi, amisa-gan gansxvavebiT, aris msoflio mdinare, romelic zRvis farglebs gareTaa da gars uvlis dedamiwas. misi gadakveTis Semdeg vxvdebiT mi-Tiur xalxebsa da qveynebs: eTiopelebs, harpiebs, gorgonebs, kimirie-lebs... Sesabamisad, okeanosi mudam Tavis TavSi, anu ukan brundeba.16 miuxedavad calkeuli cdebisa, misi warmomavloba daudgenlad iT-vleba. r. beekesi mas winaberZnulad miiCnevs, razec jWghvn, jWghnov~, jWgenov~ paraleluri formebis dadastureba migviTiTebs.17 aq, ro-gorc e. i. furnee SeniSnavs, winaberZnulisTvis damaxasiaTebeli k/g Tavisufali monacvleoba dasturdeba.18 formativis etimologiisaT-

vis, upirveles yovlisa, yuradReba unda mivaqcioT masSi dadasture-buli fuZis semantikas. vfiqrob, am TvalsazrisiT sayuradReboa ho-merosTan moxmobili epiTeti okeanosisa, ajyovroo~. mas, Cveulebriv, ase Targmnian: `Tavis TavSi ukanve Semdinare~ (germ. `in sich zurückfließend~, ing. `returning into itself~).19 Sesabamisad SeiZleba da-vuSvaT, jWkeanov~-is semantika garkveulwilad wrebrunvas, msoflio mdinaris mudmiv trials, Tavis TavSi ukanve Semdinarobas ukavSirde-ba. rogorc Cans, aqve SeiZleba ganvixiloT glosa wjgevnio~ `Zveli, ma-radiuli~. Tuki am fuZeebs Soris marTlac arsebobs kavSiri, SeiZle-

ba vivaraudoT, rom misi semantika erTdroulad ukanqcevisa da siZve-lis, maradiulobis mniSvnelobas Seicavda. r. beekesi fuZis savaraudo winaberZnul arqetips aRadgens formiT *ūkan.20 vfiqrob, es fuZe mimarTebas unda gviCvenebdes Zvel qarTul-

Si intensiurad gamoyenebul ukun-/ukuan- fuZesTan, romelic qarTu-

16 Sdr. DNP 17 EDG 18 WKE, 124 19 LSJ 20 EDG 1677

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li enis ganviTarebis uZveles periodTanaa dakavSirebuli, razec fu-ZeSi ¿/Ó monacvleoba unda migviTiTebdes.21 vfiqrob, megruli uko-xole `ukan, ukana mxares~ gaTvaliswinebiT, SeiZleba qarTul-zanur arqetipzec vimsjeloT. am fuZisgan, erTi mxriv, iwarmoeba termine-biÖ ukunqceva, ukuana, ukan, xolo meore mxriv, ukuni, ukuneTi, ukuni-Ti, ukunisamde.22 daudgeneli etimologiis mqone zRvis aRmniSvneli terminebis aq Se-moTavazebuli etimologiebi mTlianad jdeba qarTvelur-winaberZnu-

li hipoTezis konteqstSi, romelic Cemi da E. J. Furnée-s naSromeb-Sia gadmocemuli.23

Semoklebebi:

DELG = Pierre Chantraine, Dictionnaire étymologique de la langue grecque: histoire des mots, Paris 1968-1980

DNP = Der neue Pauly. Enzyklopädie der Antike. Das klassische Altertum und seine Rezeptionsgeschichte, hrsg. H. Cancik and H. Schneider, Stuttgart 1996-2003

EDG = Robert Beekes, Etymological Dictionary of Greek, Leiden 2010 GEW = Hjalmar Frisk, Griechisches stymologisches Wörtwrbuch, 3 Bde,

Heidelberg 1960-1973 LSJ = A Greek-English Lexicon, compilled by H. G. Liddell and R. Scott,

recised and augmented throughout by H. S. Jones..., Oxford 19779

WKE = E. J. Furnée, Wichtigsten Konsonantischen Erscheinungen des vorgriechischen. Mit einem Appendix über den Vokalismus, Den Haag 1972

21 T. gamyreliZe, g. maWavariani, sonantTa sistema da ablauti qarTvelur enebSi, Tbilisi 1965 22 A Comprehensive Georgian-English Dictionary, London 2006 23 Sdr. SeniSvna 2

lali daTaSvili

zRvis qristianuli

simbolika da qarTuli

literatura

Zveli da axali aRTqma wuTisoflisa

da satanis simbolod moiazrebs zRvas,

romelic maxes ugebs adamians, am zRvaSi

mocurave navs da uRelvo napiramde miR-

wevaSi xels uSlis.

ramdenadac zRva uzarmazar da yov-

liswamlekav ZalasTan asocirdeba, qris-

tianulma kulturam igi bibliur mxecs _

veSaps daukavSira, romelic axrCobs ada-

mianebs da anadgurebs dasaxlebul adgi-

lebs. igi maradis saSiSia, radgan satana

mudmivad `aRZrulia~kacis STasanTqmelad.

`mravalmRelvare ars sawuTro ese,

daudgromel da warmaval~, _ moTqvams

JamTaaRmwereli.

daviT guramiSvili wuTisofels

aRelvebul zRvas adarebs, xolo adamian-

Ta sulebs _ navebs, romelTac ejaxebian

talRebi da ganadgurebiT emuqrebian:

`midis-modis es sofeli, qartexil-

Ta zRvisebr Relavs!..

naTobs da bindobs sawuTro, qcevadi,

mobrunavia,

wams myudro qari aqrolis, wuTze

damusris navia.~ (`sawuTro soflis sam-

duravi~).

wm. basili didi gvaswavlis: `adamia-

nis suli am sofelSi Zalian hgavs xo-

malds, romelic talRebis sapirispiro

filologiis mecnierebaTa doqtori, saqarTvelos peda-gogTa kvalifikaciis amaRle-

bis institutis humanitaru-li mimarTulebis profesori. ZiriTadi naSromebi: mo-

nografiebi: saRvTismetyve-

lo sakiTxebi qarTul hagi-ografiaSi (1996), daviTia-nis'swavlebisaTvis (1998), grigol noselis wminda mak-rinas cxovreba (2010); wig-nebi: feriscvaleba (litera-

turuli werilebi) (2009), seriidan qarTveli mwerlebi skolaSi: vaJa-fSavela (or nawilad) (2001, 2002), niko-loz baraTaSvili (2007), ni-ko lorTqifaniZe (2000), akaki wereTeli (or nawilad) (2004, 2008). interesTa sfero: RvTis-metyveleba, litmcodneoba, poetika, kritika, qristia-nuli xelovneba.

lali daTaSvili

80

mimarTulebiT micuravs. erT adgilze gaCereba dauSvebelia da, Tu

igi ar gamoiyenebs Zalisxmevas win wasasvlelad, siRrmeSi STain-

Tqmeba~.

qristiani yoveldRiurad amitomac loculobs im adamianebis-

Tvis, romlebic `zRvaTa Sina iWirvian~ _ maTSi ar gulisxmobs

mxolod mezRvaurebs, aramed yovel kacsa da sakuTar Tavs, anu

yvelas, visac cxovrebasTan Widili uwevs.

zRva Tavisi sididis gamo gansakuTrebuli Zlierebis sazomia.

sulxan-saba swored misi moSveliebiT gadmogvcems sedraq veziris

sibrZnisa da ganaTlebis masStabs: `mecnierebiTa zRvaTa ufskrul-

Ta miwevnil iyo~.

leo qiaCeli `haki aZbaSi~ zRvas pirvelyofil qaosTan akavSi-

rebs, raTa misi gansakuTrebuli siZliere, daumorCilebloba da

yovliswamlekavi, gamanadgurebeli Zala asaxos:

`bnelSi gaxveuli zRva axla ise boboqrobda da Rmuoda, TiT-

qos mTel qveyanas warRvniT da dangreviT emuqrebao...

mTebiviT maRla aziduli talRebi napirebs grialiT exeTqe-

bodnen...

ufskrulis layuCebiT amonaberi Savi grigali zRvis Suagu-

lidan giJuri stveniTa da bRaviliT imuqreboda. wylis veeba, ha-

erSi atacebul lodebs haerSi aTamaSebda, ngrevisa da texis Sem-

zaravi grialiT Caigugunebda...

pirvelyofili qaosis sunTqvis naxleCebis brma srbolas

hgavda dausabamo ukuneTSi misi awyvetili TareSi~.

Tumca qristianuli kultura TiTqmis yovel simbolos orma-

gi SinaarsiT tvirTavs, radgan yovelive uflis Seqmnilia (maT

Soris, zRvac) da keTil sawyiss efuZneba. zRvaSic wyalia, dar-

wyulebisa da sicxovlis simbolo. Tu aq veSapia, ganadgurebisa da

STanTqmis simbolo, aqvea macxovari-Tevzi: ixTiosi _ ieso qriste

Ze RmrTisa mxsneli, romelic cxovrobs samyaroul wylebSi da

wmends mas suliwmidis madliT, amarcxebs veSaps samWeduriT, ka-

ci amoyavs jojoxeTis ufskrulebidan da xsnis gzas dausaxavs,

`suli RmrTisa~ ki mimoiqceva `zeda wyalTa~, marTavs da imorCi-

lebs yovelives.

ucnobi qarTveli himnografi `ZlispirSi~ xotbas Seasxams

yovlisSemZle macxovars, romelmac daimorCila zRva da buneba Se-

ucvala mas, radgan qviSa wyals ver iWers, zRva ki qviSaze dgas:

`romelman dahrTen

wyalTa zeda zesknelni misni,

da Seayene zRuai qviSasa...~

kacobrioba or nawilad iyofa: erTni wuTisoflis Rirseu-

zRvis qristianuli simbolika da qarTuli literatura

81

lad gavlis Semdeg rwmeniTa da RvTis imediT midian qristes nav-

sayudelSi, anu sasufevels daimkvidreben; meoreni ki cxovrebis

zRvaSi inTqmebian (zogi maTgani amao cxovrebas ewafeba, `mimndoni

sawuTrosani~ miwis kacebi xdebian, wuTisoflisgan dagebul maxes

ver xedaven da amqveyniur sacdurebs ver uZleben, zogi TiTqos ib-

rZvis gadarCenisTvis, magram Zala ar hyofnis da iRupeba, zogic

sakuTari nebiT, netarebiTa da ubrZolvelad gadaeSveba samyaro-

ul WaobSi, RadarinelTa Rorebis msgavsad).

amitomac gvaswavlis SoTa rusTveli, ar vendoT wuTiso-

fels:

`vaqeb Wkuasa brZenTasa, romelni eurCebian...~

`Tavfaravneli WabukSi~ erTmaneTs upirispirdeba sofeli

`aRZruli zRvis~ saxiT da zesTasofeli _ sanTlisa da siyvaru-

lis saxiT.

yoveldRiurad eWideba Wabuki cxovrebas, anu wuTisofels,

viTarca maminacvals (ilia), dabrkolebas ar epueba da Tavisi gza-

savalis gakvlevas cdilobs. siyvaruliT anTebuli Tavs ar izo-

gavs tbis gadasacurad. sanTeli unaTebs gzas. es sanTeli sauflo

naTelia, romelic `bnelsa Sina Cans~ da `kelaptarobs~.

Wabuki misi SemweobiT aRwevs meore napirs _ `uRelvo navsa-

yudels~.

eSma sanTels aqrobs, rom vaJs naTeli moaklos da wyvdiadis

tyveobaSi martod (RvTis Sewevnis gareSe) darCenils gaumklav-

des.

TavfaravanSi iRupeba eSmaki dedabrisagan Zleuli Wabuki.

saukeTeso vaJi, `cali xeliT dolabi rom mihqonda~, meoriT

niavqarobda, TavgametebiT rom ibrZoda wuTisoflis winaaRmdeg,

mainc imsxverpla aboboqrebulma zRvam.

leqsi kidev erTxel dagvafiqrebs, rom `talRa talRaze na-

cemi` meyseulad STanTqavs da anadgurebs yvelas, visac sifxizle

moudundeba, an cxovrebiseuli sayrdeni uRalatebs, Znelia samya-

ros zRvaSi daxrCobisagan gadarCena.

Tavis daxrCobiTa Tu amis mcdelobiT suls eSmas aZleven

cxovrebisagan gatexili Teimuraz xevisTavi (mixeil javaxiSvili

_ `jayos xiznebi~) da Tavadis qali maia (leo qiaCeli _ `Tavadis

qali maia~).

qristianul literaturaSi zRvis simboluri gaazreba, gar-

kveulwilad, bibliuri wignebiTacaa nasazrdoebi. Semodis `sof-

lis aRZruli zRvisa~ da sulis navis sworad, daunTqmelad tare-

bis motivebi. `metivuris daviwyeba~ (anu, urwmunoeba da codvaTa

siWarbe) tivis zRvaSi CaZirvas iwvevs.

lali daTaSvili

82

radgan adamiani sawuTros moqalaqea da garemosTan nebsiT Tu

uneblieT urTierTobs, kacis buneba ki winaaRmdegobebiTaa savse

(rusTvelis Tqmisa ar ayos, `mteri mtersa versa avnebs, rome kaci

Tavsa ivnebs~), codvac orgvaria: garedan momdinare, wuTisofli-

seuli, da Sinagani, anu gulismieri. `raisTvis gulis-sityvani

mravalni movlenan gulTa TquenTa?~ _ kiTxulobs luka maxarebe-

li (24, 38)... `zRvac~ (Sesabamisad) orgvaria: garemoseuli da Si-

nagani, sulSi Camdgar-Cagubebuli da mtanjveli. amitom orivenai-

ri sacduri gardauvalia, orivesTan gamklaveba Znelia da adamis

STamomavals maradiuli sifrTxile, ufalze fiqri da misi yovel-

wamieri Sewevna sWirdeba, raTa mis sulsa Tu qmedebaSi codvas

macxovnebeli madli dasWarbdes. `momixile Ze SecTomili; ganmas-

vene vnebaTagan borot-Relvili,~ _ SehRaRadebs macxovars niko-

loz baraTaSvili;

cnobilia wm. grigol xanZTelis poeturi niWiT aRbeWdili

Targmani, romelSic wmida mama, sagaloblis avtor ucnob himnog-

rafTan erTad, mravalmowyale ufals SesTxovs cxovrebis zRvaSi

danTqmisagan gadarCenas da morwmunes kidev erTxel daafiqrebs

imaze, Tu ramden `unebel~ gansacdels umzadebs wuTisofeli `sa-

wuTros kacad, soflis moyvared gadaqceul~ (~SuSanikis wameba~)

adamians:

`soflisa zRvai aRZrul ars

RelviTa codvisaiTa,

saSinelad damnTqams me,

da movivlti Senda navTsayudelsa,

da esreT giRaRadeb:

danTqmisagan mixsen me,

mravalmowyale!~

himnis meore nawili ki Sinagani `zRvis~ daSretisTvis dedaR-

vTisas mimarT aRvlenili vedrebaa:

`qalwulo dedofalo,

romelman gviSev sityuai,

dausabamoi xorciT,

daacxrven Relvani ganZvinebulni,

gulissityuani Cemni,

da moec sulsa Cemsa

siwmide saRmrToi!~

zRvis simbolodan momdinared gvesaxeba samoTxis erT-erTi

saxeli _ `qristes navsadguri~, romelic gvxvdeba `SuSanikis wa-

mebaSi~. iakob xucesi SeniSnavs, rom samoel da ioane episkoposebi

wm. SuSaniks `madlobiT warhgzavnides navTsadgurisa mis mimarT


83

qristeisisa~.

samoTxe ùRelvo myudroebis sadgurad~ moixsenieba himnog-

rafiul mwerlobasa da nikoloz baraTaSvilis poeziaSi.

leqsSi `Cemi locva~ nikoloz baraTaSvili evedreba ufals:

`cxovrebis wyarov, masv wmidaTa wyalTagan SenTa,

daminTqe maTSi salmobani gulisa senTa,

ara dahqrolon sulsa Cemsa qarTa vnebisa,

aramed moec mas sadguri myudroebisa!~

mravalmxriv sagulisxmo am strofSi poeti Tavisi sulis na-

vis samSvidobos gayvanas iTxovs, risTvisac `gulis senTa~ daTmena

miaCnia aucileblad. sarwmunoebas yovelgvari tkivilis damaameb-

lad Tvlis. ufals `cxovrebis wyarod miiCnevs, misi wm. wylis-

Tvis dawafebas natrobs, rogorc uflis es saxeli, ise sarwmuno-

ebis `wylad~ moxsenieba, saxarebas efuZneba:

ùkueTu vinme ara iSves wylisagan da sulisa, ver xel-ewife-

bis Seslvad sasufevelsa RmrTisasa~ (ioane 3, 5).

nikoloz baraTaSvilic SesTxovs macxovars, `wyali cxove-

li~ Seasvas, raTa `cxovrebis wyaros~ dawafebiT saukuno sofel-

Si damkvidrebis imedi gauCndes. wyali _ sikeTe zRvas _ borote-

bas upirispirdeba, poeti macxovnebeli wmida wylis SesmiT fiq-

robs ganwmedasa da codvaTagan Tavdaxsnas, radgan rwmena tkivi-

lis Cacxrobisa da gulis damSvidebis wamalia, vnebaTagan xsnis

gzaa. es rwmenac saxarebis cnobili sityvebis gamoZaxilad gvesa-

xeba: àra uxms cocxalTa mkurnali, aramed sneulTa~ (maTe 9, 12).

tatos Txovnac esaa, salmobaTagan sarwmunoebis ZaliT gaTavisuf-

ldes, rwmeniT dainTqas gulis seni da tkivili.

wuTisofliseul codvis burusSi gzis gakvleva metad Zne-

lia. amitom gulis senTa daamebis Semdeg poeti sulis xsnas Ses-

Txovs zeciur mamas: àra dahqrolon navsa Cemsa qarTa vnebisa~

(Sdr.: `guli wmidai dahbade CemTana, RmerTo, da suli wrfeli

ganmiaxle guamsa Cemsa.~ _ fs. 50, 10).

es striqonic saxarebiseul igavs efuZneba. maTes (8, 24-27),

markozisa (4, 35-41) da lukas (8, 22-25) saxarebebSi gadmocemu-

lia, navSi myofi ufali da mociqulebi rogor moxvdnen aRelve-

bul zRvaSi. sikvdilis SiSiT Sepyrobilma mowafeebma ieso gaaRvi-

Zes, gadarCena SesTxoves, manac SerisxviT daacxro qarica da

zRvis Relvac, Tan mociqulebs usayvedura mcired morwmuneobi-

saTvis.

navi poets simbolurad sulad mouazrebia, romelic gzas mi-

ikvlevs cxovrebis zRvaSi, vnebis qarebiT garemoculi. warwymeda

mudmivad emuqreba rwmenaSeryeul suls, `myudroebis sadgurs~,

lali daTaSvili

84

anu samoTxes igi mxolod uflis wyalobiT miaRwevs. amitomac,

mociqulTa msgavsad, warwymedisagan xsnasa da `vnebis qarTa~ dac-

xromas, sasufevelSi damkvidrebas iTxovs.

(yuradRebas ipyrobs sityva `myudroeba~. eqvTime da giorgi

aTonelebis TargmanebSi saxarebis es adgili amgvarad ikiTxeba:

`(ufalma) Sehrisxa qarTa maT da zRuasa. da iqmna meyseulad dayu-

deba did~ (maTe 8, 26), xolo adiSis oTxTavSi: `iyo yudroeba

did~. Tu imasac gavixsenebT, rom amave oTxTavSi samoTxe xSirad

`sadgurad~ moixsenieba, maSin SegviZlia vivaraudoT, rom n. bara-

TaSvilis mier samoTxis `myudroebis sadgurad~ moxsenieba saxa-

rebis Zveli TargmanebiT unda iyos STagonebuli.

magaliTisTvis davimowmebT: ioanes saxarebaSi ufali hpirdeba

mociqulebs, rom ganumzadebs adgils mamamisis saxlSi, anu caTa

sasufevelSi: `saxlsa mamisa Cemisasa savane mraval arian... me war-

vide da gangimzado Tqven adgili~ (14, 2). adiSis oTxTavSi sityva

`savanes~ nacvlad ikiTxeba `sadgur~...).

wm. mamebi gvmoZRvraven, rom brZeni mesaWe imas ki ar sWirdeba,

vinc ukve miaRwia navsadgurs da samSvidobosaa, aramed imas, vinc

cxovrebis gaSlil zRvaSi iWirvis.

bibliaSi zRvasTan dakavSirebuli ramdenime ambavi gvxvdeba:

macxovris mier mewamuli zRvis Suaze gayofa da israelis amgva-

rad gadarCena egviptelTa risxvisagan, iona winaswarmetyvelis

daxsna veSapis muclidan, macxovrisa da petre mociqulis siaru-

li zRvaze, iesos mier zRvaTa da qarTa dacxroma (riTac irwmunes

mociqulebma macxovris Zala)…_ yovelive amiT ki warmoCnda uf-

lis mier zRvis damorCileba.

es monaTxrobebi, Tavis mxriv, saTaves udeben axal paradig-

mebs da momdevno periodis literaturaSi asaxuli epizodebi Tu

siuJetebi simbolur datvirTvas iZens.

wm. gabriel beris _ didi aToneli mamis gamorCeulobaze

metyvelebs misi msgavseba petre mociqulTan. wm. mariamis survi-

liT, igi erTaderTi aRmoCndeba mTawmindel mamaTagan, visi xelis

mikarebasac inebebs xmelTaSua zRvidan mocurebuli xati. wm. gab-

rieli zRvaze fexis dausveleblad gaivlis da xmeleTze gamoab-

rZanebs aw ukve iveriis yovladwmida RmrTismSoblis karibWisad

wodebul xats.

Cveni azriT, iona winaswarmetyvelis ambavi aluziurad igu-

lisxmeba `vefxistyaosansa~ da `aluda qeTelaurSi~.

vaJa-fSavelas xevisberi berdia, `sxva rigis SiSiT~ ferdakar-

guli, zRvaSi CanTqmas Tvlis ufro iol sasjelad, vidre imas,

rom aludas daujeros, muslims kurati Seswiros da Satilele-


85

bisTvis karg mesaWed ar gamodges:

`manam sjob, cani dameqcnen,

zurgi gamisqdes miwisa,

an Tu zRvam damnTqas uZirom,

sadili vsWamo qviSisa~.

ionac swored amitom daisaja zRvaSi gadagdebiT, ufals rom

eurCa da nineviaSi qadagebaze (anu ninevelTa mesaWeobaze) uari

Tqva.

iona winaswarmetyveli veSapma gadaylapa uflis, anu zeciuri

mamis urCobisaTvis, mas SeeZlo eTqva, rom ar uyvarda ninevelni

da amitom ar surda maT qalaqSi qadageba, Tumca amis nacvlad ge-

miT gamgzavreba gadawyvita nineviisgan sapirispiro mimarTulebiT

da ase apirebda davalebisaTvis Tavis aridebas. mamis urCi veSapis

stomaqSi _ jojoxeTis xaxaSi aRmoCnda. iqidan ki mxolod sinanu-

lis madlma gamoixsna igi.

nestans mamis urCobisa da codvis gamo (man xom saqmro-uf-

liswuli tariels farulad moakvlevina) davari `zRvis veSaps~

ugzavnis. qajebs ubrZanebs mis wayvanas da gemidan, anu ucnauri ki-

dobnidan, mis iq gadagdebas (dakargvas), sadac zRvis Wipia:

`wadiT, dahkargeT mun, sada zRvisa Wipia!~

sapyrobiled gadaqceuli sawuTro `ylapavs~ nestans, rome-

lic evedreba tariels, rom `RmerTsa Sehvedros~, raTa ufalma

frTebi misces da am samyarodan `afrena~ SeZlos.

qajeTis cixeSi datyvevebuli nestanis gamoxsna mxolod maSin

xerxdeba, roca igi zRvad damdgari cremliT inaniebs codvas,

xvdeba, xvarazmSas mkvleloba `marTali samarTliT~ rom ganbrWo,

amis gamo ver ukavSirdeba misi da tarielis gulebi erTmaneTs.

amitomac uxsnis mijnurs:

`can samarTali marTali, gulisa gulsa miva rad?!~

erT dros mamis orguli Svili tariels farsadanTan wasvla-

sa da mis erTgul samsaxurs avalebs:

`wadi, indoeTs mimarTe, arge ra Cemsa mSobelsa~.

mxolod amis Semdeg marcxdeba codvis veSapi da mis, anu qa-

jeTis cixis, mier `gadaylapuli~ mTvare-nestani ubrundeba sat-

rfos (`naxes mzisa Sesayrelad gamoeSva mTvare gvelsa~).

uZlevel gmirad gadasaqcevad ionasaviT veSapis muclidan

Tavdaxsna, anu meored Sobaa saWiro. es sulieradac SesaZlebelia

da xorcieladac. oRond, vinc amas mxolod fizikuri ZaliT axer-

xebs, damarcxebulia, radgan es, Cveni azriT, simbolurad gulis-

xmobs samyarodan mxolod xorcieli problemebis mogvarebis Sem-

deg gasvlas, rac jojoxeTs moaswavebs. amirani, gauWris Sav ve-

lali daTaSvili

86

Saps mucels da uvnebeli, Tanac uZleveli, gamova, magram amas mxo-

lod sakuTar Zalasa da neba-survils miawers, rac mis gaampartav-

nebas iwvevs da ufalTan dapirispirebis, masTan daWidebis sur-

vils aRuZravs. esaa misi mijaWviT, maradiuli tyveobiT dasjis

mizezi (jojoxeTSi moxvedrac sulis tyveobas, mis Seborkvas niS-

navs).

xolo, vinc uflis imediTa da rwmeniT iRvwis, imarjvebs _

ase unda damarcxdes uimedobis, sasowarkveTis cremliT damdgari

bazaleTi _ `veSapi~. `misi muclidan~ _ tbis Ziridan unda amod-

gan oqros akvani, masSi Cakruli `STanTqmuli~ gmiris dasaxsne-

lad, romelsac dRedaRam natrobs qarTveli; maSin is uZlevel

gmirad gadaiqceva da eniT uTqmel bednierebas mianiWebs Tavis ers.

amitomac Senatris masa da mis mxsnels ilia WavWavaZe:

`neta mas, vaJkacsa saxelovansa,

visica xeli pirveli

daswvdeba ima akvansa!~

ufali dahpirda meTevze mociqulebs kacTa mesaTxevleebad da

mesaWeebad qcevas. am Sexedulebis gamoZaxilia meaTe saukuneSi

moRvawe ucnobi qarTveli himnografi wm. ninos _ qarTvelTa su-

lis macxonebels `brZen meTevzes~ rom uwodebs:

`hoi, didsa sakvirvelebasa!

rameTu uZluri bunebai dedobrivi

ninois mier sakvirvelad ganZlierdebis

da emsgavsebis brZenTa maT meTevzurTa!

rameTu mis mier nisli igi ganqardebis

da mze simarTlisai gamobrwyindebis _

qriste RmerTi,

romelmanca acxovnna sulni Cvenni~.

zRva ufskruls, uZiro Rrmulebs, bneleTsa da saSiS tal-

Rebs ukavSirdeba, rac misi wuTisofliseulobiT aixsneba. meored

mosvlisa da samyaros esqatologiuri aRsasrulis Semdeg, uflis

sufevisas ki aseTi zRva aRar iarsebebs, rogorc gvarwmunebs ioa-

ne RvTismetyveli:

`da vixile cai axali da queyanai axali, rameTu pirveli igi

cai da pirveli queyanai warxdes da zRuai arRara ars~ (apok. 21, 1).

axali cisa da axali miwis Seqmna yovelive amqveyniuris sa-

xecvlilebas gulisxmobs. amitomac Seicvleba zRvac da igi bro-

lisad gadaiqceva, Tanac naTels gamoasxivebs uflis saydarTan

mdgomare naTlis tomisTvis:

`da winaSe saydarsa missa, viTarca zRuai Wiqisai, msgavsi

brolisai~ (apok. 4, 6).


87

kacis mTavari safiqralic am naTlis tomTan SeerTeba unda

iyos... am Temas uamravi mwerali exeba, amJamad yuradRebas gavamax-

vilebT jemal qarCxaZis ìgize~, romlis mTavari gmiri zRvasTan

ìbadeba~. igis `zRvis sveli simSvide da sigrile~ siamovnebs, ro-

ca tkivili awuxebs, sanugeSod zRvasTan midis, aq eguleba `sak-

virveli siTbo, romelsac zRva gamoscems~, misi `sveli sunis~

SeynosviT gamofxizlebuli, `Tbil silaSi CaCoqili~ iwyebs xat-

vas (ufalic silaSi xatavda, zRvis napirze) da mxatvrad, moaz-

rovne Semoqmedad gadaqceuls swored zRvis napiri miaxvedrebs,

rom ìgim raRac icis iseTi, rac sxvebma ar ician... igim didi ra-

Rac icis.~ _ is samyaros Secnobas iwyebs da mis did saidumlos

swvdeba, bneleTidan gaRwevisa da naTlisaken svlis aucileblobas

xvdeba. igi naTlis `sakvirvel~ toms uerTdeba, brwyinvale Sesa-

mosliT rom dganan uflis winaSe `sxivosani TvalebiTa da TeTri,

molaplape mosasxamebiT.~

amgvarad, qristianuli TvalsazrisiT, erTmaneTs upirispir-

deba boboqari zRva _ wuTisofeli da samoTxe _ qristes uRelvo

navsadguri, romelsac mxolod brZeni mesaWeebis `navebi~ _ naT-

listomel zecis kacTa da maTze mindobil Rirseul adamianTa su-

lebi aRweven.

lali zaqaraZe

globaluri azrovnebis manifesti - karl Smitis

geopolitikuri koncefcia

azrovneba istoriuli da perspeqtiu-lia. swored istoriuloba da perspeqtiu-loba gansazRvravs azrovnebis im sqemebsa da Wrils, im problemaTa speqtrs, romli-

Tac Cven „sinamdvilis“ Sesaxeb vsaubrobT. Tanamedrove samyaroSi mimdinare cvlile-

bebi, globaluri daTboba, ekologiuri krizisebi da kataklizmebi kacobriobas axali gamowvevebis winaSe ayenebs da Tana-medrove azrovnebis axal tendenciebs gan-sazRvravs. samyaros perspeqtiva humanita-rul da socialur mecnierebebs aiZulebs, axali prioritetebi eZebos da globaluri azrovnebis maxasiaTeblebi gamokveTos.

Tanamedrove humanitarul da socia-lur mecnierebaTa erT-erTi umniSvnelova-

nesi amocanaa, sul ufro da ufro metad da-amkvidros interkulturuli paradigmebi. am mxriv, dasavlur filosofiur azrovne-baSi sagulisxmo mcdelobebi SeiniSneba - amis magaliTad SeiZleba davasaxeloT ha-inc kimerlesa da franc martin vimeris naS-romebi. interkulturuli filosofiis winaSe unikaluri perspeqtiva ikveTeba: kulturaTa dialogis xelSewyoba da mo-mavlis azrovnebis konturebis moxazva; am konteqstSi aqtualuri xdeba azrovnebis istoriis mkvlevarTa mier xSirad miCqma-

filosofiis doqtori, So-Ta rusTavelis saxelmwifo universitetis profesori (baTumi), grigol robaqiZis saxelobis universitetis filosofiisa da socialur mecnierebaTa kvleviTi in-

stitutis kulturis ganyo-filebis gamge (Tbilisi). samecniero kvlevis sfe-

roebi: Sua saukuneebis fi-losofia, qarTuli filo-

sofiis istoria, kulturis filosofia. muSaobs inter-kulturuli filosofiisa da kulturis sociologiis Tanamedrove problemebze. gamoqveynebuli aqvs ori mo-nografia: germanuli roman-tizmi da qarTveli romanti-kosebi (2008), kulturis sociologia (2009). Targmani: udo ieki, ganaz-rebani qarTuli filosofi-

is Sesaxeb (2010), statiebi qarTul, rusul, ukrainul da germanul enebze.

globaluri azrovnebis manifesti _ karl Smitis geopolitikuri koncefcia

89

luli, an kidev sulac ukugdebuli azrovnebis gzebisa da kerebis xe-laxla aRmoCena [...] (iremaZe:21). es mniSvnelovania qarTuli sauniver-siteto/akademiuri sivrcisTvis, radgan swored man unda moamzados qarTuli azrovnebis Riaobisa da mis globalur diskursSi CarTvis safuZveli (ieki 2010:44).

Tanamedrove globaluri azrovnebisa da interkulturalobis konteqstSi sagulisxmoa samarTlis da politikis cnobili germane-li Teoretikosis, karl Smitis (1888-1985) naSromi „xmeleTi da zRva“ (1942)1. k. Smitis geopolitikuri Sexedulebebi winamdebare statiaSi swored am naSromze dayrdnobiT iqneba ganxiluli2. aq Smi-ti aviTarebs hegelisa da misi mowafis ernst kapis3 Sexedulebebs msoflio istoriisTvis zRvis gadamwyveti mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb. mas-Si mocemuli geopolitikur-filosofiuri konceptebi „momavlis msoflmxedvelobis konturebs moxazavs“ (iremaZe 2010:5). zRvisa da xmeleTis mimarTeba SmitisTvis msoflio istoriis mamoZravebeli faqtoria. am naSromSi geografiuli mudmivebi da aRmoCenebi („migne-bebi“) Rrma filosofiuri refleqsiis sagani xdeba da maT gansakuT-rebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba; kerZod, naTladaa naCvenebi, Tu ra gav-lenas axdens es faqtorebi adamianis azrovnebasa da msoflio wes-rigze, socio-kulturul garemoze, an kidev momavali (globaluri) azrovnebis monaxazze.

am problemaTa speqtri da maT Sesaxeb refleqsia XXI saukunis dasavluri filosofiis erT-erTi aqtualuri mimarTulebis, filo-

sofiuri geografiis4 sagnobriv vels qmnis. karl Smitis „xmeleTi da

1 karl Smiti, xmeleTi da zRva. msoflio-istoriuli ganazreba, germanuli-

dan Targmna giorgi TavaZem, „nekeri“, Tbilisi, 2010, 178 gv. (es naSromi dai-beWda samecniero seriis - „filosofia-sociologiis klasikuri da Tanamed-rove teqstebi“, t. 3 - farglebSi). aseve ixileT am naSromis originali: Carl Schmitt, Land und Meer. Eine Weltgeschichtliche Betrachtung, Reclam, Leipzig, 1942. 2 „xmeleTisa da zRvis“ ZiriTadi ideebi k. Smitma mogvianebiT ganaviTara naSromSi - „dedamiwis nomosi“ (1950). 3 Ernst Kapp, Philosophische oder Vergleichende allgemeine Erdkunde als wissenschaftliche Darstellung der Erdverhältnisse und des Menschenlebens nach ihrem innern Zusammenhang, 2 Bde, Braunschweig, 1845. 4 filosofiuri geografiis aqtualur problemebs eZRvneba germaneli fi-losofosis, helmut Snaideris uaxlesi naSromi - ix. helmut Snaideri, fi-losofiuri geografia, germanulidan qarTulad Targmna giorgi TavaZem, „nekeri“, Tbilisi, 2010 (aseve ix. am teqstis originali: Helmut Schneider, Philosophische Geographie: Die Bedeutung des Wassers für die Geschichte – Europa und Asien // Heinz Paetzold und Wolfdietrich Schmied-Kowarzik

lali zaqaraZe

90

zRva“ swored filosofiuri geografiis sistemuri dafuZnebis erT-erT warmatebul mcdelobad SeiZleba miviCnioT.

* * * „xmeleTsa da zRvaSi“ Smiti aanalizebs kacobriobis istoriaSi

mimdinare Zireul cvlilebebs da maT gamomwvev faqtorebs, naTlad aCvenebs da asabuTebs, Tu rogor qreba samyaros Zveli wesrigi (nomo-si) da RirebulebaTa sistema; axali wesrigi, eqsistencialuri yofi-erebisa da azrovnebis arsebiTi orientirebi ki adamianma swored ge-ografiul mudmivebTan mimarTebiT unda gansazRvros.

samyaros wesrigis cvalebadoba cvlis adamianTa damokidebule-

bas Zveli da axali elementebisadmi. dedamiwis adrindeli nomosis nacvlad „ganuwyvetliv da Seuferxeblad izrdeba Cveni planetis axali nomosi... am zrdas aucileblobiT ganapirobebs adamianuri eq-sistenciis Secvlili parametrebi da mimarTebebi. axali nomosi mxo-lod brZolaSi Tu warmoiSoba. bevri adamiani amaSi mxolod sikvdil-

sa da ganadgurebas xedavs. zogierT maTgans swams, rom samyaros aR-sasruli dadga. sinamdvileSi Cven mxolod zRvasa da xmeleTTan uwindeli damokidebulebis gaqrobis momswreni varT“ (Smiti 2010:151-152).

xmeleTisa da zRvis dapirispirebis mniSvneloba msoflio isto-riisTvis, sivrcobrivi revoluciis cneba da misi formebi, evropis roli samyaros axali wesrigis SeqmnaSi, protestantizmisa da kaTo-licizmis msoflio masStabis dapirispireba xmeleTisa da zRvis da-pirispirebis fonze, saerTaSoriso samarTlis formireba, sivrcis cnebisa da sivrcis, rogorc mesame ganzomilebis analizi - ai, sakiT-xTa da problemaTa is farTo speqtri, romelic winamdebare naSromSi karl Smitis geopolitikuri koncefciis arss qmnis.

xmeleTi da zRva dapirispirebuli elementebia. erTmaneTTan dapirispirebulni arian „avtoqTonuri“ (xmeleTze mijaWvuli) da

(Hrsg.), Interkulturelle Philosophie, Weimar, 2007, S. 206-231). am gamokvlevaSi h. Snaideri sagangebod ganixilavs herderis, hegelis, Smitisa da vitfoge-lis Sexedulebebs filosofiuri geografiis poziciebidan da gansakuTre-bul yuradRebas amaxvilebs erT-erT umniSvnelovanes geografiul elemen-

tze - wyalze. filosofiuri geografiis aqtualur problemebs ganixilavs amave wignSi dabeWdili statiebi: Tengiz iremaZe, interkulturuli filo-

sofiis dafuZnebis warmatebuli cda, ix.: iqve, gv. 14-21; giorgi TavaZe, fi-losofiuri geografia (mniSvneloba, Tanamedroveoba, perspeqtivebi), ix.: iqve, 22-43. aseve ix. giorgi TavaZe, karl Smitis „perspeqtivistuli“ fi-losofiuri geografia, ix.: karl Smiti, xmeleTi da zRva, gv. 7-44.


91

„avtoTalasuri“ (zRvis stiqiiT ganpirobebuli5) xalxebic. maTTvis ucxoa sivrcisa da drois is warmodgenebi, romelic myari miwis ze-moqmedebiTaa Camoyalibebuli. maT xmeleTis Sesaxeb arafris codna ar surdaT, isini arasodes mogzaurobdnen xmeleTze. mTeli maTi ar-seboba, warmodgenaTa samyaro da ena zRviT iyo ganpirobebuli [...]. mi-wa maT wminda zRviur arsebobas udebda sazRvars, an, piriqiT, xmele-

Tis adamianebisTvis am wminda zRvis adamianebis samyaro sruliad sxva, Zalze Znelad misawvdom samyaros warmoadgens (Smiti 2010:50). adamiani xmeleTis arsebaa. miwa misi dedobrivi wiaRia. adamiani miwis Svilia. magram aqve ismis Semdegi kiTxva: nuTu adamianis yofiereba da adamianuri arseba wminda miwieri xasiaTisaa? Smits ainteresebs, Tu ra rols TamaSobs danaCeni elementebi (miwa, wyali, cecxli, haeri). adamianebis Rrma, xSirad gaucnobierebel mogonebebSi. wyali da zRva yoveli cocxali arsebis idumal pirvelmizezad gvevlineba... zRvis usasrulo zedapiris Zalmosileba da momajadoebeli Zala cxad-yofs, Tu ratom eZebdnen poetebi, naturfilosofosebi da bunebis mkvlevrebi sicocxlis sawyiss wyalSi (Smiti 2010:48-49). Smits mohyavs citati goeTes „faustidan“ (yovelive wylisagan warmoiqmna, / yvelaferi wyliT suldgmulobs, / okeane, gviwyalobe Seni maradiu-li mfarveloba!), xolo Tales mileTelis (Zv. w. 500 w.) Sexedule-

bas _ yvela arsebulis wylidan warmoSobis Sesaxeb - maradiuls uwodebs (Smiti 2010:49).

aRsaniSnavia, rom Smiti oTxi elementis Sesaxeb ionuri filo-

sofiisa da winasokratelebis moZRvrebis erTob saintereso inter-pretacias gvTavazobs. igi miiCnevs, rom maTi Sexedulebebi dRemde sa-sicocxlo mniSvnelobisaa da aqve azustebs elementis cnebasac. im elementebs, romelTac Tanamedrove mecniereba ikvlevs, sayovelTaod cnobil oTx pirvelelementTan mxolod saxeli aqvs saerTo (Smiti 2010:51).

Tanamedrove azrovneba eWvis qveS ayenebs samyaros pirvelelemen-

tis Sesaxeb kiTxvis dasmis legitimurobas. amgvari sawyisebis moZieba faqtobrivad aris ukan dabruneba, ukusvla ganusazRvrelSi (regressus in infinitum). am Teoriul problemaze Smitic miuTiTebs da miiCnevs, rom istoriuli ganazrebis dros am oTxi elementiT SeiZleba Semovi-fargloT. es elementebi CvenTvis martivi da TvalsaCino saxelebia, sa-erTo niSnebia, romlebic adamianuri arsebobis gansxvavebul, did Se-saZleblobebze miuTiTeben (Smiti 2010:52). saxmeleTo da sazRvao sa-

5 samxreT naxevarsferoSi mdebare kunZulebi: polinezia, kanakebi, melane-

zia, samoa da sxva (ix. k. Smiti, xmeleTi da zRva, gv. 50).

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xelmwifoebis Sesaxeb Smiti swored am elementebis konteqstSi saub-robs. am elementebidan gamomdinareobs gansazRvrulobebi, anu isto-riuli arsebobis xmeleTTan da zRvasTan dakavSirebuli formebi. Tum-ca es formebi meqanikuri iZulebis xasiaTs ar atarebs, isini adamianis Tavisufali moqmedebisa da gadawyvetilebis Sedegia. mas TviT im ele-

mentis arCevac SeuZlia, romelsac sakuTari qmedebebiTa da warmatebe-biT Tavisi istoriuli arsebobis axal formas ukavSirebs (Smiti 2010:54); adamiani, miwisa da wylis elementebTan erTad, cecxlisa da haeris elements irCevs (Smiti 2010:149-150).

ra aris istoria? - msoflio istoria sazRvao da saxmeleTo saxelmwifoebs Soris dapirispirebis istoriaa (Smiti 2010:54). es dapirispireba, Smitis azriT, Sua saukuneebis ebrauli kabalis mim-devrebma6 gaiazres. msoflio istoria brZolaa veSap leviaTansa da bumberaz behemoTs Soris. veSapi cdilobs behemoTis sasunTqi gzis daxSobas, rac, simbolurad, saxmeleTo saxelmwifosadmi sazRvao sa-xelmwifos mier warmoebul blokadas naTlad gamoxatavs. msoflio istoriis umniSvnelovanes movlenebs Smiti aqac xmeleTisa da zRvis dapirispirebis fonze ganixilavs.

antikuri berZnuli samyaro zRvaosani xalxebis mogzaurobisa da brZolebis Sedegad warmoiSva. „tyuilad ki ar iyvnen isini zRvis RmerTis mier aRzrdilni“ (Smiti 2010:56). aTeni, rogorc sazRvao saxelmwifo, daupirispirda spartas (saxmeleTo saxelmwifos), ro-mi, saxmeleTo saxelmwifo, ebrZoda karTagens, sazRvao saxelmwifos. bizantia sazRvao imperia7 iyo, karlos didis imperia ki saxmeleTo saxelmwifo; Sua saukuneebis qristianul-evropul sivrceSi veneci-is sazRvao saxelmwifo (1000-1500 ww.) warmoiSva, romelic sazRvao Zalmosilebis, didi politikis brwyinvale miRwevad da „yvela dro-is ekonomikis araCveulebriv qmnilebad“ iyo miCneuli. Smitis azriT, es iyo wminda zRviuri arseboba da zRvis elementis sasargeblod mi-Rebuli gadawyvetileba, Tumca adriatikisa da xmelTaSua zRvis au-ziT SemosazRvruli saxelmwifos masStabebi bevrad viwrovdeba oke-

6 Smiti aq miuTiTebs ebrael filosofosze, isaak abravanelze (1437-1508), romlis naSromidan yvelaze xSirad mohyavT citatebi leviaTanis nadimis istoriuli mniSvnelobis asaxsnelad (Smiti 2010:56). 7 bizantiis, rogorc sazRvao imperiis roli Smitis geopolitikur koncef-ciaSi axal aRTqmiseul „katexonis“ (muxruWi) cnebas ukavSirdeba. is xom islamuri dapyrobebisagan icavda dasavleT evropasa da italias. amis Sesa-xeb ix. Felix Grossheutschi, Carl Schmitt und die Lehre vom Katexon, Berlin, 1996; Günter Meuter, Der Katexon. Zu Carl Schmitts fundamentalistischer Kritik der Zeit, Berlin, 1994; h. Snaideri, filosofiuri geografia, gv. 75.


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anuri kulturis safexuris ganviTarebasTan erTad. am safexurTan dakavSirebulia istoriuli eqsistenciis xmeleTidan zRvaze gada-tana (Snaideri 2010:76).

Smitis mizania naTelyos, rom garkveuli xalxebi mTel Tavis istoriul arsebobas zRvas, rogorc gansxvavebul elements, ukavSi-reben. aq ukve sakmarisi ar iyo axali kontinentebisa da okeaneebis aR-moCena. Smiti gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas aniWebs axali sazRvao teqnologiebis ganviTarebas; holandielebma, am mimarTulebiT, 1450-1600 ww., gemTmSeneblobasa da veSapis rewvaSi bevri siaxle danerges. veSapze monadireebis gasaocar simamaces ukavSirebs Smiti okeaneebis axali, usazRvro sivrceebis, zRvis dinebebis da sruteebis, Crdilo-

eTSi gasasvlelis aRmoCenebs. veSapma adamianebi okeaneSi Seityua da napirze damokidebulebisagan gaaTavisufla. es adamianebi axali, ele-

menturi arsebobis pirmSoebi iyvnen, namdvili „zRvis Svilebi“ (Smi-ti 2010:75). monadireTa meore tipi - rusebi - bewvze monadireebi iyo. maT cimbiri aRmoaCines da aRmosavleT aziis sazRvrebamde miaRwies. cnobilia, rom, mogvianebiT, am teritoriebidan axali saxelmwifoebi warmoiSva.

axali tipis sabrZolo xomaldebis SeqmnasTan erTad, sazRvao omebis axali epoqa iwyeba. es, Smitis azriT, „evoluciebis“ axali, ma-Rali xelovnebaa8.

axali samyaros aRmoCenaSi Smiti gamoarCevs dasavleT da cen-traluri evropis xalxTa rols. am saerTo warmatebam ganapiroba ev-ropelTa gabatoneba msoflioze (Smiti 2010:78). ra iyo am warmate-bebis safuZveli? italielebis mier kompasis srulyofa da sazRvao rukebis Sedgena, kolumbisa da toskanelis nebisyofa amerikis aRmo-Cenisas, portugalielebisa da espanelebis pirveli didi eqspedicie-bi dedamiwis garSemo, germaneli astronomebisa da geografebis ro-li samyaros axali suraTis CamoyalibebaSi (valtcemiulerma Seqmna „amerika“, velzeris kolonialuri wamowyeba), holandielTa pirve-loba veSapis Werasa da gemTmSeneblobaSi, safrangeTis ekonomikuri siZliere da atlantikis sanapiroze mcxovrebi mosaxleobis zRvaos-nuri suli da inglisis mier sruliad gansxvavebuli elementuri cvlileba - Tavisi arsebobis xmeleTidan zRvis stiqiaze gadatana

8 Smiti aRniSnavs pirveli samecniero gamokvlevebis mniSvnelobas sazRvao taqtikis Sesaxeb. kerZod, igi asaxelebs frangi iezuiti mRvdlis, pol os-tis naSroms („sazRvao Zalebis xelovneba, anu traqtati sazRvao manevrebis Sesaxeb“), romelic 1697 w. gamoica lionSi da ingliseli klerk eldinis Txzulebas („esse sazRvao taqtikis Sesaxeb“, 1782) (Smiti 2010:77).

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(Smiti 2010:95). Smiti CamoTvlis da afasebs „zRvis amqafeblebis“ (mekobreebi, korsarebi, sazRvao vaWrobiT dakavebuli avantiuriste-bi, veSapze monadireebi da mezRvaurebi) rols zRvis stiqiisken mib-runebaSi da maT „zRvis Svilebis“ axal, mamac, gambedav saxeobas mia-kuTvnebs. evropuli saxelmwifo sistemis konsolidacias (1713 w. utrextis zavis Semdgom) Smiti sazRvao saxlmwifoebis sabrZolo flotebis mier realuri kontrolis ganxorcielebas ukavSirebs da axali wesrigis damyarebaze miuTiTebs _ esaa zRvaze damyarebuli msoflio batonoba inglisis imperiis saxiT (Smiti 2010:84).

karl Smits Semoaqvs „sivrcobrivi revoluciis“ cneba da mas sivrcis cnebas ukavSirebs. adamianis axali energiebis gamoTavisuf-lebis Sedegad, axali miwebisa da zRvebis aRmoCenasTan erTad icvle-

ba istoriuli arsebobis sivrceebic. cvlilebebi ara mxolod adami-anTa horizontis, mecnierebebis, ganzomilebebis, aramed TviT siv-rcis cnebis cvlilebebsac iwvevs. yovel did istoriul cvlilebas, roca sivrcis cnebis cvlileba safuZvlad edeba politikur, ekono-mikur da kulturul cvlilebebs, Smiti sivrcobriv revolucias uwodebs (Smiti 2010:97-98). am sayovelTao faqtis dasabuTebas Smi-ti sami didi istoriuli magaliTis moSveliebiT cdilobs; esenia: aleqsandre didis dapyrobebi, romis imperia da jvarosnuli laSqro-

bebis mniSvneloba evropisTvis. aleqsandre didis dapyrobiTma omebma elinizmis kultura da

xelovneba warmoqmna; Smiti aanalizebs am periodis miRwevebs: aris-tarqe samoselis (Zv. w. 310-230 ww.) azri, rom mze uZravi varskvla-

via da dedamiwa mis irgvliv moZraobs, udidesi aRmoCenebi teqnikis, maTematikis da fizikis sferoSi, aleqsandriis biblioTekis xel-

mZRvanelis eratosTenes ( Zv. w. 275-195 ww.) mier kopernikis moZ-Rvrebis winaswari monaxazi (Smiti 2010:99).

romis imperiis Seqmna pirveli nabiji iyo Tanamedrove evropis Seqmnis gzaze. es iyo didi sivrce - espaneTidan sparseTamde da ingli-

sidan egviptemde. sivrcis am gafarToebis dokumenturi dadasture-baa strabonis geografia da agripas ruka. mas ukavSirdeba drois, siv-rcisa da planetaruli horizontis sisavsis SegrZneba. Smitis geo-politikuri refleqsiis sagani xdeba senekas gasaocari winaswarmet-yveleba axali samyaros (novus orbis)9 Sesaxeb, romelic 1492 w. ax-

9 tragediaSi „medea“ seneka ambobs: „cxeli indi da civi araqsi erTmaneTs exeba, / sparselebi elbisa da rainis wyals svamen, / Tetisi axal samyaroebs axdis saburvels, tule metad aRar iqneba dedamiwis bolo sazRvari“ (Smiti 2010:101).


95

lad aRmoCenil amerikas miuyenes. es fraza, misi azriT, saidumloe-

biT moculi xidia axal drosa da aRmoCenebis saukuneSi; am sityvebma moazrovne adamianebs didi sivrcisa da yovlismomcveli samyaros SegrZneba Caunerges (Smiti 2010:102). romis imperiis dacemas, isla-

mis gavrcelebas, arabebisa da Turqebis Semosevebs evropis sivrcob-rivi cnobierebis gabundovaneba da evropis meCeCze Sejdoma mohyva (Smiti 2010:103).

karl Smitis sagangebo ganxilvis sagania jvarosnuli laSqro-

bebis gavlena evropaze: mas mohyva axlo aRmosavleTis gacnoba, sat-ransporto-savaWro sistemebis Seqmna (Sua saukuneebis msoflio eko-nomika), politikuri cxovrebis axali formebis, qalaquri kultu-

risa da universitetebis ganviTareba, romis samarTlis aRorZineba, axali ganaTlebuli fenis, iuristebis warmoqmna; amasTan, goTikuri xelovneba iqca sivrcis gardamqmneli Zalis da moZraobis axali rit-mis gamoxatulebad (Smiti 2010:104).

Smitis azriT, pirveli planetaruli sivrcobrivi revolucia amerikis aRmoCena da dedamiwis garSemovlaa. man kacobriobis saerTo cnobiereba Secvala. am droidan mzis sitemis Sesaxeb warmodgenebi icvleba da myari uZravi dedamiwa mzis irgvliv moZrav planetad iqca. galileis, kepleris, niutonis aRmoCenebma Secvala sivrcis warmod-gena da SesaZlebeli gaxada usasrulo, carieli sivrcis warmodgena. dasavluri racionalizmi da evropuli suli am periodidan Seferxe-bulad miiwevs win.

k. Smitis geopolitikuri koncefciaSi sagangebo ganxilvis sa-gania axali samyaros kolonizacia evropelTa mier10. dedamiwis zeda-pirze nebismieri mniSvnelovani cvlileba da gardaqmna msoflio-po-

litikur cvlilebebTan da dedamiwis axal danawilebasTan (koloni-

zaciasTan) aris dakavSirebuli (Smiti 2010:113). yoveli didi epoqa, misi azriT, kolonizaciiT iwyeba. XVI-XVII saukuneebis gasaocar sivrcobriv revolucias aucileblobiT unda mohyoloda aseTive ga-saocari da umagaliTo kolonizacia. kaTolike da protestanti ko-lonizatorebis mier Tavdapirvelad qristianobis, mogvianebiT ki, evropuli civilizaciis gavrcelebis gamarTlebis safuZvelze war-moiqmna qristianul-evropuli saerTaSoriso samarTali. saerTaSo-riso samarTlis warmoSoba evropis qristiani xalxebis erToblio-

bas usvamda xazs. am xalxTa erTianoba qmnida saxelmwifoTa Soris wesrigs, „erTa ojaxs“.

samrewvelo ganviTareba, teqnikis, eleqtroteqnikisa da eleq-

10ix. k. Smiti, xmeleTi da zRva..., gv. 112-120.

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trodinamikis, aviaciis miRwevebi sruliad Secvlis adamianis siv-rcobriv warmodgenas. am cvlilebebs Smiti axal sivrcobriv revo-lucias ukavSirebs. adamianis mimarTeba zRvis stiqionTan kvlav ra-dikalurad Seicvala. adamianma, xmeleTisa da zRvis Semdeg, mesame ganzomileba, mesame elementi - cecxli - daipyro. Sesabamisad, Seicva-la da gafarTovda bunebaze batonobis SesaZleblobebi; samxedro-sa-haero Zalebis „sivrcobrivi iaraRis“ gavlena yvelaze Zlieri da TvalSisacemia. teqnikuri saSualebebi da adamianis batonoba sahaero sivrceSi naTels xdis, rom cecxlia adamianuri aqtivobis axali elementi. dRes sivrce adamianuri energiis, aqtiurobis da miRweve-bis asparezad iqca. zRvis sivrcobrivma cnebamac ganicada cvalebado-

ba. Tanamedrove satransporto da kavSirgabmulobis teqnikam SesaZ-lebeli gaxada okeanisa da zRvis samyaros nebismieri wertilis us-wrafesi kontroli, riTac safuZveli ecleba zRvisa da xmeleTis da-pirispirebas; amis Sesabamisad icvleba dedamiwis adrindeli nomosi. mis nacvlad ki ganuwyvetliv da Seuferxeblad izrdeba Cveni plane-

tis axali wesrigi da icvleba adamianTa damokidebulebebic Zveli da axali elementebis mimarT (Smiti 2010:151).

adamianis SiSi siaxlisadmi xSirad iseTive didia, rogorc misi SiSi sicarielis winaSe... amitom bevri mxolod qaoss xedavs iq, sadac sinamdvileSi axali sazrisi brZoliT ikafavs gzas axali wesrigis dasamyareblad. ra Tqma unda, Zveli nomosi qreba da masTan erTad uCi-nardeba memkvidreobiT miRebuli zomebis, normebisa da mimarTebebis mTeli sistema. magram mis adgils araTanabarzomiereba da nomosisad-mi mtrulad ganwyobili arara rodi ikavebs. TviT Zveli da axali Za-lebis sastik brZolaSic warmoiSoba marTebuli sidideebi da Tana-barzomieri proporciebi (Smiti 2010:152). karl Smitis msoflio-is-

toriuli ganazrebebi momavlis azrovnebis gasagebad mdidar koncep-tualur masalas gvTavazobs. man Tanamedrove sazogadoebis, mrewve-lobisa da ekonomikis, mecnierebisa da kulturis adekvaturad dasa-xasiaTeblad wyali/zRva wamoswia wina planze; masTan xmeleTisa da zRvis dapirispireba erTgvari planetaruli kanonis saxes iZens. „xmeleTi da zRva“ globaluri azrovnebis manifestad imitomac SeiZ-leba miviCnioT, rom is axleburad gansazRvravs adamianis adgils kosmosSi. Smitis azriT, adamianis Tavisuflebis masStabebi usaz-Rvroa, Tumca man Tavis Tavze unda aiRos mTeli pasuxismgebloba da mocemul geografiul mudmivebTan sruliad axali mimarTeba unda Ca-moayalibos. es ki, Tavis mxriv, adamianis cnobierebis ganaxlebas da transformacias gamoiwvevs. amgvarad ganaxlebuli adamianuri cnobi-ereba SeZlebs ki axali msoflio wesrigis (nomosis) Seqmnas.


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xaTuna TavdgiriZe

zRvis miTosi:

semiotika da poetika

statia-leqsikoni

winaTqma

Tu ki raime Zalian hgavs miTs Tavisi

struqturiT da Sida dinebebiT, es aris

leqsikoni.

leqsikons mkveTrad gansazRvruli,

Tanmimdevruli da organizebuli struq-

tura aqvs _ igi anbanuri rigiT alagebs

asaxsnel sityvebs. magram misi Tanmimdev-

ruloba pirobiTi da moCvenebiTia, igi

ufro mozaikur princips eqvemdebareba,

romlis TiToeuli umciresi nawilic ki

nebismier dros da nebismieri mimarTule-

biT SeiZleba gadaadgildes, ise, rom ar

dairRves wesrigi - `leqsikuri kosmosi~.

`leqsikur kosmoss~, rogorc erT kon-

kretul `kosmiur sxeuls~ Tavisi dro

da sivrce aqvs, romelic, erTi mxriv, mdi-

naria da droSi Seqcevadi – roca anbanur

rigs mihyveba, magram sakmarisia leqsiko-

nis funqcionaluri, miznobrivi amoqmede-

ba(anu leqsikonis romelime gverdze Cven-

Tvis saWiro sityvis ganmartebis moZieba)

da im wuTidan igi drosa da sivrceSi Se-

uqcevadi xdeba, radgan igi gamodis drois

mdinarebidan da ara-drosa da ara-sivrce-

Si gadasvliT axal zekosmiur wesrigs

filologiis mecnierebaTa doqtori, baTumis SoTa rus-Tavelis saxelmwifo univer-sitetis asocirebuli profe-sori; baTumis niko berZeniSvi-lis institutis ufrosi mec-nieri TanamSromeli. ZiriTa-

di naSromebi: `miTologiu-

ri gadmocemebi aWaraSi(weraq-veTas miTi, ukvdavebis maZiebe-li luymani)~ (baT. 2001); `aWaruli samonadireo miTo-si~ (baT. 2004); gamoqveynebu-li aqvs statiebi qarTul mi-To-ritualur, miTo-socio-

goniur sakiTxebze. mxatvru-li proza: `Samani da dedofa-li~ (2007); `HOMO TATUS~ (2008). interesTa sfero: semioti-ka, miTis poetika, arqaul kulturaTa kvlevebi, anali-

zuri fsiqologia.

zRvis miTosi

99

iZens. yvelaferi es leqsikonis struqturas anaTesavebs miTis

struqturasTan, romelic erTsa da imave dros droSi Seqcevadi

da Seuqcevadia da sadac warsulze Txroba Tanabrad xsnis awmyos

da momavals; sadac momavali gansazRvravs warsuls. amasTan, miTSi

dgeba iseTi wuTebi(`Jami~), da es `Jami~ miTisTvis yvelaze mniSvne-

lovania, roca igi kargavs droisa da sivrcis ganzomilebebs da

aradroSi gasuli _ maradisobas erwymis.

Cven erTad SevkribeT yvela is mcire Tu didi statia, calkeu-

li dakvirvebebi da asociaciebi, romlebic erTi konkretuli Tema-

tikiT aris urTierTSekavSirebuli. es aris zRvis miTosis sta-

tia-leqsikoni, romelic ra Tqma unda, erTi publikaciis fargleb-

Si ver iqneba amomwuravi, magram iqneba erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani

mimarTulebiT gaxnili – kosmogonia aris is mTavari mamoZravebeli

ontologiuri sazrisi, romelSic yvelaze farTod da yvelaze

Rrmad ixsneba zRvis miTosuri buneba.

Cveni statia-leqsikonic, rogorc nebismieri leqsikoni, Se-

giZliaT waikiTxoT nebismieri wertilidan, amiT arc azri Seic-

vleba da arc logikuri wesrigi dairRveva. igi miTis sivrcis far-

glebSi trialebs da mxolod maSin tovebs am sivrcisa da drois

sazRvrebs, roca Tavad miTosi gadis drois mdinarebidan.

a

àsasa~ _ mebaduris magiuri SeZaxili, romelic zRvis/wylis

RvTaebas – larsas ukavSirdeba. z.Tandilava fiqrobs, rom àsasa~

unda momdinareobdes ricxviTi saxelidan àsi~, rasac adasturebs

monadirisa Tu meTevzis misalmebis megruli tradicia: òSi,

oSi!~... àsi, asi!~ e.i. bevri dageWiros(Tandilava 1996: 133) termi-

ni samonadireo wes-CveulebebSi dadasturebuli `monadiris sai-

dumlo enis~ Semadgenel leqsikur erTeulad unda CaiTvalos.

àsasa~-s mebaduri saTevzaod gasvlidan pirveli Tevzis daWe-

ris momentSi warmoTqvams. magiur sityvas Tan axlavs Sesawiravis

miZRvnis rituali: meTevzem wylis piras, buCqebSi, RviniT savse

WinWila unda daudgas wminda larsas, romelic yvelafris gamgebe-

lia wyalSi da mis zedapirze. larsa meTevze-mezRvaurTa mfarveli

RvTaebaa, romelic maTgan samsaxurs moiTxovs. amitom xvewna-ved-

rebis Semdeg daWeril pirvel Tevzs an Tevzebis garkveul nawils

isev wyalSi uSveben `wylis meufis~ wilad.

meTevzeoba, iseve, rogorc nadiroba, am sferoSi arsebuli

safrTxidan gamomdinare, dawyevlil saqmianobad iyo miCneuli.

xalxur leqsSi gacxadebulia monadiris, meTevzisa da xuros

xaTuna TavdgiriZe

100

`dawyevlili~ mdgomareoba:

ar aSenda xuros saxli,

arca monadirisao,

erTi dRiT adre deivso

meTevz-mebadurisao~.

(TavdgiriZe 20004:11-12; Tandilava1996: 11-12.)

bunebasTan pirispir darCenili adamiani safrTxis Semsubuqe-

bas magiuri saSualebebiT, tabus SemoRebiTa da misi dacviT, wylis

RvTaebisadmi RvTismsaxurebiT cdilobda. yovelive es ki mowmobs

Zvel qarTul istoriul sinamdvileSi kargad ganviTarebuli saz-

Rvao-sanaosno tradiciisa da kulturis arsebobas.

b

basili//grigol zRvisa _ Tavdapirvelad, zRvis, dasabamiseu-

li qaosuri wylebis, RmerTi unda yofiliyo, rac misi epiTetida-

nac (`zRvisa~) Cans. `basilas~ svanur ritualur kverze aRbeWdi-

li RvTaebis grafikuli gamosaxuleba – farTod gaSlili xelebi

da fexebi, aseve maqsimalurad gaSlili xelisa da fexis TiTebi,

xolo odnav gverdze gadaxrili sxeuli, romelic wriuli brun-

vis dinamikas qmnis da amoZravebisas samyaros garSemo wres Semoxa-

zavs, riTac samyaros `maradiuli brunvis~ (cikluroba) simbolu-

ri xati iqmneba, _ yvelaferi es cxadad mianiSnebs `basilas~ yov-

lis meufebas sruliad samyaroze – wyalsa da xmeleTze.

basili//grigol zRvisas qristianuli zegavleniT saxel-

cvlilebis miuxedavad (qristianul wmindanTa saxelebi – basili,

vasili, grigol), rogorc saxelwodebaSi _ `zRvisa~, ise funqci-

ebSi, SenarCunda uZvelesi kos-

mogoniuri plasti. imereTsa

da samegreloSi grigol zRvi-sas, iseve rogorc mdinaris

wylis RvTebas _ larsas, Cve-

ulebriv mimarTaven mebadure-

bi da meTevzeoba-zRvaosnobaSi

Sewevnas SesTxoven: `grigol

zRvisa, wminda larsa, Sen Se-

mewie~// `grigol zRvisa, wmin-da larsa, Tebzi momeci wyli-

sa~(Tandilava1996:133). war-

marTuli tradiciis kvalze

qristianuli wmindani `zRvis mcvelad~ iwodeba me-12 saukunis ha-

mamlus (dmanisis r-ni) eklesis kedlis oTxstriqonian qaragmul

*,,basilas” ritualuri kveri.

zRvis miTosi

101

warweraSi: `wmidai grigol zRvisa mcveli~(Tandilava 1996: 135).

svanur warmarTul panTeonSi basili//grigol zRvisa (`gir-

gol baci ZuRua kalandaSi~) `wlis Semcvleli RmerTis~ da `ba-

sil zRvis kalandis~ saxeliT Semodis da saaxalwlo (kalandis)

wes-Cveulebebs ukavSirdeba. mas `yvela RmerTis wyalobis moniWe-

bas~ SesTxoven. v. bardaveliZis gamokvleviT, `wlis Semcvleli

RmerTis~ da `basili zRvis kalandis~ saxeliT svanur axalweli-

wadSi didi RmerTi anu fusnabuasdia igulisxmeba (bardaveliZe

1953: 110). svaneTSi, javaxeTsa da sxvagan basil/grigol zRvisas

zoomorfuli atributi xaria. es savsebiT bunebrivia, radgan kos-

mosis uzenaesi RmerTis zoomorful ipostasad qaosis urCxulTan

mebrZoli xari gvevlineba, rac siuJeturadac dasturdeba gvele-

Sapisa da xaris brZolis miTosSi.

basili//grigol zRvisa, rogorc qarTuli warmarTuli panTe-

onis uzenaesi RvTaeba, vidre `zRvis mxvnel~ kosmiur xarad gada-

iqceoda, Tavad unda yofiliyo qaosuri pirvelstiqiis ganmasaxie-

rebeli Zala. SesaZloa, misi Tavdapirveli saxeli yofiliyo

`eli~, radgan qarTul kosmogoniaSi zRvis stiqiis gamgebel qao-

sis RmerTad `els~ vvaraudobT (ix. `zRvis moxvna-moTesva~).

g

gveleSapisa da xaris brZolis miTosi _ kosmogoniuri miTosi;

Sesaqmis Teriomorfuli modeli. saqarTveloSi mravalvariantad

gavrcelebuli gveleSapisa da xaris (//wylis kurosa da xmeleTis

kuros) brZolis siuJeti, sadac, iseve, rogorc msoflios mraval

miTologiaSi, qaosisa da kosmosis dapirispireba zoomorfuli mi-

Tiuri personaJebis orTabrZoliT aris gadmocemuli. miTosi mog-

viTxrobs xarze, romelsac patroni (patroni zogjer wm.giorgia)

yovel diliT saZovarze uSvebs, saidanac xari nabrZoli, dasis-

xlianebuli da mSier-mwyurvali brundeba. ambis gasagebad xaris

patroni farulad kvalSi mihyveba Tavis pirutyvs, romelic erT

tbasTan//zRvasTan (ix.`zRvis nawyveti~) midis, saidanac ZaxiliT

(`daikivanebs~) ixmobs tbis gveleSaps. tbidan uzarmazari gveleSa-

pi amodis, isini erTmaneTs eWidebian, magram gveleSapi Zlevs da

damarcxebuli da dasisxlianebuli xari Sin brundeba. amis Semdeg

xaris patroni gamoWedavs almasis (//spilenZis) rqebs da Tavis

xars rqebze aasxams. amjerad xari daamarcxebs gveleSaps, almasis

rqebze wamoagebs. daWrili gveleSapi tbidan amodis da ikargeba,

mis kvals mihyveba tbis wyalic, sadac amieridan xmeleTi da si-

cocxle Cndeba.

niSandoblivia, rom gveleSapisa da xaris brZolis siuJets

sxvadasxvagvari dasasruli aqvs.KTqmulebaTa erTi nawili Sesaqmi-

xaTuna TavdgiriZe

102

seulia, kosmosi imarjvebs qaosze da wylisagan gaTavisuflebul

teritoriaze sicocxle Cndeba; KTqmulebaTa meore nawili esqato-

logiuria, mas meorenairad ~mcire warRvnis~ ciklsac uwodeben da

sruliad sapirispiro finali gaaCnia: gamarjvebuli aqac xmeleTis

xaria, magram momakvdavi gveleSapis ukanaskneli ZalisxmeviT tba

skdeba, gadmoivlis da mTel sofels (mikrokosmosi) wyliT faravs

(aWaruli Tqmulebebi vernebze); dasturdeba mesame siuJeturi rka-

lic: xaris mier gveleSapis damarcxeba xalxs ixsnis mosalodne-

li warRvnisagan (erwo-TianeTis, duSeTisa da Silduri variante-

bi).

erTi da imave siuJetis ormagi urTierTsapirispiro semantika,

erT SemTxvevaSi – Sesaqme, xolo meore SemTxvevaSi – esqatolo-

gia, efuZneba miTis `maradiuli brunvisa~ da `sikvdil-sicoc-

xlis~//`dasabam-dasasrulis~ saerTo warmomavlobis miTosur

msoflmxedvelobas. gveleSapisa da xaris miTosis esqatologiu-

ri sawyisis warmosaCenad niSandoblivia miTis is aWaruli varian-

tebi, sadac `gveleSapis tbebi~ warRvnisdroindel movlenebs

ukavSirdeba. am variantebis mixedviT, mariliani tbebi, romlebic

`zRvis narCenebia~, warRvnis wylis dawretis Semdeg SerCa klde-

ebs, xolo iqve kldeze gamobmul jaWvebze im Zveli drois gemebs

abamdnen (aseTi gadmocemebi ukavSirdeba Suaxevis r-nSi sanaliis

mTas, agreTve, WaxaTis adgils, xinos da gvancas mTas). gveleSapic

warRvnisdroindeli personaJia, romelic `zRvis narCenSi~ darCa

pirvelarsebuli qaoturi stiqiis zoomorful gansaxovnebad: `qve-

yana rum deiqca, darCa erTi zRvis nawyveti sarbielze, xinos mTa-

ze. am zRvis nawyvetidan gamodioda erTi gveleSapi, dabali da su-

qani. mas qonda patara Zvalis rqebi. Rone auarebeli meti qonda am

gveleSaps. . .~

gveleSapisa da xaris brZolis kosmogoniuri miTosis stati-

kuri variacia, rogorc samyaros wyobis modeli, warmoCenilia mi-

TologemaSi _ `dedamiwa xaris rqaze~.

`girgol baci ZuRua kalandaSi~(svanuri) _ ix. `basili//gri-

gol zRvisa~

d

`dedamiwa xaris rqaze~ _ samyaros kosmogoniuri miTologema,

romelic samstriqonian statikur kosmogoniur miToss warmoad-

gens. `samyaros statikuri struqtura warmoiSva kosmogoniur

miTSi, rogorc demiurgis moRvaweobis dinamiuri procesis pro-

duqti~ (nekludovi 1975: 183). qarTuli kosmogoniuri miTosi ase

gamoiyureba: `dedamiwa xaris rqaze dgaso, ityodnen Zvelebi, mere

zRvis miTosi

103

is xaric dgas Tevzeo, Tevzic dgas wyalzeo~ (bskifa, #176, 1972: 4). frazeologiurad kidev ufro dawurulia am miTosis poeturi va-

rianti:

`qveyana xarze dgaso,

xari Tevze dgaso,

Tevzi wyalze dgaso~ (bskifa,#175,1972: 32).

samyaros wyobis samwevriani zoomorfuli modeli: xari→Tev-

zi→wyali _ Sesaqmis gavrcelebuli siuJetis _ gveleSapisa da

xaris, rogorc qaosisa da kosmosis maradiuli orTabrZolis mi-

Tosis, statikur variacias warmoadgens, sadac xari-kosmosi eb-

rZvis did Tevzs-leviaTans, imave qaosis `zRvis urCxuls~ – gve-

leSaps; wyali ki is neitraluri stiqiaa, romelic erTdroulad

qaosis da kosmosis substanciebs moicavs.

am samstriqoniani kosmogoniuri miTosis prozauli variantis

personaJi calrqa-xaria (mis erTaderT rqazea damyarebuli samya-

ro, radgan meore rqa ar figurirebs), romelic `suleTis~ cik-

lis miTosidan aris cnobili. igi wylebian qvesknelSi damkvidre-

buli cal-rqa xaria: `suleTs xari xnavs cala-rqa, baraqa mes-

tumreTia....~. `suleTis~ ciklSi cal-rqa xari Tumca miTosisagan

mowyvetiT, ukonteqstod figurirebs, misi genezisis dakavSireba

kosmogoniur movlenebTan logikurad gamoiyureba: cali rqa gve-

leSapTan (qaosTan) brZolaSi Cans dakarguli, Tavad xari ki _ Se-

saqmes, kosmogonias aris msxverplSewiruli. msxverplSewirva Se-

saqmis aucilebeli elementia. qarTul miTologiur-ritualur

sivrceSi dasturdeba xaris TviTmsxverplSewirva (`nebiTi msxver-pli~), iloris wm. giorgis eklesiaSi yovel giorgobas (23 no-

embers) saidanRac modis rCeuli xari da eklesiasTan wveba, ro-

melsac wm. giorgis, anu Tavis patrons swiraven, rac Cveni az-

riT, kosmogoniuri miTis Sesabamisi rituali unda iyos. msxver-

plSewirvis Semdeg cal-rqa xari qvesknelSi, suleTSi mkvidrdeba,

sadac kvlavac ganagrZobs Tavis demiurgul moRvaweobas: darCeni-

li cali rqiT qaosur zRvas erkineba/xnavs (`wiTel xuces xari

gaeba, zRvas xnavda, qviSas Tesavda~ (ix. `zRvis moxvna-moTesva~),

rac erTxel, sawyis droSi, kosmogoniisas ganuxorcielebia.

`dece(S)-gim~ (svanuri) _ kosmogoniuri miTologema, samyaros

Suaguli, cisa da miwis Sesayari, romliTac gamoxatulia cisa da

miwis kavSiri. termini Seesabameba Suamdinarul `dur-an-qi~-s.

`an~-cas, xolo `qi~ miwas, `dur~ ki – maT kavSirs niSnavs. `aq aris

samyaros Wipi, _ sityva `dur~ `kavSiris~ garda `Wipsac~ niSnavs,

an `Wipis nawlevs~ – igive omfalos an mesomfalon. am kosmiur Su-

agulSi gadis `didi RerZi~, Sum. dim-gal, cisa da miwis SemaerTe-

xaTuna TavdgiriZe

104

beli, anu `grZeli RerZi~ (kiknaZe 2006: 155). svanuri `deceS-gim~,

romlis pirveli nawili `dece(S)~ cas da `gim~ miwas niSnavs, es

kosmogoniuri miTologema gansakuTrebiT imiT aris mniSvnelovani,

rom gim//miwa, miwasTan erTad miwisqveSa wylebsac(//qvesknelis

zRvebs) moiazrebs, riTac erTi mxriv, jerac ganucalkevebeli,

mTliani qaosuri samyaros kosmiuri suraTi ixateba, xolo meore

mxriv, gamoxatavs ukve mowesrigebul samyaroSi –kosmosSi samya-

ros RerZis fesvebis pirvelarsebuli zRvis//okeanis wiaRidan

amozrdas.

miwa wylis wilad aris gamocxadebuli kvirias svanur saga-

lobelSi: `mze cisa, kviria, miwav wylisa, kviria...~(oniani

1969:65).

miwisqveSa wylebis miwasTan ganucalkevobis idea yvelaze ar-

qauli kosmogoniuri cnobierebis anareklia.

z

zRvis qali da zRvis kaci _ pirveli kosmiuri wyvili, qaotur

zRvis stiqiaSi arsebuli da amave stiqiis _ mlaSe da mtknari

wylebis _ anTropomorfuli gansaxovnebani; Seesabamebian Suamdina-

ruli miTologiis abzus da TiamaTs. megrul miTosSi zRvis qals da zRvis kacs mesefebi Seesabame-

ba, romelTac nadirTRvTaebis funqciebi SeiZines. mesefebi, iseve

rogorc zRvis qali da zRvis kaci, mTel weliwads zRvaSi atare-

ben da mxolod erTi kviriT (28 oqtombridan 3 noembramde) _ `me-

sefalas~ periodSi amodian wylidan. isini drois mxolod am mcire

monakveTSi asruleben nadirTRvTaebis funqcias. z.Tandilavas ga-

mokvleviT, mesefi genezisiT zRvis RvTaebaa, wylis stiqiis ganma-

saxierebeli miTologiuri personaJi, xolo nadirTRvTaebis fun-

qciebi man sakmaod gvian SeiZina (Tandilava 1996: 110).

aWaruli miTosi mesefebis _ zRvis qalis da zRvis kacis ga-

cilebiT arqaul saxes inaxavs. miuxedavad imisa, rom xmeleTze er-

Tkviriani amosvlis motivi aWaruli teqstebisTvisac niSandobli-

via, am miTiur personaJTa samonadireo funqciebi arsad dasturde-

ba. vfiqrobT, rom xmeleTze amosvlis epizodic gviandeli movlena

unda iyos, miT ufro, rom gvaqvs miTis iseTi aWaruli variantebi,

romlebic msgavs motivs saerTod ar icnobs. movusminoT miTs: `aris zRvis kaci da zRvis qali. zRvaSi yvelaferia, rac xmeleT-

zea. zRvis qali naxevari Tebzia, naxevari adamiani, welqveiT (mker-

dqveiT) Tebzia. xmeleTze ar gamodis. wylis kacic asea _ welqve-

iT Tebzia. arc igi gamodis xmeleTze.~ (bskifa, #188, 1974 w.

gv.109).

zRvis miTosi

105

`zRvis moxvna-moTesva~ _ kosmogoniuri miTologema; Sesaqmis

miTis metaforul-ritualuri variacia, romelic qarTul magiur

poeziaSi wiTeli xucesis mier guTanSi Sebmuli xariT zRvis mox-

vna-moTesvis ritualuri aqtiT dasturdeba. msgavsi rituali _

`wylis moxvnis wesis~ saxelwodebiT _ agreTve dadasturebulia

tarosis marTvis magiur ritualebSic, es gulisxmobs qalebis gu-

TanSi Sebmas da guTnis mdinareSi tarebas, ise rom guTani da qale-

bi dasveldnen (kalendari 1991: 98).

`zRvis moxvna-moTesvis~ siuJeti gveleSapisa da xaris brZo-

lis miToss enaTesaveba. zRva, gveleSapi, xari da xaris patroni,

romelic Tavis pirutyvs spilenZis (almasis, rkinis) rqebs gamou-

Wedavs, Sesaqmis, kosmogoniuri miTosis ucvleli personaJebi ari-

an. xaris patroni zogjer ubralo mokvdavia,zogjer ki RvTaebrivi

arseba (kaxur TqmulebaSi _ boWormis wm. giorgi). qaotur zRvas-

Tan brZolis kosmogoniur suraTs gvixatavs qarTuli Selocvebis

erTi cikli. magiuri poeziis amgvar nimuSebSi qarTuli Sesaqmis,

kosmogoniis miTo-ritualuri modelia gadmocemuli. qaotur

zRvas aqac xari da misi RvTaebrivi patroni upirispirdeba:

`eli elavda, qviSa Relavda, zRva fofinebda.

wiTel xucess xari gaeba,

zRvas xnavda, qviSas sTesavda.

vis gagonia, vis moswria

zRva xnuli, qviSa Tesuli~ (Selocvebi 1994: 105)

Selocvis aWarul variantSi `wiTel xucess~ `wiTeli xoja~

enacvleba (asmxf., #674,1977:21), riTac teqstSi arsebiTad arafe-

ri icvleba. religiur-saRvTismsaxuro miTosur-semantikuri aspeq-

ti xaris patronis RvTaebrivi, demiurguli warmomavlobis mauw-

yebelia.

RvTaebrivi xucesis, `papis~ pirvelarsebuli oqros guTniT

zRvis xvna-Tesvis miTologema desakralizebul xalxur leqsSic

gaiJRerebs:

`papis oqros guTano,

zRvaSi naxnav-naTeso (poezia 1972: 132)

`papa~, `wiTeli xucesi~ (`wiTeli xoja~) miTiuri drois pir-

velkacia. igi Suasknelis, xmeleTis, kosmosis saxea, razec misi Se-

feriloba _ wiTeli feri migvaniSnebs. pirvelkaci-xucesis moRva-

weoba miTiur droSi mimarTulia qaosis kosmosad gardasaqmnelad:

kosmiuri xariT (cal-rqa) da oqros guTniT qaoturi wylis mox-

vna-daTesva wylis xmeleTad gadaqcevis momaswavebelia. `wiTeli

xucesi~ kosmosis pirveli warmomadgenelia, marduqiviT (babilo-

nuri kosmogonia) kuros epoqis naSieria da Tavadac qaosTan, gve-

xaTuna TavdgiriZe

106

leSapTan mebrZol kosmiur xars ganasaxierebs.

èli elavda, qviSa Relavda, zRva fofinebda~ _ am striqone-

biT samyaros Tavdapirveli qaoturi mdgomareobis kosmogoniuri

suraTia gadmocemuli: roca èli~ elavs da bunebis sxvadasxva

stiqiebs (qariSxals, zRvas) amZvinvarebs, aboboqrebs. amgvari kos-

mogoniuri warmodgena, romlis mniSvnelobac dRes ukve daviwyebu-

lia da `damwvris~ Selocvis Tavformulad aris qceuli, TiTqmis

mTel saqarTveloSia dadasturebuli:

• èli elavda, zRva pipinebda~(aWara).. (asmxf #543, 1966: 3);

• èli elavda, zRva bibinebda~ (xevi). (Selocvebi 1994: 103-106);

• èli elavda, meli melavda,

zRva SiSinobda, zRva fofinobda~(raWa). (iqve);

• èli elavda, meli melobda,

zRva SiSinebda, zRva fofinebda~(svaneTi). (iqve);

• èli elavda, meli melobda~ (imereTi). (iqve).

vin aris èli~, romelic Selocvis mraval variantSi qaosis

mZvinvarebis gamomxatveli kosmogoniuri miTosis mudmivi monawi-

lea? zogierT kavkasiur tomSi (mag. CeCen-inguSebSi) miwisqveSeTs

èli~ ewodeba, xolo Tavad RvTaebas _ èl-da~. es saxeli, ro-

gorc Cans, xTonur sawyiss ukavSirdeba. aRniSnuli kosmogoniuri

magiuri teqstebis TavstriqonSi Cven nacnobi qarTuli RvTaebis

ucnob, ufro zustad, miviwyebul funqcias vxedavT. elis arqauli

xati dakarguli Cans qarTul miTologiaSi, raki igi uZvelesi

droidanve tarosis RvTaeba eliad unda gardaqmniliyo, xolo qao-

sis RmerTis Tvisebebi _ bunebis stiqiebis marTva, rogorc taro-

sis RmerTisTvisac Tvisobrivi, mis centralur funqciad darCa.

tarosis _ stiqiaTaA marTvis funqcia elisaTvis sawyisi funqciis

(stiqiaTa qaoturi mZvinvareba) gafarToebaa da arsebiTad axali,

magram genetikurad identuri _ kosmogoniuri, momawesrigebeli

funqciis SeZenas niSnavs (raki qaosi da kosmosi mxolod urTier-

TmimarTebaSi avlenen TavianT miTosur substanciebs). funqciurma

metonimiam saxelis aseve metonimiuri cvlileba gamoiwvia. faq-

tobrivad, elis miTosur semantikaSi is Sesaqme ganxorcielda,

rac cota mogvianebiT amave RvTaebis monawileobiT ganxorcielda

miTosSi. èlis~ qaosuri buneba tarosis _ èlias~ kosmosur bu-

zRvis miTosi

107

nebad transformirdeba, rasac `qaosuri mZvinvarebis~ (uwesrigo-

bis) kosmosur (mowesrigebul) CarCoSi moqceva mohyveba Sedegad.

es ukve Awarmatebulad ganxorcielebuli Sesaqmis aqtia. msoflio

miTosuri tradicia icnobs tarosis RvTaebis gveleSapTan (qaosi)

brZolis cikls (magaliTisaTvis cnobili xeTuri miTebic sakmari-

sia), romlis kosmogoniur interpretacias am ori personaJis gene-

tikur naTesaobasTan mivyavarT. qaosur da kosmosur gamovlinebaTa

genetikur kavSirze, Tavis droze samarTlianad miuTiTa v.propma,

gveleSapis mzesTan da gmirTan brZolis magaliTze (propi 1916:

197-259). analogiurad, tarosis qarTuli RvTaeba elia, rogorc

kosmosis pirveli RmerTi, kosmogoniuri aqtis gansaxorcieleb-

lad ebrZvis qaosis RmerTs els _ Tavisive genetikur winamorbeds.

swored am RmerTs èls~ umRerodnen mTeli qarTuli SavizRvispi-

reTis (aWara, guria, lazeTi, samegrelo) mosaxleoba èlesa~//`he-

lesas~ (Tumca mkvlevrebi sxvagvar etimologiur mosazrebebs

gvTavazoben am simRerasTan dakavSirebiT), romelic mebadur-mez-

RvaurTa simRerad iTvleba. z.Tandilavas miaCnia, rom èlesa~ anu

`helesa~ genezisis mixedviT lazuri simReraa da misi sawyisebi me-

Tevzeoba-zRvaosnobas ukavSirdeba. lazeTidan unda gavrcelebuli-

yo `helesa~ dasavleT saqarTvelos sxva kuTxeebSi da agreTve, Sa-

vizRvispireTis sxva qveynebis musikalur folklorSi (Tandilava

1996: 143)(èlesa~ cnobilia berZnul, Turqul, ruminul da mol-

davur musikalur folklorSic (m.Ciqovani). stiqiis gamZvinvarebi-

sas swored qaosis RmerTis elis mosamadliereblad aris mimar-

Tuli zRvasTan axlos mkvidri xalxebis ritualuri simRera `he-

lesa~, rac `qaosis mobrunebis~ SesaCerebel rituals unda war-

moadgendes. igive tendencia grZeldeba sawesCveulebo magiur poe-

ziaSi, sadac ukve qaosis RmerTs elesa//helesas tarosis RvTaebebi

(elia, lazare da sxva) enacvlebian da ukve maT mimarT aRasrule-

ben magiur ritualebs qaosis sxvadasxva gamovlinebis _ gvalva,

wvima, qariSxali, nisli, _ aRsakveTad.

SelocvebSi, sadac èlis~ qaoturi mZvinvarebis kosmogoniur

siuJets xaris demiurguli, Sesaqmiseuli aqti upirispirdeba, qao-

sis kosmosad gardaqmnas, Sesaqmes xSirad im adgilas msoflio

xis aRmocenebac gvamcnobs. jerSeuqmneli, àfofinebuli~, àSiSi-

nebuli~ qaoturi samyaros SuagulSi, centrSi _ `zRvis karze~

sicocxlis xea aRmocenebuli da sakralurobis niSnad RvTaebrivi

mironi swveTs:

èli elavda, zRva fofinobda,

zRvis karze nedli xe idga,

zeTi sWvioda~ (gagulaSvili 1986: 143).

xaTuna TavdgiriZe

108

qaosisa da kosmosis brZolis, xaris, pirvelkacisa da zRvis

moxvna-moTesvis, mironmdinari sicocxlis xis epizodebiT qarTul

SelocvebSi uZvelesi kosmogoniuri miTosia gadmocemuli.

zRvis kari _ `cis karis~ antipodi, Tumc, imavdroulad, imave

semantikuri datvirTvis matarebeli. orive maTgani Sesaqmis adgi-

lia. `cis kari~ da `zRvis kari~ kosmogoniebisas erTdroulad ix-

sneba. zRvis kari samyaros Wipia, `zRvis Wipia~(`vefxistyaosani~),

saidanac iwyeba Sesaqme. zRvis karze aRmocendeba mironmdinari

kosmiuri (sicocxlis) xe.

zRvis xe// wylis kosmiuri xe _ igive sicocxlis xe, kosmiuri

xe, romelic aRmocendeba `zRvis karze~ Sesaqmis adgilas (ix.

`zRvis kari~). raoden antipoduradac unda gamoiyurebodes misi

gamoCena xmeleTis nacvlad ukidegano zRvaSi//okeaneSi, sadac usa-

Tuod miwis `mcire borcvic~ ivaraudeba, igi swored qaoturi

wylebis Suagulidan aRmocenebulia. aseT `zRvis xeebs~ sakralu-

robis niSnad RvTaebrivi mironi swveTs (iseve, rogorc xevsurul

xmalas alvis xes gamudmebiT swveTda mironi xevsurul andrezul

xanaSi).

saiqios, suleTis ciklis leqsebSi sicocxlis xis fesvebSi

miwisqveSa xTonuri `veSa~ wyaro moedineba da miuxedavad wyaros

sivrcobrivi mwiri maStabebisa, am ciklis alvis xeebic zRvis, da-

sabamiseuli wylebis kosmiuri xis variaciad unda moviazroT,

Tundac imis gamo, rom Cven ar viciT veSas sawyisi buneba da Tavda-

pirveli masStabebi. wylis kosmiuri xis miTosuri xati Tavdapir-

veli kosmogoniuri datvirTviT SemorCa qarTul Selocvebs. gada-

uWarbeblad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom am magiur-ritualurma poeturma

Zeglebma kosmogoniuri miTosis unikaluri da utyuari fragmente-

bi Semogvinaxa:

`eli elavda, zRva fofinobda, zRvis karze nedli xe idga,

zeTi sWvioda~(gagulaSvili 1986: 143).

Selocvis sxva variantSic qaotur zRvaSi aRmocenebuli si-

cocxlis xe mironmdinaria:

`eli elavda, zRva fofinobda

libanis xesa zeTi hdioda~ (gagulaSvili 1986: 123).

mironmdinari sicocxlis xe `zRvis karzea~ aRmocenebuli.

`zRvis kari~ samyaros Suaguli, anu `zRvis Wipia~. samyaros Sesaq-

memde aq qaosis RmerTi _ eli aris damkvidrebuli. es adgili

jergaucxadebeli `RvTis karic~ aris, raki sabolood yvela

RmerTi swored aq moiyris Tavs. aq mogvianebiT, kosmosis pirveli

RmerTi, xari-demiurgi daibadeba, rom samyaros pirveli Sesaqme ga-

naxorcielos. kidev ufro mogvianebiT ki aqve daibadeba mefe-demi-

zRvis miTosi

109

urgic, igi samyaros kosmiuri da amasTanave, socialuri centric

unda gaxdes.

`zRvis karze~ aRmocenebul sicocxlis xeze qaosis frinveli

debs `kosmiur kvercxs~, saidanac warmoiSoba samyaro (ix. `kosmi-

uri kvercxi~).

`zRvis nawyveti/narCeni~ _ kosmiuri, dasabamiseuli zRvis mik-

rokosmiuri xati (mikrokosmosis _ `sofeli//kosmosi~ doneze).

`zRvis nawyvetebs~ uwodeben kldis ferdobebze bunebrivad arse-

bul marilian tbebs, romlebic dResac uxvad moipoveba saqarTve-

los maRalmTian adgilebSi (ix.zRvisa da kldis Sesayari).

mariliani tbebis simravliT da masTan dakavSirebuli miTo-

logiuri semantikiT gansakuTrebiT aWaris maRalmTianeTi gamoir-

Ceva. aWaraSi aseT marilian tbebs `zRvis narCeni~//`zRvis nawyve-

ti~ hqvia. es swored is kosmiuri zRva/tbaa, saidanac samyaros Se-

saqme, an samyaros esqatologia xorcieldeba, rac teqstobrivad

gveleSapisa da xaris brZolis siuJetiT aris gaformebuli (ix.

gveleSapisa da xaris brZolis miTosi).

dasabamiseuli zRva/tbad unda moviazroT abudegauris tba,

romelsac vxvdebiT iaxsaris andrezSi. fSav-xevsurTa andrezul

xanaSi ukanaskneli devi iaxsarma abudelauris tbaSi mokla, magram

devis sisxliT Sekruli tbidan veRar moaxerxa amosvla, vidre

RvTiSvili mis mierve naSvelma saymom ar gamoixsna tbis piras aR-

srulebuli msxverplSewirvis ritualiT.

kosmogoniuri interpretaciiT, adgili sadac samyaros Sesaq-

me//esqatologia xorcieldeba, samyaros Suagulia, `zRvis Wipia~,

amitom `zRvis nawyveti~ kldis piras, anu _ zRvisa da kldis Se-

sayari qmnis Suagulis, kosmiuri centris kidev erT kosmogoniur

miTologemas. mniSvnelovania, rom aWarul miToss kldisa da

zRvis SesayarSi, rogorc samyaros centrSi Semoaqvs ori ganzomi-

lebis – zecisa da miwis damakavSirebeli sakraluri atributi -

`zenjiri~, anu `jaWvi~. jaWvi kldeze, zRvasTan axlos aris gamob-

muli. aWareli moxuci gviambobs, rom `adre aqauroba wyliT iyo

dafaruli. jeelobaSi am mTebSi daTvebze da jixvebze sanadirod

daviarebodi, gvancas mTis klde-kapanze gamobmuli jaWvi Cemi Tva-

liT minaxavso...~. kldisa da zRvis SesayarTan gamobmuli jaWvi Se-

esabameba aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTis(TuS-fSav-xevsureTi)

andrezebSi gavrcelebul `ciur jaWvs~ - `Sibs~, romelic Suagul,

wminda adgilebSi sicocxlis xeebzea gamobmuli. aseTi Sibi hqonda

gamobmuli laSaris muxas, romlis saSualebiT RvTiSvilebi cis

karze morige RmerTTan adiodnen da ukan Camodiodnen.

`zRvis narCenTan~ dakavSirebiT arsebobs realisturi mosaz-

xaTuna TavdgiriZe

110

reba, romlis Tanaxmad, odezRac zRva maRal kldeebamde aRwevda,

Semdeg ukan daixia da Tavisi narCenebi - `zRvis narCenebi~ datova.

`zRvis narCenis~ anu mariliani tbis bibliuri da realuri Sesat-

yvisia `mkvdari zRva~ palestinis miwaze, romelic gadmocemis Ta-

naxmad, sodomisa da gomoris esqatologiis adgilas warmoiSva

(Sdr: aWaruli Tqmulebebi `vernebze~: gveleSapis mokvla xaris mi-

er iwvevs tbis (`zRvis nawyvetis~) gaxeTqvas da im mxaris wyliT

walekvas).

zRvisa da kldis Sesayari _ samyaros Suagulis, centris kos-

mogoniuri miTologema. kldis wiaRSi dadasturebuli zRvebis -

`zRvis narCenisa~ da kldis gadakveTis adgili. zRva da klde//mTa

kosmiuri wyvilia. cas mibjenili klde ciur mamrs, xolo zRva –

xTonur mdedrs ganasaxierebs. msoflio miTologiaSi xSirad

vxvdebiT kldis (mTis) da zRvis kosmiur dawyvilebas. z.kiknaZe

alTauri zRapris `koguTeis~ Sesaxeb wers: `mTa-mama, zRva-deda, es

ukve kosmiuri wyvilia. mTebi mravladaa alTaiSi, alTai mTagoria-

nia, magram zRva arasodes unaxavT mis mkvidrT. es ki imas moaswa-

vebs, rom zRvis motivi ZvelTagan da Soridan modis da miTosuri

daniSnuleba aqvs(analogiurad svanTa poeziaSi xSiria amgvari

zRvis xseneba)~ (kiknaZe 2001:120). j.onianic aRniSnavs, rom sva-

neTSi iSviaTia moinaxos Tqmuleba, zRapari, legenda, rom masSi

zRvasa da wyalze ar iyos saubari (oniani 1969:77).

zRvisa da kldis Sesayari, rogorc samyaros Suaguli, RvTae-

baTa samkvidroa qarTul miTologiaSi. v.bardaveliZe wers: `RvTae-

baTa qveyana ganTavsebulia Znelad misaRwev adgilas, maRal mTebze,

SiSvel kldeebze. `batonebsa~ da `nanasadmi~ miZRvnili legendebi

da simReraTa variantebi, amave dros am qveyanas akavSireben zRvas-

Tan. `batonebi~ movidnen TeTri zRvidan. legendebis mixedviT, es

qveyana mdebareobs kldovan qimebze, romlebic zRvis napirebs gad-

mohyurebs~(bardaveliZe 1959: 78-79). svanuri legendis mixedviT,

kldovani mwvervalebi, romlebic zRvis napirebs gadmohyureben,

warmoadgenen yvavilebiT mofenil gaSlil mindors. mindorze wya-

ro moCuxCuxebs. aq cxovrobs `batonebis deda.~ mas qaTqaTa TeTri

sxeuli da Zalian didi ZuZuebi aqvs. igi SiSvelia. msgavsi Tqmule-

ba gavrcelebulia dasavleT saqarTveloSic, romelic srulad

mohyavs Tedo saxokias Tavis `eTnografiul nawerebSi.~

kldis wiaRSi (//mis fskerTan) davanebuli zRvis sakraluro-

ba TeTri feriTac aris gadmocemuli qarTul miTosSi, riTac

`zRvis narCenis~// tbis gansakuTrebuli marilianobac unda iyos

xazgasmuli: `TeTri zRvidan geaxeliT, iav naninao!~.

zRvis gadacurva _ kosmogoniuri miTologema, demiurgisa da

zRvis miTosi

111

qaosis brZolis variacia; agreTve SeiZleba gavigoT, rogorc qves-

knelSi, xTonur samyaroSi mogzaurobis ritualuri aqti, rome-

lic RvTaebisTvis ganaxlebis _ sikvdil-aRdgomis, xolo gmiris-

Tvis iniciaciis gzas warmoadgens. `zRvis gadacurvis~ motivs

vxvdebiT xalxur Tqmulebebsa da poetur ZeglebSi. am mxriv gansa-

kuTrebiT popularulia satrfialo Janris balada `Tavfaravneli

Wabuki~, romelsac araerTi paraleli moeZebneba msoflio fol-

klorSi. Tu ki baladas miTosur WrilSi ganvixilavT da kosmogo-

niur paradigmaSi CavsvamT, Cven warmogvidgeba zRvis qaosur Zalas-

Tan mebrZoli `zRvebis momxvneli~ xaris demiurgis saxe. qaosur

Zalas – zRvas baladaSi avsuli dedaberi (didi deda qalRmerTi)

Seesabameba, rogorc zRvis urCxulis anTropomorfuli gansaxovne-

ba. dedabris neba gamoxatulia koSkSi gamomwyvdeuli satrfos

(dedabris erT-erTi ipostasi) qmedebaSi _ gmiri Seityuos qao-

tur stiqiaSi, es aris erTaderTi adgili, sadac gmiris damar-

cxeba SeiZleba. satrfo, romelic iseve asrulebs didi dedis gan-

kargulebebs, rogorc mefis asuli asrulebs mama-xelmwifis brZa-

nebebs jadosnur zRaprebSi, roca saqmros gamosacdel-dasaRupad

Znel davalebas aZlevs. vaJis `trfialeba~ da seqsualuri swraf-

va zRvis qalisaken warmoadgens masTan `brZolis~, qalis `SeWma-ga-

nadgurebis~ ritualur aqts. arqaul xalxebSi, `Wamasa~ da `sqe-

sobriv aqts~ Soris imdenad mWidro mentalur-biologiuri kavSi-

ri arsebobda, rom mraval enaSi es ori procesi aRiniSneba erTi

da imave sityviT (levi-strosi 1999: 194). Tavfaravnelma demiur-

gma, rogorc zRvis urCxulTan mebrZolma kosmiurma xarma, Tavisi

`seqsualur-gamanadgurebeli~ kosmiuri ZaliT unda `moxnas-moTe-

sos~(Sdr: yanis moxvna seqsualur aqts Seesabameba inanas ciklis

Suamdinarul poeziaSi) zRva da daZlios qaosuri mdedri. Tavfa-

ravneli Wabuki am kosmiuri brZolis Jams `wiTeli perangiT~ aris

Semosili, rac anaTesavebs qarTuli kosmogoniuri miTosis perso-

naJTan `wiTel xucesTan~(xucesoba religiuri statusia), xar-de-

miurgTan, romlis brZolac qaosur zRvasTan magiur poeziaSia Se-

morCenili.

`zRvis SeSineba~/`zRvis SiSi~ _ meTevze-mezRvaurTa magiuri

rituali, romelic auqmebs `zRvis SiSs~. warmodgena `zRvis SiS-

ze~ postfolkloruli miTia, romelic prorusuli politikuri

mosazrebiT Seiqmna sabWoTa periodSi. sazRvao folklori da mis

wiaRSi dadasturebuli zRvaosnobasTan dakavSirebuli tradicie-

bi, xalxuri saRvTismsaxuro magiuri ritualebi, romelTagan gan-

sakuTrebuli sistemurobiT lazuri foklori gamoirCeva, naTels

hfens Tu rogori damokidebuleba hqondaT Zvel qarTvelebs zRvas-

xaTuna TavdgiriZe

112

Tan, ramdenad hqondaT, an ar hqondaT maT `zRvis SiSi~ (istoriul

da kulturul doneze).

xalxuri tradiciebi mowmobs, rom qarTvelur tomebs, iseve

rogorc nebismier xalxebs, imdenad eSinodaT wylis stiqiis//

zRvis, ramdenadac eSinodaT danarCeni stiqiebis – Weqa-quxilis,

xanZris, kokispiruli wvimebis, gvalvebis da a.S. bunebis pirispir

martod darCenili adamiani am bunebriv `SiSebs~ magiur ritualebs

upirispirebda.

Tumc am stiqiasTan Sinagani, SeiZleba iTqvas, genetikuri

(totemisturi gagebiT) naTesaoba, familaruli siaxlove da misi

safrTxeebisadmi `Seguebuli~ damokidebuleba yovelTvis gamosWvi-

vis zRvispirelTa folkloridan, romlis erTi nimuSia lazuri

Sromis leqsi:

`dovibadi mzoRaS Jin, `zRvaze davbadebulvar,

heq blurare, qomiCqin, vici, iqve movkvdebi,

Squrina Cqar var miRun, me guli magari maqvs,

guri kapeti miRun~ sulac ar SevSindebi~.

laz mezRaurebs swamdaT, rom mSiSara mezRvauri `zRvaze gas-

vlamdec damarcxebulad iTvleba,~ uSiSar mezRvaurs ki damTrgun-

veli stiqia brZolisTvis ganawyobs. lazebs zRvasTan mravalsau-

kunovani urTierTobis kvalze sruliad sapirispiro, SeiZleba iT-

qvas, `ukureaqcia~ CamouyalibdaT, rac gansazRvrul ritualur-ma-

giur CarCoSi moaqcies. laz meTevzes vidre zRva SeaSinebs, igi Ta-

vad `aSinebs~ zRvas, `zRvis SiSs~ sapirispiro _ `zRvis SeSinebis~

ritualiT abaTilebs/auqmebs. lazTa yofaSi damowmebuli Sexedu-

lebiT, zRva iseTi daundobeli Zalaa, romelic, rac unda evedro,

mainc dagamarcxebs, Tu man es moindoma. amitom zRva unda SeaSino:

`mzoRa Cqimi, ma qomobTi. mas sqanden va maSqurinen, si Cqimden gaS-

qurinas! (`zRvao Cemo, me movedi. me Seni ar meSinia, Sen geSinodes

Cemi!~) (Tandilava 1996: 12-13).

amgvari magiuri sityvebis warmoTqmiT `SeSinebuli zRva~ mar-

Talia ukan ar ixevda da arc mosesTan dakavSirebuli bibliuri

saswaulis precedents imeorebda, magram meTevze am magiuri sit-

yvebiT, upirvelesad, sakuTar TavSi Trgunavda bunebriv adamianur

SiSs wylis daundobeli stiqiisadmi, iseve rogorc msgavsi `Sema-

Sinebeli~ ritualebiT ebrZoda adamiani bunebis sxva stiqiebs da

gamovlinebebs. mzis dabnelebis dros sruldeboda Weqa-quxilis

imitireba, riTac mzis Camylapavi urCxuli unda SeeSinebinaT, ro-

melic amis Semdeg mzes aTavisuflebda.

zRvis miTosi

113 T

`Tavfaravneli Wabuki~ _ ix. `zRvis gadacurva~

k

kosmiuri kvercxi//msoflio kvercxi _ kosmogoniuri arqetipi,

Sesaqmis zoomorful modelSi samyaros arqe.

Sesaqmis sxvadasxva modelebs vxvdebiT msoflio miTologiur

sistemebSi. samyaroseuli àrqedan~ anu, sawyisovani substanciidan

kosmosis kreacia miTosSi teqstobrivad gaformebulia pirvele-

lementebis personificirebul arsebaTa samkvdro-sasicocxlo da-

pirispirebiT. zoomorful Tu Teogoniur brZolas araiSviaTad

enacvleba Sesaqmis SedarebiT `mSvidobiani~, Tumc, mainc, arc Tu

umtkivneulo kosmogoniuri aqti, romelic msxverplad Sewiruli

_ `dakluli~ pirvelkacis sxeulis nawilebidan kosmosis Camoya-

libebas gulisxmobs. pirvelkacis motivi uSualod ejaWveba msof-

lio kvercxis motivs, imdenad, ramdenadac pirvelkaci Tavad msof-

lio kvercxidan ibadeba da rogorc damoukideblad, aseve kosmiur

kvercxTan erTad, kosmosis genezisSi monawileobs. aseve damouki-

deblad viTardeba msoflio kvercxis miTosi, romelic misi sub-

stanciuri Semcvelobis qaotur wiaRSi ganxvnas da am gziT kosmo-

sis warmoSobas moaswavebs.

kosmiuri kvercxi qaotur morevSi TavisTavad ar Cndeba, mas

Cekavs `saidanRac~ mofrenili wylis frinveli, frinveli romelic

Tavis qaosur wiaRSi rogorRac Casaxul kosmosis arqes kvercxis

formiT daatarebs. is qaotur usazRvroebaSi daeZebs kreaciisaT-

vis Sesaferis iseT myar adgils, romelic kosmiuri kvercxisaTvis

budis magivrobas gaswevs. aseT adgilad zogjer wylidan amozneqi-

li wylis dedis muxli (`kalevala~), zogjer ki `zRvis xe~ gvev-

lineba (ix. `zRvis xe~), romelic jerSeuqmneli àfofinebuli~,

àSiSinebuli~ qaoturi morevis centrSi _ `zRvis karzea~ (ix.

`zRvis kari~) aRmocenebuli. misi kenweroc, rogorc cis RvTaeb-

rivi kamara, rogorc RvTis `Ria kari~, mzadaa qaoturi usazRvro-

ebidan mofrenili qaosis, magram kosmosis kvercxis matarebeli

frinvelis misaRebad:

`libanisa xezeda tredi ijda wverzeda...~ (gagulaSvili 1986:

144).

kosmiuri frinveli swored qaoturi morevis mRelvarebis

epicentrSi modis:

`Citi WikWikobda, wyali SiSinobda, qari qroda~ (gagulaSvili

1986: 118)

xaTuna TavdgiriZe

114

ufro metic, am qaoturi mRelvarebis `Cacxroma~, rac udavod

kosmosis Sesaqmis momaswavebelia, kosmiuri frinvelis kompeten-

ciaa:

`Citi gaCerda, wyali dadga, qari Cadga...~ (gagulaSvili 1986:

118)

kosmiur frTosans, qaotur usazRvroebaSi `margalitis kver-

cxis~ Casayrelad aWrils, zRvis karTan sicocxlis xeebi axvedre-

ben `abreSumis budes~. wylidan amozneqili `kalevalas~ wylis de-

dis muxlis magivrobas qarTul miTosSi `qali SroSanis~ `xuTi

TiTi~ asrulebs, saidanac, beWdis Tvlidan, saswaulebrivad da,

amave dros, Zalzed bunebrivad, sicocxlis xe aRmocendeba. leq-

sSi, romelic mWidrod ukavSirdeba samonadireo-sagazafxulo

tradiciebs, ar Cans (SesaZloa, dakargulic iyos) qaoturi zRvis

motivi, Tumca amiT teqstis dasawyisi striqonebis kosmogoniur-

Sesaqmiseuli paTosi ar icvleba:

` qalsa visme erqva SroSani.

xuTsa TiTsa ecva beWedi.

beWdis Tvalsa moli mosula,

molis Tavsa naZvi asula,

naZvis wversa qors bude edga,

bude iyo abreSumisa,

kvercxi hqonda iagundisa,

gamosCeka margalitisa~ (virsalaZe 1964: 69).

margalitis kvercxismdebeli frinveli sxva leqsSic gaiel-

vebs:

`qorma frTebi gaSala,

dayara margalitebi~ (virsalaZe 1964: 71).

aqedan moyolebuli, sicocxlis xeebi da misi fesvebiT gamya-

rebuli kosmosis xati mTel Semdgom eqsplicitur Tu implici-

tur miTologiaSi ganagrZobs Tanamyofobas, rogorc utyuari sa-

buTi da niSani, odesRac, sawyis droSi ganxorcielebuli umniSvne-

lovanesi kosmogoniuri procesebisa. es kosmogoniuri `niSnebi~

warmogvidgeba verbalurad SezRudul, magram mravlismomcveli

datvirTvis mqone miTologemebad, `dakarguli miTosis~ gadarCe-

nil nasxletebad. iseve, rogorc zRaprebSi, roca TviTmarqvia de-

doflis daJinebiT moWrili alvis xis erTaderTi gadarCenili na-

fotic ki ar iSlis sakuTari sawyisis emanacias. da vidre, tran-

sformirebuli da axali miTo-poeturi saburveliT Semosili kos-

mogoniuri miTosi kvlav gacxaddebodes, an Tundac, desakralize-

bul zRaprul siuJetebSi iCendes Tavs sicocxlis xeebze dabude-

buli oqros kvercxis mdebeli manaTobeli Wreli frinvelis (fas-

zRvis miTosi

115

kunjis Sesatyvisi) saxiT, sawyisi drois qaosis miTiuri frinve-

lis pirveladi kvali aq ikargeba, xolo qarTul miTologiur siv-

rceSi vakuumi Cndeba `dakarguli kosmogoniuri miTosis~ saxiT.

ukve Semdgom, miTologiuri sistemis ganviTarebis momdevno safe-

xurebze, kvlav aRdgeba qaoturTan erTad daviwyebis morevSi CaZi-

ruli kosmiuri frinvelis xati da rogorc qvesknelidan mobrune-

buli, aRmdgari frTosani, samwuxarod, isev fragmentulad, mag-

ram mainc, kvlav gaielvebs Tavdapirvel Sesqmiseul konteqstSi _

qaosis frinvelisagan kosmosis kvercxis gamoCekis kosmogoniur

aqtSi:

`mze CaRma Caefineba,

Cava, Cajdeba budesa,

oqrosa kvercxi daudevs _

WuWuli margalitisa~ (poezia 1972: 80).

am leqsSi kosmiuri mze-frinvelisagan dadebuli msoflio

kvercxidan samyaros Sesaqmis ukiduresad dawuruli, struqturu-

lad TiTqmis miTologemamde dasuli Sesaqmis umSvenieresi miTosia

gadmocemuli da farTod gavrcelebul msgavs siuJetebSi, rogorc

tokarevi fiqrobs, mze-frinvelis dadebuli kvercxi, sxva arafe-

ria, Tu ara pirvelarsebuli `msoflio kvercxis~ rekonstruire-

buli saxe.

m

mesefi _ ix. zRvis kaci da zRvis qali.

`momakvdavi qalRmerTis~ miTosi _ kosmogoniuri miTosi. Sesaq-

mis Teriomorfuli (zRvis urCxulTan brZola) modelidan anTro-

pomorful-matrialuri _ zRvis piras `momakvdavi qalRmerTis~ mo-

deli viTardeba, sadac brZolis motivs msxverplSewirvis motivi

enacvleba. aboboqrebuli, aSiSinebuli qaoturi zRvis kosmogonias (ix. `zRvis moxvna-moTesva~) sxvagvari gagrZelebac aqvs. zRvis pi-

ras mSobiare qaosis ganmasaxierebeli qalRmerTi kosmosis pirve-

li RmerTis genitaliebs ewireba (msxverplSewirva, rogorc Sesaq-

mis aucilebeli elementi, kosmogoniis Teriomorfuli modelis

srul versiebSi gveleSapTan brZolaSi gamarjvebuli da kosmosis

Semoqmedi xaris msxverlSewirviT dasturdeba). momakvdavi qal-

RmerTi qaosis mamri RmerTis _ elis RvTaebrivi mdedri, mewyvile

SeiZleba iyos, romelic iseve iRupeba, rogorc RmerTebis axal

Taobas, sakuTar naSierebTan dapirispirebuli da kosmosis, wesri-

gis dasamyareblad ganwvaluli yvela didi deda qalRmerTi msof-

lio kosmogoniur sistemebSi (mag., TiamaTi Suamdinarul kosmogo-

niaSi).

xaTuna TavdgiriZe

116

`aboboqrebuli zRvisa~ da `momakvdavi qalRmerTis‘’ izomor-

fuli siuJeti mravalvariantad dasturdeba, erTi mxriv, Selocve-

bis, xolo meore mxriv, Sromis sasimRero repertuarSi Sesuli

miTosur-poeturi Zeglebis saxiT. SedarebiT srulyofilia Se-

locvis raWuli teqsti:

elo elenTa, melo melenTa / zRva SiSinobda, zRva fofinobda./

zRvisa pirasa karavi idga. / karavSi qali, zara exura. /

zaras avwie, sami vakoce, / samma kocnama feri ucvala, /

ferma nacvalma wigni daswera. / _ vis gavugzavnoT? /

_ daviT nefesa. / daviT nefem gamogzavna Tavxa atlasi. /

_ riTi gavrecxoT? / vercxlis wyliTa. /

_ riTi gavaSroT? / _ niav-qariTa. / (Selocvebi 1994: 105).

Selocvis teqsts imeorebs miTologiuri leqsi `nestan-dare-

jan~, sadac mSvenier qalRmerTs cnobili literaturuli perso-

naJis saxeli Caenacvla, ambavi ki miTosuri darCa: bunebis wiaRSi

CaZinebuls, pir-saburavi axades da sami kocniT `feri ucvales~ _

nestan-darejan / sad ras geZina? /_ mindvris bolosa. /

_ zed ra gexura? / _ zari zarbabi. /

movel, agxade, / sami gakoce, / samma kocnama / feri gicvala /

ferma nacvalma / wigni daswera, / _ Sig ra Caswera? /

_ qamxa atlasi. /_ vis gaugzavna? /_ daviT mefesa/ (kotetiS-

vili 1934: 202).

am bundovani teqstebis yvelaze arqauli kosmogoniuri siuJe-

ti aWaraSi farTod gavrcelebul `vai, Tu ieli ielobdaos~ leq-

sSia dadasturebuli, sadac RvTaebriv qals tyupis cali dac moe-

poveba:

vai, Tu ieli ielobdao, / kidev zRvai xelobdao./

aba, gaRma-gamoRmiTa, /kidev karvebi idgao../

SiT mekarve qali iwva, /kidev pirze eburao. /

aba, TeTri dolbandio, / kidev pirze avxadeo. /

aba, erTi vakoceo, / vai, Tu erTi kocniTao, /

kidev feri vuqcieo. / aba, orjer vakoceo, /

kidev orjer kocniTao, / vai, Tu pirze avaZreo. /

aba, samjer kocniTao, / vai, Tu sisxli vadineo. /

aba, oTxjer vakoceo, / kidev oTxjer kocniTao, /

vai, Tu suli avxadeo. / kidev misa nawolzeo, /

aba, ia davTeseo, / ia vardad movidao. /

dama dai dahpatiJa / margalitis sakrefelSi, /

sakrefelad wvitia, / saqonelad didia. / (TavdgiriZe 2004: 187).

rogorc leqsis Sinaarsidan vigebT, zRvis piras gaSlil kar-

vebSi, `gaRmiT da gamoRmiT~, cxovrobs ori RvTaebrivi da, ro-

zRvis miTosi

117

melTagan erT-erTi `kocniT~, anu intimuri aqtiT iRupeba. sabo-

loo kosmogoniuri suraTis aRsadgenad, anu qarTuli kosmogoniu-

ri miTosis invariantuli siuJetis misaRebad qarTuli xalxuri

poeziis sxva nimuSebsac unda mivmarToT, romlebic calke, damou-

kideblad, gaugebar, ukonteqsto poetur fragmentebs warmoadgenen

da mxolod `momakvdavi qalRmerTis~ ciklSi SemotaniT, pouloben

ra TavianT konkretul adgilmdebareobas, iZenen logikur kon-

teqsts. Sesabamisad, maTi semantikuri velic saerTo kosmogoniur

sistemaSi Tavsdeba. am TiTqosda `periferiuli~ teqstebidan ir-

kveva, rom `kocnas~ anu intimur aqts RvTaebrivi qalis dafexmZime-

ba da vaJis dabadeba mohyveba. (amis Semdeg leqsSi miTiur rZalTan

_ TamarTan dakavSirebuli siuJeti iwyeba, romelic Cven `avTan-

dil gadinadiras~ leqsis transformirebul fragmentad migvaCnia

(TavdgiriZe 2004: 157-158).

rogorc Cans, qalis `ferwasvla~ da `sulis axda~ genitaliu-

ri procesebiT aris ganpirobebuli. leqsis erT-erTi varianti sik-

vdilis obieqtis SecvliT (am SemTxvevaSi axalSobilia da ara

qalRmerTi) sxva _ kosmogoniuri intronizaciis siuJetur xazss

aviTarebs, romlis paradigmul mniSvnelobaze Cven cota mogviane-

biT visaubrebT:

eo, meo, maisuraZeo, / maisuraZis karebze Cavikakaneo. /

sami patarZali vnaxe, erTsa vakoceo. /

iman ro feri icvala, / ferma nacvalma wigni daswera, /

vis gaugzavna? _ daviT mefesa. / daviT mefe Sin ar daxvda, /

saydars ukan flamso, /zed ori xe amosula, / soWiviTa dgaso. /

vardi damikrefiao, WurSi Camiteniao, /

Wuri aduRebulao, qali akivlebulao. /

qalsa vaJi gasCenia, mamas gaxarebia, /

mama gareT gamosula, biWi gaTavebula. / (virsalaZe1969: 123).

tyupi da aqac dominirebs `sami patarZlis~ saxiT, romelTagan

mxolod erTia movlenaTa epicentrSi, danarCenebi siuJetis pasiur

monawileebad rCebian.

`momakvdavi qalRmerTis~ ciklSi Semodis kidev erTi unika-

luri aWaruli teqsti _ `dedoflis leqsi~, sadac araerTi kos-

mogoniuri motivi aris deklamirebuli: RvTaebrivi qali _ `dedo-

fali~, naxevrad zoomorfuli da naxevrad vegetaciuria _ igi si-

cocxlis xesa da masze dabudebul kosmiur frinvels (qors) gana-

saxovnebs. qali fexmZimea da vaJis dabadebas ewireba. daRupul

qal-RvTaebas sami tyupi da _ `dedoflebi~ _ dastiris:

guSin kvira dReso, / qori mejda xeso, /

xaTuna TavdgiriZe

118

xesa, xesa raso? / libanozis qalso. /

qalsa Svili Sobia, / Sobda vaJiSvilia, /

ada, dedobilisa! / ada, mamobilisa! /

ijda sasTumalsa: / sami dai dedoflebi /

geiSliden Tmebsa: / _ dao, dao sisano, /

TeTryirmizo, msuqano, / saiT Segatrialeben? /

_ sianeTis karso. / sianeTi Sin rom ara, /

vin gagiRebs karso, / saiT miwas gagiTxrian? /(asmxf, #518,

1962)

samwuxarod es leqsic fragmentulia, Tumca leqsis saerTo

kosmogoniuri xasiaTi da mizanmimarTuleba am nawilidanac Cans

(teqstis detaluri ganxilva ix.: TavdgiriZe 2004: 47-53). `de-

doflis leqsis~ momakvdavi qali `libanozis~ _ sicocxlis xis

anTropomorfuli ipostasia. mironmdinari sicocxlis xe _ liba-

nozi, rogorc vnaxeT, Selocvebis `aboboqrebul-aSiSinebuli

zRvis~ kosmogoniur siuJetSic monawileobs. qalis vegetaciur

sawyiss win zoomorfuli sawyisi uswrebs. misi metamorfozuli

transformacia zoomorfulidan vegetaciuramde TanmimdevrobiT

xorcieldeba: igi Tavdapirvelad xis wverze Semomjdari qoria,

Semdeg Tavad xe gardaisaxeba da `libanozis qalad~ mogvevlineba.

es is RvTaebrivi qali unda iyos, romelsac cnobili samonadi-

reo-saferxulo leqsi `qalsa vismes~ _ `SroSans~ uwodebs. mis

beWedze lebanozis xis msgavsi sicocxlis xis ganmasaxierebeli

naZvi aRmocendeba; xolo xis kenweroze qori budes gaikeTebs da

margalitis kvercxebs gamoCeks. qoris `dayrili~ margalit-kver-

cxebi kidev erT miTologiur leqsSi gaielvebs:

qorma frTebi gaSala, /dayara margalitebi,

erTi me avitaceo, / erTi ki _ Cemma dobilma. (virsalaZe 1964:

71).

miTosuri metafora cxadyofs, rom qoris `dayrili margali-

tebi~ kosmiur SuagulSi pirvelwinapari qalisagan (/didi deda

qalRmerTisagan) araCveulebrivi vaJis _ kosmosis pirveli Rmer-

Tis, pirveli demiurgis dabadebas moaswavebs. Tavad mSobeli ki

iRupeba, romelsac tyupiscali debi dastirian, tiriliT asxamen

xotbas da `sisans~ uwodeben. ras niSnavs `sisani~? momakvdavi qa-

lis romeli RvTaebrivi aspeqti aris gamoxatuli amgvari sakra-

luri metsaxeliT? _ `sisani~ sosan-yvavils unda niSnavdes (sosa-

ni yanebSi aRmocenebuli mowiTalo-iisferi yvavilia). yvavil-qali

sosani miTosuri tyupiscalia qali-SroSanisa. isini zoomorfuli

sawyisiTac enaTesavebian erTurTs, roca qoradqceulni margali-

tis kvercxebs `yrian~.

zRvis miTosi

119

Cven mier warmodgenili kosmogoniuri miTosis fragmentebi,

romlebic Selocvebis, Sromis, samonadireo, sagazafxulo-safer-

xulo da sxva JanrebSi arian momobneulni, qarTuli miTosuri Se-

saqmis anTropomorfuli modelis invariantul saxes aRadgenen. mi-

si sruli suraTi amgvarad gamoiyureba:

gamZvinvarebuli zRvis SuagulSi (`zRvis karze~) sicocxlis

xea aRmocenebuli,romelsac RvTaebrivi mironi Camosdis. xis kenwe-

roze samsknelovani kosmiuri frinvelia dabudebuli, romelic

kosmosis `nawilebs~ (samyaros kvercxebs) afrqvevs qaotur dausa-

bamobaSi. qaoturi zRvis Suagulis sxvadasxva mxares tyupi debi

(ori an sami) damkvidrebulan, romelTagan mxolod erT-erTs Ses-

wevs mSobiarobis _ samyaros Sesaqmis unari. RvTaebrivi qali qao-

tur zRvasTan mSobiarobs _ igi sakuTari wiaRidan badebs kosmo-

sis pirvel RmerTs _ pirvel demiurgs, Tavad ki msxverplad ewi-

reba am Sesaqmes: misi ganwvaluli sxeulis nawilebi qoris dayri-

li `margalitis kvercxebiviT~, wylidan aRmocenebuli xmeleTis,

kosmosis nawilebad gadaiqceva.

amgvaria `momakvdavi qalRmerTis~ qarTuli kosmogoniuri mi-

Tosi, romelic Sesaqmis Teriomorfuli modelis paralelurad, an

cota mogvianebiT SeiZleba warmoSobiliyo. qarTuli matrialuri

kosmogoniuri miTo-ritualuri modeli mxolod nawilobriv uax-

lovdeba ganviTarebul miTologiebSi dadasturebul kosmogoniur

sistemebs. igi ufro arqaul, dualur kosmogoniur struqturas-

Tan amJRavnebs genetikur siaxloves. amitom dominirebs siuJetSi

tyupi debis motivi mudmivad. `momakvdavi qalis~ `qalRmerTad~ ga-

mocxadeba pirobiTia: igi arc klasikuri tipis qalRmerTia da arc

pirvelwinapari qali. misi miTosuri statusi raRac `gardamavali~

struqturuli safexuris (_`RmerT-qali~) daSvebas moiTxovs.

amisken teqstebSi fiqsirebul terminologiur erTeulTa miTosu-

ri semantikac gvibiZgebs: marTalia, `momakvdavi qali~ arqaul-dua-

luri msofxedvelobrivi datvirTvis mqone tyupi debis TanxlebiT

aris warmodgenili, igi, Tavis tyup debTan erTad ganviTarebul

miTologiebSi farTod gavrcelebuli qalRmerTis statusis (Sesa-

bamisad funqciis) matarebeli cnebebiT _ `patarZlebi~, `dedof-

lebi~ _ aris aRniSnuli.

tyupi dis siuJeti uZvelesia da pirvelyofili sazogadoebis

dualuri msofxedvelobidan iRebs saTaves. dualuri miTebi TiT-

qmis yovelTvis dakavSirebulia arqauli sazogadoebis uZvelesi

formis _ dualuri fratrialuri organizaciebis warmoSobasTan,

miTebic, Sesabamisad, sociogoniuria. a. zolotarevis dakvirvebiT,

Tuki dualuri miTebi tyupi Zmebis motivzea agebuli, maSin dua-

xaTuna TavdgiriZe

120

lur-fratrialur Tematikas SeiZleba win uswrebdes kosmogoniu-

ri motivebi, an am ukanasknelma saerTodOgandevnos sociogonia

(zolotarevi 1964: 176). s. tolstovis azriT, dualuri tyupebis

miTosi Caenacvla matriarqalur-genealogiur miTs or pirvelwina-

par qalze, romlebic Tavis mxriv amoizarda ori totemis warmod-

genebidan (tolstovi 1948: 288). qarTuli `momakvdavi qalRmer-

Tis~ ciklSi saqme gvaqvs arqauli dualuri kosmogoniidan ganvi-

Tarebul kosmogoniur sistemaze gadasvlis gardamaval safexur-

Tan. amitom tyupi debi mTlianad kosmogoniuri, da ara `matriarqa-

lur-genealogiuri ori pirvelwinapari qalis~ funqciiT gamodian.

aseT `gardamaval~ safexurze arc zolotarevis mier pirvelyofi-

lur miTebze gakeTebuli SeniSvna gavrceldeba, rom kosmogoniuri

motivebi mxolod tyup Zmebs SeiZleba ukavSirdebodes. Tavad kos-

mogoniuri motivebi ki (Tu ki maT wavawydebiT pirvelyofil mi-

TebSi), mTeli Tavisi kosmogoniuri struqturiTa da Sinaarsob-

rivi birTviT, yovelgvar zRvars Slis arqaul da ganviTarebul

miTologiebs Soris. kosmogoniuri eskizis Tanaxmad, romel miTo-

logiur sistemasac unda ekuTvnodes (arqauls Tu ganviTare-

buls), demiurgis, kosmosis pirveli RmerTis dabadebis aqtSi, mi-

si mSobeli dedis msxverplSewirva fataluri miTosuri realobaa.

CrdiloeT amerikuli irokezuli tomebis kosmogoniuri miTi cno-

bilia ormuzdisa da arimanis (iranuli kosmogonia) miTTan msgav-

sebiT. irokezul miTSic tyupebis mSobeli deda iRupeba (zolo-

tarevi 1964: 124). zogierT arqaul miTebSi Tavad tyupi Zmebi ga-

modian mSobeli dedis mkvlelebad (iqve). dedis mokvlis motivi

marduqis mier TiamaTis gangmirvis babilonur kosmogoniaSi meor-

deba. imave motivs vxvdebiT amiranis eposSic. z. kiknaZis interpre-

taciiT, `Tqmulebas aRar axsovs, rom gveleSapi amiranis dedaa, _

am stadiaze igi, urCxulad qceuli, kacobriobis mteria, romel-

sac gamudmebiT ebrZvian epiuri gmirebi~ (kiknaZe 2006). amiranis

eposis Sesavali epizodi _ dalis mSobiaroba kldis wverze da

qalRmerTis sikvdili, imeorebs Sesaqmes. Sesaqme meordeba Semdgo-

mac _ Sav gveleSad qceuli qalRmerTis gangmirvisas. eposis osu-

ri varianti yvelaze axlos dgas kosmogoniur miTosTan. aq movle-

nebi alpuri zonis nacvlad zRvis, wylis SemogarenSi viTardeba.

amiranis deda wylis qalia, romelsac klavs boroti suli. fexmZi-

me qalis muclidan ki tyupi Zmebi amohyavT, romelTagan erT-erTi

amirania da zRvaSi, dedis wiaRSi izrdeba (meletinski 1963: 66).

amdenad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom qarTuli folkloris sxvadas-

xva JanrSi fragmentulad warmodgenili tyupi disa da zRvis pi-

ras mSobiare `momakvdavi qalis~ siuJeti, romelic dualuri

zRvis miTosi

121

msoflmxedvelobidan aRmocenda da axali, ufro ganviTarebuli

kosmogoniuri sistemebisaken gaikvlia gza, odesRac erT mTlian

kosmogoniur miToss warmoadgenda. iqneb swored `momakvdavi qal-

RmerTis~ miTosi udevs safuZvlad uZveles lazur dResaswauls,

romelsac `momakvdavi dResaswauli~ ewodeba da romlis ritual-

sac saRamo xans mzis Casvlisas mosaxleobis zRvaSi masiuri Cas-

vla-ganbanva warmoadgens. `momakvdavi qalRmerTis~ miTi `momakvda-

vis dResaswaulTan~ erTad uZveles qarTul kosmogoniur miTo-

ritualur models qmnis, romelic mudmivad aRadgens im `sawyis~

miTiur dros, romelSic momakvdavi qalRmerTis wiaRidan kosmosis

pirveli gmiris _ demiurgis, dabadeba da kosmosis Sesaqme ganxor-

cielda. `momakvdavis~ cikli Tavisi demiurgis (yvela cikls Tavi-

si demiurgi hyavs. gveleSapisa da xaris uZveles ciklSi demiur-

gis funqciiT xaris anTropomorfuli ipostasi wm.giorgi gamo-

dis) saxelsac gvamcnobs SefarviT. igi poetur teqstebSi mudmi-

vad moxseniebuli qarTuli saxelmwifoebrivi Zlierebis simbo-

lo _ daviT mefea, istoriul realiebs mowyvetili, mefe-demiur-

gis ukve ganyenebuli miTosuri saxe. mefe-demiurgis samyaros cen-

trSi dabadebisa da misi sakraluri intronizaciis kosmogonia ki-

dev erT kosmogoniur miTo-ritualur models ayalibebs qarTul

miTosur sivrceSi.

`momakvdavi dResaswauli~ _ `momakvdavi qalRmerTis~ (ix. ze-

moT) kosmogoniuri miTosis lazuri rituali, romelic sruldeba

saRamo xans, mzis Casvlisas weliwadis gansazRvrul dros -24 ag-

vistos, RvTismSoblis miZinebis dRes. RvTismSoblis `miZineba~ mi-

Tosur-semantikur aspeqtSi unda gulisxmobdes kidec didi deda

qalRmerTis `momakvdav~ mdgomareobas.

s

saiqios zRvebi _ qarTuli da msoflio miTologiuri tradi-

ciiT qveskneli da saiqio xTonuri wylebiT/zRvebiT aris dafaru-

li, amitomac, rogorc xalxuri leqsi gvamcnobs, gardacvlilis

suls Tavdapirvelad qvesknelis `didi zRvis~ gadalaxva uxdeba,

vidre `suleTis~ karibWes miadgebodes:

`erTi ram didi zRva aris

karebTan SesasvlelSia~.

igive gzas gaivlis suleTidan samzeos adamianis sulis wasay-

vanad momavali sikvdilis angelozi, masac qvesknelis zRvebis ga-

dalaxva uxdeba:

`sikvdil Tqva zRva-zRva wamovel,

zRva CqefiT Semoviare...~

xaTuna TavdgiriZe

122

qvesknelis wylebi sxvadasxva saxeliT ixsenieba msoflio mi-

TologiaSi: Sumeruli ìdlusubgu~, babilonuri `xubur~, berZnu-

li `stiqsi~ da òkeanidi~. egviptelebs ki swamdaT `miRma qveyniu-

ri nilosis arseboba~. qarTuli miTosi icnobs suleTis ukvdave-

bis `veSa~ wyaros, romelic samyaros RerZis ganmasaxierebeli al-

vis xis fesvebSi moedineba. Tu ki movigonebT rom aseTi kosmiuri

xeebi `zRvis Wipidan~/`zRvis karidan~ aris aRmocenebuli, SegviZ-

lia davuSvaT, rom `veSa wyaro~ amJamad dakninebuli odesRac sai-

qios `didi zRvis~ saTave SeiZleba yofiliyo.

dasabamiseul qvesknelur zRvebs ukavSirdeba msoflio miTos-

Si farTod gavrcelebuli sikvdil-sicocxlis saerTo sawyisidan

warmomavlobis idea _ miTosuri warmodgena zRvaze, rogorc qves-

knel-saiqios wylebisa da mSobeli dedis Tbilwylebiani wiaRis

Tanafard stiqiaze. am mxriv sainteresoa uZvelesi aWaruli tra-

dicia - aWaraSi micvalebulis kubos àkvans~ eZaxian, xolo axal-

Sobils Tavdapirvelad `xoCiCSi~ awvenen, romelsac navis forma

aqvs, rogorc simbolo axali sicocxlis dausabamo wylebidan

mosvlisa.

h

helesa//elesa _ mebadur-mezRvaurTa simRera; genezisiT qao-

sis//gveleSapisa da demiurgis - tarosis RmerTis brZolis kosmo-

goniur moTosTan aris dakavSirebuli. `helesa~//èlesas~ qaosis

RmerTis – elis mosamadliereblad unda yofiliyo mimarTuli,

rom mas daecxro Tavisi aboboqrebuli qaosuri stiqia – zRva. es

kosmogoniuri miTosi fragmentulad SemorCa qarTul magiur poe-

ziasi (ix. `zRvis moxvna-moTesva~).

literatura

bardaveliZe 1953: bardaveliZe v., qarTuli(svanuri) saweso gra-

fikuli xelovnebis nimuSebi, Tb.1953.

bardaveliZe 1959: Бардавелидзе В., Древнейшие религиозные веро-вания и обрядовое графическое искусство грузинских племен, Тб. 1959.

gagulaSvili 1998: gagulaSvili i., qarTuli xalxuri medicina,

Tb.1998.

gagulaSvili 1986: gagulaSvili i., qarTuli magiuri poezia, Tb.

1986.

virsalaZe 1964: virsalaZe e., qarTuli samonadiro eposi, Tb.

1964.

virsalaZe 1969: virsalaZe e., qarTuli sagazafxulo-saferxulo

poezia, kreb. `qarTuli folklori~, III, Tb.1969.

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TavdgiriZe 2004: TavdgiriZe x., aWaruli samonadireo miTo-

si,GbaT.2004.

Tandilava 1996: Tandilava z., wylis kulti da qarTuli fol-

klori, baT. 1996.

kalendari 1991: n. abakelia, q.alaverdaSvili, n. RambaSiZe, qar-

Tul xalxur dReobaTa kalendari, Tb.1991.

kiknaZe 2006: kiknaZe z., Suamdinaruli miTologia, Tb. 2006.

kiknaZe 1985: kiknaZe z., qarTul miTologiur gadmocemaTa siste-

ma,Tb.1985.

kiknaZe 2001: kiknaZe z., avTandilis anderZi, Tb.2001.

kotetiSvili 1934: kotetiSvili v., xalxuri poezia, Tb. 1934.

levipstrosi 1999: Леви-Стросс К., Первобытное мышление, М. 1999.

meletinski 1976: Мелетинский Е.М., Происхождение героического эпоса, М.1963.

oniani 1969: oniani j., svanuri muryvamoba-kviriaoba, `macne~,

1969, #3.

poezia 1972: qarTuli xalxuri poezia, 1, Tb. 1972.

propi 1916: В. Пропп, Исторические корни волшебной сказки, М. 1916.

canava 2001: canava r., miTis, ritualisa da magiis urTierTmimar-

TebisaTvis, kreb. `ena da kultura~, #2, Tb.2001.

Selocvebi 1994: qarTuli xalxuri Selocvebi, krebuli Seadgina

da SeniSvnebiBdaurTo T.SioSvilma, Tb.1994.

zolotarevi 1964: Золотарев А.М., Родовой строй и первобытная мифология, М.1964.

tokarevi 1962: Токарев С.А., Что такое мифология? Сб: Вопросы истории, религии и атеизма, Т 10, М.1962

tolstovi 1948: Толстов С.П., древний Хорезм, М.1948. nekludovi 1975: Неклюдов С.Ю., Статические и динамические

начала в пространственно-временной организации повес-твовательного фолъклора, СБ: Типологические исследо-вания по фольклору, М.1975.

Semoklebani:

bskifa _ baTumis samecniero kvleviTi institutis folkloruli

arqivi;

asmxf _ aWaris saxelmwifo muzeumis xelnawerTa fondi.

*basilas ritualuri kveri, wyaro: bardaveliZe 1953: 113.

daviT TinikaSvili

wylis semiotika religiebSi

Cveni mokrZalebuli mcdeloba iqneba wyalTan dakavSirebuli niSnebis, simbolo-

ebis gaanalizeba sxvadasxva religiuri tradiciebidan. msoflios miTologiuri sistemebisa da religiebis umravlesoba kosmosis Seqmnamde wylis, e.w. `usaxuri~ okeanis arsebobaze miuTiTebs (rogorc cnobilia, berZnuli filosofia `kosmoss~ uwodebs mowesrigebul samyaros `qaosis~ sapirispirod).

qristianuli swavlebis mixedviTac, samyaroSi yvela stiqiis Seqmnamde swored wyali iqmneba. bibliis pirvelive wignis pirvelive muxlebSi vkiTxulobT: `qveyana iyo uxilavi da gaumzadebeli da bneli iyo ufskrulze, da suli RvTisa mimoiqceoda wyalze~ (bibl./xar., 2004: dab. 1:2). sapat-riarqos mier gamocemul TargmanSi am muxls Semdegi saxe aqvs: `miwa iyo usaxo da udaburi, bneli ido ufskrulze da suli RvTisa iZvroda wylebs zemoT~ (bibl./sa-

pat., 1989: dab. 1:2). saqarTvelos bibliuri sazogadoebis mier gamocemul TargmanSi ki igi Semdegnairad ikiTxeba: `da miwa iyo usa-xur-udaburi, da iyo bneli ufskrulis pirze. da suli RvTisa iZvroda wylis pir-ze~ (bibl./saz., 2001: dab. 1:2).

amrigad, bibliuri swavlebis mixed-viT, is masala, romliTac Semdgom samyaro warmoiSveba, iyo gamdnar, siTxismagvar mdgomareobaSi. `da suli RvTisa mimoiqceo-da wyalze~. am sityvebis ganmartebisas

Teologiis magistri. 2010 wlidan miwveuli leqto-

ris statusiT aswavlis sagans „msoflio religie-

bi` grigol robaqiZisa da ilias saxelmwifo univer-sitetebSi. avtoria naSro-misa: Sesaqmis ganmarteba eklesiis mamaTa mixedviT (2004); mTavari redaqto-ri krebulisa: „aRmosav-

lur-dasavluri qristia-noba` (2009). 2010 wlis oqtombridan xelnawerTa erovnuli centris k. keke-liZis saxelobis stipen-dianti. interesTa sfero: Teologia, religiaTmcod-

neoba.


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qristianuli eklesiis TiTqmis yvela Zveli egzegeti erTi azrisaa: maT miaCniaT, rom aq saubaria wm. samebis mesame hipostasze _ suliw-

minda RmerTze. magram aqve unda aRiniSnos isic, rom gansxvavebuli azrisaa ioane oqropiri. igi wers: `ras niSnavs sityvebi `suli RvTi-sa mimoiqceoda wyalze~? Cemi azriT, niSnavs imas, rom wylisTvis da-maxasiaTebeli iyo erTgvari sasicocxlo moqmedeba da rom es iyo ara mdgomare da uZravi wyali, aramed moZravi da garkveuli sasicocxlo Zalis mqone~ (Златоуст, 1993: 3.1).

unda aRiniSnos, rom am muxlis komentirebisas profesori aleq-

sandre lopuxini cdeba, rodesac efrem asurs im egzegetTa ricxvs ganakuTvnebs (tertuliane, Teodorite kvireli da sxva), romelTa azriTac aq Cveulebrivi qari igulisxmeba, romelic RmerTma moavli-

na miwis gasaSrobad (Лопухин, 1989: 67). sinamdvileSi efrem asuri wers: `...mama RmerTma warmoTqva, Ze RmerTma Seqmna; saWiro iyo, rom suli wminda RmerTsac aResrulebina Tavisi saqme, da es gamoxata man Tavisi wyalze moZraobiT... amiT igi ganaTbobda da nayofis gamoRebis unars aZlevda wyals, msgavsad Citisa, romelic gaSlili frTebiT zis kvercxebze da Tavisi siTboTi anayofierebs maT~ (Ефрем, 1999: 285).

aq SeiZleba gaCndes azri, rom SesaZloa es gviandeli interpo-lacia iyos efremis naSromSi da profesor lopuxinsac amitom aRar mohyavs misi es Sexeduleba. magram es, rogorc Cans, gamoricxulia, radgan efrem asuris (IV s.) am Sexedulebas iziarebda da citirebda misi Tanamedrove basili didic. basili wers: `...rogor mimoiqceoda igi wyalze? gauwyeb ara Cems azrs, aramed asureli kacisa... igi ambob-da, rom siriuli ena ufro gamomsaxvelia da ebraulTan naTesaobis gamo wm. werilis Sinaarss ufro uaxlovdeba. rogorc igi ambobs TargmanSi sityva `iqceoda~, sityva `ganatfobdas~ nacvladaa gamoye-nebuli. ganatfobda, anu ganacxovelebda wylis bunebas, msgavsad kvercxismCekeli qaTmisa, romelic raRac sasicocxlo Zalas aZlevs gantfobilTa... ase rom, SesaqmeSi monawileobis gareSe ar darCenila suli RvTisa, romelic suli wmindas ewodeba~ (basili, 2000: 2.6).

amrigad, wyali miCneulia qveynierebis sawyisad, sicocxlis mom-niWeblad. wyals ara aqvs konkretuli forma. Tavisi bunebrivi mdgo-mareobiT igi mudmivad usaxuria. wylis wveTs SeiZleba hqondes gar-kveuli forma, magram roca igi uerTdeba wylis masas, kargavs Tavis formas, ase vTqvaT sakuTar «identobas»: wveTi, rogorc aseTi, aRar arsebobs, magram igi ganagrZobs Tavis arsebobas okeaneSi, rogorc mi-si nawili. amgvari usaxurobis, stiqiurobisa da aramdgradobis gamo es substancia ara mxolod sococxlesTan SeiZleba iyos asocirebu-li, aramed qaosTan, ngrevasTan, sikvdilTanac ki. TviT samyaros Seq-

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mnis dasawyisSi ki xiluli samyarosTvis misi moqmedeba sasargeblo xdeba mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, roca adgili aqvs misi masStabebis gar-kveul optimizacias. bibliuri kosmologiis mixedviT, es SeimCneva mesame dRes, roca sicocxlisaTvis aucilebeli garemo iqmneba, rac gamoixateba wylisa da miwis harmonizaciaSi. swored amis Semdgom warmoiSvebian cocxali arsebebi dedamiwaze. Tumca aq mainc unda aRi-niSnos, rom biologiuri sicocxlis wyarod mainc wyali gvevlineba. biblia gvauwyebs RvTis sityvas, romelic ambobs: «gamoiRos (anu warmoSvas, d.T.) wylebma qvewarmavlebi...» (bibl./xar.: dab. 1:20).1 am-rigad, wyali ara mxolod garemoa axlad warmoqmnili arsebebisTvis, aramed is monawileobs qmnadobis procesSi.

wylis simbolikac sakmaod mdidaria qristianobaSi. `wyali cxo-velsmyofeli~ _ am gavrcelebuli gamoTqmiT bibliasa Tu qristia-nul literaturaSi xSirad vxvdebiT im wyals, romelic RvTaebrivi energiis matarebelia, maradiuli sicocxlis momniWebelia. qriste WasTan misul samaritel qals Semdegi sityvebiT mimarTavs: «yvela, vinc am wyals svams, kvlav moswyurdeba. xolo vinc im wylisgan Ses-vams, romelsac me mivcem, arasdros moswyurdeba...» (ioane 4:13-14). sxva adgilas qriste ambobs: «visac Cemi swams... misi wiaRidan idineben cocxali wylis mdinareebi» (ioane 7:38). Tavis mistikur apokalip-

sSi ioane mociqulic wers, rom angelozma mas uCvena «sicocxlis wylis mdinare, broliviT kriala, romelic RvTis taxtidan moedine-boda» (apok. 22:1). Zvel aRTqmaSi wylis simbolos aqtiurad iyenebs aseve ebraeli ezekiel winaswarmetyveli, roca makurnebel wyalze saubrobs (ezek. 47:1-12). wylis destruqciulobis simbolos ukav-Sirdeba aseve bibliis ukanasknel wignSi _ apokalipsSi, _ naxsenebi mxecic, romelic zRvidan amodis, Tumca imave apokalifsSi wylis po-zitiur simbolosac vxvdebiT: zeciuri ierusalimi, anu samoTxe, mdidaria «sicocxlis wylis mdinareebiT». aRsaniSnavia, rom yuranic saubrobs simbolurad samoTxis mdinareebze.

simbolikasTan erTad wminda wylebis meSveobiT gankurnebis praqtikac inarCunebs Tavis mniSvnelobas qristianobis ganviTarebas-Tan erTad. qristianTa Rrma rwmeniT, wminda adgilebSi mTisa Tu ga-moqvabulis wyaroebs makurnebeli Tvisebebi aqvs (saqarTvelos reli-

giur sinamdvileSi amgvari adgilebi arsebobs daviT garejis, wm. ni-nos, mcxeTis jvris da sxva monastrebSic). cnobili religiaTmcod-

1 bibliis danarCen qarTul TargmanebSi arcTu ise adekvaturi sityvebiT aris gadmocemuli es azri: «aivsos wyali cocxali arsebebiT...» (bibl./saz.) «afuTfuTdes wyalSi suldgmuli» (bibl./sapat.).


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nis, mirCa eliades mixedviT, qristianul SuasaukuneebSi wylis kul-

ti sakmaod gavrcelebuli iyo, romlis aRmofxvrasac eklesia unayo-fod cdilobda. am kultis winaaRmdeg eklesiis «reaqcia daiwyo me-4 saukuneSi wminda kirile ierusalimelis gamosvliT (Catech. 19.8)» (Мирча, 1999: $67). xsenebuli avtori gakvriTUixseniebs agreTve sxvadasxva adgilobrivi saeklesio krebis akrZalvebs, samoZRvro we-rilebsa Tu «sxva teqstebs», romlebsac uSualod ar citirebs da arc maT zust bibliografiul cnobebs uTiTebs garda kirile irusa-limelis naxsenebi (me-19) sityvisa.

samwuxarod, prof. mirCa eliades SeumCneveli rCeba Semdegi ga-remoeba: Tuki yuradRebiT wavikiTxavT kiriles aRniSnul sityvas, es ara imdenad ierusalimeli arqiepiskoposis `gamosvla~ iyo eklesiis wiaRSi gamefebuli wylis kultis winaaRmdeg, aramed igi am sityvaSi mxolod afrTxilebs qristianebs, rom Tavi daicvan iseTi warmarTu-li religiuri wes-Cveulebebisgan, rogoricaa `sakerpeebSi locva~, `jadoqroba~, `mkiTxaoba~ da maT Soris `wyaroebisa da mdinareebis winaSe kmeva da lamprebis danTeba (lighting of lamps)» (Кирилл, 1991: 19.8).2 aseT adamianebs kirile eSmakTa mier cdunebulebs uwodebs.

axali aRTqmis eklesiaSi, anu qristianul religiur cxovreba-Si, aseve mniSvnelovani adgili uWiravs nakurTxi wylis fenomens. rogorc es eqsperimentuladac dasturdeba Sesabamisi dargis specia-listTa mier, wyali sakmaod didi moculobis informaciis damtevi da saimedod Semnaxvelia. es informacia ki SeiZleba iyos rogorc uaryofiTi, aseve dadebiTi.

sainteresoa imave kirile ierusalimelis sityvebi, romelic im mizezze saubrobs, Tu ratom ukavia dominanturi adgili wyals qris-tianul simbolikasa da religiur praqtikaSi. igi wers «...Tu vinmes surs Seityos, ratom iZleva RmerTi madls swored wylis da ara sxva romelime stiqiis daxmarebiT, amis pasuxs wminda werilSi ipovis. wyali raRac gansakuTrebuli da saukeTesoa samyaros oTx xilul stiqiaTa Soris (...) eqvsdRiani Sesaqmis dros yovelgvari qmnilebis warmoSobamde RvTis suli swored wyalze moZraobda. samyaros da-sawyisi _ wyalia, saxarebis dasawyisi ki _ iordanis mdinare. farao-nisgan israelis ganTavisufleba ganxorcielda zRvis meSveobiT da

2 inglisur TargmanSi kiriles homiliebs saerTo numeracia aqvs. Tuki ru-sulSi sul 18 «sityvaa», inglisur gamocemaSi aRniSnuli sityvis nomeria `19~. mirCac saerTo numeraciis mixedviT uTiTebs am homilias. ix. Cyril of Jerusalem. Catechetical Lecture 19.8 (First Lecture on the Mysteries) // http://www.trueorthodoxy.info/cat_stcyril_jer_cat_19_Mysteries_1.shtml

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samyaros codvaTagan ganTavisufleba aResruleba wylisa da RvTis sityvis meSveobiT (aq, rogorc Cans, kirile gulisxmobs naTlobis saidumlos, d.T.). yvelgan sadac RmerTi Tavis aRTqmas debs, iqve gvev-lineba wyalic. noesTan man aRTqma warRvnis Semdeg dado. elias amaR-lebac ar momxdara wylis gareSe, radgan Tavdapirvelad igi mdinare-Si gadis da Semdeg maRldeba zecad. mRvdelmTavaric Tavdapirvelad ganibaneba da Semdeg iwyebs msaxurebas. aaronic jer ganibana, Semdegac iqna dadgenili mRvdelmTavrad...» (Кирилл, 1991: 3.2). samwuxarod, mirCa eliade arsad citirebs kiriles am brwyinvale sityvebs Tavisi Sromebis wylis qristianuli simbolikisadmi miZRvnil TavebSi. qristianuli eklesiis erTaderTi moRvawe, romlis naSromebidanac igi citirebs naTlobisa da wylis simbolizmTan dakavSirebul sit-yvebs _ ioane oqropiria (Мирча, 1999: $65).

qristianul eklesiaSi «saidumlo» (laT. «sakramentum») ewo-deba ritualur moqmedebas, romlis meSveobiTac adamiani RvTis madls (energias) iRebs. am saidumloTa materialur formebs mxolod damxmare mniSvneloba aqvs. magaliTad, naTlobis wyali uflis qmede-bis gamomxatvelia, romelic adamians wmends da asufTavebs sulieri WuWyisgan. naTloba erTgvari simboloa axali adamianis Sobisa, rad-gan «rogorc Cvili ibadeba wyliT savse dedis muclidan, aseve naT-lobis wylidan amosuli adamiani ibadeba xelmeored, anu sulierad» (Gavin, 2004: 265). berZnuli sityva baptisma, romelic xSirad sxva-dasxva enaze iTargmneba rogorc `naTloba~, sityvasityviT niSnavs `daflvas~, wyalSi daflvas.

arsebobs aseve kidev erTi wesi wylis simbolosTan da eklesiaSi mis praqtikul gamoyenebasTan dakavSirebiT, romelic romis kaToli-

kur eklesiaSi arsebobs. morwmuneni taZarSi Sesvlisas marjvena xe-lis TiTebs specialur TasSi Casxmul nakurTx wyalSi hyofen da pirjvars gamoisaxaven. religiur suvenirad iTvleba agreTve sxva-dasxva wminda adgilebidan momlocvelTa mier Camotanili e.w. wminda wyalic (Renard, 2002: 148-9). aseve RvTismsaxurebis dros kaToli-

kuri eklesiis msaxurni ceremonialurad ibanen xelebs. aqve aRsaniS-navia fexTbanvis rituali, romelic qristes magaliTis mixedviT, aR-dgomis dResaswaulamde ramdenime dRiT adre, did xuTSabaTs aRes-ruleba.

mniSvnelovani movlenebis (RvTismsaxureba, qorwili da sxva) win wyalSi ganbanvis ritualis aRsrulebis sakmaod mtkice tradi-cia arsebobs agreTve iudaizmSic (rogorc amas qvemoTac vnaxavT) da iaponur sintoistur religiaSic, romlis `sasuliero pirebi RvTismsaxurebis win ganbanvis rituals mimarTaven~ (Ellwood, 2007: 474). am rituals ara mxolod sasuliero pirebi aRasruleben, ara-


129

med rigiTi morwmunenic taZarSi Sesvlis win. amitom iaponiaSi, yo-vel sintoistur taZarTan aris xelebis dasabani wylis avzi. sinto-izmSi wyals calke RvTaebac ki hyavs, romlis saxelia suijini. igi aRiqmeba wyaroebis, mdinareebisa da tbebis damcvelad, `radgan wyali ganwmendisa da sicocxlis mamoZravebel umTavres saSualebas warmo-adgens~ (Renard, 2002: 491).

analogiuri tradicia islamSic gvxvdeba. yovel meCeTSi auci-leblad unda iyos gamavali wyali ganbanvisTvis: «locvis win dadge-nilia ganwmendis ritualis Sesruleba. erTmaneTisgan ganarCeven Si-nagan da garegan ganwmendas. Sinagani ganwmenda aResruleba sinanu-liT, mowyalebis gacemiT, marxviT da zogadad, RvTismoSiSi cxovre-biT, garegani ganwmenda ki gulisxmobs pirisaxisa da xelebis dabanas. SariaTis Tanaxmad, ganbanva unda Sesruldes wyliT, magram Tu amis saSualeba ar aris, amis gakeTeba nebadarTulia sufTa qviSiTac an spe-cialuri qviT» (Tin./jaSi, 2010: Tavi 3.1.b). Tumca imis gaTvaliswine-

biT, rom islami udabnos klimatis pirobebSi warmoiSva, am wesidan sxva ufro saintereso gamonaklisicaa daSvebuli, rac imaSi gamoixa-teba, rom «muslims SeuZlia meCeTSi Sesvlisas ubralod ganbanvis-Tvis damaxasiaTebeli moZraobebi (motions of washing) Seasrulos xe-lebiT da amiT aRasrulos es wesi» (Ellwood, 2007: 405).

saWiroa aseve vaxsenoT iseTi iudaisturi Sesityveba, rogori-caa `ritualuri siwminde~ da `ritualuri uwmindureba~. am gansaz-RvrebiT aRiniSneba iudaizmSi gavrcelebuli Sexeduleba, romlis mixedviTac adamianis organizmidan gamoyofil zogierT nivTierebas, aseve avadmyofobas da cxovelebTan Sexebas, SeuZlia adamiani uwmin-durebis mdgomareobaSi moiyvanos. am dros adamians ekrZaleboda ta-ZarTan miaxloebac ki. magram adamianis ritualuri siwmindis mdgoma-reobaSi dabruneba SeeZlo sxvadasxva ganmwmend rituals (karantini, Tmis SeWra, tansacmlis recxva), romelTa Soris mniSvnelovani adgi-li eWira wylis sxurebasa da wyalSi ritualur STaflvas, ris Sem-degac mas ufleba hqonda monawileoba mieRo normalur ojaxur Tu sataZro cxovrebaSi (Шиффман, 2002: 247).

msgavs iudaistur ganwmendaze saubrobs pilkingtonic. misi dak-virvebiT, Tanamedrove iudaizmSic ki izrdeba im qalTa ricxvi, romle-

bic yovel Tve wyliT ganwmendis rituals aRasruleben. es aqti ukav-Sirdeba qalis bunebrivi ciklisa da Svilis gaCenis Semdgom periods, aseve qorwinebis wina dRes. am ritualuri ganwmendisTvis aucilebe-

lia, rom wyali bunebrivi warmoSobis iyos, anu aRebul iqnes mdinaris, wyaros, tbis, zRvis an wvimis wylebidan. qalTa umravlesoba am ritua-lisTvis specialur avzebs iyenebs, sadac garkveuli proporciiT wvi-mis wyalic aris gazavebuli. msgavsi rituali aResruleboda `iudaiz-

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mis istoriis yvela etapze da ara mxolod qalebis mier. mravali iude-veli mamakacic aRasrulebda am rituals SabaTisa da sxva religiuri dResaswaulebis wina dRes~ (Пилкингтон, 2002: 92).

iudaizmSi arsebobda agreTve sakvebis miRebis win xelebis gan-banvis sakmaod mkacri wesi, romelic ganuxrelad unda daecva yvela marTlmorwmune iudevels. swored am wesTan dakavSirebiT vxvdebiT Cven axal aRTqmaSi mcire incidents. ierusalimeli farisevlebi da mwignobrebi midian iesosTan da ekiTxebian: «ratom arRveven Seni mo-wafeebi uxucesTa Cveulebas? radgan xels ar ibanen Wamis win» (mT. 15:2). am SekiTxvaze iesos pasuxis erTi nawili ki Semdegnairad JRer-da: «adamians bilwavs ara pirSi Semavali, aramed is, rac piridan gamo-dis» (mT. 15:11).

wylis simbolo gamoiyeneba agreTve iudaistur literatura-

Sic. magaliTad, TalmudSi vkiTxulobT: «rabi xanina ben idim erTxel Tqva: ratom emsgavseba Toris sityva wyals, rogorc weria: «mwyur-valno, yvelani modiT wylebTan» (isaia 55:1)? es imitom, rom rogorc wyali tovebs maRal adgilebs da dablobisken miedineba, ise Toris sityva Sordeba ampartavanT da miiwevs Tavmdabali adamianebisken» (Пилкингтон, 2002: 46).

wylis TvisebebTan marjve Sedarebas vawydebiT aseve konfucia-nur moZRvrebaSi: `...adamianis buneba hgavs wylis dinebas. wyali swo-red iqiT miedineba, saiTac arxia gaWrili. wylis msgavsad, adamianis bunebac ise aRizrdeba, saiTac iqneba mimarTuli misi aRzrda. es ki imas niSnavs, rom adamianis buneba TavisTavad arc keTilia da arc bo-roti, aramed mTlianad damokidebulia garegan faqtorebze, romle-

bic mis formirebaze axdenen zegavlenas» (Taylor, 2004: 109). wylis simbolosTan Sedarebebi gamoiyeneba Zen-budistur moZ-

RvrebaSic. magaliTad, erT-erT Zvel budistur teqstSi vkiTxu-lobT, `tbis gamWirvale wyali hgavs im adamianis cnobierebas, ro-melmac miaRwia gasxivosnebas (...) msgavsad imisa, rogorc wyaros wya-li uerTdeba tbas, aseve adamianis suli moipovebs simSvides bunebas-Tan SerwymiT~ (Дюмулен, 2003: 202).

sxvaTa Soris, budizmSi arsebobs TxuTmetamde paraleli saxa-rebiseul epizodebTan. am paralelebze saubrobs edvard tomasi Ta-vis naSromSi. maTgan erT-erTi saintereso SemTxveva ukavSirdeba pet-re mociqulis wyalze siarulis msgavs movlenas (mT. 14:28) budiz-mSi. 190-e jatakaSi moTxrobilia, Tu rogor gaiara wylis zedapirze meditaciaSi myofma budas erTma mowafem, Tumca mdinaris Sua nawilSi talRebis danaxvisTanave `Semcirda misi sixaruli, romelsac medi-taciaSi yofnis dros ganicdida da wyalSi CaZirva daiwyo. magram ga-namtkica ra meditacia, kvlav ganagrZo wyalze siaruli, gadavida me-


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ore napirze, miesalma moZRvars da masTan erTad dajda~ (Томас, 2003: 153).

CineTis sinkretul religiur tradiciaSi arsebobs wylis mmar-Tveli drakonebi, romlebic pasuxismgebelni iyvnen qveyanaSi wylis reJimze, gvalvebsa da wyaldidobebze. religiaTmcodne vasilievis Tanaxmad, «drakoni CineTSi yovelTvis iTvleboda ara mxolod wylis mmarTvelad, aramed wminda cxovelad, garkveulwilad CineTis impe-ratorisa da zogadad, CineTis simbolod» (Васильев, 1998: 203). Ci-neTSi drakoni, _ wylis simbolo, _ yovelTvis iyo Semosili zeciu-ri ZalauflebiT. wylis gamanayofierebeli es mistikuri Zala kon-cetrirebuli iyo RrublebSi, zeciur samyaroSi.

ra mdgomareobaa am mxriv berZnul samyaroSi? hyavs Tu ara masac wyalTan dakavSirebuli RvTaeba an SeiniSneba Tu ara masSi wylis rai-megvari kulti? mdinareTa kultze homerosi mogviTxrobs, romleb-

Sic troelebi cocxal cxovelebs hyridnen. aseve tradiciulad cxe-nebsa da xarebs msxverplad swiravdnen poseidonsa da wylis sxva RvTaebebs. mirCa eliades Tanaxmad, „sxva indoevropeli erebic swi-ravdnen msxverpls mdinareebs, magaliTad, frankebi, germanelebi, slavebi da sxvebi` (Мирча, 1999: $68).

uZvelesi induri msoflSegrZnebis mixedviTac, wyali yofiere-bis sawyisia da rogorc samyaros Seqmnamde arsebobda Tvaluwvdene-

li wyali, aseve wyali dafaravs yovelives kosmiuri ciklis dasas-ruls. induizmis panTeonSi RvTaeba varuna xdeba jer wvimis, Semdeg ki okeanis RmerTi. induistur da vedur miTologiaSi cnobili cec-xlis RmerTi _ agnic wyalSia dabadebuli. erT-erTi versiiT es RvTa-eba imaleba wyalSi `wyevlis ra Tevzebsa da bayayebs~ (Мирча, 2002a: 61). aseve wyalTan aris dakavSirebuli mTavari induisturi RvTaebis _ brahmasa da am samyaros Seqmna. miTis Tanaxmad, pirvelyofil wyleb-

Si Cndeba oqros kvercxi, am kvercxSi ki brahma. Semdeg brahma sakuTa-ri ZaliT hyofs or nawilad kvercxs, ris Sedegadac warmoiSveba ca da miwa. Semdeg brahma qmnis atmosferos, sawyis elementebs, rangiT masze dabla mdgom RvTaebebs, dros, planetebs, mdinareebs, adamia-nebs, cxovelebs (Васильев, 1998: 141).

mniSvnelovani adgili uWiravs agreTve wylis simbolos indus-Ta religiur praqtikaSic. erT-erT wminda adgilad, romlebsac in-dusi piligrimebi regularulad moilocaven, aRiarebulia RvTaeba indras Svilis amqveynad movlinebis adgili, sadac 12 weliwadSi er-Txel gansakuTrebuli sadResaswaulo ritualebi aResruleba. aq mi-lionobiT piligrimi Camodis da wminda mdinared miCneuli gangis wyalSi Cadis sulieri ganbanvis niSnad. mdinare gangze fantaven ag-reTve gardacvlil axlobelTa gvamebis kremaciis Sedegad darCenil

daviT TinikaSvili

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ferfls. saerTod indusebi `aRiareben Svid wminda mdinares: gangi, iamuna, sarasvati, narmada, qauveri da godavari, romelTagan yvelaze wmindad mainc gangi iTvleba, radgan mis napirebze indusTaTvis Zvir-fasi uamravi siwminde inaxeba~ (Park, 2005: 451).

religiebsa da miTebSi wylis semantikaze msjelobisas ar SeiZ-leba yuradRebis miRma darCes miTi sayovelTao warRvnis Sesaxeb. am sakiTxTan dakavSirebuli bibliuri istoria, rogorc Cans, nawilia warRvnis miTebis ufro farTo da Zveli tradiciisa. Sumeruli tra-diciiT noes prototipi gaxldaT _ ziusudra, xolo aqaduri tradi-ciis Tanaxmad mas erqva _ utnapiSti. warRvnis Temas vawydebiT aseve gilgameSis eposSic, romelmac saboloo forma Zv. w. 2000 wlisTvis miiRo3. warRvnis gilgameSiseuli versia sakmaod axlos dgas bibli-

ur TxrobasTan. berZnuli miTologiac icnobs `adamianTa borotebiT gamowveul

warRvnis miTs. zevsi qveynierebis gasanadgureblad adamianebs wyal-

didobas ugzavnis~ (Ellwood, 2007: 152). msgavsi miTebi arsebobs in-doeTSic da TiTqmis yvela xalxis religiur Tu miTologiur teq-stebSi, Tumca aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom msgavsi miTebi `Zalzed iSvia-Tad gvxvdeba afrikaSi~ (mirCa, 2009: 50).

warRvnasTan dakavSirebuli miTebis sakmaod mraval variantSi RmerTebis mier adamianebis ganadgurebis mizezi adamianebis codvebi iyo. zogjer mizezad gvevlineba RvTaebaTa survili kacobriobis ga-nadgurebisa. Suamdinarul tradiciidan wamosul miTebSi Znelia warRvnis mizezis dadgena. sxva tradiciiT, RmerTebis risxva gamow-veul iqna adamianebis mier warmoqmnili autaneli xmauriT. Tumca mi-Tebis umravlesoba warRvnis movlenis mizezad mainc adamianebis cod-vebs asaxelebs.

aris Tu ara warRvna realuri istoriuli faqti? elvudis re-daqtorobiT gamocemul `msoflio religiaTa enciklopediaSi~ am sa-kiTxTan dakavSirebiT vkiTxulobT: `zogierTi adamiani (some people) waRvnis miTs istoriad aRiqvams, sxvebis azriT ki es ambavi SeTxzu-lia garkveuli religiuri mesijebis gadmosacemad... zogierTi mecni-erisTvis, magaliTad, mirCa eliadesTvis, warRvnasTan dakavSirebuli ambebi universaluri miTologiuri modelis nawilia~ (Ellwood, 2007: 153).

mirCa eliade marTlac am Tvalsazrisis momxre gaxldaT. gavec-

3 arsebobs am Zeglis uSualod originalidan Sesrulebuli qarTuli Tar-gmanic: gilgameSiani. Zveli Suamdinaruli eposi. aqaduridan da Sumeruli-

dan Targmna zurab kiknaZem. Tb., 2009.


133

noT uSualod mecnieris sityvebs am sakiTxze, romlebic, samwuxa-rod, ar aris citirebuli xsenebul enciklopediaSi da misi Tval-

sazrisi zogadi perifraziT aris gadmocemuli, rac mkiTxvelisTvis SeiZleba mTlad gasagebi ar aRmoCndes. Tavis fundamentur samtome-ulSi `rwmenisa da religiuri ideebis istoria~ mecnieri wers: `sa-risko iqneboda ase Zalian gavrcelebuli miTi agvexsna im fenomeniT, romelTa geologiuri kvali ar aris aRmoCenili~ (Мирча, 2002b: $18).

samwuxarod, dasaxelebul enciklopediaSi warmodgenili sta-tia sruliad ar aris dawerili enciklopediisTvis damaxasiaTebeli stiliT, romelSic ar unda iyos warmodgenili mxolod erTi Tval-

sazrisi. aq kargavs yovelgvar mniSvnelobas is garemoeba, Tu romeli Tvalsazrisia ufro metad damajerebeli: enciklopediaSi warmodge-nili unda iyos yvela mniSvnelovani Sexeduleba, ori an meti. am sa-kiTxTan dakavSirebiT ki namdvilad arsebobs gansxvavebuli Tvalsaz-

risi, romlebsac sxva mkvlevrebi gamoTqvamen. magaliTad, istoriko-si vasilevi am sakiTxze wers: `is, rom msgavsi katastrofuli wyal-

didoba realur faqts warmoadgens, amaze mowmobs ingliseli arqeo-logis l. vulis gaTxrebi 20-30-ian wlebSi, romlis drosac aRmoCe-nil iqna Slamis mravalmetriani fena, romelic erTmaneTisgan hyofda qalaqis uZveles da mogviano kulturul danaSrevebs~ (Васильев, 1998: 35).

daskvna

amrigad, rogorc zemoT mimoxiluli religiuri tradiciebidan da miTologiidan irkveva, wyali SeiZleba warmogvidges orsaxovani ianusiviT, romelic SeiZleba iyos rogorc destruqciuli, ise sasi-cocxlo mniSvnelobis matarebeli. miuxedavad amisa, wyali mainc si-cocxlis mTavar wyarod gvevlineba ara mxolod simbolur, aramed biologiur donezec: adamianis sxeulis 70% xom swored wylisgan Sedgeba.

literatura

1. basili, 2000: basili didi. `eqvsTa dReTaTvis~ (homiliebi). Tar-gmani Zveli berZnulidan // saqarTvelos eklesiis kalen-

dari. Tb., 2000. 2. bibl./saz., 2001: biblia. Zveli da axali aRTqmis wignebi. Tb., sa-

qarTvelos bibliuri sazogadoeba, 2001. 3. bibl./sapat., 1989: biblia. saqarTvelos sapatriarqo, 1989.

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4. bibl./xar., 2004: am pirobiTi niSniT vixseniebT 1990 wels Tbi-lisis sasuliero akademiaSi Camoyalibebuli mTar-

gmnelTa jgufis (a. xaranaulis xelmZRvanelobiT) mier ganxorcielebuli bibliis ramdenime wignis axlebur Targmans. maT mier Targmnili bibliis pirveli wignis teqsti, romelsac aq viyenebT, gamoqveynebulia gagrZe-lebebiT JurnalSi `rwmena da codna~ (2002-2003), aseve calke broSuris saxiT (wigni Seqmnisa, saqarTvelos sa-patriarqo 2006).

5. Tin./jaSi, 2010: TinikaSvili daviT, jaSi zurab. msoflio reli-

giebi. saxelmZRvanelo ufrosklaselTaTvis. Tb., mSvi-dobis, demokratiisa da ganviTarebis kavkasiuri insti-tuti, 2010.

6. mirCa, 2009: eliade, mirCa. miTis aspeqtebi. Tb., ilias saxelmwi-

fo universiteti, 2009. 7. Васильев, 1998: Васьилев Л. С. История Религии Востока. М., 1998 8. Дюмулен, 2003: Дюмулен, Генрих. История дзэн-буддизма. Пер. с

англ. M., 2003. 9. Ефрем, 1999: Ефрем Сирин. Толкование на книгу Бытия //

Восточные Отцы и Учители Церкви IV Века, М., 1999, том III.

10. Златоуст, 1993: Иоанн Златоуст, Беседы на книгу Бытия, М., 1993. 11. Кирилл, 1991: Кирилл Иерусалимский. Поучения Огласительные и

Тайноводственные. М., 1991. 12. Лопухин, 1989: А. П. Лопухин. Толковая Библия. М., 1989, том I. 13. Мирча, 1999: Элиаде, Мирча. Очерки Сравнительного

Религиоведения. Пер. с анг., М.: Ладомир, 1999. 14. Мирча, 2002a: Элиаде, Мирча. Оккультизм, колдовство и моды в

культуре. Пер. с англ. К.: «София»; М.: ИД «Гелиос», 2002. 15. Мирча, 2002b: Элиаде, Мирча. История веры и религиозных идей.

(В 3 т.), т. 1: От каменного века до Элевсинских мистерий. Перев, с фр. 2-е изд., исправл. М., Критерион, 2002.

16. Пилкингтон, 2002: Пилкингтон, С. Иудаизм. М., 2002. 17. Томас, 2003: Томас, Эдвард. Будда. История и Легенды, М., 2003. 18. Шиффман, 2002: Шиффман, Л. От Текста к Традиции. История

Иудаизма в Эпоху Второго Храма и Период Мишны и Талмуда. М., Bibliotheca Judaica, 2002.

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Detroit, Visible Ink Press, 2002. 23. Taylor, 2004: Taylor, Rodney. Confucianism. Philadelphia, Chelsea

House Publishers, 2004.

zurab kiknaZe

zRva da xmeleTi qarTul

miTosSi

saqarTvelos istorias, Tumca qveyanas cali fexi zRvaSi edga (am sikoWles gamoxa-tavs istoriuli formula `nikofsiidan da-rubandamde~), ar axsovs raime mniSvnelovani urTierToba zRvasTan da, miTumetes, saz-Rvao brZolebi. karl Smitis naTqvami zoga-dad adamianze SeiZleba gavimeorT qarTuli sinamdvilis mimarT, rom qarTveli adamiani xmeleTis arsebaa, miwaze mosiarulea. igi dgas da gadaadgildeba dedamiwis myar zeda-pirze. es aris misi pozicia da misi niadagi... da, rac mniSvnelovania, es gansazRvravs mis STabeWdilebebs da msoflaRqmas [Smiti 2010:46]. mTa da bari _ ai, es aris saqarTve-loSi mosaxle adamianis asparezi, da, ra Tqma unda, xevebi da xeobebi, da mdinareebi, Tumca ver davadasturebT, rom odesme Tun-dac mdinareebs raime gadamwyveti sameurneo an strategiuli mniSvneloba hqonodeT qvey-nis istoriaSi. wyaluxvi da mborgavi mdina-reebi (rioni, enguri...) nakleb xelsayreli iyo sanaosnod, mxolod mTebSi moWrili da tivebad Sekruli xeebis transportirebis-Tvis Tu gamodgeboda. mdinareTa qseli ara-sodes gamxdara saxelmwifo-sameurneo po-litikis mniSvnelovani nawili, gansxvavebiT potamuri epoqis tigrosisa da evfratis au-zisa, romlis arxebiT qselze iyo damyarebu-li qveynis keTildReoba da siuxve, rom ara-feri vTqvaT civilizaciaze, romlis saxe garkveulwilad am orma mdinarem ganapiroba. arc am regionisTvisac ar uTamaSnia raime


fo universitetis profe-sori. ZiriTadi naSromebi: Su-amdinaruli miTologia; qarTuli miTologia I, jvari da saymo; Zveli aR-Tqmis wuTisofeli; moses xuTwigneulis Targmaneba. interesTa sfero: qar-

Tuli folklori, mwer-

loba, miTologia; qristi-anuli Teologia; Zveli aRTqma; asiriologia, semi-tologia.

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roli Soreul zRvas, romlis siSorem, SesaZloa, ganapiroba aq dasax-lebuli xalxebis moTopoeturi xedva zRvis mimarT. tipologiuri TvalsazrisiT aRsaniSnavia, rom im xalxebis miTosSi, romelTa same-urneo da samxedro saqmianoba ar iyo dakavSirebuli zRvasTan, zRva maT warmodgenebSi monawileobs rogorc xmeleTs totalurad dapi-rispirebuli stiqia, qaosis saxe, romelic zRvaur urCxulebSia ganpi-rovnebuli. maTTvis zRva is zRvaria, romlis miRma adamianis, rogorc xmeleTis arsebis, dominacia wydeba, misi kvali ikargeba. is, rac xmele-

Tis erT kideze urwyuli udabnoa, xmeleTis meore kideze, mis dasali-

erSi, zRvauri stiqiaa, _ es aris TiamaTi, RmerTebisa da samyaros pir-velsaSo, romelic STanTqmiT emuqreba sofels. zRvidan zRvamde gaS-lil saxelmwifos (`qvemo zRvidan zemo zRvamde~) zRvis realuri ga-mocdileba ar hqonia, da SesaZloa, amitomac misi xati miTosur war-modgenebSi iyo moqceuli. magram im xalxs, saxeldobr, elinebs, rom-lebic zRvas gaSinaurebuli iyvnen da zRvaosnobis Zveli gamocdileba hqondaT, ar SeuqmniaT zRvis miTosi. zRvaze isini iseve mogzauroben, rogorc xmeleTze. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom zRva maTi iseTive samSobloa, rogorc eladis miwa.

magram davubrundeT qarTul xmeleTur sinamdviles. qarTul men-talobaSi zRvis Soreuloba qmnis masze warmodgenebs siucxoviT dawye-buli mtrobiT damTavrebuli. pirveli safexuri (siucxove) zRvasTan qarTuli damokidebulebisa Cans `vefxistyaosanSi~, sadac zRvaTa same-fo, gulanSaros saxelwodebiT, poemis saxmeleTo samefoebis sruli an-tipodia. is TiTqos irealuri samyaroa qveynis kideze. avTandils iq mo-saxvedrad uxdeba Tavis TavTan gaucxoeba, feriscvaleba: Tavisi tradi-ciebis daTmoba da socialuri tipis Secvlac, moymeobis kategoriidan misTvis SeuTavsebeli vaWrobis kategoriamde daSveba da sakuTari vina-obis dafarva. da sxva. Tumca zRvaTa samefo yvavis siuxviT, magram aReb-micemobaze damyarebuli es siuxve Tavisi warmoSobiT ver gauTanabrdeba arabeTis svian-davlaTian mefeTa siuxves, romelsac gulanSarosgan gan-sxvavebuli funqcia aqvs. es qveyana droebiTi, gardamavali safexuria gmiris gzaze, yvelaferi, rasac is aq xvdeba, mxolod saSualebaa miznis misaRwevad. gulanSaro saSualebaTa samefoa arabeTisa da indoeTis miz-nobrivi samefoebisgan gansxvavebiT da maT sapirispirod. poemis avtorma Sors gaswia Tvalsawieri, rogorc mogzaurma axali gamocdileba moi-tana zRvaTa samefodan1. magram is xom mainc jabanTa qveyanaa (~Tqven va-Warni jabanni xarT...~), sadac diaci dominirebs.

1 zRvis erTgvari nostalgia Cans pavle ingoroyvas eseSi `CaxruxaZe. poeti. mogzauri~ (kavkasioni 1-2, 1924, 3-4, 1924).

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magram zRvis aqtualoba mxolod poemis monapovaria da poemaSi-ve rCeba. misi prototipi ar Cans qarTul cxovrebaSi. imave xanas, ro-ca `vefxistyaosani~ daiwera, ekuTvnis Tamaris istoria, sadac zRva erTaderTxel aris naxsenebi da isic ara rogorc TavisTavadi rea-loba, rogorc samoqmedo asparezi, aramed rogorc xmeleTis sapi-rispiro stiqia, romelic daZleul-gardaqmnili unda iqnas. Tamaris didebis warmosaCenad. `istoriaTa da azmaTa~ avtori Tamarze ambobs: `knin-Ra da yovelsa zRuasa aRmoiwredda TÂsad, viTarca Rrubeli yovelTa zeda msxurebeli tkbilTa wÂmaTa~ [yauxCiSvili 1959:148]. fraza amgvarad iTargmneba axal enaze: `cotac da, mTels zRvas Tavis-Tvis amoxapavda, rogorc yvelasTvis tkbili wvimis masxurebeli Rrubeli~. aseTi metafora gamowveulia im garemoebiT, rom Tamars iseve, rogorc mis winaprebs, arasodes hqoniaT zRvasTan pragmatuli urTierTobis gamocdileba. am, SeiZleba iTqvas, gargantiuli meta-foris arseboba swored zRvis siSoriT da masze bundovani warmodge-niT aris ganpirobebuli. Tavisi masStabiT es metafora Taviseburi miTologemaa, romelic SeiZleba migvaniSnebdes Tamaris, rogorc mi-Tologiuri arsebis, kosmogoniur Rvawlze: Tamarma mTeli xmeleTi daimorCila da axla isRa darCa, rom, rogorc demiurgma, moaxdinos zRvis kosmizacia, anu ucxo da mtruli stiqia kacTaTvis sasargeblo movlenad gardaqmnas2.

meore safexuri zRvis aRqmisa _ misi mtruli, agresiuli saxe xalxur warmodgenebSia dakristalebuli aseve miTologemebis sa-xiT. pirvelad zRvis agresiuloba `qarTlis moqcevis~ teqstSia da-dasturebuli Teonimurad sakmaod bundovani, Tumca Sinaarsobrivad advilad amosacnobi miTologemis saxiT: `ege armaz da qaldevelTa RmerTi iTruSana yoladve mter arian. aman mas zeda zRua moadginis da man amis zeda erTi nu raÁme moawiis, viTarca aqus CueulebaÁ soflis mpyrobelTa~ [Zeglebi 1964:132-a]3. hqonda Tu ara raime kavSiri zRvasTan armazs, romelic qarTvelTa RmerTad aris moxseniebuli, Tumca am saxeli warmomavloba ahura-mazdasgan ueWveli unda iyos, amis garCevaSi ar SevalT, magram is ki cxadia, rom miTologema aSka-rad zRvisa da xmeleTis samkvdro-sasicocxlo dasabamieri dapiris-pirebis models warmogvidgens. teqstis SeniSvna, romelic erTvis

2 `ram Semqmna adamianad, // ratom ar movel wvimada...~. 3 `qarTlis cxovrebaSi~ am gvari redaqciiT aris warmodgenli es epizodi: `qaldevelTa RmerTi iTrujan da Cueni ese RmerTi armaz yovladve mter ari-an: aman same mas zeda zRua moaqcia, da aw man Suri iZia da mis mier moiwia ese~ [yauxCiSvili 1955: 91-92, Sdr. 106-107].


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iTruSanas rogorc gansazRvreba _ `viTarca aqus CueulebaÁ soflis mpyrobelTa~ _ aSkarad mianiSnebs mis xmeleTur bunebaze, miuxedavad imisa, rom, SesaZloa, es saxeli mazdeanuri cecxlis RmerTis saxel-

wodebis aTroSanis4 reminiscencia iyos [kekeliZe 1956:268-270]. asec rom iyos, zRvauri stiqiis metoqed xmeleTidan swored cec-xlia bunebrivi, cecxli, rogorc xmeleTis, mSrali miwis warmomad-geneli. cxadia, am zRvaSi realur zRvas verafriT vigulisxmebT. is, ubralod, agresiis niSani an iaraRia ganrisxebuli FRvTaebis xelSi.

zRvis agresiulobis miTologemis gamoZaxilia amiranis eposis `Savi zRva~ ukiduresad dawurul narativSi: ~Savma (gveleSapma) ai-Ro, Caylapa, Savi zRvisaken gaswia~. romelic mxolod fragmentad Se-morCa amiranis isedac fragmentul eposs. aq `Savi zRva~ apokalifsu-

ri xilvebis movlenaa, Sav gveleSapad ganpirovnebuli. es gveleSapi zRvis warmomadgenelia, is zRvis saxeliT esxmis xmeleTs da ylapavs amirans, rogorc xmeleTis mkvidrs, romlis Zlevamosileba, msgavsad elinTa anteosisa, mxolod xmeleTze vrceldeba, zRvaze ki ukan ixevs5. igive miTologema meordeba odnavi saxecvlilebiT vaJa-fSave-las striqonSi aseve apokalipsuri xilvebis Semcveli leqsidan (~Rame mTaSi~): `Savi zRvis6 Savi veSapi pirRia dagveRireba~. zRvis, zogadad wylis, aseve wyaluxvi mdinaris amgvarma aRqmam XX saukunis mwerlamde moaRwia. vasil barnovi sxvagvarad ar aRiqvams mdinares, Tundac nacnob, mSobliur mtkvars, Tu ara azvirTebis momentSi: `da-Ramebis xans camowmendilzed is mdinare azvirTdeboda; Tavis qerqSi ver eteoda, kideebzed miinTqreoda: mis sadinels mTlad iWerda gve-leSapi uzarmazari, mocuravda igragneboda, xandaxan Tavs aiRebda, cecxlis Tvalebs abrialebda, alsa fSvenda aSkmul piridan~; mis-Tvis zRvac cnobilia, zRva, `uZiro da umaZRari, ukido ram ukiane, mdinareT mnTqmeli~ (`mtkvris vaJi~, t. 8, 1963)7.

amdenad, Tuki qarTul sinamdvileSi arsebobs zRvis miTosuri motivi, Tundac fragmentuli, gauSleli miTologemis saxiT, es ar unda iyos zRvasTan am xalxis urTierTobis asaxva, aramed universa-luri arqetipuli modelis sruliad spontanuri gamovlena. am

4 SuSanikis martvilobis atroSan-is fonetikuri saxecvlileba. 5 zRvis SuagulSi cidan Camokidebuli koSkidan yamaris motacebas is mxo-lodn sxvisi daxmarebiT SeZlebs. 6 es `Savi zRva~ aq xalxuri warmodgenebis zRvaa da ara realuri Savi zRva. 7 magaliTisTvis, niSandoblivia, rom konstantine WiWinaZis `rionis apolo-

gia~ mdinare rions swored misi gardareuli wyaluxvobis procesSi aRwers (pirvelad gamoqveynda `kavkasionSi~, 1-2, 1924).

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TvalsazrisiT ganvixiloT ori fSauri warmoSobis leqsi, romle-

bic, miuxedavad imisa, rom isini erTi mTqmelis piridan ar gamodian, maTi erTmaneTTan kavSiri advilad gamosacnobia. meore agrZelebs pirvels, magram TiToeuli maTgani, rogorc dasrulebuli TviTkmari narativi, sakuTriv Temas aviTarebs.

I. qalma Tqva, Tamar nefema: dedav, sizmari vnaxeo: Cambarda saxmeleToi, vah, Tu ver Sevinaxeo. _ maSinve Candi, Tamaro, rodesac daibadeo. mesame Tve rom gagixda, akvanSiiTa asdeo. jer xel-pir Camaibane, memr pirjvar daisaxeo. Ciqila gadagexura, ver gavig, sad-ra waxveo. moxvedi meSvide welsa, sTqvi: Sua zRvai vnaxeo [qxp XI:#6-a]. II. Svidi wlis qali Tamari, mefed Tqves, dedofalio. zRvis piras SaviyareniT, Sagveqna saomario. zRvasa gadahkra Ciqila, gadaaqanna wyalnio. Sua zRvas Cadga samani, ar gadmoscildes cvario. kldeze gamarTa qalaqi, Saaba rkinis kario. Sig aaSena sioni, daadga oqros jvario [sixaruliZe I: 25-e].

pirveli narativi iwyeba Tamaris xmeleTze gamefebiT da mTav-rdeba `Sua zRvis~ xilviT. frazaSi `Cambarda saxmeleToi~ _ zmnis usubieqto pasiuri forma mefis, rogorc xmeleTis mbrZaneblis, sta-tusis primordialobis maCvenebelia. Tamari xmeleTis mbrZaneblad aris dabadebuli, magram misi SeZaxili `vah, Tu ver Sevinaxeo~ ufro mis movaleobasa da pasuxismgeblobaze laparakobs, vidre batonobis uflebaze. xmeleTi da mefe erTmaneTisTvis aris gaCenili. mefe xme-leTis patronia. Tamari ar aris xmeleTis Semqmneli, magram is demi-urgia xmeleTisa, romelic zRvidan amoizarda da mas, visac is Cabar-da, imTaviTve (`maSinve Candi, Tamaro~) avalia misi dacva da mfarve-loba. ismis kiTxva, ras gulisxmobs xmeleTis ~Senaxva~ anu misi dac-va-mfarveloba. visgan? ra safrTxisgan? ra moelis xmeleTs? amaze me-ore (II) narativi gascems pasuxs. aq ki yoveli striqoni raRac mniS-vnelovani qmedebisken Semzadebas gamoxatavs: akvnidan adgoma, xel-pi-

ris dabana da pirjvris gadawera namdvilad ar gulisxmobs yovel-

dRiur yofiT qmedebebs. arc Ciqilaa erTsaxovani nivTi _ Tu, erTi mxriv, is qalis mowifulobis da, imavdroulad, misi pativis niSania, narativis meore nawilSi sruliad moulodnel aspeqtSi warmogvid-geba. bolo ori striqoni agebulia formulaze: wavel, vnaxe, movedi (igulisxmeba: gamarjvebuli), rac savsebiT gamoxatavs miToepiur na-


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rativs, romelic saxlidan gasuli gmiris aucilebel dabrunebas mo-iTxovs. `Sua zRvai~ anu zRvis Wipi8, romelic man ixila, ukanaskneli zRvaria, sadamdisac ki adamians miRweva SeuZlia. is xmeleTis antipo-duri adgilia da, rogorc zRvis Suaguli, upirispirdeba xmeleTis centrs, sadac Tamars taxti udgas.

meore narativSi irkveva, rom `Cambarda saxmeleToi~ Tamaris sa-mefod koronacias gulisxmobs da rom is jer sizmarSi xdeba, savse-biT kanonzomieria qarTuli samefo miTosisTvis, Tu gavixsenebT ana-logiur konstruqcias, romelic pirveli qarTveli mefis gamefebas aRwers. farnavazi jer sizmarSi xedavs Tavis mefed cxebas, cxadSi ki uzurpatorze gamarjvebis Semdeg ipovebs gvirgvins da mefobas [kik-naZe 1984: 112-120].

Svidi ricxvi Tamaris niSani orive narativSi da orivegan sxva-dasxva simbolikis Semcvelia: Tu pirvel narativSi Svidi weli misi gauCinarebis xangrZlivobaa da eTgvarad misi qmedebis saidumlos ina-xavs, meoreSi Svidi weli misi mefed mowifulobis asakia _ orive Sem-TxvevaSi Svidi ar aris ariTmetikuli ricxvi. `Svidi” aris ara Tama-ris wlovanebis ricxvi, aramed misi individualobis, misi Rirsebis gamomxatveli ricxviTi niSani. Rirseba, SesaZloa, sxva raime niSniT yofiliyo gamoxatuli. `Svids” aq ara aqvs raodenobrivi mniSvnelo-

ba, igi ar Sedgeba masze naklebi ricxvebisagan, ar warmoadgens maT jams (3+4, an 2+5, an 1+6). is erTi daunawevrebeli da ganuyofeli mTlianobaa, is martivi da Seudgenelia. es ganuyofloba aris misi simbolizmis safuZveli. Svidi Tamaris, rogorc demiurgis saxelia. `mefed Tqves” _ is, rac Tamarma unda aRasrulos (rasac is am leqsis mixedviT asrulebs), mxolod mefed kurTxevis Semdeg aris SesaZle-

beli. asea babilonur kosmogoniur miTosSi, sadac marduqi mxolod mas Semdeg gaemarTeba zRvaur urCxul TiamaTTan salaSqrod, rac RmerTebi mefed airCeven da samefo regaliebiT aRWuraven.

`zRvis piras9 SaviyareniT, Sagveqna saomaria...” _ mefis winam-ZRolobiT Seikriba laSqari, magram is ar Sekrebila istoriuli kon-kretuli mtris winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad. misi mteri Tavad zRvaa, romelsac Tamari erTpirovnulad upirispirdeba _ laSqari aRar Cans

8 `vefxistyaosanSi~ es aris nestanis gadakargvis adgili. 9 `zRvis piri~, rogorc toposi, xSiria `vefxistyaosanSi~. `zRvis piras~ dganan, moZraoben, xvdebian ucnobebs, ecnobian; roca xmeleTze imedi amoiwu-reba, `zRvis pirs~ mimarTaven d molodiniT savse mzeras miapyroben zRvas, vinZlo zRvis gzebze ipovon is, rac saxmeleTo gzebze ver hpoves. zRva mou-lodnel perspeqtivebs gadaSlis maT winaSe.

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_ da misi erTaderTi iaraRi am brZolaSi aris `Ciqila”, romelSic mi-Tosuri simbolizmi imaze mets xedavs, rasac is realobaSi, yofiT doneze warmoadgens. sagani gardaiqmneba, is TiTqos Tavis Tavze maR-la dgeba, gadaaWarbebs sakuTar Tavs.

Tamari zRvis napirze anu xmeleTisa da zRvis gasayarze dgas. omis mizani ki am gasayaris Sors gawevaa, raTa xmeleTi kvlav gamosta-cos zRvas, rogorc kosmogoniis dasabamSi moxda.

zRvasa gadahkra Ciqila, gadaaqanna wyalnio. Sua zRvas Cadga samani, ar gadmoscildes cvario.

am or striqonSi dawurulad aris gadmocemuli kosmogoniuri aqti, romelsac Zvel aRTqmaSi miTologemuri gamoxatulebebi aqvs: `romelman gardaaqcia zRuaÁ xmelad~ (fsalm. 65:6), `sazRvars das-dev da ara gardahfen, arRara miiqcian dafarvad qveyanisa~ (fsalm. 103:9), `Sen gakveTe zRva Seni ZaliT...~ (fsalm. 74:13), `gana Sen ara xar rahabis gamkveTeli, Taninis10 ganmgmiravi?~ (fsalm. 51:9), `da vTqvi: aqamde modi, iqiT aRar, aq Sewydes-meTqi Seni talRebis azvir-Teba~ (iob. 38:11).

Ciqila da samani is instrumentebia Tamar-demiurgis xelSi, romlebic zRvis usazRvro stiqias sazRvars udeben. Ciqilas tipo-logiur Sesatyvisad SegviZlia CavTvaloT moses kverTxi Tu xeli11, romliTac igi mewamul zRvas Suaze apobs, xolo masalobriv Sesat-yvisad elias cnobili mosasxami (Zveli qarTuli teqstebiT xaleni), romliTac elise winaswarmetyveli iordanis dinebas aCerebs. sityve-bi iobis wignidan `da vTqvi: aqamde modi, iqiT aRar~ zRvaSi uxilavi samnis Cadebaze mianiSnebs.

`Sua zRvas Cadga samani...~ _ es aris Tamaris kosmogoniuri qme-debis centraluri aqti. aq samani erTsa da imave dros miwisa da wylis sazRvaric aris da samyaros RerZic (axis mundi), rogorc usazRvroebaSi Cadgmuli orientiri _ erT-erTi fundamenturi miTo-logemis realizacia.

10 rahabi da Tanini zRvauri urCxulebis saxelebia, romlebic zRvis perso-nifikacias warmoadgenen. 11 `da daaRira xeli zRvas mosem da mTeli Rame midenida ufali zRvas aRmo-savleTis Zlieri qariT, da xmeleTad aqcia zRva da gaipo wyali~ (gam. 14:21). fsalmunSi xels risxva cvlis: `da Serisxa mewamuli zRva da gaxma igi~ (fsalm. 105:9). risxvis gamoxatuleba iyo qserqses brZanebiT helespontos gaSoltva im faruli mizniT, rom igi srute advilgadasalax xmeleTad eq-cia (Herod. VII,35).


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zustad amave terminologiiT mimarTavs mefsalmune samyaros Semoqmeds: `sazRvari dasdev~ (fsalm. 103/104:9) an roca meigave aR-wers kosmogoniis aqts: `zRvas wess udgenda, rom wyali napirebidan ar gadmoRvriliyo” (igavni 8:29)12.

Tamari zRvars sdebs zRvasa da misgan gamotacebul xmeleTs So-ris da daadgens samyaros Suagulsac. es ki dasabamieri kosmogoniuri aqtia Tavisi wmida saxiT. erT leqsSi, sadac Tamari ajamebs Tavis Se-saqmes, naTqvamia:

Tamar dedofali viyav, Tavi zecamde aviRe, stambols xmali vkar, darubands, Sams sabalaxe aviRe, zRvaSi samnebi Cavyare, xmeleTi Cemsken maviRe, usieri mTa gavkafe, didi Saragza gaviRe, Rada-Ruda tye viare, qedzed saydari avige~ [qxp XI, 14].

aq TiTqmis arqetipurad aris gadmocemuli mefe-demiurgis fun-qcia. is xmeleTi, romelic Tamars sizmarSi Cabarda da romelic rea-lobaSi man zRvas gamostaca (`Cemsken maviRe~)13, pirvelqmnil saxes atarebs da igi kosmizacias da mis gakacrielebas, Semdgom kultu-

rul gardaqmnas, anu bunebis nedl mocemulobaSi adamianis anabeWds saWiroebs. usieri mTa da Saragza erTmaneTs iseve upirispirdebian, rogorc udaburi ganusazRvreli zRva da xmeleTi, zogadad da fun-damenturad ki, rogorc qaosi da kosmosi. meore safexurze `Rada-Ruda tyis” anu mouwesrigebeli, qaoturi sivrcis sapirispiroa kldeze agebuli qalaqi da qedze saydari, romlis mSenebloba gzebis gayvanis Semdeg kulturSemoqmedebiTi aqtis meore da albaT, sabo-

12 am miTologemis Semcveli es sintagmebi _ mefsalmunis `sazRvari dasdev~ (gebul samTa) da meigavis `zRvas wess udgenda~ (sam le-Áam xukko) sinonime-bia. wesi (ebr. hok), romelic amave dros sazRvris mniSvnelobasac Seicavs, konceptualurad gadmoscems imave moqmedebas, rasac _ xiluli sazRvris (ebr. gebul) gatareba. 13 realobis gamomxatveli karl Smitis debuleba `zRva ki ar aris xmeleTis nawili, aramed xmeleTia zRvis nawili~ [Smiti] universalur miTosur WeS-maritebas Seicavs. TiTqmis yvela kosmogonia xmeleTs zRvidan warmoSobi-lad miiCnevs, xolo kosmologiuri TvalTaxedviT xmeleTi kunZulia ukide-gano okeaneSi. marTalia, bibliis TvalsazrisiT, adamiani miwis Svilia da miwasve unda daubrundes, Tavad miwa bevri xalxis esqatologiis Tanaxmad wylis stiqias, rogorc Tavis Taurmizezs, ubrundeba. noes warRvna amis klasikuri magaliTia.

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loo etapia. aq vxedavT am aqtis dasabams da dasasruls, dagvirgvine-bas, lamis arqetipurs, yovel SemTxvevaSi, asea uZveles epikur tra-diciebSi gaazrebuli mefis am ormxrivi mimarTulebiT moRvaweoba14.

zRvasTan Serkinebuli Tamaris saxes Tan sdevs Ciqila da samani, rogorc misi demiurgobis erTmaneTisgan ganuyreli regalia. fSaur sadidebelSi es ori sagani mis kosmogoniur RvawlTan erTad ixsenie-ba: `Reles aqim-dedofalo, Ciqila-zinziliano, Sua zRvaSi samnis Cagdebo~. mxolod Tavsaburvelia am miTologemur epiTetSi Ciqila zinzilasTan erTad? Tamari aq Seqebulia, rogorc meomari RvTisSvi-li da Ciqila misi iseTive Tandayolili, `RvTisgan molocvili~ sa-Wurvelia, rogoric aris laxti iaxsarisa Tu kopalas xelSi.

zRvasTan Serkinebis Temis sxvagvari narativic arsebobs, sadac Ciqilas cvlis cecxli, romelic Tamars aRmoaCnda zRvis winaaRmdeg mis dasamorCileblad.

`asrulda dedis sityvebi. Tamari Seiqna mpyrobeli marTla mTeli saqarTvelosi... yvelas qedi unda moexara imis dide-bis winaSe... Tamarma yvelas xarji dasdva. marto zRvaRa iyo Tavisufali da jer kidev ar uxrida qeds, magram isic male modrika Tamarma. ubrZana qars, moatanina zRvis pirze Cala-

bze, Tiva-fiCxi, gadaayrevina zRvaSi da daasxa navTi, mere mo-akidebina ccxli; abrialda cecxli da gaerTxa boli zRvis piras. Sewuxda zRva, Sewuxdnen zRvis cxovelebi da gamoug-zavna kaci Tamars, oRond nu damwvav, da, rac ginda, is xarji gamomarTvio. Tamarma Seiwynara zRvis Txovna, gamoarTva ka-meCebi, qarva, mravali Tval-margalti da cxovelebi. amis Semdeg gaCndnen qveyanaze kameCebi da Tval-margaliti” [sixa-ruliZe 1961: #41].

bunebrivia, rom cecxli samkvdro-sasicocxlod upirispirde-bodes wyals. aq unda gavaxsenoT brZola armazsa da iTruSans Soris...

SeniSvna 1. ismis kiTxva: aris Tu ara cecxli iseTive atributi qalisa, rogorc Ciqila? SeiZleba aq movixmoT cecxlis, rogorc keriis, mdedruli

14 `gilgameSianSi” gilgameSisa da enqidus SeRwevis mizani kedaris gauval tyeSi swored es aris: gzis gakvalva, SamaSisTvis, mzis RmerTisTvis gzis gaxsna usier tevrSi SesaRwevad da bnelis gasanaTeblad [kiknaZe 2009:59]. ¬


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buneba. sakidlisa da keriis simbolur sistemaSi keria mdedria. rogorc fiqroben, cecxlis warmodgenas qalis saxiT Soreuli warsuli aqvs [miTebi 1982:239]. igi ar SemoisazRvreba romelime konkretuli kulturiT, raki es idea neoliTur xanas swvdeba da bevri Zveli xalxis kulturisTvis aris da-maxasiaTebeli. `cecxlis deda” igivea, rac keria, romlis klasikuri gansa-xiereba berZnuli hestiaa. Tumca cecxli gvian xanaSi mamakacma (berZn. hefes-tom, rom. vulkanusma) miitaca, mTel wyebaSi kulturebisa, maT Soris qar-TulSi cecxli kvlav dedis prerogativad rCeba.

miuxedevad imisa, rom Tamari zRvis meomaria da, amdenadve, zRvis raRac nawilis dampyrobeli, rac Sua zRvaSi mis mier samnis CagdebiT aris miniSnebuli, igi isev da isev xmeleTis patronad rCeba, xmeleTze iSleba misi, rogorc demiurgis da kosmetoris, Semoqmede-ba. zRvis elementi ar Sedis mis regaliebSi. zRva kvlav qaosis stiqi-ad rCeba, kvlav da kvlav STanTqmiT emuqreba adamianTa miwas.

***

`msoflio istoria sazRvao da saxmeleTo saxelmwifoebs So-ris dapirispirebis istoriaa. samxedro mecnierebis specialistma, frangma admiralma kasteqsma Tavis strategiul wigns ganmazogadebe-li saTauri waumZRvara: ‘zRva xmeleTis winaaRmdeg’, La Mer contre la Terre. amiT igi didi tradiciis farglebSi darCa. xmeleTsa da zRvas Soris arsebuli elementuri dapirispireba adamianma odiTganve Se-niSna. jer kidev XIX saukunis bolos ruseTsa da ingliss Soris im-droindeli daZabulobis gamoxatva erTmaneTis winaaRmdeg mebrZoli daTvisa da veSapis saxiT, sakmaod popularuli iyo. veSapi aq didi mi-Tiuri Tevzi leviaTania... rac Seexeba daTvs, igi xmeleTze mcxovrebi cxovelis simboluri gansaxierebaa~ [Smiti 2010:54-55].

rogorc vxedavT, zRvisa da xmeleTis dapirispirebas, garda mi-Tologiuri aspeqtisa, geopolitikuri aspeqtic aqvs, rac am niSniT istoriis agebis saSualebas iZleva. magram miToss moklebul axal droSic es dapirispireba miTosur saxeebSia simbolizebuli TiTqos imis saCveneblad da gasacnobiereblad, rom yovel, Tundac geopoli-

tikur, movlenas fesvi miTosur winarewarsulSi, anu, ufro zustad, alCeringas xanaSi udgas, da istoriuli konstruqciebi da movlenebi mxolod im pirvelaqtebis paradigmebia. amas gulisxmobs, albaT, `di-di tradicia~, romelsac dasabami Zlier droSi, mas Jamsa Sina (illo tempore) daedo. paradigmuli variaciebi exeba ara mxolod movle-

nebs, aramed simbolikasac. daTvi da veSapi, rogorc xmeleTisa da zRvis warmomadgenlebi, axali drois aratradiciuli saxeebia.

Tu realur daTvsa da veSaps am dasabamieri dapirispirebis niS-

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nebad miviRebT, xmeleTi aSkarad negatiur aspeqtSi warmogvidgeba. is daTvurad agresiulia zRvis mimarT, rac gamoxatavs xmeleTis (resp. adamianis) swrafvas zRvis aTvisebisa da, bolos, misi stiqiis daoke-ba-damorCilebisken. es modeli safuZvlad udevs herman melvilis Txzulebas `mobi diks~, sadac aramiTosuri realuri veSapi da rea-luri adamiani samkvdro-sasicocxlod upirispirdebian erTmaneTs _ xmeleTi adamianis saxiT ebrZvis zRvas, zRva ki TeTri veSapis saxiT icavs Tavs. Tumca moqmedni savsebiT realuri, amqveyniuri arsebani arian, modeli dasabamieria, miTosSi hpovebs pirvel gamoxatulebebs. veSapze nadiroba, rac am wignis zedapirul Sinaarss Seadgens, savse-biT pragmatulia, magram am dasabamierobas grZnobs avtori, roca ve-SapmebrZols paTetikurad aTqmevinebs, rom igi asrulebs milioni wlebis winaT gacemul brZanebas da veraviTari gareSe Zala ver daao-kebs mas, radgan es misi bedisweraa. am dasabamieri brZanebis aRsrule-

ba niSnavs dasabamier miTosSi monawileobas15 da mis xelaxla Txzvas axal pirobebSi. ar SeiZleba SemTxveviTi iyos, Tumca es ar aris TxzulebaSi Tematizebuli, melvilis romanis preambulaSi motani-li nawyveti ovidi meilis wignidan `nantakenis istoria”: `1690-ian wlebSi ramdenime kaci idga maRal qedze da akvirdeboda, rogor la-

Robdnen veSapebi da rogor afrqvevdnen Sadrevnebs. erTma gaiSvira xeli zRvis tramalebisken da Tqva: iq Zevs mwvane mindori, sadac Cveni SvilTaSvilebis bavSvebi wavlen sazrdos mosapoveblad~. aq Soreul xilvaSi ganWvretilia imis Sedegi, rac moyva Tamaris qmedebas, roca man zRvas xmeleTi gamostaca.

daTvze verafers vityviT, ramdenadac misi TaTebi verc realur da verc miTosur zRvas swvdeba (Tumca arsebobs TeTri daTvi _ yinu-lovani okeanis mkvidri, magram misi gamiTiureba ar momxdara im xal-

xSi, romelic mas icnobda), veSapze ki SegviZlia vilaparakoT, oRond ara mobi dikis TanamoZmeebze, aramed miTosur veSapze, rogorc is qarTul xalxur mentalobaSi damkvidrda.

saba ganmartavs veSaps16, rogorc `did Tevzs~, romelsac iona

15 `asea, ase, ugunuro mokvdavno, noes warRvna jer ar dasrulebula, igi dRemde faravs Cveni saxelovani msoflios or mesameds~ _ ase qadagebs mez-RvaurTa moqadage `mobi dikSi~. 16 es iranuli sityvaa _ višapa, rac TiTqos Sxamis mnTxevel arsebas niSnavs; qarTuli gvel-veSapi iranuli `aJi-viSapas~ sityvasityviTi Targmania [an-dronikaSvili 1966:238-239]. sabas leqsikoni icnobs gvelveSapsac (guelve-

Sapi), magram ganumartavad stovebs.


147

hyavda sam dRes Caylapuli. Tumca Zveli aRTqmis dedanSi am `didi Tevzis~ (dag gadol) saxeoba ar aris dakonkretebuli. ebrauli dag (Tevzi) berZnulad iTargmna rogorc kh'to", ZvelqarTulad _ veSa-pad, romelSic saxeobis daukonkreteblad zRvis didi cxoveli igu-lisxmeba. sityva `veSapi~ mxolod mogvianebiT miemagra am ZuZumwova-ra zRvis cxovels, rogorc nomenklaturuli saxeli. sityva veSapi qarTul xalxur sityvierebasa Tu mwerlobaSi zRvisa Tu xmeleTis drakonis _ gveleSapis aRmniSvnelia. sxvaTa Soris, gvxvdeba esqato-logiur konteqstSi: `odes SeiZras veSapi igi didi, romel ars zRua-sa Sina, da SeZris yoveli qveyanaÁ, vidremdis dairRvÂan mTani myar-ni...~ (Zeglebi 1964:133]. veSapis apokaliptur miTologemas icnobs `vefxistyaosani~: `mze veSapsa daebnela~ (1158,1)17. winaswarmetyvel ionas STanmTqmel `did TevzSi~ qristianuli egzegezisi jojoxeTis simbolos xedavs, vinaidan, alegoriulad aigivebs ionas am epizod-Tan qristes Casvlas jojoxeTSi da iqidan sam dReSi amosvlas (maTe, 12:40). es is veSapia, romelic STanTqavs xmeleTis warmomadgenels, mis mkvidrs, Tundac is gankacebuli RvTisSvili iyos. qriste naT-lisRebis wylebSi amarcxebs mas: `...romelman Sehmusre wyalTa Sina Tavebi veSapisaÁ~ [iadgari 1980:45].

kabalisturi tradiciiT, zRvisa da xmeleTis dapirispireba le-

viaTanisa da behemoTis SebrZolebis saxiT aris simbolizebuli18. am tradiciiT es arsebani erT dRes, meeqvse dRes, Seiqmnen, magram maT So-ris Seurigebeli winaaRmdegobaa, da es gasagebic aris: erTi (leviaTa-

ni) zRvas, meore (behemoTi) (ix. iobis wigni 40:15-24; 41:4-26) xmeleTs ganasaxierebs. kabalistur tradiciaSi behemoTi uzarmazari veluri xaria19 (Sor ha-bar), romelic rqebiT Cxveravs leviaTans. sxva tradi-ciiT, romelic ezras III wignis laTinursa da slavur versiebSia asa-xuli, behemoTs20 enoq _ saxeliT Tu vimsjelebT, adamianuri arseba enacvleba, rac savsebiT kanonzomieria, radgan swored adamiania xme-leTis patroni da Semnaxveli. ezras am pasaJis mixedviT, gamCenma samya-ros wyliani nawili leviaTans misca, xmeleTi ki _ enoxs: `enoxs ki mi-

17 veSapis Sesaxeb qarTul sinamdvileSi dawvrilebiT ix. [qerqaZe 1974:176-178]. 18 vsargeblob [Smiti 1010:55]. 19 dabadebis wignSi behemah RvTis mier meeqvse dRes gaCenil cxovelTa er-Ti kategoriaa, romelic Sinaur cxovelebad _ sapirispirod velis cxovel-

Ta (xaiaT ha-sade) moiazreba. es, ZiriTadad, msxvilfexa rqosani pirutyvia. 20 III ezras Zvel qarTul TargmanSi bemoT (<behemoT) [qurcikiZe 1970:357].

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eci erTi nawili, romelic mesame dRes gaSra... leviaTans ki mieci meSvi-de nawili, wyliani~ (III ezra, 6:49-52), rac erTgvarad gamoxatavs wylisa da xmelis Sefardebas Cvens planetaze. magram erTmaneTis sapi-rispiro Zalebi am Sefardebis darRvevas eswrafian. da swored es Sead-gens dasabamieri miTosis Temas.

Tamarisa da zRvis brZola miTosur analogs poulobs zRvis urCxulisa da kosmosis sawyisis matarebeli RvTaebis dasabamier da, amavdroulad, maradiul dapirispirebaSi. es aris is modeli, rom-lis epikuri varianti `enum eliSis~ saxiT aris warmodgenili. am li-

turgiul poemaSi (misi inscenireba xdeboda yovel axal wels, roca unda ganaxlebuliyo erTdroulad samyaro, mefoba, buneba, weliwadi _ anu kosmoss xelaxla unda gaemarjva qaosze) marduqi RmerTebisgan gadmocemuli (Tu fSaur termins vixmarT, `molocvili~) laxtiT Suaze apobs zRvis gveleSaps TiamaTs, romelic miTosur warmosaxva-Si ara mxolod qaoss ganasaxierebs, aramed amavdroulad RmerTebis dedac aris. am elementaruli aqtiT _ ganpobiT TiTqos marduqi, ro-melic brZolis dawyebis win STainTqmeba TiamaTis mier, meored ibade-ba misi saSodan, raTa Seqmnas samyaro da mSvenieri nivTebi. es aqti mi-Tologemurad ugaritul eposSi `Sen gasrise laTani, damRupveli gveli, bolo mouRe daklaknil gvels, Zliers, SvidTavians~ _ [ais-tlaitneri:15] da (axleburi gaazrebiT) ebraul tradiciaSia gamoT-qmuli: "Sen gakveTe zRva Seni ZaliT; wyalze daulewe Tavi Tanins. Sen gauWeWye Tavi leviaTans" (fsalm. 74:13-14).

fsalmunebsa da ugaritul miTosSi sxvadasxva saxelis matare-beli (Tanin, leviaTan, rahab, laTan) zRvauri urCxulis (gveleSapis) antagonisti baalia (ba’al), avdrisa da Weqa-quxilis RmerTi. Tu Ci-qiliani Tamari zRvasTan brZolaSi xmeleTis Zalebs ganasaxierebs, ugaritul miTosSi laxtiani baalia xmeleTis personifikacia. Tama-ri leqsis sityvebi _ `Cambarda saxmeleToi, vah, Tu ver Sevinaxeo~ _ zust semantikur paralels poulobs baalis, rogorc miTologiuri personaJis, statusSi. Tavad sityva ba’al _ `patroni~, romelic TiTqmis yvela semitur enaSi am mniSvnelobiT gvxvdeba, miuTiTebs mis miTologiur funqciaze: baali miwis patronia, romelsac Cabarebuli aqvs miwa mis dasamuSaveblad, gasanayofiereblad da `Sesanaxad~.

miwa, zogadad, xmeleTi, `mSrali adgili~ baalis sakuTrebaa, romelsac is, rogorc mawvimebeli RmerTi, rwyavs da anayofierebs. is acocxlebs miwas, romelic mis gareSe mkvdaria. am gacocxlebiT is miwis patroni _ ba’ali xdeba. baali, rogorc miwis macxovari, ro-gorc soteri, imavdroulad, rogorc am sityvis semantika lapara-

kobs, mxsnelic aris. dasabamSi man, rogorc Tamarma, gamoixsna miwa


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(xmeleTi), gamostaca zRvas. oRond es aqti mas Jams (illo tempore), `preistoriaSi~ moxda, `istoriaSi~ ki mas periodulad uxdeba am aq-tis ganmeoreba. zRvasTan, Tavis pirvel antagonistTan, brZolaSi is kargavs miwas da miwasTan erTad Tavis Tavsac, raTa aRdges da kvlav moipovos miwa, kvlav gaxdes misi patroni. sad aris xmeleTi baalis aryofnis periodSi? is STanTqmulia zRvis mier, rogorc Sesaqmemde, roca xmeleTi jer kidev ar iyo Seqmnili da, rogorc embrioni, zRvis stiqiaSi imyofeboda. baalisa (xmeleTis) da iamis (zRvis) ugaritul miTosSi dakristalda zRvis ganuwyveteli muqara ugaritis, ro-gorc xmeleTis (ugariti naxevarkunZulad aris SeWrili zRvaSi), mi-marT. miTosma gamoxata aseve erTianoba miwisa da misi patronisa, rom patroni ar arsebobs umiwod (uxmeleTod) da miwa (xmeleTi) upat-ronod. mas moelian, rogorc siZes, rogorc wvimas moelis gamSrali miwa. mawvimebeli baalisa da miwis urTierTobam, Áahvesa da israelis miwis kavSirad gadaazrebulma, rogorc saqorwino kavSirma, Zveli aRTqmis metaforul-miTologemur enaSi hpova gamoZaxili.

`aRar gerqmeva Sen mitovebuli da Sens qveyanas aRar er-qmeva ukacrieli, radgan gewodeba Cemi sasurveli da qveya-nas _ dapatronebuli, radgan Sen hsurxar ufals (Áahves) da Seni qveyana dapatrondeba... da, rogorc xarobs siZe de-dofliT, ase gaixarebs SeniT Seni RmerTi~ (es. 62:4,5b).

anTropomorfulad warmodgenil baals Tavis brZolaSi xelT laxti upyria, romelic misi, rogorc mexismtyorcnelis, mTavari ia-raRia, magram amave dros is misi regaliac aris, da swored amgvarad SeWurvils gamosaxavdnen mas bareliefebze. laxtiT igi sawvimar Rrublebs krebs, rogorc RrubelTSemkrebi (nefelogereta, homero-siseuli epiTeti) zevsi, da miTve akvesebs cecxls RrublebSi, raTa zeciuri cecxlidan macocxlebeli wyali (wvima) warmoSvas. meore mxriv, laxtiT is warRvnis wlebs ugeriebs xmeleTs, ganapobs niaR-vars, raTa xmeleTze cvaric ki ar gadmovardes. magram, roca ba’ali zoomorfulad warmodgenili, moqmedebs xmeleTze, misi iaraRi xaris rqebia. xarSi, rogorc Tavis wmida cxovelSi, baali xmeleTze axor-cielebs Tavis, rogorc miwis ganmayofiereblis, miwaTmoqmedis fun-qcias. magram mas xmeleTis dacva-Senaxvac akisria, romelic mas mem-kvidreobiT aqvs miRebuli kosmogoniuri miTosidan21.

21 kanonzomieria, rom kosmetor marduqis saxelSi `xaris~ aRmniSveli Sume-ruli sityvaa (amar) CaSifruli: amar-uTuq `mzis xbo~. mzec kanonzomieria mis saxelSi, rogorc miwaTmoqmedTa mnaTobi, mTvaris _ mwyemsTa da momTaba-reTa mnaTobis _ sapirispirod.

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gveleSapi, xari da sofeli. xaris gamorCeuli adgili miwaT-moqmedi xalxis da, kerZod, qarTveli xalxis sameurneo cxovrebaSi mravalmxriv aris dadasturebuli [janeliZe 1948:66-69; oqroSiZe 1969:131-157]. mis gamosaxulebas qristianuli taZris frontonzec ki vxvdebiT, rac misi kultis gadmonaSTad aris miCneuli, TiTqos qristianobam ver daZlia misi Tayvaniscema da am saxiT Semoinaxa. bu-nebrivia, zRaprebSic hpovebda xaris figura Tavis adgils, magram Zne-li iqneba misi am saxis ganxilva kultis obieqtad. Tuki odesme saqar-TveloSi arsebobda xaris kulti, amis naSTi ramenairad wes-Cveule-

baSi unda SemorCeniliyo, rogorc rwmenis gadmonaSTi. xaris Sewirva dResaswaulebze (gansakuTrebiT aRmosavleT saqarTvelos jvar-xat-Ta dResasawaulebze) ver CaiTvleba misi kultis dadasturebad. msxverplSewirvas, msxverpls, mis wilobebs, mis sisxls metad mniS-vnelovani funqcia akisria tradiciul sazogadoebaSi (rasac dRemde vadasturebT), magram aq sakulto Rirseba ekuTvnis ara samsxverplo cxovels, aramed imas, vis saxelzec msxverpli iwireba. xaris kulti, rogorc aseTi, misi wmida saxiT Zvel egvipteSia dadasturebuli. apisi, ufro sworad, xapi namdvilad Tayvaniscemis obieqtia, rac mi-sadmi mopyrobaSi gamoixateba. Tumca am SemTxvevaSic sifrTxile gvmarTebs: xari, rogorc xaria, Tayvaniscemis sagani Tu Tavad RvTaeba (egvipturi ptaxi an rae), romlis inkarnaciad miiCneva igi da romlis RvTiuri suli hgies masSi [ermani 1905:26], da atarebs mis RvTiur na-yofierebas? [klee 1941:78]. is faqti, rom ikrZaleboda xapisniSniani xaris22 SeZena da dakvla piradi miznebisTvis [klee 1941:76-7], ar un-da mowmobdes maincdamainc mis Tayvaniscemas. aseve ikrZaleba kopala-

sadmi Sewiruli, Tavisuflad gaSvebuli kuratebis dakvla, magram am mokrZalebis mizezi kopalaa da ara Tavad kurati. magram, rogorc kuratebi arian miCneuli `samsaxurad~, aseve xapi Tavisi ritualuri rboliT yanebze maTi ganayofierebis mizniT adamianis samsaxurSia Camdgari [miTebi 1980:92]. xaris mxridan adamianis samsaxuris sauke-Teso dadasturebas vpovebT avestas 29-e gaTaSi, sadac xaris suli (Geush Urvan), mas Semdeg, rac ahuramazdam mis gansxeulebas _ xvas-tags (saqonels, naxirs) zaraTuStra mouvlina mzrunvelad, sazei-mod debs aRTqmas: `hoi, ahurav, aw gvyavs Semwe: ganmzadebul varT sam-saxurad TqvenTa msgavsisa~ [avesta 1979:13].

xaris Civili upatio mopyrobisaTvis ar aris ucxo qarTuli

22 rogorc cnobilia, RvTaebis inkarnacias xedavdnen ara nebismier, aramed gansakuTrebuli, iSviaTi Seferilobis egzemplarebSi: xapi unda yofiliyo Savi xari TeTri niSniT an TeTri xari Savi niSniT Sublze (nikora).


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folklorisTvis da, SesaZloa, miTosisTvis, romelsac mivakuTvnebT am leqss, Tumca mas xaris kultis kvalis dadasturebad ver miviC-nebT.

xarma Sestira gamCensa margalitisa cremliTa:

miSvele, Cemo gamCeno, sisxli momadga yelSia, Semaben pirubanelni, saxres miSenen welSia. guTnisdedisa xvnaSia saxre gadmomkres TavSia. daCoqili SemogbRavi maRla meufes caSia. miyrian rkinis tabiksa, megrixebian yelzeda.

ar memarTleba, meufev, avago rqisa wverzeda? [kotetiSvili 1961:151].

aRsaniSnavia xaris ormagi samsaxuri _ rogorc miwaTmoqmedisa sameurneo yofaSi, da rogorc msxverplisa sakulto yofaSi. xari da sofeli ganuyofeli erTobaa. xari ar Sordeba sofels, ar tovebs mis sazRvrebs. is sofelSi, soflisTvis cxovrobs da Sromobs, soflis saZovrebze ikvebeba, gansxvavebiT cxvrisgan, romelic mudmiv mgzavro-baSia, Sors eZebs sakvebs. sxvaa cxvris miTosis semantika, romelic efuZneba simravles da am simravleSi individis gaTqvefas. amitomac cxvari, cxvris fara erT mbrZanebels damorCilebuli xalxis miTo-sur-poeturi sinonimia, rac ar iTqmis msxvilfexa saqonlis naxirze. xarisgan gansxvavebiT, romelic individualobad esaxeba patrons misi mkveTri funqcionaluri datvirTvis gamo, cxvari patrons farad war-moudgeba, ara individualobad. erTeuli aq Serwymulia faraSi, rom-lis funqcionaluri datvirTva mis mTlianobaSia. amitom aris, rom cxvars, gansxvavebiT xarisgan, patroni sakuTar saxels ar arqmevs. patronisTvis funqciis matarebeli mTeli faraa, rogorc erTiani da ganuyofeli dovlaTi, da ara calkeuli cxvari, romlis individualo-

ba faraSi ikargeba23. roca saxarebis igavSi mwyemss asi cxvrisgan Sem-dgari faridan erTi cxvari daekargeba, am dakargviT da Semdeg moZiebiT iRebs es cxvari individualobas, da is sxvebisagan erTbaSad gamoirCeva patronis TvalSi: patronma icno igi da cno masSi individualoba. pat-roni gulSi Caikravs mas da ambobs, rom `Ze ese Cemi momkudar iyo da ga-cocxlda, warwymedul iyo da ipova~ (l. 15:24). ufro metic, patrons ukve SeuZlia sakuTari saxeli Searqvas mas, saxeli, romelic misi axa-

23 qarTul enaSi sityva “cxvari” gamoxatavs cxvrebis mTel koleqtivs, mag-ram “xari” _ arasodes. cxvari Tavis TavSi, gramatikuli kategoriis gareSe, Seicavs mravlobiTis ideas. Tumca miTosi icnobs raRac niSniT faridan ga-morCeul individualobebs, rogoric aris oqrosbewviani an oTxrqa-oTxyu-ra cxvrebi.

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li statusis gamomxatveli iqneba. xari ki imTaviTve atarebs saxels. patronma imTaviTve cno masSi individualoba.

xarisa da soflis ganuyofeli erTobis safuZvelia xaris pasu-xismgebloba soflisadmi, rac cxvars ar gaaCnia. adamianic ar moiT-xovs misgan imaze mets, risi mocemac mas SeuZlia. cxvrisTvis sofeli mxolod teritoriaa dasabinaveblad, xars ki Tavad SeuZlia Seqmnas es teritoria. mas SeuZlia daasaxlos xalxi teritoriaze. qarTuli folklori icnobs xars, romelic gzas ukvalavs tyveobidan samSob-loSi dabrunebulebs. gavrcelebuli siuJeti gviCvenebs, rom mTeli gza tyveobidan Sinisaken xarisTvis samsaxuri da, bolos, TviT-msxverplSewirvaa, riTac mTavrdeba misi svla. gavecnoT am andrezis or variants:

I. rodesac sparselebs saqarTvelodan tyveebi wausxamT, maT Soris erTi moxevis qalic yofila, bavSviani. qali aTengenobis wina dRiT akvanTan mjdara daRonebuli da wverisangelozobaze ocnebobda Turme. am dros Cvenebia angelozi da uTqvams: „adeq, nu tiri. Tarodan gamoiRe Ce-mi sayure da xevis gzas gaudeqio. dRe me gmalav da Rame Ce-mi SuqiT gatarebo.“ iqve xaric gaCenila, sparsangelozi xaris rqaze damjdara da qals win gaZRolia. snoSi qali aTengenobas misula da maSinve wverisangelozSi asula. sayure aq yoCis jvrisTvis Seubams, xaric dauklavT da sparsangelozic iq dafrenilao.

[andrezebi:345]

II. roca Turme lekebma daitaces saqarTvelo, waiyvanes da tyved Cayares Svidi aTasi, lomisis joric [jvari] wauRia. im TaTrebSi aRarc balRi gaCndis, aRarc mosavali. bolos, Sewuxda is xalxi, waviden molasTan. iman uTxra:’“es xalxi da is jori Tu ar daabruneTo, sul daswydebiTo“. mar-Tlac, sul ase iyvis-ke. adgen da, romelic mZle xari hyvan-da, daakres Sublze is jori xarsa da moixmes mTeli xalxi da uTxres: „Tavisuflebi xarTo“. is xari unda gamauZRves win, is ki trialebs. Turme erTi koWli qali kiden aklda. isic gamaatanes. gamouZRveba es xari. sadac dawvebodis, yvelgan niSi aaSenes. fasanaurs aqeTacaa niSi. wverze ro movida, iq ganisvena suli, gaÁskda.

[andrezebi:257] v. bardaveliZis erTi Canaweris mixedviT, gveleSaps erwoSi

warRvna moaqvs, mxolod erTi adamiani gadaurCeba mas _ noe, romelic kidobniT mTis wvers miadgeba. sapirispirod bibliuri teqstisa, war-Rvnis wylebis ukuqceva kidobnidan gadmosuli xaris damsaxurebaa.


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noes `Svindisferi mozveri~ RamiT uCumrad ebrZvis gveleSaps, magram verafers aklებს mაs, Tavad ki dasisxlianebuli brundeba sofelSi. noe rkinas gadaakravs mis rqebs da isev gauSvebs gveleSapTan sab-rZolvelad. rkinisrqebiani mozveri gafatravs gveleSaps da gaaq-cevs, gaqceuls Tan wyali gahyveba da am medini wylisgan iori warmo-iSveba. ase icleba erwo wylisgan, mTis mwvervalidan Camosuli noe erwoSi dasaxldeba [bardaveliZe 1941:36].

v. bardaveliZe am teqsts samarTlianad sinkretuls uwodebs. aSkaraa, rom adgilobriv Tqmulebaze bibliuri gadmocemaa damynobi-li, Tumca unda iTqvas, bunebrivadac, radgan warRvnis miTosTan gve-leSapis miTologema organulad aris dakavSirebuli. SesaZlebelia, es siuJeti warRvnis miTosis wreSi gangvexila, magram mas aklia am mi-Tosis damaxasiaTebeli eTosi, rac cxadi xdeba sxva variantebTan misi Sedarebisas. warRvna mxolod erTi epizodia teqstisa, romelSic Zi-riTadi mainc xarisa da gveleSapis orTabrZolaa. aSkaraa, rom gvele-

Sapi warRvnis wylebis da Tavad warRvnis gansaxierebaa. ai, miTosi Ta-visi wmida saxiT, arqetipuri simartiviT, xalxur monaTxrobSi:

sofeli yofila maRla mTebzeda da, rac dablobSia, iq tba yofila. kurati yofila kopalasi da is dadenila wyalze. devi yofila am wyalSi. is kurati saRamoobiT daRlili modenila. ubrZolia im devTana. memre almasebi ausxam im rqebze da wamosula es kurati da Sahbmia da da-uWria es devi. gaqceula devi. orxevi roa, iq gaurRvevia da gawurula es tba, damSrala. [Tsufa 29974].

(aq devi gveleSapis funqciiT gvevlineba, rac arcTu iSviaTia qarTul folklorSi).

am miTosis e. virsalaZiseuli varianti gadmogvcems erwos pre-istorias, im xanas, roca mTel am teritoriaze, sadac soflebia gaSe-nebuli, tba iyo. da, bunebrivia, tbaSi gveleSapi budobda. gveleSapi Tavs esxmis sofels, stacebs saqonels, adamianebs, awiokebs mosaxle-

obas... xalxis uCumrad gveleSaps Ram-RamobiT xatis (wm. giorgis sa-nebis jvaris) almasisrqebiani kurati ebrZvis (es RvTis brZanebiT xdeba) da mxolod mecxre dRes daamarcxebs _ gaufatravs almasis rqebiT mucels da gaaqcevs. gaqceuls wyali gahyveba ukan da tbac da-icleba, natbeurze mosaxleoba gaSendeba. gveleSapma sxva kvalic dastova reliefze: mdinare aZeZis daklaknili kalapoti gveleSapis namuSevaria, misi nakvalevia [xalxuri sibrZne 1964:246].

Tavisi wmida saxiT, warRvnis epizodis Seurevlad, xarisa da gveleSapis miTosi aseve Sildur CanawerSia realizebuli:

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uZiro tbis maRla goraze iyo RvTismSoblis samWeduri. tbas dapatronebuli hyavda gveleSapi. gveleSapsa da nekresis xarebs xSirad hqondaT brZola. erTxel gvele-

Sapma xars rqa mostexa. xarma mariam RvTismSobels mia-Sura. mariamma gamokvera jvari da daakra rqaze. xari isev SeebrZola gveleSaps da daamarcxa. amis Semdgom xalxma SeZlo tbasTan axlos misvla, misces gza da amoaSres tba [fak165 gv. 83].

miTosis ganvrcobili varanti `kaxeTis zRvis~ warsulze gvi-ambobs:

roca kaxeTi zRvasa sWeria, boWormis wmida giorgis hyolia erTi kurati, romelic dro da dro daikargebo-da xolme. Semdeg, roca Seityves, rom kurati zRvis pir-ze midis, zRvidam gveleSapi gamodis, romelic kurats ebrZvis, kuratic Tavisas cdilobs magram gveleSapis kans verafers aklebs, _ maSin adgnen wm. giorgis ymebi da kurats rqebze almasebi aasxes. kurati isev wavida gve-leSapis saomrad. gveleSapic gamovida da Seibnen. gvele-

Sapis kanma almasiani rqebis Sexebaze dahkarga winandeli Tviseba. gveleSapma igrZno es, SeSinebuli ise Zlierad Securda zRvaSi, rom Tavi veRar Seikava, eca im goras, romelic Siraqis bolos, sadac exla alazani da iori miCxrialeben, iyo gaWimuli da zRvas agubebda, gaangria igi da zRvac gadavarda. kaxeTi ganTavisuflda wylisa-

gan, gaSra, xalxma maRlobebidam Zirs daiwia da daiwyo cxovreba iq, sadac exla cxovrobs. [fSavliSvili 1894].

rogorc vxedavT, gadmocemebSi soflis saxsnelad erTmaneTs enacvlebian wm. giorgis, kopalasa da nekresis RvTismSoblisadmi Se-wiruli pirutyvebi.

xari xmeleTis warmomadgenelia. is ebrZvis gveleSaps, romlis saxiTac zRva (wylis stiqia) eqspansias axorcielebs xmeleTis mi-marT. amitomac xari, rogorc xmeleTis arseba, xmeleTis mxsnelic aris. miTosuri orTabrZola, rogorc wesi, ori sxvadasxva (gansxva-vebuli, dapirispirebuli) stiqiis warmomadgenelTa Soris xdeba. ase ebrZvian erTmaneTs ZvelTaZveli, jer miTosuri, mere igavarakuli antagonistebi: arwivi, cis arseba, da gveli, miwis arseba. magram is Sre, sadac xari gamoCndeba, Suasknels ekuTvnis, swored im sferos,


155

romelic adamianebiT aris dasaxlebuli. adamiani da xari erT sknels, erT `ezos~ ekuTvnian. aseve oriveni erTad ebrZvian gveleSaps, rome-lic safrTxes uqmnis maT sknels.

SeniSvna 2. uelsSi arsebobs gadmocema uZiro e. w. `wveriani tbis~ Sesaxeb, (Llyn Barfog), sadac gveleSapi budobda. gveleSapi periodulad tboravda tbis irgvliv mimdebare xmeleTs. gmiri hu Zlieri (Hu the Mighty) grZelrqia-

ni xarebis daxmarebiT tbidan gamoaTrevs gveleSaps da ixsnis sofels [devid hantis (David Hunt) gamouqveynebeli naSromidan `britanuli folkloruli tradiciebi~ (British Folklore Traditions)]. am hus pirvelad SemouRia uReli. sxva versiiT, gveleSapisTvis mefe arturs jaWvi gamoubams da Tavisi raSis daxmarebiT gamouTrevia. maxlobel qvaze arturis cxenis nalis anabeWdic yo-fila (ix. http://www.kingarthursknights.com/theland/llynbarfog.asp ix. agr. http://www.legendofkingarthur.co.uk/wales/llyn-barfog.htm).

literatura

avesta 1979: avestas gaTebi: galobani, Targmna giorgi axvledianma, Tsu gam-oba, Tb., 1979.

aistlaitneri 1964: Die mytholigischen und kultische Texte aus Ras Schamra, übersetzt von J. Aistleitner, Zweite Auflage, Akadémiai kiadó, Budapest, 1964.

andrezebi 2008: zurab kiknaZe. andrezebi (aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTis religiur-miTologiuri gadmocemebi), ilia WavWavaZis saxelmwifo universitetis gam-ba, Tb., 2009.

andronikaSvili 1966: mzia andronikaSvili. narkvevebi iranul-qar-

Tuli enobrivi urTierTobidan, Tsu gam-ba, Tb., 1966. bardaveliZe 1941: vera bardavliZe, ivris fSavlebSi (dRiuri), Tb.,

`kviirioni~, 1941-2003. ermani 1905: Adolf Erman. Die Ägyptische Religion, Berlin, 1905. Tsufa: Tbilisis saxlmwifo universitetis folkloruli arqivi iadgari 1980: uZvelesi iadgari, `mecniereba~, Tb., 1980. kekeliZe 1956: korneli kekeliZe, etiudebi literaturis istorii-

dan I, Tb., Tsu gam-ba, 1956. kiknaZe 1984: zurab kiknaZe. farnavazis sizmari, macne, enisa da lite-

raturis seria, # 1, 1984. klee 1941: Herman Klee. Der Götterglaube im alten Aegypten, Mit-

teilungen der vorderasiatisch-aegyptischen Gesellschaft, 45. Band, 1941, Leipzig.

kotetiSvili 1961: vaxtang kotetiSvili, xalxuri poezia, `sabWo-Ta mwerali~, Tb., 1961.

miTebi 1980: Мифы народов мира, том первый, «Советская энцикло-

zurab kiknaZe

156

педия», М., 1980. miTebi 1982: Мифы народов мира, том первый, «Советская энцикло-

педия», М., 1982. oqroSiZe 1969: Tamar oqroSiZe, qarTuli fantastikuri zRapris

personaJebi (xari), kreb. qarTuli folklori III, `mec-niereba~, Tb., 1969.

sixaruliZe I: qsenia sixaruliZe (red.). qarTuli xalxuri saisto-rio sityviereba, Tb., 1961.

fak: SoTa rusTavelis literaturis institutis folkloruli ar-qivi (kaxeTi).

fSavliSvili 1894: fSavliSvili, xalxis Tqmuleba kaxeTis Sesaxeb `iveria”, 1894, #66.

qerqaZe 1974: irine qerqaZe. cxovelebis aRmniSvneli leqsika Zvel qarTulSi, `mecniereba~, Tb., 1974.

qurcikiZe 1970: Zveli aRTqmis apokrifebis qarTuli versiebi (X-XVIII ss. xelnawerTa mixedviT), w. I, teqsti gamosace-mad moamzada... c. qurcikiZem, `mecniereba~, Tb., 1970.

qxp XI: qarTuli xalxuri poezia Tormet tomad, `mecniereba~, Tb. 1984.

Smiti 2010: karl Smiti. xmeleTi da zRva, msoflio-istoriuli ga-nazreba, filosofia-sociologiis da Tanamedrove kla-

sikuri teqstebi III, grigol robaqiZis saxelobis uni-versiteti, Tb., 2010.

Smiti: Карл Шмитт. Море против Земли, http://www.luxaur.narod.ru/biblio/2/tr/schmitt05.htm

yauxCiSvili 1955: s. yauxCiSvili (red.). qarTlis cxovreba I, `sa-xelgami~, Tb., 1955.

yauxCiSvili 1959: s. yauxCiSvili (red.). qarTlis cxovreba, II, `sab-WoTa saqarTvelo~, Tb., 1959.

Zeglebi 1964: Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli literaturis Zeglebi I, `mecniereba~, Tb., 1964.

janeliZe 1948: dimitri janeliZe, qarTuli xalxuri sawyisebi, wig-ni pirveli, `saxelgami~, Tb., 1948.

xalxuri sibrZne 1964: xalxuri sibrZne III, qarTuli eposi: legen-

debi., Tqmulebebi, gadmocemebi, `nakaduli~, Tb., 1964.

cira kilanava

zRvis semantika

„daviTianSi“

miT cremli Cemi zRvad gaxda...

(daviT guramiSvili)

me-18 saukunis saqarTvelosTvis geog-rafiuli terminebi _ CrdiloeTi, aRmosav-leTi, dasavleTi _ calsaxad politikuri mniSvnelobebiT itvirTeba da iwyeba sru-liad axali tipis wesrigis formireba.

swored am periodSi uxdeba moRvaweoba daviT guramiSvils (1705-1792), poets, sam-xedro pirs, mxatvarsa da gamomgonebels, romlis TxzulebaTa krebuli qarTuli kulturis istoriaSi araerTi siaxlis gar-da Tavisi internacionaluri „xmebiTacaa“ gamorCeuli: aq sagangebodaa moSlili enob-rivi da Janrobrivi sazRvrebi...

„daviTiani“ RvTisken mimavali gzis Zi-ebis wignia. esaa sulis moZraobis amsaxve-li erTgvari ruka, romelzec realuri ge-ografiuli konturebicaa moniSnuli: qvey-nebi (saqarTvelo, ruseT-ukraina, pru-

sia...), qalaqebi (moskovi, peterburgi, mag-deburgi...), daba-soflebi (zubovka, gori-subani, lamisyana...).

wignSi warmodgenilia wylis aRmniS-vneli terminebic (wyaro, mdinare, tba) pirdapiri da gadataniTi mniSvnelobebiT, magram sul ramdenjermea naxsenebi „Sesak-rebeli wyalTa“ (sulxan-sabas gansazRvre-biT) _ zRva.

ilias saxelmwifo univer-sitetis samagistro da sa-doqtoro fakultetis doqtoranti literatu-

ris mimarTulebiT. interesTa sfero: li-

teraturaTmcodneoba, kritika, semiotika.

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zRvis politikuri semantika

Tanadrouli qarTl-kaxeTis umZimesi mdgomareobis aRwerisas daviT guramiSvili mogviTxrobs imis Sesaxeb, rom kaxeTis mmarTvel-

ma gamahmadianebulma konstantinem (mahmad-yuli-xanma) vaxtang VI-s gaugzavna saidumlo „wigni“, romelic vizualuri da verbaluri ko-debisagan Sedgeboda. naxatze gamosaxuli yofila cecxlSemovlebu-

li walmebis (vazis nasxlavebis) gora. am gziT alegoriulad miniS-nebuli iyo erTianobis aucilebloba. Setyobinebis sworad gaSif-vris Semdeg vaxtangma brZana:

amad gvisaxavs erT gorad orive qveynis walamsa,

mas Rvari veRar Seswvdebis, ver daSlis, verca walamsa,

mSvidobas Txovlobs simdabliT, amad Tavs uxris alamsa,

qarTls isev Cvenve gvanebebs, kaxeTiT gvaZlevs salamsa.

Tu orad dadgas, iqnebis oriv patara gorebi; daqrolebs qari, gardaqcevs, zRvas SerTavs niaRorebi, tialT venaxTa mosWamen daTvni, ZaRlni da Rorebi, warwymedili ars, vinc ra sTqvas ZmasTan Zmis dasaSorebi.

vaxtangi saidumlo Setyobinebis arss wvdeba da amiT gamoxatavs Tavis mzaobas dakavSireba-gaerTianebisTvis (sxva sakiTxia, rom, sabo-lood, es ver moxerxda). mis naTqvamSi arsad figurirebs cecxli, romelic konstantines naxatis mTavar kods warmoadgenda (swored cecxliT iyo miniSnebuli aRmosavleTidan momavali saSineli saf-rTxe); mis nacvlad mocemul teqstSi Cndeba niaRvari, rogorc gama-nadgurebeli Zala, romelic, faqtobrivad, vaxtangis verbalur dis-kursSi iseTive funqciiTaa warmodgenili, rogoriTac cecxli iyo datvirTuli konstantines vizualur narativSi.

vaxtangis mixedviT, gaTiSulobis SemTxvevaSi, or patara gorad dayofili qarTli da kaxeTi ganadgurdeba („daqrolebs qari, gardaq-cevs, zRvas SerTavs niaRorebi. tialT venaxTa mosWamen daTvni, ZaR-lni da Rorebi“).

naTelia, rom teqstSi mocemuli zRvis saxe ar ukavSirdeba kon-kretul geografiul warmodgenas da simboluri mniSvnelobiTaa datvirTuli: esaa qaosi, saSineli araraoba, romelic qarisa da niaR-vris meSveobiT aRmosavleT saqarTvelos waSlis, rogorc myar, is-toriuli mniSvnelobis sivrces da sabolood SeierTebs (gaaqrobs) mas.

zRvis semantika `daviTianSi~

159

zRvis religiuri semantika

„mamao Cvenos“ motivze agebul akrostixul leqsSi (romelsac daviT guramiSvili iambikod saxeldebs) „locva, odes daviTs tyveoba-sa Sina moSivda da RmerTs puri sTxova“ aris aseTi strofi:

n u S e m i y v a n e b Rrma zRvaTa, rom ar davinTqeo, C v e n Senad sadidebelad mTlad gangvarineo, g a n s a c d e l s a mogvaride, kargo menaveo, a r a m e d m i x s e n, viT moses Sua ganupeo!

pirvel striqonSi naxsenebi Rrma zRva mTeli strofis saxismet-yvelebas gansazRvravs. masSi danTqma sulier sikvdils niSnavs da am gan-sacdelisgan adamianis xsna mxolod karg menaves (RmerTs) SeuZlia.

cxadia, aq dasaxelebuli zRva mxolod religiuri (da araviTar SemTxvevaSi, geografiuli) semantikiTaa datvirTuli. am fonze ki ki-dev ufro TvalsaCino xdeba ukanasknel striqonSi, egviptidan israe-lis gamosvlis istoriis gaxsenebisas, realuri, mewamuli zRvis dau-saxelebloba (am aRsaniSnis nulovani markeriT xazi esmeba zRvis, ro-gorc geografiuli mocemulobis, umniSvnelobas).

zRvis ambivalenturi semantika

daviT guramiSvilis mixedviT, ruseTs gadaxvewil vaxtang VI-s xelmwife anam „ubrZana“: „me miWiravs zRvis midamo gaRma mxari, so-laRsa da darubandsa, baqosa dgas Cemi jari“ da es miwebi uboZa sagan-mgeblod.

mocemul SemTxvevaSi, zRva swored geografiuli mniSvnelobi-

Taa datvirTuli da is gulisxmobs kaspiis zRvas. poeti mogviTxrobs, rom amis Semdeg vaxtangma da baqarma aaSene-

bines navebi, raTa edilis (volgis) gavliT misuliyvnen darubands. maT Tan gaiyoles etikic (gzis mimTiTebeli). magram sami Tvis xetia-lis Semdeg mixvdnen, rom gza abneodaT:

viremdis zRvaTa bagemdis Cven CavidodiT naviTa, gardatrialda sawuTro mrudisa sabrunaviTa...

vaxtangs moaxsenes, rom Samaxia (qalaqi Semaxa) aiRo Tamaz-xanma (nadir-Sahma). vaxtangi, romelic isedac gaurkvevel mdgomareobaSi iyo, dilemis winaSe aRmoCnda: an unda gaegrZelebina gza, an ruseTs dabrunebuliyo.

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swored am dros warmoTqva „Tavisi qveynis ubedobaze momCivanma“ bagrationma „daviTianSi“ zRvis saxesTan dakavSirebiT yvelaze STam-beWdavi sityvebi:

axla ra vqna, sad wavide? gza Semeqna daxlarTuli,

qari qris da afra gaSliT var xomaldiT zRvas SerTuli...

es striqonebi SeiZleba samgvarad ganvixiloT:

1) sityvasityviT doneze, rogorc empiriuli realobis asaxva; 2) alegoriul doneze, rogorc istoriul–politikuri viTa-

rebis asaxva; 3) simbolur doneze, rogorc wignis avtoris sulieri mdgoma-

reobis asaxva. pirvel SemTxvevaSi, warmodgenilia realuri empiriuli faqti:

vaxtangsa da mis amalas (romelSic daviT guramiSvilic iyo) mar-Tlac aebnaT gza, mxari ecvalaT da sami Tvis ganmavlobaSi araswori mimarTulebiT midiodnen (am konteqstSi, zRva aRniSnavs ara kaspiis zRvas, aramed _ mdinare volgas).

meore SemTxvevaSi, igive striqonebi alegoriuli mniSvnelobiT gaigeba: aq warmodgenilia arsebuli politikuri viTareba: vaxtangma, romelmac datova samSoblo da peterburgidanac wamovida, raTa xel-

mwifis mier boZebul kaspiispireTSi misuliyo, Seityo, rom Tamaz-xanma pozicia gaimagra, daikava calkeuli qalaqebi da gza Sekruli iyo (am konteqstSi, zRva aRniSnavs ugzoobas, uorientaciobas, gaur-kvevlobas).

rac Seexeba mesame SemTxvevas, warmodgenili sityvebi, mTeli wignis koncefciis gaTvaliswinebiT, simbolurad asaxavs Tavad da-viT guramiSvilis samSoblodan Sors gatarebul dramatul cxovre-bas (aq ki zRva aRniSnavs mTel amqveyniur arsebobas, wuTisofels).

zRvis filosofiuri semantika

dabolos, zRva „daviTianSi“ Cndeba kvlav pirvel (a) wignSi da is ukavSirdeba wuTisoflis saxes: „sawuTros soflis samduravSi“ guramiSvili wers:

midis-modis es sofeli, qartexilTa zRvisebr Relavs!

ukan dasdevs dro da Jami, mis naqselavs qsovs da sTelavs... amave Tavis dasawyisSi, mxolod, zRvis dausaxeleblad, igive az-

ri TiTqmis identuri sityvieri formulirebiTaa gamoTqmuli:

naTobs da bindobs sawuTro, qcevadi, mobrunavia! wams myudro qari aqrolis, wuTze damusris navia.

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161

aq warmodgenil paralelur saxeebSi (erT SemTxvevaSi, zRvis leqsikuri markeriT, meore SemTxvevaSi ki uimisod) daviT guramiSvi-li calsaxad miuTiTebs ara konkretuli geografiuli mocemulo-

bis, aramed _ stiqiis bunebaze.

zRvis bibliuri semantika da „daviTiani“

bibliasTan „daviTianis“ mimarTebis fundamenturi sakiTxi sxva-dasxva dros araerTma mkvlevarma Seiswavla. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom kvlevis es mimarTuleba (gansakuTrebiT _ me-20 saukunis meore na-xevridan) „daviTianis“ Seswavlis faqtobrivad erTaderT (da yvela-

ze mniSvnelovan) gzas warmoadgens. am fonze, kidev ufro saintereso xdeba imis naTelyofa, ra seman-

tikiT tvirTavs „daviTianis“ avtori Tavis krebulSi zRvas, rogorc niSans.

zemoT ganxilul magaliTebze dayrdnobiT, dabejiTebiT SeiZle-

ba iTqvas, rom daviT guramiSvili am sakiTxSic bibliur tradicias emyareba. magram Tavad Zveli da axali aRTqmis wignebSi zRva araa calsaxad erTi mniSvnelobis niSani. mis saxes ramdenime ganzomileba aqvs. maTgan ki gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia sami aspeqti:

1) zRva, rogorc sasikvdilo saSiSroeba, romlis fskerzec bo-roteba budobs;

2) aqedan gamomdinare, zRva, rogorc dasaTrguni stiqia, romlis daZleviTac gandiddeba ufali;

3) dabolos, zRva, rogorc axali qveynisTvis ucxo elementi. „daviTianSi“ warmodgenili zRva swored am aspeqtebs ukavSir-

deba: igia saSiSi, momakvdinebeli stiqia (sivrce), romelic adamians daRupviT emuqreba. misi daZleva ki mxolod RvTis SemweobiTaa SesaZ-lebeli. sabolood ki, is, rogorc amqveyniurobisa da gansacdelis simbolo, esqatologiur momavalSi aRar iarsebebs (pirvandeli sa-xiT).

„daviTianSi“ zRva arasodesaa mSvidi, is sul Relavs: sadac ki guramiSvili zRvas axsenebs, iqve qarsac asaxelebs. am gziT poeti mkiTxvels gansakuTrebuli daZabulobis gancdas uqmnis. es gancdaa danTqmis, daRupvis SiSi, romelic gamoscada petrem, roca qristes-ken zRvaze fexiT mimavalma, Zlieri qarisgan SeSinebulma, CaZirva da-iwyo da RmerTs SehRaRada: ufalo, mixsen me!

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_______________ 1 wyalTan „daviTians“ araliteraturuli xasiaTis kavSiric aqvs: cnobi-lia, rom mirian batoniSvils, romlisTvisac daviT guramiSvilma speci-alurad gadanusxa Tavisi krebuli, xelnaweri mdinareSi Cauvarda. sabo-lood ki ufliswulma uvneblad Camoitana es wigni saqarTveloSi; garda amisa, „daviTianis“ avtografSi CarTulia „sarwyavisa da wisqvilis amba-vi da moxazuloba“ (proeqti, naxazebiT, xarjTaRricxviTa da komenta-rebiT), romelic poeturi nawarmoebebisa da samxedro dokumentaciisa-gan radikalurad gansxavebuli kuTxiT warmoaCens daviT guramiSvilis pirovnebas. 2 daviT guramiSvili, daviTiani (TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli), Tbilisi,

saxelgami, 1955, gv. 61; 247-248. 3 „daviTianis“ es monakveTi pirdapir exmianeba fsalmunis sityvebs: mac-xovne me, RmerTo, rameTu Sevides wyalni sulad Cemdadmde, davinTq me uy-sa ufskrulisasa, da ara ars daTmenai; moved me siRrmesa zRvisasa da moq-cevaman damnTqa me“ (fsalm. 68, 1-2). 4 iqve, gv. 81; 384.

5 gamosvlaTa wigni. 14, 8-30.

6 daviTiani, gv. 95, 483.

7 iqve, gv. 95; 489, 1-2.

8 iqve, gv. 96; 491, 1-2.

9 iqve, gv. 105; 561, 1-2.

10 iqve, gv. 103; 549, 1-2.

11 am TvalsazrisiT, upirveles yovlisa, aRsaniSnavia zRvis mxecis, levi-

aTanis, saxe; danielis winaswarmetyveleba qarebis amovardnasa da zRvi-dan amomaval mxecebze (dan. 7, 2-7), agreTve, esaias winaswarmetyveleba saSinel sasjelze (es. 5, 30), rasac axali aRTqmidan exmianeba lukas sa-xareba (luk. 21, 25). 12 am TvalsazrisiT, aRsaniSnavia fsalmunTa sityvebi: Sen ganamtkice Za-

liTa SeniTa zRuai, Sen Sehmusre Tavebi veSapTai wyalTa zeda (fsalm. 73, 13), gixiles Sen wyalTa, RmerTo, gixiles Sen wyalTa da SeeSina, SeZ-rwundes ufskrulni (fsalm. 76, 16); iobis wigni, 38, 8-11; axali aRTqmi-dan ki qristes gavla zRvaze (maTe, 8, 23-27; maTe 14, 24-32; markozi, 4, 36-41; markozi 6, 47-51; luka 8, 22-25; ioane 6, 16-22), rasac exmianeba fsalmunis sityvebi: zRvasa zeda arian gzani Senni da alagni Senni wyal-

Ta zeda mravalTa, da kualni Senni ara sacnaur iqmnen (fsalm. 76, 19). 13 amaze miuTiTebs ioanes gamocxadebis sityvebi: vixile axali ca da axa-

li miwa, vinaidan pirveli ca da pirveli miwa gardaxdnen, da zRva aRar iyo (gamocx. 21, 1), magram ioanesave gamocxadebis mixedviT, iqneba bro-lis msgavsi minis zRva (gamocx. 4,6). 14 daviT guramiSvilisTvis zRvis siRrmeSi Sesvla gansacdelSi Sesvlas

niSnavs. am azrs igi paraleluri leqsikuri erTeulebiTac naTelyofs: sauflo locvis sityvebs: nu Semiyvaneb Cven gansacdelsa „daviTianSi“ enacvleba striqoni: nu Semiyvaneb Rrma zRvaTa. 15 maTe, 14, 30.

xaTuna maisaSvili

zRvis niSani da miTebi

qarTul mediaSi, anu

zRva-Sina da zRva-gareTa...

statia Seexeba zRvis niSnis mniSvne-lobebis farglebs qarTul mediur teq-stebSi. Tormet CaRrmavebul interviuze dafuZnebuli kvleva pasuxobs SekiTxvebs: ramdenad Tavsdeba `zRva~ mediuri Rirebu-lebrivi kriteriumebis sistemaSi; ramde-nad `sayvareli~ saxe da xatia igi qarTuli kulturisTvis zogadad da qarTuli medi-isTvis kerZod; ramdenad eTavseba igi arqe-tipur xatebsa da warsulis gamocdilebas? ras kiTxulobs mimRebi `zRvis~ niSanSi da am niSnis miRma? da mTavari: zRva `Sin~ aris Tu `gareT~?

rogor da ratom cocxloben niSnebi mediaSi?

arsebobs iseTi niSnebi, cnebebi, sa-

kiTxebi, Temebi, romlebic mediuri teqste-bis, Setyobinebebis SinaarsSi «advilad» aRweven, - Setyobinebis avtoris mier soci-aluri, politikuri, ideologiuri kon-teqstis zedapirze oden «nadirobis» Sede-gad, da arsebobs iseTebic, romlebsac medi-uri Rirebulebis mosapoveblad am konteq-stis siRrmeebidan sWirdeba kultivacia (manhaimi, j.b., 1998). magram Tundac «Rire-bulebaSeZenil», warmatebiT kultivire-

bul niSans, sakiTxs an Temas ar aqvs garan-tia imisa, rom igi didi xniT damkvidrdeba

filosofiis doqtori. ZiriTadi Sromebi: “erov-nuli identobis reprezenta-cia 1990-1991 wlebis qar-Tul beWdur mediaSi” (2010, sakvalifikacio naSromi fi-losofiis doqtoris xaris-xis mosapoveblad); “Sesava-li masobrivi komunikaciis TeoriaSi” (2007, monogra-

fia). gamoqveynebuli aqvs 5 samecniero statia. interesebis sfero: masob-rivi komunikacia, media, se-miologia mediaSi, mediis sociologia.

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mediur sivrceSi da didxans SeinarCunebs mimRebi auditoriis inte-ress Tavisi Tavis mimarT. am «SeRwevadobas», mediur velSi aqtualu-

robis SenarCunebas, gaSuqebis intensivobis uzrunvelyofas, konkre-tuli cnebis «sayvarel», axlobel saxed da xatad gadaqcevas ganapi-robebs sociumis Rirebulebrivi da kulturuli gavlenebi, Tavad me-diumis ideologiuri da organizaciuli faqtorebi.

Rirebulebrivi da kulturuli gavlenebis mxriv, romelime ni-Sanma, cnebam, sakiTxma mediuri Rirebuleba rom SeiZinos, igi unda ak-mayofilebdes Semdeg kriteriumebs (es kriteriumebi gamomuSavebu-lia dasavluri mediuri standartebis mixedviT – galtungi da ruge (1965), citirebuli makqueilis mier (2005)):

• mas unda ukavSirdebodes farTomasStabiani movlenebi;

• igi axlos unda iyos `Sin~-Tan an `Sinauri sivrcis~-is na-wils unda warmoadgendes;

• unda gaaCndes mkafio da araozrovani mniSvneloba;

• unda iyos socialur-politikuri konteqstis relevanturi;

• TanxmobaSi unda modiodes kulturul arqetipur xatebTan an warsulis gamocdilebasTan;

• misi signifikaciis Tanrigebi unda Slides farTo mniSvnelo-

biT vels, romelic mocemuli kulturuli wiaRidan izrdeba; • mas unda ukavSirdebodes sazogadoebrivad mniSvnelovani qme-

deba.

organizaciuli faqtorebis mxriv, Temebis, cnebebis, sakiTxe-bis aqtualizacia mediaSi ukavSirdeba saredaqcio politikis mafor-mirebel iseT mniSvnelovan fenomenebs, rogorebicaa: `karibWis dac-va~ da `garemo, romelSic mediuri dRis wesrigi iqmneba~.

midgoma

Cven pasuxi unda gavceT SekiTxvas: aris Tu ara, da Tu aris, ram-

denad aris, qarTuli zRva `Sin~-is, Sinauri sivrcis nawili?

zRvis cnebis analizi mediur SinaarsSi moiTxovs analizis or plasts: pirveli - es aris konkretuli cnebis Tematuri konteqstu-alizacia da meore – am cnebis, rogorc niSnis, mniSvneloba konkre-tul kulturul garemoSi, romelic warmoCenilia mediur teqstSi. analizis orive done ukavSirdeba mediuri teqstis mimarT struqtu-ralistur/semiologiur midgomas.

struqturalisturi midgoma Seexeba ara mxolod konvenciur verbalur enebs, aramed niSnebis nebismier sistemas, romelsac kvazie-nobrivi, enismagvari, maxasiaTeblebi aqvs. meorec, igi nakleb yurad-

zRvis niSani da miTebi qarTul mediaSi, anu zRva Sina da zRva gareTa...

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Rebas uTmobs TavisTavad niSans an niSanTa sistemas da met yuradRe-bas miapyrobs arCeul mediur teqstebsa da teqstSi arsebul mniSvne-lobebs kulturis farglebSi. struqturalisturi midgoma TiTqmis Tanabrad exeba rogorc kulturul, ise enobriv mniSvnelobebs, ro-melTa SigniT operirebisTvis niSanTa sistemis codna mxolod in-strumentia, magram ara TviTkmari instrumenti.

am instrumentariumSi mniSvnelovani adgili uWiravs konota-ciur da denotaciur mniSvnelobebs – anu im asociaciebs, saxeebsa da xatebs, romlebic iqmneba da gamoixateba niSnebis kombinaciebiTa da am kombinaciebis gansazRvruli gamoyenebiT. denotacia rolan bartis mier aRwerilia, rogorc `aRniSnvis, signifikaciis pirveli Tanrigi~ (barti, 1967), vinaidan igi aRwers kavSirs Tavad niSnis SigniT aR-mniSvnelsa (fizikuri aspeqti) da aRniSnuls (mentaluri aspeqti) Soris. niSnis cxadi da pirdapiri mniSvneloba misi denotaciaa. kono-tacia ukavSirdeba signifikaciis meore Tanrigs da gamoxatavs niSan-Tan asociaciurad dakavSirebul mniSvnelobas. es `asociaciurad da-kavSirebuli~ mniSvnelobis farglebi Zalian farToa. swored kono-taciaSi iSleba konkretuli kulturisTvis damaxasiaTebeli mniS-vnelobiTi velis, am velis kulturuli kodebis mTeli speqtri: er-Ti mxriv, Tavad asociaciebi, metaforebi, erTi sibrtyis Tvisebis me-ore sibrtyeSi gadatana, simboloebi da, meore mxriv, maTi gamoyenebis relevanturoba. signifikaciis, saxeldebis am meore plastis, meore donis amoqmedeba mimRebis, mkiTxvelis mxridan kulturis ufro Rrma codnas moiTxovs. rolan barti am ZiriTad ideas miTis cnebis Semo-taniTa da damkvidrebiT afarToebs. Zalian xSirad raime niSniT aR-niSnuli sagani Tavis adgils poulobs mniSvnelobebis ufro farTo, diskretul sistemaSi, romelic gasagebi xdeba konkretul kultu-

rasTan identificirebuli adamianebisTvis. miTebi warmoadgens Rire-bulebrivad gajerebuli ideebis nakrebs, romlebic am konkretuli kulturidan warmodgeba.

mediuri teqstebi – es aris stilizebuli konvenciebisa da ko-debis safuZvelze Seqmnili `teqstebi~, romlebic Zalian xSirad Sei-caven –Riad an farulad – miTebsa da kulturulad `sayvarel~, `Zvi-rfas~ saxeebsa da xatebs.

mediuri asaxvis analizis Sedegad Cven miviRebT pasuxs, rome-lic ara mxolod erTi dargisTvis, mediisTvis, iqneba mniSvnelobis mqone, aramed, zogadad, mTeli kulturisTvis.

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meTodi

kvlevis meTodad gamoyenebulia naratiuli, CaRrmavebuli `pi-

rispiri interviu~, romelic 12 respondentTan Sedga. respondente-bis SerCevis principi emyareba miznobrivi SerCevis princips. inter-viusTvis SerCeuli Tormetive pirovnebisTvis zRva konkretuli in-teresis matarebeli cnebaa: cxra respondentisTvis igi profesiuli interesis (an – potenciuri interesis) sferoa (saerTaSoriso ur-TierTobebis specialisti, ekonomisti, istorikosi, Jurnalisti, konfliqtologi, garemos damcveli), samisTvis ki – zRva cxovrebis wesis nawils warmoadgens, adgils, romelic gajerebulia cocxali, cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebiT, maT Soris – maTi piradi gamocdile-

biT (afxazeTidan devnilebi). intervius kiTxvebi moicavs rogorc SekiTxvebs respondentebis mier mediuri produqciis moxmarebis Se-saxeb, maTi damokidebulebebis Sesaxeb, aseve moicavs kiTxvebs, gamom-dinareT zemoT aRniSnuli mediuri Rirebulebebis sistemis kriteri-umebidan, aseve konkretuli mediuri nimuSebidan.

Cemi daSvebaa, rom respondentebs Camoyalibebuli da ganviTare-buli aqvT `TavianTi yoveldRiuri mediuri Teoria~ – es termini ekuTvnis denis makqueils da aRniSnavs mediis gacnobierebul momxma-rebelSi Camoyalibebul principebs ama Tu im sakiTxis mimarT, Tema-tikas, striqonebs Soris wasakiTx, dafarul teqsts da ase Semdeg.

es meTodi saSualebas gvaZlevs:

SevadaroT mediuri Sinaarsisa da `socialuri realobis~ per-cefcia; asaxvas Tu ara mediuri Sinaarsi, an unda asaxavdes Tu ara so-cialur realobas da Tu es asea, rogors da vis realobas asaxavs igi;

aRviqvaT mediuri Sinaarsi rogorc socialuri da kulturu-

li Rirebulebebisa da rwmenebis asaxva.

ganxilva

rogorc gviCvenebs monacemebis analizi, masSi upirates mniS-

vnelobas iZens `zRvis~ pozicionireba, misi moTavseba drosa da siv-rceSi, misi realuroba Tu warmosaxviToba. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, analizi pasuxs gagvcems SekiTxvebze: ramdenad Sors an axlos aris zRva Cvengan? (es `siaxlove~ da `siSore~ vrceldeba drois is-toriul vertikalze, dRevandelobis horizontul kontinuumze, auditoriis interesze zRvis mimarT, zogadad, da konkretuli saz-Rvao Temebisadmi, kerZod...); ramdenad aris zRva socialuri realo-

bis nawili? da Tu zRvis xati mediaSi warmosaxvis fsiqologiiT


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aris gamyarebuli, maSin ra kravs da asuldgmulebs am warmosaxviTo-bas?

respondenti, romelic profesiiT Jurnalistia, am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT ixsenebs meoce saukunis erT-erTi yvelaze gamorCeuli mediaTeoretikosis uolter lipmanis adreul Sexedulebas erov-nul mediaSi `sazogadoebrivi azris~ CamoyalibebasTan dakavSirebiT:

`jer kidev 30-ian wlebSi lipmani gamodioda im tendenciis wi-naaRmdeg, rom gazeTebi ganxiluli yofiliyo mxolod rogorc sazo-gadoebrivi sainformacio momsaxurebis forma. igi amtkicebda, rom nebismieri mediuri Tema zustad unda morgeboda auditoriis inte-ress, morgeboda im geografiul sivrces, romelSic igi vrceldebo-

da, da Tanac – ara mxolod im stereotipebiT, romlebic isedac mya-rad arsebobda sazogadoebriv cnobierebaSi, aramed am stereotipebis manipulaciiT. mxolod aseTi manipulaciis meSveobiT SeiZenda Tema an niSani mkafio mniSvnelobas. mimaCnia, rom dRes qarTul mediaSi Cveni mkiTxvelisTvis zRvis mniSvnelobis Sexseneba mxolod `argonavte-bis~ an stalinuri epoqis miTebiT igivea, rac Sotlandieli mkiTxve-lisTvis `kiltis gadacma~ misTvis informaciis miwodebisas.~

SesaZloa, amgvari ganmeorebadi da arc Tu axali stereotipe-bi mkiTxveli auditoriis interess ar iwvevdes da am ukanasknels, marTlac, gansxvavebuli mada hqondes mediaSi gaSuqebuli Temebis mi-marT, magram unda vaRiaroT, rom zRvis Temas, bevri sxva Temisa da sa-kiTxisgan gansxvavebiT, didxans gahyveba amosaval wertilad - mimdi-nare movlenebis ganvlilebTan Sedarebis, harmonizebis mizniT - qar-Tuli zRvis es warsuli da misi yvelaze gavrcelebuli stereotipe-bi.

`didi gacvla~ — warsulsa da momavalSi.

`Cveni yvelaze didi istoriuli da kulturuli gacvla ma-RalganviTarebul civilizebul antikur samyarosTan zRviT moxda. zRviT Semovida saqarTveloSi ZvelberZnuli sulieri da materia-luri kultura da zRviT gavida medicina, liTonis dnobis teqnolo-

gia da Rvino. mas Semdeg zRviT arc mteri mosula da arc moyvare. ganviTareba

modioda samxreTidan an aRmosavleTidan. saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi zRva – iseve, rogorc kavkasionis qedi, bunebriv zRvars, zRudes, ke-dels qmnida gare samyarosTan.~

erT-erTi respondentis am citataSi gadmocemuli zRvis es sa-xe yvelaze gavrcelebuli da cnobierebaSi yvelze Rrmad CabeWdili sazRvao xatia. aq zRvis niSanSi erTmaneTs mkveTrad enacvleba gaxsni-

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loba da daxSuloba; zRva gare samyarosTan komunikaciis arxic aris da misgan damfaravi zRudec. zRviT Semdgari `didi gacvla~ gvxvdeba mediur teqstebSi, romlebic Seexeba `Savi zRvis ekonomikuri sab-Wos~ potencials da saqarTvelos SesaZleblobebs am aliansSi. es Tema gansakuTrebul aqtualobas qarTul mediaSi im periodSi iZens, roca saqarTvelo damoukidebel saxelmwifoTa TanamegobrobaSi (`modernizebul sabWoTa kavSirSi~- aseTi epiTetiT xSirad moixseni-eba dsT) Sedis. eqspertebi, analitikosebi da Jurnalistebi iwyeben dsT-s alternativis Zebnas da Savi zRvis irgvliv gaSlili saxel-

mwifoebis ekonomikuri TanamSromloba maT erT-erT aseT alternati-

vad esaxebaT. mxolod Teoriuli, hipoTezuri mosazrebebiT, zRva sa-qarTvelosTvis regionSi TanamSromlobis RerZi unda gaxdes da Sea-sustos ruseTsa da sxva yofil sabWoTa respublikebze misi ekonomi-kuri mibmuloba. modaluri Tu imperatiuli diskursi ukve wesad inergeba am mimarTebiT: warsulis gamocdileba am mxriv ar arsebobs, da amitom zRva Cndeba deklaraciuli tipis momavalze orientire-bul mediur teqstebSi: ekonomikuri Tu sagareo politikuri ganvi-Tarebis koncefciebSi, calkeuli eqspertebisa Tu eqspertTa jgufe-bis samxedro doqtrinebis proeqtebSi. respondentebis naerTi Sefa-sebiT, zRva mediaSi Cndeba, rogorc warsulis gamouyenebeli SesaZ-lebloba da momavali ganviTarebis Sansi. aq, am SemTxvevaSi, awmyo ar arsebobs da zRva ar aris mimdinare drois niSani.

stalinuri Savi zRvis sanapiro da mimdinare mniSvnelobebi. Jurnalistika Tu piari

qarTuli zRvis meore, yvelaze gavrcelebuli xati meoce sau-kunis 30-iani wlebidan mSenebare miTs exeba – sakuroroto da dasas-venebeli infrastruqturis iqamde uprecedento mSeneblobas Savi zRvis sanapiroze. «Жить стало веселее» ‐ stalinis am sloganma, ro-melic mimarTuli iyo sazogadoebis yuradRebis gadatanaze represie-bidan pozitiur, sazogadoebis Semkvrel da gamaerTianebel miTebze, xorcSesxma erT-erT didi `saxalxo~ proeqtSi hpova – Savi zRvis sa-napiro sabWoTa xalxis, rusi xalxis dasvenebis, garTobis erT-erT yvelaze sayvarel adgilad iqca.

`sabWoTa saqarTvelos sazRvao sanapiro ar yofila saqarTve-los zRva. fizikurad, geografiulad igi isev ekuTvnoda saqarTve-los, magram socialurad da politikurad es iyo sabWoTa rusuli proeqti, romlis ganxorcielebis adgiladac saqarTvelo SeirCa da misi sargebelic mxolod lokaciis kvalobaze ganisazRvreboda. Savi


169

zRvis floti sabWoTa samoqalaqo Tu samxedro navigaciis nawili iyo, sazRvao mimosvlac mkacrad kontroldeboda~.

respondentebis umravlesoba im azrs iziarebs, rom zRvis Tema aqtualuri qarTul mediaSi sakurorto sezonis moaxloebisas xde-ba, media aSuqebs yvelafers, rac potenciur damsvenebels daaintere-sebs: zRvis wylis sinjebs, sanitaruli mdgomareobas sanapiro zol-

ze, gesThausebis, sastumroebis fasebs, saSualo sadReRamiso xar-jebs, gasarTob infrastruqturas, anonsirdeba diskoTekebze mowve-uli dijeebis vinaoba, samTavrobo sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis samsaxuris TanamSromlebi aqtiurad muSaoben mediasTan baTumSi mim-dinare `grandiozuli~ mSeneblobebisa da proeqtebis gasaSuqeblad da baTumisTvis regionuli mniSvnelobis kurortisa da gasarTobi Tu sastumroebis biznesis centris reputaciis Sesaqmnelad. mediur asaxvaSi Zalian xSirad Cndeba quCaSi Cawerili interviuebi ucxoel turistebTan (teqstebSi) da baTumis axalmSeneblobebis fotoebi, romlebzedac gamosaxulia kiCuri arqiteqturis nayofi _ kvazigo-Tikur stilSi agebuli axali Senobebi.

`am mediaSi asaxul samTavrobo pairSi cxadad Cans xedva ara ba-Tumidan, ara saqarTvelodan zRvisken, aramed zRvis mxridan – baTu-misken. qarTveli mkiTxvelisTvis Tu mayureblisTvis xedvis amgvari kuTxe gaurkvevlobis Semcvelia: mas aiZuleben, movlenebs Sexedos sxvisi – investoris, ucxoeli damsveneblis, yovel SemTxvevaSi, ara-Tavisi - TvaliT da sagnebisa da movlenebis amgvar refleqsias endos. niSandoblivi iyo erT-erTi, savaraudod, samaTavrobo piaris Sedegad Seqmnili, grZeli qronometraJis mqone siuJeti, romelSic aWaris lamis mTeli mosaxleoba potenciuri damsaqmeblis interesis kuT-xiT iyo ganxiluli da Sefasebuli.~

Aan:

`TviT mSeneblobisa da ganaxlebuli arqiteqturuli iersaxis Sesaxeb Seqmnil publikaciebSi Jurnalistebi iviwyeben erT-erT mTa-var Temas: ramdenad Cans zRvis faqtoris gavlena baTumis axal mSe-neblobebze, ufro sworad – ratom ar Cans saerTod~.

respondentebis azriT, amgvari reprezentaciiT mimRebis Tval-

sawierSi zRva da zRvaze gaSenebuli yvelaze didi qalaqi ikargeba rogorc `Sin~-is nawili, rogorc familaruli sivrce. igi ikiTxeba da ganixileba, rogorc dominaturi diskursiT `dakveTili realoba~ da ara is socialuri realoba, romlis miRebis interesic auditori-as aqvs. respondentebis umravlesobas miaCnia, rom am SemTxvevaSi saq-me aqvs ara mediur komunikaciasTan, aramed konkretul mizanze orien-tirebul komunikaciasTan, romelic samTavrobo sazogadoebrivi ur-TierTobebis instrumenti xdeba; rom auditorias informacias ara

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obieqturi Jurnalistebi, aramed dainteresebuli presis agentebi awvdian. respondentebis umravlesobas aseve miaCnia, rom am samTavro-bo piarSi Semodis kidev erTi zRvasTan dakavSirebuli socialuri fenomeni: qarTuli elitis mibmuloba zRvasTan, rogorc misi dasve-nebisa da garTobis, sakuTrebis qonis adgilTan. baTumSi mowyobili nacionaluri arxebis sainformacio programebis sazafxulo studie-bic, respondentebis azriT, samTavrobo sazogadoebrivi urTierTo-bebis am aspeqtis gamovlinebaa.

àdgilobrivi (aWaris) elita `marginalizebulia~, afxazeTis did, saporto qalaqebSi mcxovrebi elita, saerTod, devnilobaSi im-yofeba, misi adgili, rogorc elitisa, dedaqalaqis politikurma elitam daikava. es Zalian saxifaTo tendenciaa~.

rogorc vxedavT, aq viRebT sakmaod farTo mniSvnelobiT vels: zRva da adgili zRvasTan – rekreacia, mSenebloba, investicia, ganvi-Tareba,…elituroba, konfliqti. . . imavdroulad ikargeba, mediuri Rirebulebis TvalsazrisiT, Zalian mniSvnelovani ram: zRva kargavs `Sinaurobis~ Rirebulebas, da igi ùcxos~ mijnaze gadaadgildeba. iseve, rogorc stalinuri epoqis Savi zRva. sruli harmonia Tanamed-rove mediuri xatebisa warsulis xatebTan.

`dakarguli zRva~

esec gavrcelebuli stereotipia da, rogorc wesi, `dakarguli zRva~ dakarguli afxazeTis struqturul konotaciad gamoiyeneba, Tumca respondentebis umravlesobas miaCnia, rom `zRvis~ dakargva kidev bevrjer àmoikiTxes~ maT mediur teqstebSi da es teqstebi ar exeboda konfliqts afxazeTSi. TvalsaCinoebisTvis or amonarids mo-viyvan interviuebidan:

`. . . SevardnaZis mmarTvelobis dros saqarTvelos flotis ge-mebis jarTad gayidva ar niSnavda mxolod konkretuli samxedro, in-frastruqturuli Tu teqnikuri mniSvnelobis sakiTxis gadawyvetas. es niSnavda flotze, flotis yolaze uaris Tqmas. ai, am uaridan mom-dinareobs uaryofis mTeli jaWvi: ara floti – ara sazRvao usaf-rTxoeba – ara zRva. samwuxarod, maSindel mediaSi ufro metad gani-xileboda am `garigebis~ finansur-teqnikuri mxareebi, vidre misi konceptualuri mniSvneloba~;

da:

`Savi zRvis ekologia, misi ekosistemebis mdgomareoba, brako-nieruli Tu unebarTvo TevzWera an Zalian fragmentulad, an saer-Tod ar gvxvdeba mediur teqstebSi. es garemoeba or Zalian sagangaSo


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simptomze mianiSnebs: marginalizebulia garemosdacviTi idea da mar-ginalizebulia zRva saqarTvelos saerTo ekologiuri sistemidan~.

rodesac vxvdebiT marginalizebul cnebebs, yovelTvis gviCnde-ba SekiTxva, ra aris an sad aris is centri, romlis mimarTac esa Tu is idea an cneba gariyuli aRmoCndeba. orive zemoT moxmobili magaliTi gviCvenebs, rom centri aris gabatonebuli, saxelmwifo-politikuri Tu ideologiuri diskursi, romlis mimarTac zRva meorexarisxovan mdgomareobaSia, rogorc usafrTxoebiTi sistemis nawili: erTia sa-xelmwifoTaSorisi urTierTobebis usafrTxoeba da meorea – ekolo-

giuri usafrTxoeba. media axdens am diskursis transmisias da ar uR-rmavdeba marginalizebuli cnebisa Tu niSnis reprezentaciis sxva kuTxiT kultivaciis mizniT.

zRvis mistika

zRvis cneba sruliad unikalur mniSvnelobebs iZens im mediur teqstebSi, romlebic afxazeTis omis, qarTul-afxazuri konfliqti-

sa da afxazeTidan devnilebis istoriebs warmogviCens. Tavidanve SegviZlia, daskvnis saxiT vTqvaT, rom aq zRva aris is

centri, RerZi, romlis mimarTac ganlagebulia: identobis safuZve-li, omi da mSvidoba, awmyo da warsuli, sicocxle da sikvdili, am-qveyniuri da imqveyniuri. afxazeTSi datovebuli saxlis adgilmdeba-

reobac zRvidan gadaTvlili metrebiT izomeba. reportaJSi `isinic oqros napiridan arian~ Jurnalistebi maia

gogolaZe da lia toklikiSvili aRweren droebiT TavSesafars Tbi-lisTan axlos, romelSic devnilebi cxovroben, aRweren am adamiane-bis axlandel garemos, yofasa da ganwyobas. gacnobierebuli mkiTxve-lisTvis saTauridanve cxadi xdeba, rom franc kafkas novelis alu-

zia `oqros napirze~ dabrunebis SeuZleblobaze miuTiTebs. am TavSe-safris TiToeuli binadari TiTqos kafkaseuli wiTeli peteris is-torias hyveba – bunebrivi samyarodan ucxo samyaroSi adaptaciis is-torias: `me warmoSobiT oqros napiridan var. dacxra qariSxali, ro-melic Cemi Soreuli warsulidan qroda. da Soreuli xvreli, saida-nac erT dros me aq gamovedi, imdenad daviwrovda, rom tyavgauZrob-ladac veRar gavetevi Sig ukan dasabruneblad~ (`sityva~, 2, 2008). Mes ganwyoba kidev ufro mZafri xdeba, roca Jurnalistebi aRweren erT fotos erT-erT oTaxSi, romelzec gadaRebulia, rogor kocnis kaci zRvas, oCamCireSi Separuli. ara miwas, aramed zRvas, romelic afxazeTis yvelaze gamokveTili niSan-indeqsia.

`Cemi saxli soxumSi TiTqmis zRvis piras idga. diliT, roca samsaxurSi mivdiodi, marcxniv yovelTvis zRva iyo, marjvniv – qala-

xaTuna maisaSvili

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qi. dRes marjvena nawili Tbilisma amoavso, marcxniv sicariele maqvs, saSineli sicariele. rom ara es siTeTre, albaT, ukeT viqnebo-di.~

rogorc miuTiTebs respondentis es sityvebi, mtkivneuli xde-ba ara gansazRvruli komponentis, am SemTxvevaSi – zRvis, amoReba sa-sicocxlo garemodan, anu binadrobis fizikuri ubnidan, aramed cno-bierebaSi arsebuli vizualur-sivrcobrivi xatidan. aq aRwerili mentaluri SegrZneba Zalian hgavs tvinis marjvena sferos dazianebiT daavadebuli adamianis mier aRqmul suraTs fizikuri da socialuri realobisa, oRond im gansxvavebiT, rom unarSezRuduli adamiani ver acnobierebs Tavisi aRqmis paTologiurobas, aq ki fsiqikurad jan-mrTeli adamiani marginalizebuli xdeba samyaros aRqmaSi, mis warmo-saxviT saxeSi gaCenili `TeTri laqebis gamo~. eqspertebi miiCneven, rom `qarTul medias, iseve, rogorc mTlianad qarTul sazogadoebas, axasiaTebs devnilebis cxovrebis madezintegrirebeli diskursiT warmoCena. am adamianisTvis zRva mxolod mexsierebis is ubani ar aris, romelic misi aRqmis marcxena nawils avsebda. zRvispira, sa-porto qalaqebSi cxovreba qmnida sruliad gansakuTrebul socia-lur ganwyobas iq mcxovrebTa Soris. jer kidev sabWoTa droSi, mo-saxleobis TviTSegnebis Camoyalibebis mxriv, mimdinareobda moZrao-ba, romelic naklebad eqvemdebareboda administraciul kontrols: zRvispira, saporto qalaqebSi TviT dedaqalaqisgan gansxvavebuli mentalitetis mqone adamianebis jgufebi iqmneboda - TiTqos ufro axlos myofebi dasavleTis akrZalul zonasTan, ufro Tavisuflebi, meti xelmisawvdomobiT aseve akrZalul dasavlur saqonelze, dawye-buli saReWi rezinebiT, damTavrebuli iaponuri magnitofonebiT, romlebic garkveul socialur prestiJs sZenda maT mflobelebs.~

zRvis dakargva socialuri prestiJis, mSvidi cxovrebis dakar-gvasTanac igivdeba am Taobis adamianebisTvis. cxovreba zRvis piras garkveuli gagebiT `wina cxovrebis~ konotacias iZens. afxazi da qar-Tveli mwerlebis omis Semdgomi an mimdinare drois interviueebSi, maT esseebSi zRva Zalian xSirad warmoCndeba, rogorc saerTo iden-tobis safuZveli, rogorc adgili, sadac ar yofila omi, sisxlis-

Rvra, SuRli – miwisgan gansxvavebiT. Tumca aq zRva Cndeba maTi bav-Svobis adgilad, sadac isini mxolod sikvdilis Semdeg dabrundebian.

`aRavin damrCa, zRvaze sabanaod mivipatiJo. . . saRamo xans, ro-ca sicxe cxreba, magididan vdgebi, Tavs vanebeb Cems nawerebs, swored ise, rogorc is biZakacebi stovebdnen nards, da auCqarebelad mivdi-var zRvisken, frutuniT mivabijeb talRebSi, fexebiT wyals vaSxe-feb. . . magram zRva ukve is ar aris, rac iyo, sxva zRvaa – momwvano Tu indigo Salisferia, mosawyeni, zedmetad mariliani~. afxazi mwerlis


173

daur zanTarias moTxrobis `nemsis yunwi~ am monakveTSi, romelis qarTuli Targmanis internetgazeTma `axalma 7 dRem~ gamoaqveyna (Targmani guram odiSariasi), mkafiod moCans zRvis niSnis dinamika, niSnis cxovreba: warsulis cocxali zRvidan awmyosa Tu momavlis mkvdari zRvisken. iq, sadac xmeleTze naomarTa Serigeba unda Sedges. meoce saukunis dasawyisSi simbolistur mimarTulebaSi damkvidre-buli niSnebis mixedviT, swored es momwvano Tu indigo Salisferia sikvdilis feri. sakuTriv narativis ganviTarebac aqeT mihyavs mwe-rals: `sanam gankiTxvis dRes xidze aRmoCndeba, jer `nemsis yunwSi unda gaaRwios Cemma sulma (`nemsis yunwi~ – viwro adgili zRvis Se-sarTavTan, sadac afxazi, qarTveli Tu sxva erovnebis bavSvebi banaob-dnen, mSoblebis daukiTxavad – x. m.). imedi maqvs, gafarTovdeba da ga-matarebs nemsis yunwi, Tundac imitom, rom umravlesoba Tqvengani, romlebic aq mfarvelobdiT da mpatronobdiT, romlebic ase meZvir-fasebodiT da miyvardiT, didi xania, rac gaRma napirze imyofebiT. ro-desac xids miRma Tvals mogkravT, mzeras darcxvenilad aRar agari-debT, Tumca kvlav codvaSi vimyofebi... o, rogor gamoviqcevi Tqven-ken, rogorc ki nemsis yunws gamovaRwev... gamoviqcevi da gzadagza codvebs Camovicileb, rogorc bavSvobaSi tansacmels viSorebdi zRvasTan miaxloebisas~.

aq zRvis niSnis konotaciuri veli imdenad iSleba, rom TiTqmis yvela masTan asociaciurad dakavSirebuli cnebac icvlis Tavisi de-notaciuri mniSvnelobis plasts, Tanrigs da meorad mniSvnelobas iZens da viRebT: zRva _ sicocxle, umankoeba, codviloba, ganwmenda, dabruneba, Sexvedris adgili, sikvdili.

zRvis sanapiros konotacias, rogorc sikvdilisa da sicoc-xlis Soris gamavali gamyofi xazisa, vxvdebiT Jurnalist lia tok-likiSvilis narkvevSi `mkvdari qalaqis Canawerebi~ (`axali 7 dRe~, `meoce saukune~). narkvevi agebulia mTlianad dokumentur masalaze, igi mogviTxrobs soxumeli pensioneri qalis, vera naWyebias istori-as, romlis erTaderTi invalidi vaJi maSin waiyvanes Sinidan afxazeb-ma, roca deda puris rigSi idga. narkvevSi dazustebiT ar Cans, dax-vrites Tu ara vera naWyebias Svili, ar Cans aravin, visac biWis ambavi ecodineboda. Cans mxolod puris rigidan gamogdebuli, afxazi gogo-nebis mier Seuracxyofili mxcovani qalis tanjva, Svilis saflavis amao Zebna da sul erTi da igive sizmari: `yovel Rame isev soxumSi var, sanapirodan meZaxis Svili... ras unda niSnavdes netav... sanapiro-ze Tu daxvrites, zRvidan rom meZaxis biWi~. sanapiroc aseTive gaur-kvevlobaa, miwaa Tu zRva, sicocxle Tu sikvdili.

erT-erTi respondentis pasuxi migviTiTebs, rom sivrce, rome-lic ara xedviT, aramed kognitiurad, auditorulad Semodis adamia-

xaTuna maisaSvili

174

nebis cnobierebaSi, TavisTavad am adamianebis cocxali cxovrebiseu-li gamocdilebiT itvirTeba.

`me TviTon viyavi tyveTa gacvlis procesis monawile. tyveebi zRviT gadagvyavda. ase ufro usafrTxod miiCneoda. erTxel, roca zRvaSi gavediT, erTma moxucma afxazma wamoiwyo simRera, romelic iqamde arasdros msmenoda da, rogorc Cans, arc sxvebs gaegonaT. . . Za-lian sevdiani, sulisSemZvreli bgerebi iyo. roca vikiTxe, ra simRe-ras mReroda, mipasuxa, rom am simReras afxazi muhajirebi mRerodnen, roca isini TurqeTSi gadahyavdaT zRviT. TviTonac ar icoda, ratom da saidan gaaxsenda es simRera. Ees adgilis mexsierebaa, albaT, rome-lic Seaxsenebs, rom zRviT gasavleli gza – es tyvis gzaa, samSoblo-

dan iZulebiT wasvlis gzaa~. aq vxvdebiT zRvis erT-erT ganzogadebul simbolur saxes: ad-

gili, romelic odesRac `Sin~ iyo, adgili, romelsac aqvs mexsiereba, gaziarebuli istoria, erTad yofnis gamocdileba, magram axla masSi mosaxvedrad an `nemsis yunwi~ unda gaiaro an is xvreli, saidanac ax-la civi sio uberavs. es ukve `Sin~ aRar aris.

`rusi samxedroebis patrulirebam afxazeTis sanapirosTan mSvidobiani zRvis xatsac gamoacala safuZveli. dRes xmeleTma da zRvam TiTqos adgilebi gacvales. zRva mometebul safrTxed iqca~.

daskvna

globalizaciis epoqaSi postmodernistuli epistemologiebi

(mediac codnis erT-erT yvelaze Zlier da gavlenian gamavrceleb-

lad gvevlineba) sul ufro da ufro met mniSvnelobas aniWeben adgi-lis gamocdilebas da adgilis, garemos aRqmas. mas xSirad garemos niWsac ki uwodeben. adamianebi garemos Sesaxeb informacias ar iReben mxolod uSualo gamocdilebiT, aramed gaSualebuliTac, mediis meS-veobiT. amitom mkvlevrebi xazgasmiT aRniSnaven mediis rols `warmo-saxviTi erTobis~ fenomenis adgilis gancdaze gavrcelebaSic, raTa igi ar iqces `absoluturi sivrcis~ nawilad, aramed SeiZinos iseTi niSan-Tvisebebi, romlebic identobis safuZvlad iqceva adamianebis mravalricxovani jgufebisTvis, anu iqceva `Sin~-ad.

zRvis niSani qarTul mediaSi moklebulia swored `Sinauri~ adgilis maxasiaTeblebs. rogori kuTxiTac, romeli Tematuri ra-kursiTac unda iyos is warmoCenili, zRva yovelTvis `Sors~ rCeba.


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literatura

Barthes, R. (1967) Elements of Semiology. London: Cape Burgelin, O. (1972) `Structural Analysis and Mass Communication~, in

D. McQuail (ed.) Sociology of Mass Communications, pp.313-28. Harmondsworth: Penguin

Galtung, J. and Ruge, M. (1965) `The Structure of Foreign News~, Journal of Peace Research, 1:64-90

Manheim, J.B. (1998) `The news shapers: strategic communication as a third force in news-making~, in D. Graber, D. McQuail and P. Norris (eds.) The Politics of News: the News of Politics, pp.94-109. Washington DC: Congressional Quarterly Press

McQuail, D. (2005) McQuail’s Mass Communication Theory. London: SAGE Publications

filologiis mecnierebaTa doqtori (eqsi-marselis universiteti, safrangeTi), asocirebuli profesori (ilias saxelmwifo univer-siteti, saqarTvelo), miwve-uli mkvlevari (anTropolo-

giur mecnierebaTa fon-

di/Fondation Maison des Sci-ences de l’Homme, parizi, safrangeTi). kvlevis saTau-ri : „devnidan totalita-

rizmamde: literaturuli TviTcenzuris ganviTarebis etapebi`.

gamoqveynebuli monogra-

fiebi: `erTi feri Cems or cxovrebaSi~ (frangulad). gamomcemloba zekari, Tbili-

si, 2003; `zurgi. feri. naxa-tis mimarTulebiT~ (frangu-lad). gamomcemloba lampari, Tbilisi, 2003.


arekvlis fenomeni, rogorc yviTeli feris Tandayolili

Tviseba zRvis uZrav silurjesTan mimarTebaSi

Jan-mari gustav le klezios `oqrosmaZieblis~ mixedviT

...EnuTu talRebis moZrav sarkeebze mzis reverberaciam amiria goneba? ase mgonia, drois miRma vimyofebode, sxva samyaroSi, sruliad gansxvavebulSi, imdenad Sors yve-lafrisagan, rasac vicnobdi, TiTqos veRa-rasodes mivagnebde imas, rac davtove. swo-red amis gamoa, rom am Tavbrusxvevas vgrZnob, am gulisrevis SegrZnebas: meSinia samudamod davtovo CemSi is, rac viyavi, da ukan dabrunebis imedic ar davitovo1.

XX saukunis meore naxevris evropi-saTvis afrikis da aRmosavleTis qveynebs ukve aRar axldaT siaxlis is gancda, ro-gorc es erTi an ori saukunis win SeimCneo-da.Amiuxedavad amisa, franguli kulturis garemoSi aRzrdili le kleziosTvis, ro-melic erTdroulad morisis kunZulida-

naa da amave dros _ franguli da inglisuri warmoSobisac, indielTa samyaro uaRresad mniSvnelovania da mis nawarmoebebSi yovel-

Tvis siaxlis nota Semoaqvs.Ffaqtobrivad, samxreTuli samyaroebisadmi interesi, ro-

1 Le Clézio, Le chercheur d’or, Gallimard, folio, 1985, p. 181-182. teqstSi moyvanili yvela ci-tatis Targmani Sesrulebulia statiis avto-ris mier.

arekvlis fenomeni, rogorc yviTeli feris Tandayolili Tviseba...

177

melic gansakuTrebiT XIX saukuneSi gaZlierda da Tavis apogeas XX saukunis ocian wlebSi miaRwia, mudmivad daucxromeli rCeba; Aadami-anebi TiTqos WeSmaritebis saZieblad mziani qveynebisken miemgzavre-bian, Tumca amave dros acnobiereben, rom sxvagan cxovreba niSnavs ga-mousworebel cvlilebas, romelic maT Tan sdevs da saidanac ukan dabruneba SeuZlebeli xdeba [`meSinia samudamod davtovo CemSi is, rac viyavi, ukan dabrunebis imedic ar davitovo~]. swored amgvar cvlilebaze saubrobs `oqrosmaZieblis~ protagonisti, rodesac am-bobs: `saWiro iyo yvela es dRe zRvaSi, es sinaTle, es damwvroba mze-ze da qarze, es Rameebi, raTa Cavwvdomodi da Tvali amxeloda~. sinaT-lis reverberacia, mwveli mzis Suqi – es is faqtorebia, romlebic irrealobis SegrZnebas badeben [`Tavbrusxveva~] da Semdeg SiSs `go-nebis arevis~, gagiJebis winaSe. sainteresoa, rom yvelgan reverbera-ciis am fenomens Tan erTvis zRvis, wylis elementis arseboba. swo-red `talRebis moZravi sarkeebi~ uwyobs xels arekvlis ganxorcie-lebas da am halucinaciuri reverberaciis fonze gonebis arevis Seg-rZnebis dabadebas. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom nawarmoebis ZiriTadi idea Ziebis da TviTSemecnebis Temis irgvliv aris agebuli, romelic mogzaurobis gziT miiRweva. es mogzauroba ki xorcieldeba ara xme-leTis meSveobiT, aramed zRvis gadalaxvis gziT [`saWiro iyo yvela es dRe zRvaSi~].

amave dros, irrealobis SegrZnebas amwvavebs is faqti, rom ucxo-oba da gansxvavebuloba [`sxva samyaroSi, sruliad gansxvavebulSi~] iwvevs or samyaros Soris meryeobis SegrZnebas, sadac es ori samyaro gancalkevebulad arsebobs, erTi meoresTan kavSiris gareSe. Agarda amisa, am adgilebs/samyaroebs Soris gansxvavebas safuZvlad udevs si-naTlis sxvanairi reverberacia, romelic moqmedebs mxedvelobaze, go-nebaze, da geografiuli gansxvavebis garda, drois sxvagvarobis Seg-rZnebasac iwvevs [`drois gareT / drois miRma vimyofebode~].

kunZuli horizontis kideze uecrad Cndeba. is wylidan amodis, saRamos yviTel caSi, maRali lurji mTebiT bnel wyalze aRmocendeba. SesaZloa Tavdapirvelad zRvis frinvelebma miiqcies Cemi yuradReba, romlebsac Cvens Tavze gahqondaT Jivil-xivili2.

es sxva sinaTle, romelsac Seswevs unari dRis nebismier monak-veTSi Tavbrusxvevis SegrZneba dabados adamianSi (`sinaTle damabrmave-

2 Ibid., p. 183.


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belia, Tavbrusxvevas vgrZnob~3), yviTeli ferisaa. van gogis tiloebis msgavsad, romlebic safrangeTis samxreTSia daxatuli, le klezios nawarmoebSic ca ireklavs da sinaTlisgan sesxulobs yviTel fers, romelic swored reverberacias, mzis sxivebis difuzias warmoadgens. yviTeli sinaTlis es dominirebadi arekvla yvelaferTan erTad irrea-lur elementsac moicavs – is kunZuls araraSi uecrad warmoaCens, yviTlad gadaqceul sicarieleSi [`is wylidan amodis, saRamos yviTel caSi~], sadac wyali isev gadamwyvet Tanmdev faqtorad gvevlineba: kun-Zuli yviTel sicarieleSi moCveneba-cxads4 Soris meryeobs swored imis gamo, rom Sua zRvaSi wylidan uecrad ibadeba da mas moCvenebis statuss sZens. maSasadame halucinaciur zemoqmedebas zRvis faqtori kidev ufro amZafrebs5. rac Seexeba cis feris modifikacias, Cven is gvainteresebs imdenad, ramdenadac cis realuri feri Cveulebriv, lurjsa da cisfer tonalobebs Soris meryeobs, aq ki yviTlad Seferi-li gvvevlineba. meores mxriv, kunZuli zRvidan amodis, magram Cndeba swored caSi – orive TvalsazrisiT (wyali/ca) avtors fantastikis elementi Semoaqvs, sadac realoba yviTeli reverberaciis safuZvelze icvleba. kunZuli cisa da zRvis sivrceSi dakidebuli Cndeba, zRvis zeviT [`wyalze~] da atmosferoSi è- caSi. yviTelSi dakidebuli, es xmeleTi TiTqos `muq~ – ufro sworad ki `lurj~ wyalze tivtivebs. mTebic analogiuri ferisaa. sibace/sinaTle [yviTeli] upirispirdeba sibneles [silurjes], romelsac xmeleTic [mTebi] miekuTvneba, miuxe-davad imisa, rom is zRvidan siyviTleSi ibadeba.

es harmoniuli diqromatizmi `oqrosmaZiebelSi~ or tonalobas Soris mudmivi balansis dacvas uwyobs xels. Tumca Kkamiusgan gansxva-vebiT, le kleziosTan lurjisa da yviTlis urTierTgawonasworebu-loba kidev ufro gaZlierebulia im fundamenturi urTierTdapirispi-rebuli orferovnebiT, romelsac Savi da TeTri warmoadgens: `diliT, zRva Savia, Caketili. es didi Savi mdinaris qviSis da tamarindis gamo xdeba, es lavis mtveris bralia~6. zRva erTdroulad Savicaa da lur-

jic, maSasadame muqi feris: `[...] da bolos muqi zRva, mbzinvare, romel-

mac rifis meore mxares daido bina~. swored zRvis simuqe mZafr kon-trastSia yviTeli feris sibacesTan. Savi, lurji Tu muqi feris zRva

3 Ibid., p. 180. 4 “kunZuli horizontis kideze uecrad Cndeba” (« L’île apparaît sur la ligne de l’horizon ») : originalSi naxmari sityva « apparaît » niSnavs gamoCenas, war-moCenas, magram amave dros moCvenebiT gamocxadebis niunssac atarebs. 5 rac Seexeba xmeleTis zRvidan dabadebas, amas mogvianebiT ganvavrcobT. 6 Ibid., p. 14.


179

sinaTlis sibacis winaSe erTmniSvnelovnad moiazrebs bnels naTelis sapirispirod. Aaqedan gamomdinare, lurjisa da yviTlis urTierTda-pirispirebuli harmonia agreTve niSnavs qromatul dapirispirebas, sa-dac zRva/mze da sibnele/sinaTle erTmaneTis paralelurad Tanaarse-bobs. `maRali muqi zRvis Zaladobrivi mZvinvarebis Semdeg, qariSxlisa da wylis Sxefebis Semdeg, aq Tavs ise vgrZnob, rogorc Tbil sizmarSi, romelic sinaTliTaa gaJRenTili. saxeze, zurgze mzis mcxunvarebis SegrZneba~7. Ees urTierTkavSiri mzesa da zRvas Soris mudam Tan sdevs Txrobis ganviTarebas. aris ra bneli da lurji, zRva Tavis TavSi Ca-ketvis unars moicavs, wred qcevis unars [`zRva Savia, Caketili~], mis-ken mimarTuli mzis sxivebis wyalze gafantvisas is TiTqos Txevad sa-xes kargavs da kedlad gardaiqmneba:

Aaq zRvis xma musikasaviT lamazia. Qqars moaqvs tal-

Rebi, romlebic sadRac, Zalian Sors, marjnis fesveb-ze imsxvrevian da me kldeebSi TiToeuli vibraciis xma mesmis, xma, romelic cisken iswrafis. TiTqos ho-rizontze kedeli iyos, romelsac zRva exeTqeba, mTe-li Tavisi siZlieriT8.

kandinskis Teoriis9 msgavsad, aqac lurji feris Seuryev bune-bas vawydebiT, sadac zRva, aris Caketil elementad warmodgenili (mis winsvlas – sivrcis garRvevas horizontis virtualuri kedeli uSlis xels), TavisTavad ukve cirkularul moZraobas moiazrebs da Tavad iqceva kedlad, solaruli gafantuli sinaTlis winaSe ikumSe-ba (lurji zogadad ukansvliT xasiaTdeba, xolo yviTeli – win-svliT, sadac yviTeli mayureblisken mimavali feria, lurjisgan gan-sxvavebiT). Aamgvarad, feris geometriuli eqsterierizacia, sxvanai-rad rom vTqvaT – feris garegani forma ufro metad gasagebi xdeba. wre interierisken ikvreba da Sesabamisad ikumSeba samkuTxedis geo-metriuli gamosaxulebis eqsterierisken mimarTuli winsvlis, Za-lisxmevis winaSe. A

`magram mze zRvisken Cadis, mas liTonad aqcevs, gaumWvirvale SuSad~10. Tu wriuli/cirkularuli moZraobis energia sakuTari

7 Ibid., p. 56. 8 Ibid., gv. 15-16. 9 ix. Wassily Kandinsky, Du spirituel dans l'art et dans la peinture en particulier, Paris, Denoël, 1985. 10 Ibid., p. 56.


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centrisken aris mimarTuli, samkuTxedis energia sapirispirodaa orientirebuli da centridanul Zalas warmoadgens. swored am cen-trisken mimarTul energiasa (lurji) da centridanul energias (yvi-Teli) Soris koordinirebaze dayrdnobiT SesaZlebeli xdeba aixsnas mzis Suqis zRvaze zegavlenis unari da mas metalisebri simyare Ses-Zinos. swored am ori opoziciurad moqmedi Zalis urTierTmimarTe-bis Sedegad Cadis mze zRvis mimarTulebiT (zRvaSi) da gafantu-li/difuzuri sinaTlis meSveobiT aviwrovebs mas, raTa masze maqsima-luri gavlena moaxdinos. ismis SekiTxva: ratom akeTebs le klezio aqcents zRvis liTonad gardasaxvaze, miTumetes, rom amis Sesaxeb ramdenjerme imeorebs teqstSi? `magram Zalian male, mzis reverbera-cia mwvavs, Tvalebze binds mfens. Cems Tavze zRvis usasrulobaa, ro-melic lurjia da myari da gars ertymis kunZuls~11.

gadametebuli ar iqneboda imis Tqma, rom zRva mTels romanSi lurj ferad da `liTonis~ msgavsadaa warmodgenili, rogorc `myari~ da uryevi elementi, misi bunebrivi Txevadi mdgomareobisgan gansxvave-biT, xolo mzis sinaTle mudmivad misken miiltvis, raTa mis sivrceze gavlena moaxdinos, Seaviwrovos da areali SemouRobos. Aam Tvalsaz-

risiT, termini `liTonis~ xmareba mizanSewonili da aucilebelic ki xdeba – zRva TiTqos Seviwroebis momentSi adgilze iyineba, myar niv-Tierebad iqceva, raTa misken momarTul sinaTles winaaRmdegoba gauwi-os, sinaTles, romelic gasasvlels uketavs [`TiTqos horizontze ke-deli iyos, romelsac zRva exeTqeba, mTeli Tavisi siZlieriT~]. lurj ferad ara mxolod Seferili, aramed lurji bunebis mqone zRva, li-

Tonis/metalis Tvisebis matareblad gardaisaxeba da winaaRmdegobis gaweva sinaTlis centridanuli energiis mimarT mxolod im SemTxveva-Si SeeZleba, Tuki sakuTar Caketil, wriul formas SeinarCunebs, gan-sxvavebiT sinaTlisgan, romelic centridanuli Zalis Sesabamisad sa-kuTar formas scildeba. koordinacia am ori tipis moZraobas Soris (centrisken mimarTuli da centridanuli), romelsac lurji da yvi-Teli feri moiazrebs, maTi eqsteriorizaciis meSveobiT xorcieldeba.

is mxrebs iCeCavs da mets arafers ambobs. SesaZloa icis, rom `zetas~ bortze darCenaze uari vTqvi da amitom Cems mimarT interess aRar iCens. is isev mzis yurebis tkbobaSi efloba, romelic sinaTlis uSve-lebel atolze amodis, TiTqos wylidan amoedineba da uRrublo cisken miemarTeba12.

11 Ibid., p. 327. 12 Ibid., p. 179.


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mzis zegavleniT zRvis metalad transformacia, romelic misi moZraobis dabrkolebas iwvevs (metals ar axasiaTebs welvadi buneba, elastiuroba, Cveulebriv pirobebSi is sakuTar formaSi Caketili rCeba), sakuTari traeqtoriis garRvevis bunebis matarebel sinaT-les kidev ufro meti moqmedebis areals aZlevs, raTa man zRvaze mii-tanos ieriSi. zemoT moyvanil monakveTSi sinaTle TiTqos qvevidan, wylidan amodis da cisken miemarTeba, rac Tavis mxriv ewinaaRmdegeba lurjis centrisken mimarTul moZraobas. aRniSnuli fenomenis axsna mdgomareobs swored sinaTlis mier arekvlis TvisebaSi. amgvarad, me-talad qceuli zRva, sadac lurji da Savi/muqi feri Tavis rols as-rulebs, arekvlis moqmedebis ganxorcielebas uwyobs xels. amitomac xdeba, rom areklili sinaTle warmoCndeba, rogorc qvevidan zeviT – gare sivrcisken [ca], sworxazovnad mimarTuli.

uZravi da metalisebri koncefciis matarebeli zRva, `zRvis nap-ralis armqone kedeli~ bolos da bolos yviTeli sinaTlis eqspansi-ur moZraobas nebdeba.

sainteresoa, rom paul klee Tavis `dRiurSi~, `italiuri STa-beWdilebebi~-sadmi miZRvnil TavSi, zRvis analogiur Tvisebaze sa-ubrobs: `dRisiT, quCabandebSi – mwveli mze, qveviT zRvis metaliseb-

ri anareklebi, mzis mozRvavebuli sinaTle, TvalTdabneleba~13. `mozRvavebuli~ sinaTle le klezioseuli zRvis `metalisebr~ el-

varebas kidev erTxel usvams xazs. SesaZloa msgavseba gamoikveTos folkneriseuli agvistos sinaTlis ormagi sikvdilis momaswavebel ZalasTan, sadac lurji ver umklavdeba yviTlis `mozRvavebul~ energias (`Light in August~). Mmetalad gardaqmnili zRva xels uwyobs sinaTlis arekvlas da amgvarad wylis lurji feris sinaTlis yvi-Tel ferad transformacias, rogorc es agreTve gvxvdeba rembos `sa-xarebiseul prozaSi~.

halucinaciuri sinaTlis efeqti wylis siaxlovisas indiel-

Ta samyaro le kleziosTan da paul kleeseuli italiis saxe

[...] maTrobeli sinaTle isadgurebs CemSi. Mmze hori-zonts exeba, Tumca Rames zRvaze aRelveba ar moaqvs. piriqiT, simSvide modis im samyarodan, sadac Cven er-TaderTi cocxali arsebani varT zRvis zedapirze. ca oqrosfrad da alisfrad ifereba. zenitSi myofi mzis

13 Paul Klee, Journal, « Imresssions italiennes (Octobre 1901 à mai 1902) », trad. par Pierre Klossowski, Paris, Bernard Grasset, 1959. p. 64.


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qveS Zlier muqi zRva amjerad iseTi gluvi da msubu-qia, iisferi bolis msgavsi, romelic horizontis RrublebSi ifanteba da mzes Crdilavs14.

nawarmoebis sqematuri harmonia `oqrosmaZiebelSi~ miRweulia lurji-yviTeli ormagi fonis wre-samkuTxedis geometriul gamoxa-tulebaSi, sadac mogzaurobis Tema aucilebel faqtorad gvevlineba. Pprotagonisti-mTxrobelis mogzauroba wriulad viTardeba, sadac gamokveTilia mogzaurobis sawyisi da saboloo mizani da sabolood sqematur sisruleSi gadadis. rogorc romanSi `Light in August~ li-

na, fexmZime, Tavisi sayvarlis saZieblad midis, le kleziosTanac protagonisti-mTxrobeli aleqsi saganZuris saZieblad miemgzavreba kunZul rodrigesze. Oorive romanSi Ziebis saboloo mizani mogzau-robis perioSi transformacias ganicdis da orive protagonisti sa-bolood sakuTriv mogzaurobis ZiebaSia, rac am SemTxvevaSi sakuTari Tavis Ziebas utoldeba. folknerTan es mogzauroba xmeleTze mimdi-nareobs, xolo le kleziosTan zRvis meSveobiT xorcieldeba. niSan-doblivia, rom `oqrosmaZiebelSi~ imis magivrad, rom miwa mzesTan yo-filiyo dapirispirebuli, swored zRva ikavebs adgils mzis sawina-aRmdego RerZze. kontrasti miwa-mze aq Canacvlebulia kontrastiT zRva-mze ; avtori xmarobs sityvaTSeTanxmebas ara `miwis zedapiri~ (rac SesaZloa ufro logikurad gveCvenos), aramed is araordinaru-lad irCevs `zRvis zedapirs~.

zRvaSi mogzauroba movlenad iqca. rogorc Ramis ge-nua, romelic Tavisi Warbi sinaTlidan TandaTan sib-neleSi Caesvena, savse mTvaris naTebam STanTqa, im siz-mris msgavsad, romelic erTidan meoreSi gadaedineba. [...] romi epikuria, genua dramatuli15.

wyali, romelic mzesTan Tanaarsebobs, sruliad sxva xasiaTs iRebs. M~zRvaSi mogzauroba~ finalurad movlenad iqceva, riskenac mas `Warbi~ sinaTle ubiZgebs. Ppaul klee aRniSnavs, Tu ramdenad gansxvav-deba es sinaTle CrdiloeTis qalaqebis sinaTlisagan – `Warbi sinaTle~ im eqspansiuri sinaTlis sinonimuri xdeba, romelzedac le klezio sa-ubrobs da romelic paul kleesTan genuas `dramatul~ aspeqts sZens.

14 Le Clézio, Le chercheur d’or, Gallimard, folio, 1985, p. 138. 15 Paul Klee, Journal, « Impressions italiennes (Octobre 1901 à mai 1902) », trad. par Pierre Klossowski, Paris, Bernard Grasset, 1959. p. 65.


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es dramatuli Tu SemaSfoTebeli iersaxe `oqrosmaZiebelSi~ ramdenjermea xazgasmuli. Mmzis Casvlisas aRelveba, SeSfoTeba qreba [`Rames ar moaqvs aRelveba~], movlena nawarmoebSi mzis zenitSi yof-nisas viTardeba, anu swored maSin, rodesac sinaTle apogeas aRwevs [`zenitSi myofi mzis qveS Zlier muqi zRva amjerad iseTi gluvi da msubuqia~]. swored am dros zRva yvelaze ufro `muqia/bneli~ da Ta-vis metalisebr zedapirze sinaTlis arekvlis fenomenis ganviTarebas uwyobs xels; maSin, rodesac dRis dasasruls horizontis mkveTri, gamokveTili xazi [`metali~] qreba da lurji bolos da bolos gare sivrcisken miemarTeba, ifanteba [`boli~, `msubuqi~].

`Semdeg amas mohyva oqrosfrad Seferili dRe, romelic aprili-

seul bundovanebaSi daikarga~16. sinaTlis oqrosferi TiTqos aleq-

sis gadaadgilebas mTeli misi mogzaurobis manZilze Tan sdevs:

vfiqrob im adgilze, saiTkenac mivemgzavrebi da Cemi guli kidev ufro Zlierad cems. zRva gluvi gzaa, ra-Ta saidumlos, idumals miagno. Ooqro sinaTleSia, Cems irgvliv, zRvis sarkis qveS dafaruli. vfiqrob imaze, Tu ra melis am mogzaurobis dasasruls, rome-lic im xmeleTs hgavs, sadac adre vyofilvar da rome-lic davkarge. Ggemi mexsierebis sarkeze micuravs. [...] aq, zetas gembanze, romelic dasustebuli sinaTlis bindSi nela miiwevs win, momavalze fiqri Tabrus mxvevs. Tvalebs vxuWav, rom cis damabrmavebeli sikaS-kaSe aRar davinaxo, zRvis napralis armqone kedeli17.

oqro aq feris (oqrosferi) da nivTieri materiis (metali) or-mag cnebas moiazrebs. erTi mxriv, is mogzaurobis saboloo daniSnu-lebas warmoadgens (aleqsi saganZurs eZebs, maSasadame misi Zieba mate-rialur safuZvels atarebs), meore mxriv, is protagonistis ir-gvliv sivrceSi iCens Tavs – sinaTleSi, romelic mas gars artyia da gadaadgilebis yvela momentSi Tan sdevs [`oqro sinaTleSia, Cems ir-gvliv~]. protagonisti-mTxrobeli zRvas warmoaCens rogorc gzas, romelsac mihyveba da miaCnia, rom swored mis siRrmeSi (zRvis wiaR-Si) miagnebs `saidumlos~ [`zRvis sarkis qveS dafaruli~]. maSasadame, swored zRva miiCneva, rogorc saboloo daniSnuleba, rogorc mogza-urobis dasabami, kide. miuxedavad imisa, rom protagonisti mzis si-

16 Ibid., gv. 90. 17 Le Clézio, Le chercheur d’or, Gallimard, folio, 1985, p. 131.


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naTleSi oqros yvelganmyofobas acnobierebs, is mainc wylis safaris qveS agrZelebs mis Zebnas. davakonkretoT: wylis sarkis qveS. aSkaraa, rom sarke warmoCndeba, rogorc gasaRebi-sityva, rasac mTxrobeli jer kidev ver acnobierebs. TiToeuli zRvasTan dakavSirebuli ter-mini gamoyenebulia wylis mier arekvlis fenomenis ganxorcielebis Tvisebis xazgasasmelad: `sarke~, `gluvi~ (swored gluvi zedapiri uwyobs xels arekvlis fenomenis realizebas). aqedan gamomdinare, teqsti gvauwyebs, Tu ramdenad warmoadgens `sinaTlis oqro~ ubra-lo sityvebis TamaSs, sadac Ziebis sagans (metali – oqro) mivyavarT WeSmaritebis aRmoCenamde da romelic swored mzeSi, sinaTleSi da zRvaSi erToblivad mdgomareobs – da rac Tavidanve STagonebuli iyo im faqtiT, rom oqro `sinaTleSi~, ìrgvliv~ iyo gafantuli, da rom zRvaze mogzaurobis meSveobiT napovni ganZi yovelTvis am mogzauro-bis gareT imyofeboda – zRvis gareT, romelic mxolod sarkes warmo-adgenda, anarekls. 1839 wels terneris mier Sesrulebuli tilo `The Fighting Temeraire tugged to her last berth to be broken up~ sinaT-lis analogiur reprezentacias emyareba. mzis Suqi, romelic gare sivrcisken aris mimarTuli da horizontalurad vrceldeba (rac Ta-visTavad, kandinskis mxatvruli Teoriis Tanaxmad, samkuTxedis geo-metriuli figuris winapirobad SegviZlia miviCnioT), grZeldeba wyalze, romelic, Tavis mxriv, mis monoqromatul Seferilobas iRebs da yviTlad warmoCndeba. `sinaTle auzSi vazis ukanaskneli foTlebis msgavsad iyo gayviTlebuli~18 – wers artur rembo. le kleziosTvisac òqrosmaZiebelSi~ saidumlo zRvis SigniT, zRvaSi imaleba, magram mzis sinaTle ireklavs wylis zedapirs da swored vertikaluri arekvlis faqtoris meSveobiT es saidumlo zRvidan si-naTleSi amohyavs.

ludvig vitgenStaini teqstSi `Canawerebi ferebis Sesaxeb~ wer-da: `Cven ar vsaubrobT ‘oqros ferze’ da rasac masSi vgulisxmobT, sulac ar aris yviTeli. oqros feri warmoadgens im zedapiris Tvise-bas, romelic brwyinavs an brWyvialebs~19. arekvlis fenomeni maSasa-dame oqrosfers axasiaTebs – sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, mbrwyinav yvi-Tels, sadac zedapiris roli gadamwyvetad gvevlineba. aqedan gamom-dinare: òqrosferi zedapiris feria~20. am maxasiaTeblis (brwyinva-

18 Arthur Rimbaud, «Proses en marges de l’évangile», Œuvres complètes, éd. présentée et établie par Louis Forestier, Robert Laffont, 1992, p. 134. 19 Ludwig Wittgenstein, Remarques sur les couleurs, trad. par Gérard Granel, éd. bilingue, Trans-Europ-Repress et Gérard Granel, 1984 pour la 2ème édition, 4ème édition, (I, § 33), p. 13. 20 Ibid., (III, § 100), p. 39.


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leba) TandarTviT yviTeli oqrosfer zedapirad gadaiqceva: `sinaT-le axla zRvidan modis, misi feris siRrmidan. ca bacia, TiTqmis fe-risgan daclili, da me zRvis lurj sivrces da cis sicarieles gav-cqeri, vuyureb iqamde, sanam Tavbru ar damexveva~21. swored arekvlis erTaderTi mizezis gamo warmoCndeba, rom sinaTle qvevidan zeviT adis – zRvidan caSi, vertikalurad. TiTqos lurji feridan ibade-bodes oqrosferi, magram oqro mudam da yovelTvis mzis sinaTleSi arsebobda. mzis Suqis am halucinaciur reverberacias Tan axlavs `Tavbrus xveva~, TvalT dabneleba, rac, Tavis mxriv, WeSmaritebis da-farvas – realobis deformirebas uwyobs xels.

Tvalebis wvas vgrZnob, iqneb sicxe maqvs? Cemi saxis kani, kiseri, mklavebi, Cemi zurgi – yvelaferi mwvavs. mzis sicxem, am saaTebis manZilze Tavisi daRi daasva Cems sxeuls. mTeli dRis ganmavlobaSi mze wvavda [...] zRvasac, talRebis Txems, xatavda ra cisartyelebs zRvis qafSi22.

realurad TvalTdabindebis mizezi sinaTlis eqstremalur sic-xeSi mdgomareobs. mbrwyinavi da kaSkaSa feri – oqrosferi winmswre-bad gvevlineba im fenomenisa, romelic sinaTlis qvevidan zeviT gan-vrcobas warmoaCens. swored is axdens zRvis Tandayolili feris – lurjis transformacias im ferad, romelic sinamdvileSi mxolod reverberacias warmoadgenda.

swored zRvaSi da zRvis meSveobiT sruldeba protagonisti-mTxrobelis Zieba, Tumca WeSmariteba yovelTvis am mogzaurobis ga-reT, zRvisa da mzis gareT arsebobda, TviT adamianSi, magram `saWiro iyo yvela es dRe zRvaSi, raTa gamego da Cavwvdomodi~.

21 Le Clézio, Le chercheur d’or, Gallimard, folio, 1985, p. 130. 22 Ibid., p. 130.

murad mTvareliZe

cisferyanwelTa zRva

Sesavlis magier

meoce saukunis ociani wlebis dasawyi-sia. qarTveli simbolisti poetebi tician tabiZe, paolo iaSvili, valerian gafrin-daSvili da nikolo miwiSvili qobuleTSi, zRvis sanapiroze sxedan... zRva boboqrobs, Rmuis, magram am qariSxalsac aqvs Tavisi musika da poetebs beTxoveni agondebaT:

aqac batonobs sastiki qari Cven meduzebi gamogveTxoven, modis talRebze Savi lotbari

mRvrie cilindriT, mRvrie beTxoven. zRvis es saocari misteria poet ZmebSi

Teatris asociacias aRZravs. da es arcaa ga-sakviri, radgan cxovreba isedac hgavs Te-atrs. isini wuTiT iviwyeben sayvarel Tbi-liss da zRvis moZraobiT datyvevebulni, grZnoben, rom maTTanac mova axali hangi, romelic maT epoqis Sesaferi leqsebis Seq-mnaSi daexmareba. da aris amaSi raRac simbo-luri, radgan kargad xvdebian, rom Zveli gziT siaruli maTTvis ukve Zalze saxifa-Toa.

zRvis moZraoba mwerlobaSi, zogadad, erTgvari ganaxlebis simbolod unda miviC-nioT, rasac simbolistebisaTvis im peri-odSi arsebiTi mniSvneloba hqonda. es ga-naxleba SemoqmedebiTi ganaxlebaa, rac maTi fizikuri ganadgurebisagan gamoxsnis erTa-derT saSualebas warmoadgenda.

filologiis mecnierebaTa doqtori, saqarTvelos ga-

naTlebis mecnierebaTa akade-miis akademikosi, xaSuris IX sajaro skolis direqtori. mTavari monografiebi da

wignebi: ilia WavWavaZe da qarTuli aforistuli met-yveleba (1995); Zveli qarTu-li aforistuli metyveleba (1996); maTi bednieri da ube-duri dReebi (akaki wereTeli da bagration daviTaSvilebis ojaxi) (2000); maTi poeziis muza (2002); dedaSvilobis naTeli (2003); sami qarTuli ojaxi (2005); yifianebi (2008); qronikebi tician ta-biZis cxovrebidan (2010); sityvaSi gacxadebuli mwuxa-reba (akaki wereTlis epita-fiebi) (2010). samecniero interesebis

sfero: Zveli, axali da uax-lesi qarTuli literatu-

ra, kulturologia.

cisferyanwelTa zRva

187

Tumca zRvis Relvas, am grgvinvas poetebi araerTgvarad aRiqva-men. maTi damokidebuleba zRvis RelvasTan dakavSirebiT sxvadasxvag-varia:

magram buRraobs, aRar mSviddeba, delfinebs swrafad moaloginebs,

moswons ticians wyalis dineba da zRvas paolo dedas aginebs. talRebs peSvebiT iWers nikolo

da eSinia dinj valerians,

fiqrobs talRebiT ar CaviqoloT,

magram talRebi tkbilad mRerian. ase gaacocxla cisferyanwelTa Zmobis erTma rCeulma warmomad-

genelma valerian gafrindaSvilma Tanamokalme megobrebis damokide-buleba zRvisadmi leqsSi ,,oTxi poetis Sexvedra zRvasTan”.

* * * iseve, rogorc mTeli qarTuli mwerlobisaTvis, zRva axlobeli

Temaa qarTveli simbolistebisTvisac, da es srulebiT bunebrivia. zRvis mistifikacia, poeturi aRmafrenisaTvis misi mniSvneloba kar-gad esmodaT rogorc sakuTriv cisferyanwelebs, ise sazogadod, me-oce saukunis qarTvel mwerlebs.

qarTveli simbolistebis poeziaze am kuTxiT dakvirvebam saSua-leba mogvca, gamogveyo ramdenime sakiTxi, romelTac zRvasTan mimar-Tebisas gansakuTrebuli yuradReba aqvs daTmobili.

zRva, rogorc poetur saxeTa seria: vfiqrob, davas ar unda iw-vevdes is garemoeba, rom poezia, ritmTan erTad, warmoadgens saxeTa erTgvar erTobliobas. qarTul, iseve rogorc evropul literatu-

raSi, zRva aris simbolo, romelSic erTmaneTTan aris Serwymuli re-aluri da idealuri, namdvili da warmosaxviTi.

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom zRvasTan mimarTebisas qarTveli simbolis-

tebi gvTavazoben saxeebiT azrovnebis uaRresad saintereso, STambeW-dav nimuSebs, riTac isini ara marto qmnian erTgvar poetur xats, aramed, amasTanave Zerwaven sakuTar mimarTebas zRvis, rogorc feno-menisadmi. ase magaliTad: zRva SeiZleba hgavdes kankels: ,,zRva varay-Sia rogorc kankeli” (t. tabiZe, ,,ase mgonia”). Tavis mxriv, poeziaSi ,,kankelisa” da ,,varayis” Semotana zRvis metaforul gaazrebas uaR-resad sainteresos xdis. dasaSvebia, warmovidginoT asec: zRva poe-tisaTvis SeiZleba iyos erTgvari sarkmeli sul sxva samyaroSi gada-saxedad. es ki imas niSnavs, rom zRva konkretulad ticianTan aRiqme-ba, rogorc realobidan gasvlis erT-erTi saSualeba.

murad mTvareliZe

188

qarTvel simbolistebTan, sxva SemoqmedTa msgavsad, zRvas mie-wereba sulieri arsebebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebebi, xdeba zRvis personifikacia. amitomaa, rom zRvac cocxali adamianiviT Se-iZleba mRerodes: ,,mReris Savi zRva mkerdis zanzariT, aCqarebuli aRvarebuli” (g. leoniZe, ,,zRva”, arasimbolisturi periodi), an su-lac zRva SeiZleba nanas umRerodes masTan misul adamianebs: ,,aq zRvis naninas mousmenen RamiT balRebi” (p. iaSvili ,,malTayva”).

zRva adamianiviT SeiZleba iyos keTili, an avzniani; ,,zRva avznia-ni iyo mRelvare” (v. gafrindaSvili ,,oTxi poetis Sexvedra zRvas-Tan”), man SeiZleba ixetialos ,,zRvis xetiali _ maradis laRi” (S. karmeli). garda amisa, zRvasTan mimarTebisas qarTveli poetebi xSi-rad iyeneben iseT saxeebs, romlebic konkretulad zRvisTvis araa niSandoblivi, magram, mocemul konteqstSi Zalze bunebrivad aRiqme-bian. ase magaliTad, iseve, rogorc mindors, zRvas SeiZleba hqondes Tavisi ialaRebi: ,,nadirs swams mxolod zRvis ialaRi amoborcvili dabal miwidan” (p. iaSvili ,,cirki zRvis piras”).

zRvis poetur mistifikacias qarTvel simbolistTa naazrevSi erTgvarad erwymis meore, aseve mniSvnelovani momenti – zRva, ro-gorc peizaJis aRqmisa da Zerwvis erTgvari saSualeba.

zRva peizaJisaTvis: zRva gansakuTrebuladaa dakavSirebuli adamianis grZnobad samyarosTan. iseve, rogorc gansxvavebuli realu-

ri garemo iwvevs erTgvar poetur aRmafrenas, rac Semdgom asaxvas hpovebs xelovanis SemoqmedebaSi, zRvac aseve, da ufro metad aRvi-Zebs masSi SemoqmedebiT impulsebs.

zogadad, peizaJi mxatvruli nawarmoebis ganuyofeli nawilia. rac Seexeba zRvis peizaJis warmosaxvas cisferyanwel poetebTan, am TvalsazrisiT ikveTeba ramdenime sakiTxi:

peizaJi peizaJisaTvis: qarTveli simbolistebi arcTu iSvia-Tad zRvis peizaJs qmnian mxolodamxolod rogorc leqsis erTgvar samkauls. leqsis mxatvruli RirebulebisaTvis aucilebel aqsesu-ars. ,,zRva ise iyo mSvidi da wynari, rom aRarc maxsovs iyo Tu ara, erTad gaaRo cam Svidi kari da zRvas sartyelad gadauara” (t. tabiZe ,,sentimentaluri mogzauroba”); ,,mziani dRea, zRvis napiri Cumi, mSvidia, gaxedav talRebs, rogor ferad ferad midian” (p. iaSvili ,,malTayva”), ,,ai napiri, zRvis kenWebiT gadaqarguli” (p. iaSvili, ,,malTayva”); ,,baTumis baRi zRvas gadacqeris, baTumis baRTan zRvis Srialia, zRvaze gizgizebs sxivTa namqeri, Tu es avardnil cecxlis alia?! (k. nadiraZe, ,,baTumis baRTan”); ,,saRamo aris cis cxeli Tva-li, zRvas Caugorda farCis ubeSi, mTvarem varskvlavni SuqiT moxala da Seimala Semdeg RrublebSi” (S. afxaiZe ,,simRera”).

zRva da poetis sulieri samyaro: qarTvel simbolistebTan,

cisferyanwelTa zRva

189

iseve, rogorc sxva poetebTan, zRva erTgvarad ukavSirdeba maT su-lier samyaros. SemoqmedTa erTi nawili zRvis talRebSi, maT xmaur-Si eZiebs sakuTari ganwyobilebebis identifikacias.

am SemTxvevaSi yuradReba ZiriTadad maxvildeba zRvis mimarTe-baze, erTi mxriv, poetis gulTan, anu realurad arsebul saganTan da meore mxriv, Semoqmedis sulTan, rogorc grZnobadisa da aRqmadis erTobliobasTan.

guli – zRvasaviT mSfoTvare. ,,Sordebi rions da zRva gagitans da guli zRvaze mRelvared SfoTavs” (t. tabiZe, ,,gelis kolxida axal orfeoss”); ,,rogorc afris tkacuni, movardnili zRvidan, ise-Ti vaJkacuri gaqaneba minda” (p. iaSvili ,,rogorc afris tkacuni”); ,,miyvars zRva mzeSi daoqroili, misTvis rom guli talRis tolia” (g. leoniZe ,,Tolia”); ,,movitan zRvao, SenTan Cems guls TasiviT av-sils, kaeSniT savse rom vismino Seni galoba” (kolau nadiraZe, ,,da-fiqreba zRvasTan”).

amave dros, zRva aris ganmartoebisa da am ganmartoebis Sedegad miRweuli sulieri aRmafrenis an piriqiT, minoruli ganwyobilebis sagani: ,,vsargeblob zRvaze ganmartoebiT” (t. tabiZe ,,qarTlis cxovreba”).

zRva da ganmartoeba xSir SemTxvevaSi poetis arsebaSi asadgu-rebs gansakuTrebul sulier simSvides ,,saRamovdeba, siCume didi, rogorc naTeli Semodis CemSi” (k. nadiraZe ,,zRvasTan”); ,,vijeqi mar-tod, Soridan frTxilad modga siCume da gulSi Cajda” (k. nadiraZe ,,zRvis piras”).

zRva da istoria: unda SevniSnoT, rom qarTvel simbolistebSi zRva xSirad iwvevs istoriis Soreuli foliantebis gacocxlebas da es bunebrivicaa, zRvasTan aris dakavSirebuli kacobriobis isto-riis araerTi mniSvnelovani furceli. qarTvel simbolistTa Semoq-medebaSi, istoriasTan mimarTebisas, zRvas ramdenime sakiTxi ukav-Sirdeba da maTgan erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovania argonavtebis Te-ma: ,,ismis zvirTebis zaTqi, gangaSi, rogorc simRera argonavtelTa, agvistos Ramis civ kamaraSi zRva da xmeleTi isev gamTelda” (t. ta-biZe, ,,argonavtebi”). citirebuli strofi ramdenime TvalsazrisiT aris saintereso: upirveles yovlisa, imiT, rom poeti argonavtebis simReras adarebs zRvis zaTqsa da gangaSs. gangaSi TavisTavad aris ubedurebis mauwyebeli. ese igi, argonavtebis simRerac qarTvelTaT-

vis ubedurebasTan asocirdeba. argonavtebs qarTvelisaTvis moaqvT sikvdili da Zarcva, amitomac am Temis Semotana poeziaSi sikvdilTan erTad iwvevs sicivis asociacias (,,agvistos Ramis civ kamaraSi”). xo-lo rac Seexeba bolo striqons, zRvisa da xmeleTis Sesayari lite-

raturaSi ganasaxierebs amqveyniuri da imqveyniuri samyaroebis gadak-

murad mTvareliZe

190

veTis adgils, rac TavisTavad warmoadgens sikvdil-sicocxlis mij-nas. amdenad, am strofSi srulyofiladaa warmoCenili argonavtebis mosvlisadmi qarTvelis damokidebuleba: argonavtebma mravali usia-movneba moutanes qarTvelebs, amitomac zRvis zaTqis gagonebisas qar-Tvel poets maSinve zRvidan mosuli ubedureba axsendeba da aqve Cndeba sikvdilis asociaciac.

magram ramdenadac qarTvelTaTvis ,,argos” gamoCena ubedurebis mauwyebelia, samSobloSi dabrunebuli argonavtebis xomaldis say-viris xma ukve bednierebis niSania: ,,Sors, sadRac sWeqda argos sayvi-ri da gaTanguli sisxliT da mziTa, Sin brundeboda elinTa gmiri _ kolxeTis oqro gahqonda tvirTad!” (k. nadiraZe, ,,afxazeTSi”).

yuradRebas ipyrobs kidev erTi garemoeba: qarTvelTa cnobiere-baSi imdenad didia argonavtebis mier saqarTvelodan waRebuli gan-Zis ukan dabrunebis survili, rom es poeziaSic aisaxeba: ,,aha, zRvam piri Cemsken ibruna, moexeTqeba naburTalevi, medeas oqro Tu damib-runa, urCi-Tavnebis lurji Tvalebi.… zvirTis qeCoze vxedav iazons, Subs vtyorcni, gana davemalebi? wynarad iwyeba dRe saziano, medeas farCis abrwyinvalebiT” (g. leoniZe ,,zRva da medea”).

medeas dabrunebis Tema me-20 saukunis qarTul poeziaSi misi gan-viTarebis yvela etapze aris aqtualuri. miuxedavad yvelafrisa, me-deasadmi qarTvelis damokidebuleba mkveTrad pozitiuria, xolo ia-sonisadmi – calsaxad negatiuri, gansxvavebiT berZnuli literatu-

risagan, romelSic am personaJebisadmi damokidebuleba erTmniSvne-lovnad sapirispiroa. amitomac qarTul poeziaSi mudmivad figuri-rebs samSobloSi medeas dabrunebis Tema ,,axal iazons samSobloSi momyavs medea, oqros sawmisad, _ cecxliani, RvTaebis Cadri” (S. kar-meli, ,,salambos trirema”).

cisferyanwelTaTvis gansakuTrebulad sayvareli poetia pub-lius ovidius nazoni. misi saxeli yvelaze xSirad tician tabiZis leqsebSi dasturdeba. ticianTan Savi zRvis CrdiloeTi nawili war-moudgenelic kia ovidiusis gareSe. Savi zRvisa da ovidiusis saxe-lis dakavSireba erTmaneTTan, gamowveulia ovidusis biografiis tragikuli furclebiT. rogorc cnobilia, Zv. w. 8 wels romis impe-ratorma oqtaviane avgustusma nazoni romidan gaaZeva da Savi zRvis-pira qalaq tomisSi gadaasaxla. amitomac cisferyanwel poetebs Savi zRvis es midamoebi yovelTvis axseneben nazons da mis tragedias “ma-Sin ovidi stiroda aq roms, da iq darCenil Svilebis alerss, fola-

dis naWeds droc veRar aqrobs, romic ver uZlebs aduRebul leqss”; ,,tiroda am zRviT ovidi nazon ufro ki romsa da sakuTar Tavs, rac unda ena gadamirazon, me vityvi Cveni gzebis daburRvas” (t. tabiZe, ,,qarTlis cxovreba”). ticianisaTvis didi romaeli poetis satkiva-

cisferyanwelTa zRva

191

ri imdenad axlobelia, rom mas SeuZlia am satkivris gagrZeleba (“da mec vagrZeleb gauwyvetav leqss”).

anapaSi myofi ticiani ali arseniSvilisadmi miZRvnil leqsSic ar iviwyebs nazonsa da mis satkivars (“da geficebi mec ovidis dam-wuxrebul lands”). nazoni qarTvel simbolistTaTvis imitomac aris Zvirfasi, rom misi wuxili garkveulwilad ukavSirdeba Sav zRvas. aqve gasaTvaliswinebelia erTi garemoeba: cisferyanweli poe-ti Salva afxaiZe zRvaze Seqmnili ciklis erT leqss saTaurad aZ-levs “nazonis zRvas”, rac vfiqrob, aris erTgvari siaxle, radganac aseTi saxeldebiT Savi zRva manamde arsad ar gvxvdeba (,,es zRva xib-lavda nazonis Tvalebs, Relavda vneba mis gulSic ase: amitom aris axlac gvawvalebs misi leqsebis Cven siZvirfase” (S. afxaiZe, ,,nazonis zRva”). nazonis saxels simbolistTa poeziaSi bunebrivad ukavSirde-ba romi da bizantia. ,,zRvis talRas axsovs warsuli kargad, mas ax-sovs romi da bizantia” (v. gafrindaSvili, ,,zRva”).

artur rembo: cnobilia, Tu ra gavlena moaxdina qarTvel simbo-listebze artur rembom. mis poeziasTan erTad qarTveli simbolis-

tebisaTvis aseve axlobelia rembos piradi xvedri, rac garkveulwi-

lad zRvasTan aris dakavSirebuli. amitomac agondebaT zRvaze myof poetebs didi frangi poeti: ,,rembo ufexo da naTrevala ucqeris globuss dakecil gzebiT, mas mZime tvirTi qveynad evala udabnoebiT da sastik zRvebiT” (S. karmeli, ,,rembos sikvdili”); ,,bevri legenda Tvlems msrbolav zRvaSi, zed hqrian qarni da zefirebi, rembom ixi-la talRebis svlaSi antiur dramis didi gmirebi” (v. gafrindaSvili, wignidan ,,zRva”).

bibliuri da miTologiuri personaJebi: iseve, rogorc mTeli qarTuli mwerloba, meoce saukunis dasawyisis qarTuli poeziisaT-vis ucxo ar aris bibliuri da miTologiuri Temebisa da personaJe-bis Semotana. am TvalsazrisiT qarTvel simbolistebTan gvxvdeba ramdenime saintereso momenti.

mose: ,,magram sadave Seni leqsis daxris darials, axloa mose poeziis mewamul zRvaSi” (t. tabiZe, ,,valerian gafrindaSvils”).

amorZali: ,,Tavisi Tavi zRvam gaimeta, gahyva amorZals, rogorc Sleifi” (v. gafrindaSvili, ,,zRva”).

ikarosi: ,,daviRupebi frTadaSlili zRvaSi ikaros” (S. karmeli, ,,gasvenebebi”).

dabolos, qarTvel simbolistebTan zRva erTgvarad ukavSirdeba samSoblos, Tavisuflebisaken mis swrafvas, amdenad is aRiqmeba ro-gorc mamulis Tavisuflebis erTgvari simbolo, oRond erTi dazus-tebiT: mxiaruli, laRad mRelvare zRva Tavisufali samSoblos sim-

murad mTvareliZe

192

boluri xatia, xolo, moqufruli, daxuruli zRva _ Tavisufleba-

dakarguli qveynisa. amis dasturad gamodgeba Tundac paolo iaSvi-lis leqsi ,,dacemul baToms”, sadac zRvisa da mzis metaforuli SerwymiT warmodgenilia samSoblosagan CamoSorebuli qalaqis umZi-mesi xvedri: ,,iisfer zRvaSi mze Camavali Zvelebur lxeniT Tvals ve-Rar aRebs“, an: ,,ukve SeiZra zRvasTan lerwami _ baTomis caze me vxe-dav yvavebs“.

samSoblos Tavisuflebis STambeWdav saxes qmnis giorgi leoni-

Ze leqsSi ,,Savi zRvis pirs Savi muxa“, oRond masSi gansxvavebuladaa warmodgenili zRvis simboluri mniSvneloba.

leqsi 1925 welsaa dawerili da masSi kargad ikiTxeba wina wels saqarTveloSi datrialebuli tragedia:

martodmarto Srialebda

Savi zRvis pirs Savi muxa da ramdenic hqonda bzari, cas imdenjer daequxa. zRvis Citebi Jivilis xmiT eseodnen tyeTa narCens, niskartebiT zed afendnen cisartyelis CamonaWrebs. niskartebiT cidan sxivi da cvar-nami CamohqondaT da ramdenic egalobaT

xes imdeni bzari hqonda. Savi zRvis pirs Savi muxa martodmarto Srialebda,

titvel mkerdze ilewavda

talRebs nisliT mfSvinvareTa. muxa idga rogorc vefxvi, vefxvze ufro mrisxaneda da ramdensac zRva dahkravda, imden fesvebs imatebda. vfiqrobT, aq zRva im qartexilebis saxe-simboloa, romelsac

aTaswlovani muxa _ saqarTvelo saukuneTa manZilze uZlebda, anu zRva, am SemTxvevaSi, erTad ganasaxierebs droTa svlasac da gansac-del-qariSxlebsac, xolo oblad mis pirze mdgomi muxa eulad dar-Cenil qristianul qveyanas. Tumca, Tu Rrmad CavukvirdebiT leqss da gansakuTrebiT mis finals, advilad SevniSnavT, rom swored zRvis zaTqi aZlevs mas gamZleobasac da Tavisuflebis SenarCunebis sur-vilsac. gasaTvaliswinebelia is garemoeba, rom evropul litera-

turaSi zRva da zRvasTan dakavSirebuli terminebi simbolurad gana-

cisferyanwelTa zRva

193

saxierebs survils, miswrafebas, Tavisuflebas, martoobas, sik-vdils, xelaxla dabadebas. qarTuli poezia xSir SemTxvevaSi Tan-xvdeba aRniSnul simboloTa gaazrebas, Tumca warmosaxvis masStabis TvalsazrisiT, is kidev ufro mravalferovania.

amdenad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom zogadad qarTuli poeziisaTvis zRvis Tema ara mxolod axlobelia, aramed masTan dakavSirebulia erTi mxriv, SemoqmedTa piradi gancdebi, maTi sulieri mdgomareoba, xolo, meore mxriv, qarTveli poetebi swored zRvas ukavSireben ka-cobriobis mier ganvlili istoriis araerT furcels. da rac gansa-kuTrebiT sainteresoa, zRvaSi isini pouloben udides muxts, rac ase aucilebelia SemoqmedebiTi procesisaTvis.

literatura

1. afxaiZe S., leqsebi, Tb. 1954 2. gafrindaSvili v., leqsebi, Tb. 1937 3. iaSvili p., leqsebi, poema, moTxrobebi, Targmanebi, Tb. 1957 4. karmeli S., babiloni, Tb. 2000 5. leoniZe g., saqarTvelos cremlebi, Tb. 2000 6. nadiraZe k., erTtomeuli, Tb. 1979 7. tabiZe t., leqsebi, poemebi miniaturebi sam tomad. t. I, Tb. 1966 8. Literature and Lore of the sea, ed. P.A. Carlson, Amsterdam, Editions

Rodopi B. V., 1986 9. Matthiessen F. O., American Renaissance, New York, Oxford Univer-

sity Press, 1941

TaTia mTvareliZe maia SuxoSvili

zRvis gaazrebis

ZvelberZnuli modeli

antikurobidan moyolebuli dRemde berZenTa warmodgenaSi zRva ufro metia, vidre mxolod „Sesakrebeli wyalTa...~ rad-ganac berZnuli civilizaciis warmateba garkveulwilad berZnuli tomebis mier xmelTaSua zRvis aTvisebasTanaa dakavSire-buli. saukuneTa manZilze xmelTaSua zRvis auzSi ekonomikurma da samxedro hegemoniam berZnebi zRvis xalxad aqcia, ramac TavisTa-vad ganapiroba maTi gansakuTrebuli damoki-debuleba zRvisadmi. saberZneTis geografi-uli mdebareobisa da aTaswlovani gamocdi-lebis gamo, zRvis faqtori dRemde inarCu-nebs aqtualobas da berZenTa yoveldRiuri cxovrebis ganuyofel nawilad rCeba. ber-Znebisa da zRvis amgvarma harmoniulma Tana-arsebobam udidesi gavlena iqonia maT azrov-nebasa da msoflmxedvelobaze. yvelaferma aman ki asaxva berZnul miTopoetur da fi-losofiur naazrevSi hpova. moxsenebis miza-nia, warmoadginos Zvel berZnul tradicia-Si zRvis gaazrebis specifika da gansaz-Rvros zRvis is modeli, romelic saerToa miTosis, filosofiisa da poeturi naazre-visaTvis.

berZnuli literaturisa da zRvis samyaros Sexvedris pirveli adgili home-rosis poemebia, romlebic Tavis mxriv, im mravalsaukunovani gzis gagrZelebas war-moadgens, rac berZnulma miTopoeturma az-rovnebam ganvlo. am gzis sawyis etapze wam-yvani roli miTologias eniWeboda. ber-

TaTia mTvareliZe. iv. java-xiSvilis saxelobis Tbili-

sis saxelmwifo universite-tis humanitarul mecniereba-Ta fakultetis klasikuri filologiisa da siZveleT-

mcodneobis programis doqto-ranti. gamoqveynebuli sa-

mecniero naSromebi: “ebra-elTa mimarT” epistoles av-torobis sakiTxisaTvis; o{ti da wJ~ kavSirebis funqcia Zvel berZnul enaSi; mijaWvu-li gmirebi kavkasiur miTolo-

giaSi da maTi tipologiuri msgavsebebi promeTesTan; poe-ziisa da prozis urTierTmi-marTebis sakiTxi Zvel ber-

Znul gnomur poeziasa da ora-torul prozaSi. samecniero

interesebis sfero: antiku-ri literatura, miTologia, klasikuri enebi.

maia SuxoSvili. ivane java-xiSvilis saxelobis Tbili-

sis saxelmwifo universite-tis humanitarul mecniereba-Ta fakultetis sadoqtoro programis "klasikuri filo-

logia da siZveleTmcodneoba" doqtoranti. gamoqveynebu-

li samecniero naSromebi:

platonis “sofistis” struq-turuli da kompoziciuri organizacia“, „gamosaxulebis Seqmnis“ xelovnebasa da adami-anis sxvadasxva saqmianobis aR-mniSvneli terminebi platonis „sofistSi“, „dialogis Janri platonTan da misi mimarTeba dialeqtikur meTodTan“, „so-fistikis raoba da sofistTa moZraobis arsebiTi maxasia-

Teblebi“, ,,sokrate – moqala-

qe da filosofosi (qsenofo-nisa da platonis TxzulebaTa mixedviT)“, ,,ironia rogorc sokrates SexedulebaTa gamo-xatvis meTodi”. samecniero interesebis sfero: Zveli berZnuli literatura, Zveli berZnuli filosofia.

zRvis gaazrebis ZvelberZnuli modeli

195

Znul miTologiaSi zRvis gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobaze miuTiTebs is movlena, rom RmerTebs, qalRmerTebsa Tu RvTaebebs Soris erT-er-Ti gamorCeuli adgili uWiravs e. w. zRvis Zalebs. Tavad Talasa aris okeanosis meuRle, romelic Sobs eTersa da hemeras. zRvis qafidan iSva Zvel berZenTaTvis erT-erTi yvelaze ufro saamayo da mSvenieri qalRmerTi afrodite. zRvis RvTiur Zalebs miekuTvnebian nereidebi da sirenebi. Zvel berZnul miTologiaSi uxvad vxvdebiT zRvis mier naSob mdinareebsa Tu patar-patara wyaroebs, rogorebicaa asoposi, alfeiosi, ilisosi, skamandrosi, kaikosi, ermosi, kaustrosi, maian-drosi, anu zRvas Sobis, dabadebis funqcia ukve Zvel berZnul miTo-logiaSi aqvs, rac mogvianebiT filosofiur naazrevSic aisaxeba.

homerosidan moyolebuli Zvel berZnul mxatvrul literatu-

raSi zRvis eqsponirebis sami gza SeiniSneba: 1. xdeba konkretuli gmi-rebis, sulieri Tu usulo sagnebis an movlenebis aRWurva zRvisTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSan-TvisebebiT; 2. xdeba zRvis aRWurva sxva suli-

eri Tu usulo sagnebis/movlenebis niSan-TvisebebiT; 3. xdeba zRvas-Tan dakavSirebuli movlenebisa da situaciebis metaforuli axsna. amis damadastureblad SegviZlia ramdenime magaliTi movitanoT ber-Znuli literaturidan:

1. zRvis upirvelesi niSani berZenTaTvis misi cvalebadi bunebaa. esqilesTan zRvis am niSniT maxasiaTebel araerT metaforas vxvde-biT: `zRva aris, mas vin amoaSrobs? mraval mewamul dinebas aSlis. ras moelode misgan, es xom aravin icis~1. swored zRvis cvalebadi buneba ganapirobebs berZenTa ormag damokidebulebas misadmi, raze-dac qvemoT SevCerdebiT.

2. homerosTan zRvis epiTetebs Soris yvelaze xSirad gvxvdeba epiTeti poliav – WaRara. miTologiuri azrovnebisaTvis damaxasiaTe-belia ama Tu im bunebrivi movlenis personificireba, rac metafore-bisa da epiTetebis donezec aisaxeba. zemoTYmotanil magaliTSi saqme gvaqvs metad saintereso SemTxvevasTan: berZnul kosmogoniaSi zRvis warmoSoba pirvelsave etapze xdeba. okeanosi, romelic meore Taobis RmerTebs ganekuTvneba, mSoblebis – uranosisa da geas msgavsad, samya-ros Seqmnis procesis Tanamonawilea. amitom, berZenTa warmodgenaSi okeanosi, anu zRva Zveli RmerTia, risi xazgasmac berZnul litera-

turaSi araerTgzis xdeba. homerosis poemebSi sakuTriv zRvis perso-nificirebas adgili ar aqvs. Tumca, zemoT dasaxelebuli epiTeti - `WaRara~ im periodis azrovnebis Sedegia, rodesac Talasa jer kidev RmerTTa Soris moiazreboda.

1 Aesch. Ag. 944


196

3. zRvasTan dakavSirebuli situaciis saintereso metafo-rul axsnas vxvdebiT esqiles tragediaSi „sparselebi~, romelic sa-berZneTTan gamarTul salamisis brZolaSi sparseTis mefis qserqse pirvelis damarcxebas asaxavs (Zv. w. 480/79 w.). dariosis aCrdili, romelic tragediis meore epizodSi Cndeba, asabuTebs Tavisi vaJis, qserqses sazRvao brZolaSi damarcxebis mizezebs da maTgan upirve-lesad qserqses hibriss miiCnevs, rac SemdegSi mdgomareobs: qserqsem moindoma helespontisa da wminda bosforisTvis, rogorc monisTvis, borkilebi daedo. `qserqsem zRvas kiserze uReli daadga~ anu „gasas-vlelebi gardaqmna, da jaWvebi zRvaze xidad gakida, zed ki uricxvi jari gadaatara~.2 aRniSnuli striqonebi asaxavs istoriul faqts, rodesac qserqsem sakuTari jari bosforis sruteze gadaatara er-TmaneTze gadabmuli sazRvao xomaldebisagan agebuli xidiT. dario-sis dasaxelebul sityvebs mosdevs SeniSvna: `gonganusjelad Seeb-rZola qserqse RmerTebs, radganac scada daemarcxebina poseidoni, albaT goneba rame senma Tu daubinda Cems Svils3~. amdenad, esqiles mxatvruli azrovnebis konteqstSi adgili aqvs realuri istoriu-li faqtis da miTologiuri warmodgenebis Tanaarsebobas: zRvaze xi-dis gadeba niSnavs zRvis „Seborkvas~, rasac aucileblad mohyveba zRvis RmerTis, poseidonis risxva. zRvis Seuracxyofa imdenad dauS-vebelia berZenisaTvis, rom TviT esqilec ki, romlis mTavari mizani am tragediis werisas berZenTa gandideba, maTi simamacisa da Zalmosi-

lebis warmoCena iyo, sparselTa damarcxebis mTavar mizezad zRvis Seuracxyofas asaxelebs da ara berZenTa samxedro upiratesobas.

jer kidev homerosTan SeiniSneba is ormagi mimarTeba zRvisadmi, rasac dualizms uwodeben da rac berZnuli xasiaTis erT-erTi niSan-Tvisebaa. berZenTa amgvari damokidebuleba TanxvedraSia odisevsis zRvasTan mimarTebasTan: troas omSi aTwliani monawileobis Semdeg, omze aranakleb rTuli aTwliani xetialisas, rogorc odisevsisaT-vis iyo zRva, erTi mxriv, sakuTari Tavis Ziebisa da Secnobis, xolo meore mxriv, daRupvis, fizikuri ganadgurebis adgili, aseve berZenTa cnobierebaSi aisaxeba amgvari dualizmi: berZnisTvis zRva aris ma-cocxlebelica da momakvdinebelic, romelic mudmivad izidavs ber-Znul suls, brZolisunarianobas sZens mas da sakuTari Tavis Secno-bis gzaze yovelTvis Tan sdevs.

berZenTa amgvari ormagi damokidebuleba zRvisadmi berZnul li-

teraturaSi dadasturebul zRvis epiTetebsa da metaforebSic aisa-

2 Aesch. PV 745-748 3 Aesch. PV 749-751


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xeba. tragedia, erTi mxriv, mihyveba homerosiseul gzas da gadmoaqvs is epiTetebi, saxeebi da metaforebi, rac homerosTan dasturdeba, xolo meore mxriv, qmnis sruliad axal poetur enas.

berZnul literaturaSi zRvis epiTetebis 2 jgufi SegviZlia gamovyoT. pirvel jgufSi erTiandeba dadebiTi semantikis mqone epi-Tetebi, xolo meore jgufSi _ uaryofiTi semantikis. am ori jgufis epiTetebs organuli kavSiri aqvT erTmaneTTan da TiToeuli uaryo-fiTi epiTeti Seicavs dadebiT semantikasac da piriqiT, dadebiTi se-mantikis mqone epiTetebi atareben garkveulwilad uaryofiT dat-virTvas. es movlena ki sxva araferia, Tu ara isev da isev berZnuli dualizmis erT-erTi gamovlineba. magaliTisaTvis movitanT zRvis esqileseul epiTets, romelmac gansakuTrebuli popularoba daimsa-xura Semdgomi xanis poetur nawarmoebebSi. agamemnoni klitemnes-

tras uambobs Tavs gardaxdili brZolebis ambavs: `rodesac gamoCnda mzis brwyinvale naTeli, vixileT aqavel mezRvaur da meniCbe vaJkac-Ta gvamebiT ayvavebuli zRva~.4 evripidesTan vxvdebiT saxes `sisxliT ayvavebuli zRva~5. sisxli da gvamebi TavisTavad uaryofiTi semanti-kis matarebelia, magram epiTeti `ayvavebuli~ mas dadebiT mniSvnelo-

bas sZens da amiT amcirebs zRvis, rogorc momakvdinebeli Zalis, in-terpretirebis SesaZleblobas.

rodesac Zvelma berZnebma pirvelad scades miTologiuri azrov-nebis daZleva da daiwyes samyaros warmoSobis mecnieruli, sistemati-zebuli kvleva, maT winaSe pirvelad daisva samyaros warmoSobis sa-kiTxi. SemTxveviTi ar iyo, rom pirvelma berZenma filosofosma, Ta-lesma samyaros pirvelsawyisad wyali daasaxela. kerZod, man Tqva, rom yoveli sagani aris wyali (u{dwr) an wyali aris yoveli sagnis qvemdeba-re.6 amgvarad, Talesma wyali miiCnia yvelafris mTavar Semadgenel elementad. wyali, misi azriT, aris cocxali. cocxali ki aris is, rac TavisiT moqmedebs da risi moqmedebac garedan ar ganisazRvreba.7 ro-gorc zemoT aRvniSneT, zRvis upirvelesi Tviseba, misi cvalebadoba, Talesamdec araerTgzis iyo xazgasmuli mxatvrul literaturaSi da am niSniT gamorCeul mraval epiTetsa Tu metaforas vxvdebiT. aRsaniS-navia, rom zRvasTan dakavSirebulma qmnadobis funqciam filosofiaSi swored berZnuli mxatvruli azrovnebis sferodan gadainacvla.

platonis Semoqmedeba garkveulwilad axal, gardamtex moments

4 Aesch. Ag. 636 5 Eur. IT 300 6 Arist. Metaph. 983 b. 18. D V 1. A 12 7 Arist. Metaph. 983 b. 18. D V 1. A 12


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warmoadgens Zvel berZnul filosofiur naazrevSi. platoni, erTi mxriv, ubrundeba tradicias da xazs usvams adamianisa da zRvis mWid-ro kavSirsa da urTierTdamokidebulebas, meore mxriv ki, mas Semo-aqvs zRvis tradiciuli niSan-Tvisebis (macocxlebeli) sapirispiro maxasiaTebeli (damangreveli), rac dakavSirebulia atlantisis miT-Tan. sxvadasxva dialogSi (~filebosi~, ~politikosi~, ~saxelmwi-

fo~, ~nadimi~) platoni araerTgzis asaxelebs zRvas (pevlago~) da mas ukavSirebs bunebis da adamianebis macocxlebel Zalas. igi xSirad saubrobs imaze, rom zRva aZlevs adamianebs sazrdos Tevzis saxiT, rom zRva aris yovlis mSobeli, aseve yovlis mfarveli.8 amdenad im dualistur damokidebulebas zRvisadmi, romelic jer kidev miTo-logiidan iRebs saTaves, garkveulwilad platonis filosofiac av-lens. platoni atlantisis miTis gadmocemisas dasZens, rom atlan-

tisis civilizacia swored wyalma (zRvam) Seiwira da misi gaqrobis mizezi misive geografiuli mdebareoba gaxda (mas oTxi mxridan wyali ertya gars)9.

amgvarad, zemoT ganxiluli magaliTebis safuZvelzec ki SegviZ-lia ganvsazRvroT zRvis gaazrebis ZvelberZnuli modeli, romelic dualizmis principebs emyareba: berZenisaTvis zRva ormagi funqciis matarebelia _ dadebiTisa da uaryofiTisa, erTsa da imave dros. zRvis dadebiT funqcias gansazRvravs misi macocxlebeli Zala, maSin rodesac misi uaryofiTi funqciis ganmsazRvrelad misive damangreve-li buneba gvevlineba. es ormagi funqcia ganapirobebs zRvis mTavar ma-xasiaTebels – mis amoucnob bunebas. zRvis gaazrebis aRniSnuli mo-deli dRemde cocxlobs berZnul azrovnebaSi, rac imiT gamoixateba, rom zRvis Tanamedrove berZnuli saxismetyveleba mTlianad efuZneba antikur paradigmas da erTian sistemaSi Tavsdeba.

literatura

1. antikuri filosofiis narkvevebi, Tbilisi, 1983 2. gaTri u., berZeni filosofosebi, Tbilisi, 1983. 3. gordeziani r., berZnuli literatura I, Tbilisi 2002 4. Aeschylus, vol I, II., ed. Alan H. Sommerstein, Loeb Classical

Library, 2009 5. Aristotelis, Metaphysica, Oxonii, vol.I, 1923 6. Euripides, vol. III-V, ed. David Kovacs, Loeb Classical Library No.

9, rev. 1998-2005

8 Phileb. 13a, Phaed. 21 e, Polit. 32 c. 9 R. P. 25 e.


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7. Greene W. Ch., The Sea in the Greek Poets, The North American Review, Vol. 199, No. 700 (Mar., 1914), pp. 427-443

8. Plato, Opera, recognovit I. Burnet, vol. I, Oxonii, 1905.

Semoklebebi:

Aesch. Ag. = Aeschylus, Agamemnon Aesch. PV = Aeschylus, Prometheus Vinctus Arist. metaph. = Aristoteles, Metaphysica Eur. IT = Euripides, Iphigenia in Taurus Phaed. = Plato, Phaedrus Phileb. = Plato, Philebus R. P. = Plato, Res Publica Polit. = Plato, Politicus

inga milorava

zRvis sivrculi modeli modernistul teqstSi

zRvis sivrculi modeli, rogorc mxatvruli nawarmoebis qronotopis for-ma, Zalian mniSvnelovania mravali kultu-

risaTvis, iseve rogorc `mTis~, `gzis~ da a.S. modelebi. dasavluri Tu aRmosavluri kulturebi sxvadasxva epoqaSi, SeiZleba iTqvas, CvenTvis xiluli drouli xazis sa-Tavidan dRemde uxvad iyeneben maT da esTe-tikurad araerTgvarovan, Tumca sakmaod sa-gulisxmo Sedegebs iReben ama Tu im mxat-vruli realobis Taviseburebebis gamovle-

nisa TvalsazrisiT. qarTul mxatvrul azrovneba, SeiZle-

ba iTqvas, gansxvavebul da bevri Tvalsaz-

risiT sagulisxmo suraTs qmnis. tradici-ulad iTvleba, rom zRva ar TamaSobs raime gadamwyvet rols qarTuli literaturisa da xelovnebis sxvadasxva dargSis mxat-vrul sivrceSi. ver davadasturebT zRvis mniSvnelovan funqcias verc yofiTi, verc warmosaxviTi sibrtyeebisa da Sreebis gan-viTarebaSi. istoriuli movlenebiTa da ba-taliebiT mdidar saqarTvelos istoriaSi ar Cans Tundac erTi gadamwyveti sazRvao brZola da arc Zlieri flotis arseboba-zea miniSneba. ar gvyolia sazRvao gzebis dasalaSqrad Tavgadadebuli mogzaurebi da, saerTod, zRva TiTqos Caikarga im mov-lenaTa da saxeTa marTlac zRvaSi, romli-

Tac sakmaod mdidaria saqarTvelos xorci-eli da sulieri cxovreba. aTaswlovani mwerlobis adreuli nimuSebi TiTqmis ar gvaZlevs zRvis mxatvruli gaazrebis

filologiis mecnierebaTa doqtori, SoTa rusTavelis qarTuli literaturis in-stitutis ufrosi mecnieri TanamSromeli; marketingu-

li da mediakomunikaciebis saswavlo universitetis sruli profesori; ZiriTadi naSromebi: mo-

nografiebi: niko lorTqifa-

niZis mxatvruli dro da sivrce (1995); me-20 sauku-nis pirveli naxevris qarTu-li moTxroba (modernizmi) (2003); statiebis krebule-

bi: literaturuli werile-

bi (2000); alublisferi fardis miRma (2009). interesTa sfero: me-20 da 21-e saukunis saliteratu-

ro procesebi, poetika, kri-tika, filosofia, xelovne-

bis Teoriisa da istoriis sakiTxebi.


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mkveTr magaliTs, ar Cans misi funqcia. gamonaklisia isev `vefxistya-osani~, romlis mravalSrian da mravalplanian mxatvrul samyaroSi moiZebna zRvis adgilic da Tanac Taviseburi interpretaciis saSua-lebebic gaCnda. zRva am harmoniuli samyaros organuli nawilia da, savaraudod, swored Sinagani da garegani harmoniulobisa da dauna-wevreblobis gamo gaxda SesaZlebeli am feradovan sivrceSi zRvis Rirseuli arseboba. `vefxistyaosani~ erTgvari samyaros zemodelia, romelSic zeca, dedamiwa – Tavisi siuxviTa da mravalferovnebiT da adamiani – aseve Tavisi Sinagani simdidriTa da mravalsaxeobiT erT mTlianobadaa gaazrebuli da mas araferi aklia, anu samyaro warmod-genilia `uTvalavi feriTa~ da masSi zRvac ikavebs Tavis bunebriv ad-gils. gmirebi Sedian zRvaSi, eZeben dakarguls, ibrZvian,. tarieli amirbaria, e. i. mas flotic abaria. zRva TiTqos yoveldRiurobis na-wili gamxdara da am TvalsazrisiT exmianeba msoflio literatura-

Si gavrcelebul mxatvrul saxeebs. magram SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom aqac gamovlinda zRvisadmi qarTuli kulturis damokidebuleba: davarma zRvaSi gadaagdo nestan- darejani. kidobani, romelSic dasa-Rupad ganwiruli umSvenieresi mefis asulia momwyvdeuli, aravin un-da ixilos, aRarasodes dabrundes iq, sadac sicocxle, siyvaruli, bednierebaa, anu zRva aris dasasruli davarisTvis. sikvdilis win mas Skarad imedi aqvs, rom sabolood iZia Suri nestan-darejanze da iq gaistumra, sadac dasasrulia, saidanac aravin dabrundeba. misi gan-cda aseTia. magram `vefxistyaosani~ Tavisi Sinagani harmoniiT, rome-lic SemdgomSi arsad, arc erTi qarTuli literaturuli nawarmoe-bis mxatvrul drosa da sivrceSi aRar ganmeorebula, ar scnobs raime dadgenil CarCos. nestani, SeiZleba iTqvas, erTaderTi gmiria, rome-lic zRvis wiaRidan amovida da ukan daubrunda sicocxles. is wyle-

bis mistikuri wiaRidan Secvlili amodis da Tavisi tkivilisa da tanjvis gziT miemarTeba siyvarulisa da bednierebisaken, romliske-

nac yvela gmiri aseve TavTavisi gziT mieSureba. ase rom, rogorc Cans, `vefxistyaosani~ gamonaklisia an, ufro

sworad, zemxatvruli samyaro, romelic imdenad uaxlovdeba pir-velsawyiss, kosmiur harmonias, rom garkveuli eTnikur-kulturu-

li kompleqsebisaTvis masSi adgili aRar rCeba. es kompleqsi ki Ska-rad arsebobs, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom arc manamde da arc Sedare-biTY gvian periodebSi xelovnebasa da literaturaSi arsad gvxvdeba zRvis esTetikur-simboluri funqciebis Ziebis kvali. isic aRsaniS-navia, rom saqarTveloSi ar aris marinisti mxatvari, maSin roca am JanrSi muSaoben im qveynebis warmomadgenlebi, romelTa siaxlovesac ki ar aris zRva. am movlenis axsna Znelia, magram mizezi aucileblad iarsebebs da is sadRac eris cnobierebis siRrmeSia saZiebeli.

miTologias Tu mivmarTavT, xomaldi `argo~, romelic zRviT

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movida, gaxda kolxeTis samefos ubedurebisa da misi siZlieris da-kargvis mizezi, magram es berZnuli miTia da qarTveli eris cnobiere-bis gamoZaxilad ar SeiZleba CaiTvalos, Tumca gamoricxuli ar aris, rom raRac gavlena mainc moexdina masze. samagierod es miTi xazs us-vams, Tu rogoria sxva xalxebis, am SemTxvevaSi, Zveli berZnebis damo-kidebuleba zRvisadmi. isini eswrafian mis gadalaxvas, daZlevas, mi-iltvian zRvis iqiT mdebare miwisken, raTa iqidan wamoiRon, Seima-ton, Tundac miiTvison is, rac maT gaaZlierebs. zRva ar aris maTTvis gadaulaxavi zRvari, piriqiT, is eZaxis, iwvevs am adamianebs da isinic ebrZvian da amarcxeben mas. marTlac Zalian sainteresoa, rogor aRiq-vamdnen zRvas im kulturaTa warmomadgenlebi, romlebmac, Cvengan gansxvavebiT, yvelanairad `gamoiyenes~ igi - praqtikuladac da esTe-tikuradac? maTTvis zRva aris is, rasac unda Seerkino, ajobo, gada-laxo. zRva (okeane) aris ara bolo mijna, dasasruli, aramed dasawyi-si, romlis iqiTac iwyeba raRac axali da imaleba pirovnebis da eris gafarToebis SesaZlebloba. evropuli literatura, Semdgom ukve amerikulic (sxvaTa Soris, aRmosavluric, Tundac `aTas erTi Rame~ gavixsenoT zRvebze saocari mogzaurobebiTa da sindbad mezRvauriT) gamosaxavs gmirebs, romlebic ar epuebian am sakralur sivrces, piri-qiT, cdiloben misi praqtikuli, miwieri mniSvneloba wamoswion win. Tumca aris mfrinavi holandielis legendac, romelic zRvidan ver-gamoRwevas da mis mistikur arss usvams xazs, mgaram am legendaSic ki mudmivad arsebobs imedi, rom raRac ZaliT, Tundac siyvarulis meS-veobiT daiZleva mojadoebuli wre da usasrulo xetials bolo moe-Reba. da mainc, Tu davukvirdebiT, am SemTxvevaSic aRsasrulisTvis ar aris zRva. aRsasruli mxolod miwaze SeiZleba dadges. zRva ki moqme-debis, moZraobis, mudmivi mogzaurobis adgilia, romlis dasasru-lic, rogoric unda iyos is, napirzea, miwaze. sikvdili Tu Svebaa ma-radiuli xetialiT daRlilisTvis, is mxolod miwaze SeiZleba moi-povos. ZiriTadad mainc, yvela nawarmoebi, romelSic aris zRva, erTi da imave gancdis gamomxatvelia. SeiZleba es nawarmoebebi ar iyos Jan-rulad da mxatvruli RirebulebiT msagavsi. Tundac zedapiruli ma-galiTisTvis SevadaroT erTmaneTs stivensonis `ganZTa kunZuli~, melvilis `mobi diki~, tomas moris `utopia~ da hemingueis `moxuci da zRva~. erTi SexedviT sruliad gansxvavebuli mxatvruli samyaro-ebia, magram TiTqmis yvelgan SenarCunebulia winaaRmdegobis daZle-

vis suliskveTeba da zRvis gadalaxvisadmi dauokebeli swrafva. qarTuli literatura ki am mxriv uCveulod mwiria. SeasaZloa,

poeziaSi, lirikaSi ufro aisaxa zRvis Tema, magram aq aqcenti ufro grZnobierebazea gadatanili da zRvis funqciis gaazrebisaTvis da misdami garkveuli kulturis gansakuTrebuli damokidebulebis warmoCenisaTvis sakmarisi masala ar Cans, Tundac nawarmoebis movle-


203

naTa planis, moqmedebis ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT. mxolod mogvianebiT, ukve modernistul prozaSi gvxvdeba ramde-

nime nawarmoebi, romlebic SeiZleba ase Tu ise CaiTvalos zRvis mode-lis gaazrebisa da mxatvruli realizaciis nimuSad. l. qiaCelis `Tava-dis qali maia~ gviCvenebs zRvas, rogorc dasasruls, bolo zRvars, sikvdils. masSi zRvam SeiTavsa modernistul sistemaSi arsebuli sik-vdilis yvela esTetikuri funqcia, maT Soris umTavresi: simSvidis mo-povebis, tkivilisa da tanjvisgan gaTavisuflebis saSualeba. zRva adamianis dinamikidan statikaSi gadasvlas uzrunvelyofs. igi nTqavs dros, movlenebs, sicocxles. maia midis lurj zRvasTan, romelic zmanebasaviT Rrma da uszRvroa. `saRamos moaxloeba – lurji qviSa da lurji zRva. lurji ca da amave feris tyeebi da maT Soris dakarguli zRaprebis lurji zmaneba~ (qiaCeli 1985: 259). Tavadis qali maia Tan-daTan uaxlovdeba zRvas, e. i. uaxlovdeba sikvdils. igi zRvis tal-

Rebs swiravs Zvirfas da mSvenier nivTebs – mogonebebis nivTier xatebs. bolo TavSesafarma – zRva-sikvdilma STanTqa yovelive: warsuli, aw-myo, momavali, daRlili sxeuli, grZnobebi. zRvis talRebSi inTqmeba dro da sivrce. `_ ho, es zRva dRes ra rig maSinebs, dafi! meCveneba, TiTqos sikvdilsac lurji feri aqvs, rogorc zRvas da rogorc zRva ise, didia, ise Rrmaa sikvdili~ (qiaCeli 1985: 276). Cans, leo qiaCelis warmosaxvaSi zRva sabolood damkvidrda, rogorc sikvdilisa da amav-droulad, Svebis esTetikuri simboluri saxe. `almasgir kibulanSi~ kidev ufro feradovani suraTi iqmneba. zRvis lurj mrTrTolav sxe-uls daemata mTvaris vercxlis diskos aTinaTebi. imavdroulad mTvare gaazrebulia rogorc qalRmerTi dali, rac idumalebis SegrZnebas ba-debs da mistikur elfers aniWebs moqmedebas. dalad gardaqmnili mTva-ris Tmas Tan mohyveba saocreba, romelic aerTebs miwas da zecas da es aris zRva. `...Tvalwin gaugebari sakvirveleba gadaeSala – haerisa da wylis usazRvroeba erTmaneTSi areuliyo da usaxeobas qveyniereba Ca-enTqa, es iyo zRva inguris SesarTavTan~ (qiaCeli 1985: 289). am samya-roSi Tavisuflad dasrialeben Crdilebi, zmanebani da modis sikvdi-li, rogorc Sveba. aq SeiZleba davinaxoT miniSneba cnobierebis siRrme-Si arsebul im modelze, romelic zRvas cis miwier anareklad aRiqvams da amitom aniWebs mas sasufevlis, gansasveneblis funqcias aqve, miwaze. es SeiZleba romeliRac warmarTuli modelis farulad da gauazreb-lad Semonaxuli xsovnac iyos, Tumca raimes mtkiceba Znelia.

`haki aZbaSi~ modernistuli prozis tendenciebi ukve sakmaod ganeitralebulia da mxolod SigadaSig, mxatvruli qsovilis wminda esTetikuri damuSavebis doneze gamokrTis. Sesabamisad, bevri movle-

na aRar aris zedmiwevniT esTetizebuli, magram zRvis, rogorc bolo navsayudelis simboluri saxe, inarCunebs Tavis mxatvrul mizandasa-xulobas. zRvidan modis safrTxe, gemi `Smidti~ (axali drois `ar-

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go~), zRva aireklavs moaxloebul tragikul movlenebs. stiqiis mrisxanebaSi ilandeba adamianTa samyaros mRelvareba. magram is, amave dros, sruli simSvidis erTaderTi aRmTqmelicaa. mis wiaRSi gadava yvela, visac axali epoqa ar miscems arsebobis saSualebas, zRva ki mi-iRebs, rogorc mSobeli Svils.

aseve zRvaSi miaqvs TaraS emxvaris sxeuli engurs (k. gamsaxur-dia, `mTvaris motaceba~). TaraSic aseve poulobs ukanasknel navsayu-dels maradiuli wylebis wiaRSi. sagulisxmoa, rom mogvianebiT o. WilaZe aqcevs gansakuTrebul yuradRebas zRvis models da `rkinis TeatrSi~ imeorebs mis amgvar funqcias _ zRva aris erTderTi adgi-li, dasasruli, sadac SeiZleba simSvidis mopoveba, saboloo TavSe-safari misTvis, vinc cxovrebis nakadSi veRar Zlebs. amis naTeli ma-galiTia msaxiobisa da zRvis suraTi, roca simSvidis mosapoveblad adamiani droebiT, magram isev zRvas miaSurebs, da ufro metad ki, na-tos saboloo Serwyma zRvasTan.

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom mxolod modernistuli teqstebi Zalian mwiri masalaa, Tanac SedarebiT axali imisTvis, rom calkeuli kul-

turis mier ama Tu im fenomenis aRqmaze vimsjeloT. amasTan Tu gaviT-valiswinebT sruliad Tanamedrove mxatvrul interpretacias aka morCilaZis `Santa Esperansa~‐ Si, naTlad Cans, rom droTa ganmav-lobaSi, zRvisadmi damokidebuleba Seicvleba, is arc ise gaqvavebu-lia da erTxelac iqneba, zRva dakargavs Tavis saboloo navsayudlis statuss, Tundac sxva kulturebisa da mxatvruli azrovnebis gav-leniT. Tumca mocemul mwir masalaze dayrdnobiTac SeiZleba gamov-TqvaT varaudi, rom mocemul teqstebSi aisaxa Soreuli gamoZaxili im SegrZnebisa Tu garkveuli kompleqsisa, romelic sxva kulture-

bisTvis niSneuli da sayovelTaod gavrcelebuli dinamikurobis, ga-farToebisa da ganviTarebis sapirispirod, zRvaSi xedavs statikur sawyiss, aRiqvams mas ara rogorc gzis dasawyiss, aramed dasasruls, simSvides da ar apirebs gadalaxos, gadacuros Tavisi sulis bolo navsayudeli. ra moutana amgvarma aRqmam qveyanas sxvadasxva, mxatvru-li sistemebis Tu sruliad aramxatvruli, metic, pragmatuli Tval-

sazrisiT, esec calke gansjas saWiroebs. Tumca naTelia, rom moder-nistulma teqstebma aSkarad asaxes garkveuli formis mqone modeli da Sorsmimavali fesvebis mqone tendencia.

literatura

qiaCeli 1985: l. qiaCeli, Txz. oTx tomad, t. II, Tb., 1985.

ada nemsaZe

zRva, rogorc sivrcis maidentificirebeli niSani

oTar WilaZis romanSi — `gzaze erTi kaci midioda~

XX saukunis II naxevridan qarTulma literaturam gansakuTrebuli yuradReba miaqcia droisa da sivrcis problemebs. swored aqedan iwyeba miTosuri, bibliuri Tu antikuri modelebis aRorZineba da maTi gamoyeneba sxvadasxva simboluri datvir-TviT, rasac Tan axlavs dro-sivrculi problemebis axleburi gaazreba. droisa da sivrcis problemas garkveuli kavSiri aqvs identifikaciis problemasTanac. darRveu-li identobis mizezi isev garemoSia saZie-beli. identobis dadgena rTuli, mtkivneu-li da xangrZlivi procesia, romelsac sWirdeba konkretuli sivrce da konkretu-li dro, romelSic unda moxdes misi mopo-veba.

oTar WilaZis pirveli romani `gzaze erTi kaci midioda~ mefe aietis samefos cxovrebiT iwyeba. vanelebi uCveulo ambis mowmeni xdebian: zRvam, romelic `yvela va-nelis fanjridan moCanda~ da romlis `gab-muli, gauTavebeli qSenac~ yvela vanelis WerqveS ismoda, erTi nabijiT daixia ukan. ufro zustad ki: `es imdroindeli ambavia, roca vani zRvispira qalaqi iyo; roca kol-

xeTis miwaze pirvelma berZenma daadga fexi da moridebulad iTxova TavSesafari. zRva-mac swored am dRes gabeda da xangrZlivi yoymanis Semdeg pirveli nabiji gadadga

filologiis mecnierebaTa doqtori. SoTa rusTavelis qarTuli literaturis in-stitutis mecnieri Tanam-

Sromeli.

ZiriTadi naSromebi: „siv-rcis identifikaciis rRveva oTar WilaZis romanSi “gza-ze erTi kaci midioda”; oTar WilaZis “yovelman Cemman mpovnelman”: TviTidentifi-kaciis krizisi; identobis problema Tanamedrove qar-Tul mwerlobaSi; “Txa da gigos” postmodernuli ver-sia. interesTa sfero: lite-

raturaTmcodneoba, kriti-

ka, semiotika.

ada nemsaZe

206

ukan~ (WilaZe 1986: 9). am faqts, ra Tqma unda, Tavisi mizezi hqonda da igi sakmaod mniSvnelovanic iyo. zRvis ukan gabruneba uSualod ukavSirdeba Zveli kolxeTis miwaze pirveli ucxo tomelis gamoCe-nas. am dRis Semdeg zRva nabij-nabij Sordeboda vans: ase moxda friq-ses sikvdilisa da misi vaJebis gaparvis Semdegac, erTi sityviT, `sak-marisi iyo, rame ucnauri ambavi momxdariyo qalaqSi, zRvac maSinve isargeblebda da ukan daixevda~ (WilaZe 1986: 84). bartis semiolo-

giuri koncefciis Tanaxmad, pirvelad enobriv struqturas, romel-

Sic zRva vanis identificirebuli sivrcis Semadgeneli elementia, gadafaravs meoradi enobrivi struqtura, sadac niSani iZens mniSvne-lobaTa mTel speqtrs, da swored es mniSvnelobebia, CvenTvis, umTav-resi. zRvis ukusvliT sivrcis ara marto moculobrivi deformireba xdeba, aramed Sinaarsobrivic. wyali - siwmindis, sisufTavis, umanko-ebis universaluri simbolo - nel-nela Sordeba harmoniul sivrces. igi midis vanidan Sors, raTa gascildes momavali didi borotebis `sadgurs~.

`gzaze erTi kaci midioda~ rTuli miTologiuri qveteqstebiT datvirTuli romania. rogorc e. meletinski SeniSnavs, miTologizmi XX saukunis literaturis saxasiaTo gamovlinebas warmoadgens, rogorc mxatvruli xerxi da rogorc am xerxis ukan mdgomi msof-laRqma (meletinski 1976: 295). romanSic Zveli kolxeTis samefos miRma dgas avtoris msoflaRqmis mTeli sistema da miTologizmi mis-Tvis, am SemTxvevaSi, saukeTeso mxatvruli xerxia avtoriseuli xed-visa da sinamdvilis interpretaciis gadmosacemad, romelic erTgva-rad iniRbeba miTSi. miTosuri struqturebis transformaciis nebis-mieri niuansic ki raRac mniSvnelovanze miTiTebaa. aseTi niuansia zRvis TandaTanobiTi ukansvlac, rac romanis manZilze permanentu-lad da daJinebiT mimdinareobs _ iwyeba romanis siuJetTan erTad da aietis samefos daqceviT mTavrdeba.

zRvas, da zogadad, wyals, uaRresad farTo simboluri veli aqvs. gavixsenoT jer kidev antikuri warmodgena samyaros Sesaxeb, romlis Tanaxmadac, wyali mis Semadgenel oTx elements Soris erT-erTia. wylis, miwis, cecxlisa da haerisagan `daxsnili~ adamiani ukve fizikuri samyaros mkvidri aRaraa. wylis simbolika erT-erTi mTava-ria qristianul kulturaSic. igi aris RvTis wyaloba (dab. 27-28; fsalm. 132. 3), urjuloebs ufali sjis gvalviT (3 mef. 18. 18), naT-lobisas, roca sxeuli da suli iwmindeba borotebisagan, aseve gamoi-yeneba wyali (maTe 3. 13-17) (mcxeTuri ...). bevr kulturaSi igi sicoc-xlis upirvelesi wyaroa, uformo, usazRvro, amouwuravi da mou-lodnelobebiT savse. zRva materiis saxea, ufro mniSvnelovanic ki, vidre miwa, magram amis garda aris aRdgenis, xelaxali aRorZinebis

zRva, rogorc sivrcis maidentificirebeli niSani oTar WilaZis romanSi...

207

simboloc (tresideri...). zogadad, unda SevniSnoT, rom simboloTa leqsikonebi ar aris universaluri nebismieri mxatvruli teqstis analizisas. rac ufro didi da TavisTavadia mwerali, miT ufro gan-sxvavebulia misi simboluri Tu metaforuli samyaro. Tumc aris zo-gi myari simbolo, romlis mniSvnelobebi garkveulwilad Tanxvdeba leqsikonSi ganmartebuls. aseT simbolos warmoadgens zRva oTar WilaZis mxatvrul sistemaSi. friqses gamoCenamde vani idealuri sam-yaros mikromodelia. sociokulturuli sivrce rom myari iyos, au-cilebelia misi yvela komponenti amtkicebdes am simyares. kolxeTSi es marTlac asea. Zveli vanis Sida sivrce uaRresad mowesrigebulia. sistema isea awyobili, rom misi Semadgeneli elementebi, yvela erTad da TiToeuli cal-calke, qmnian idealuri samyaros models. garkveu-li niSan-simboloebis SemotaniT avtori kodirebuli saxiT saub-robs konkretulze da, amave dros, masSi gulisxmobs movlenaTa mrav-lobiTobas. aseT kodebs warmoadgenen: SavTvaleba malalos saxli, dariaCangis baRi, baxas sardafi, boCia da foTola, oqromWedlebis ubani da a.S. friqses gamoCena ki aietis samefos rRvevis pirveli niSa-nia, ris signalsac swored zRva iZleva. zRvis ukan daxeva pirdapir ukavSirdeba siwmindis, samarTlianobis, sikeTis, anu dadebiTi sawyi-sis moSlas da mis uaryofiTiT Canacvlebas moaswavebs. Sedegad, er-Timeoris miyolebiT Cndeba axal-axali niSnebi, rac kolxeTis siv-rcis rRvevaze miuTiTebs: dariaCangi gauCinardeba, oqros ubani daiq-ceva, boCia da foTola berdebian, baxa kvdeba da a.S.

davubrundeT Cvens gansaxilvel simbolos - zRvas. simbolo, zo-gadad, Tavis TavSi garkveul informacias Seicavs, romlis gageba mo-iTxovs sxvadasxva xasiaTis kodebis wvdomas da amoxsnas. mas aqvs zo-gadi niSnebi, rac asociaciurad, vizualurad an funqcionalurad ukavSirdeba ama Tu im movlenas an ambavs da amiT SesaZlebeli xdeba misi mniSvnelobis gaxsna. i. lotmani mxatvruli teqstis agebis prin-cipebze wers: mxatvruli nawarmoebis Seqmna moaswavebs Tvisobrivad axal etaps teqstis struqturis garTulebaSi. mravalSriani da se-miotikurad araerTgvarovani teqsti, romelsac ZaluZs, CaerTos rTul urTierTobebSi rogorc garemomcvel kulturul konteq-stTan, ise mkiTxvel auditoriasTan, aRar aris elementaruli Set-yobineba, romelic mimarTulia adresantidan adresatisken. rogorc ki mas gauCndeba informaciis kondensirebis unari, igi SeiZens sxov-nas. struqturuli garTulebis aseT stadiaze teqsti aRmoaCens in-teleqtualuri mowyobis Tvisebas: is ara mxolod gadascems masSi garedan Cadebul informacias, aramed cvlis mas da SeimuSavebs axals (lotmani 1992: 130). oTar WilaZis mravalSriani, semiotikuri struqturis mqone mxatvruli teqsti did informacias gvaZlevs.

ada nemsaZe

208

pirvelad enobriv sistemaSi zRva SesaZloa ganvixiloT, rogorc siwmindis ukusvla. xolo ufro Rrma semiotikur vels iZens igi ma-Sin, roca Zveli vanis sivrcis maidentificirebel mTavar niSnad mo-viazrebT.

vani maradiuli dro-sivrcea. dro, rogorc amowurvadi, Seuqce-vadi kategoria, vanSi jer ar damdgara. aq arc sikvdilis eSiniaT, arc gansacdelis gaegebaT rame. sruliad bednieri qveyana bavSvurad gu-lubryvilo, sikeTiT savse da sifxizlemoklebulia. rogorc mele-

tinski aRniSnavs, miTologizmi TavisTavad iZleva socialur-isto-

riuli da sivrciT-droiTi sazRvrebidan gamosvlis saSualebas. `mi-Tologiuri dro Tanamedrove romanSi gamoaZevebs obieqtur istori-ul dros imiT, rom gansazRvruli drois moqmedebebs da movlenebs aqcevs mudmivi prototipebis gansaxierebad. istoriis msoflio dro gadadis miTis udroo samyaroSi, rac gamoxatulebas poulobs siv-rcul formaSi~ (meletinski 1976: 296). swored am movlenasTan gvaqvs saqme aRniSnul romanSic. vanSi dro ar aris, aq aris maradiu-li dro, u-dro-o dro, romelic mudmivia da cvlilebas ar ganicdis. amitomac vanSi maradiulia yvela dadebiTi sawyisi. uaryofiTi sawyi-si Zvel vanSi saerTod ar arsebobs. e. i., sivrcis simyaris mizezi aris misi Sinagani mowesrigebuloba, dro-sivrcis Sinagani wonasworoba.

miTologiis Tanaxmad, qaosi da kosmosi erTimeoreSi gardamava-li mdgomareobebia - qaosis mowesrigeba kosmosiT mTavrdeba, kosmo-sis Sinagani rRvevis Sedegad ki isev qaosi warmoiSoba; samyaro marad-moZravia, mas xan mowesrigebuli forma aqvs, xan _ mouwesrigebeli. am TvalsazrisiT, aietis samefoc kosmosia, sadac yvelas da yvelafers (xalxsac da zRvasac) Tavisi adgili uWiravs. magram yvelaferi es xdeba manam, sanam zRva erTi nabijiT ukan daixevs. zRvis ukusvliT iw-yeba im mowesrigebuli sivrcis rRveva, romelic identificirebuli iyo dadebiT sawyisTan. romanis simboloebisaTvis erTi Tvalis gadav-lebac ki sakmarisia, raTa SevniSnoT, rom maTi nawili dadebiTia, na-wili ki _ uaryofiTi. amasTan, dadebiTi simboloebi (dariaCangis ba-Ri, SavTvaleba malalo, baxas sardafi, boCia, oqromWedlebis ubani...) Zveli vanis atributebia, xolo uaryofiTi (oyajados sasaxle Tavi-si cucaTi da kamaTi, uxeiros darRveuli ojaxi, kusas saxli Tavisi gembanisxela sawoliTa da unayofo coliT) _ axali vanisa. axali va-ni sivrcis TviTidentifikaciis rRvevis Sedegia. sanam vanSi aris ma-radiuli dro _ yvavis dariaCangis baRi, TavianT saqmes akeTeben baxa, malalo, boCia, oqromWedlebi - sivrce aris mowesrigebuli da myari anu identifikaciaganxorcielebuli. xolo roca Zveli vani daemxoba da aietis mmarTvelobas oyajados mmarTveloba cvlis, sivrcis iden-toba ukve aRar dasturdeba. amaze metyveleben romanis uaryofiTi pa-


209

saJebi. yvelaze mniSvnelovani da TvalnaTlivi niSani ki aris Waobis gaCena: `zRvisgan mitovebuli miwa, axalSobilis kaniviT sveli da daWmuWnili, TandaTan gaizarda, gafarTovda da samgloviaro arSia-saviT gauyva mTel sanapiros. mere vansa da zRvas Sua uzarmazari Wao-bi gaCnda, urCxulis amonarwyeviviT mwvane, dabuStuli da lorwoia-

ni~ (WilaZe 1986: 10). amrigad, aietis samefos dacemis anu sivrcis identifikaciis

rRvevis pirveli maniSnebeli aris zRvis ukan daxeva, rac uSualod mohyveba pirveli ucxo tomelis (friqses) gamoCenas kolxeTSi. zRva nel-nela Sordeba im harmoniul sivrces, romelTan erTadac igi ma-radiul sikeTes, macocxlebel da ganmwmend stiqias ganasaxierebda. uaryofiTis damkvidrebis anu sivrcis Canacvlebis erT-erT pirvel niSnad ki gvevlineba mwvane lorwoiani Waobis gaCena zRvisgan mitove-bul adgilze. Zveli da axali vani saerTo wertils veRar poulobs. sivrcis cvalebadobis suraTi erovnuli identobis dakargvis, isto-riuli kataklizmis metaforad gvevlineba.

sivrcis identobaSi Separuli zemoaRniSnuli rRveva nel-nela, friqses zrdasTan erTad, Rrmavdeba romanSi. axali etapi, ufro se-riozuli safexuri am procesSi aris mefis Zlivsgamomjobinebuli siZis saqcieli, roca man valis gadaxda daapira im sikeTisaTvis, sru-liad ucxo bavSvs rom aRmouCines vanSi: `qalaqSi wylis Semoyvana RmerTebma damavales, raTa amiT mainc gadagixadoT madloba, upatro-no bavSvs TavSesafari rom momeciTo~ (WilaZe 1986: 41). sikeTis da-faseba anu madliereba TavisTavad kargi saqcielia da adamians dadebi-Tad axasiaTebs. TiTqos arc friqses ganzraxva iyo ukeTuri, sikeTis-Tvis valis ukan dabrunebas rom apirebda, magram misma keTilma sur-vilma uneburad sawinaaRmdego Sinaarsi SeiZina da ase daubrunda ukan madlis Camdens. `berZnis wyarom~ pirvelad aniSna vanelebs, raRac axali rom iwyeboda maT cxovrebaSi da es axali maincdamainc kargi ar unda yofiliyo. Tuki im myari sivrcis rRveva, aietis samefo rom er-qva, zRvis ukan gabrunebiT daiwyo, igi kidev ufro gaRrmavda qalaqSi ucxotomelis mier wylis SemoyvaniT. friqsem madlobis Tqma main-cdamainc wyaros aSenebiT gadawyvita da aietis ukve wyalSemdgar taxts exla pirdapir miuSva es stiqia. friqsec ise grZnobda mis gverdiT Tavs, `TiTqos ocdaxuTi wlis winaT dakargul saxlSi dab-runebuliyo~ (WilaZe 1986: 156). samSoblos mowyvetilma friqsem wyaros saxiT dasayrdeni gaiCina Suagul vanSi, Tavisi, sakuTari `berZnis wyaro~. es ki sxva araferi iyo, Tu ara samefos Zlierebasa da mTlianobaSi (igive sivrcis identobaSi) Separuli axali mniSvnelo-

vani bzari. wyals aqvs ambivalenturi simboluri mniSvnelobebi. Tuki igi

ada nemsaZe

210

ganwmendis, ganaxlebis, sicocxlis niSania, meore mxriv, esaa gancal-

kevebis, ganmartoebis simboloc (magaliTad, zRvis an mdinaris gadak-veTa niSnavs sikvdils). ramdenadac wyals aqvs rogorc sicocxlis, ise sikvdilis Zala, mas SeuZlia ara marto SeaerTos, aramed gana-calkeos kidec (tresideri...). swored am funqcias atarebs `berZnis wyaro~. zedapirze amotanili pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT wylis Semos-vla qalaqSi ar aris uaryofiTi pasaJi (metadre, Tu gavixsenebT, rom vanSi manamde wyaro ar arsebobda), magram teqstis Rrma enobrivi da azrobrivi qsovilis gaTvaliswinebiT, igi aSkarad gamoxatuli uar-yofiTi niSania. aq wyali, romelmac pirvelma miuTiTa vanelebs rome-liRac axali drois dawyebaze, aseve mTavari mimaniSnebelia sivrcis identifikaciis rRvevisa.

miuxedavad imisa, rom identifikaciis moSla uaryofiTi proce-sia da bevri ubedurebis saTavec, zRvas aq uaryofiT datvirTvas ver mivawerT. piriqiT, wyali imitomac midis vanidan Sors, raTa gascil-

des borotebas. Tavisi bunebidan gamomdinare, igi ver Seegueba im si-binZuris gverdiT cxovrebas, vans rom moelis. amitom midis dRiTid-Re ufro da ufro Sors. zRvis ukusvlis Canacvleba qalaqSi Semoyva-nili wyliT SeuZlebelia. es ori sxvadasxva stiqiaa. pirveli Tavisi nebiT wasuli da borotebas garidebuli, meore _ adamianis xeliT Se-moyvanili da borotebis Semomtani.

wylis gaparva SeumCneveli darCa qalaqis mcxovrebTaTvis. maTi yuradReba imdenad gadaerTo axal-axal da uCveulo ambebze (romel-

Ta naklebobac namdvilad aRar ganicdeboda im dRis mere), rom umTav-resi gamoeparaT. erTaderTi kaci, romelmac zRvis gaparva SeniSna, be-dia iyo da isic imdenad daabnia aman, rom xma ver amoiRo. uaryofiTi sawyisis TandaTanobiT gaZlierebaze miuTiTebs bedias Tokic, rom-liTac igi yoveldRiurad zomavs TiTqmis yoveldRiurad gazrdil manZils qalaqsa da zRvas Soris. ase dakarges vanelebma zRva, igive sikeTe, bedniereba, ukvdaveba, maradiuloba anu yvelaferi is, rac siv-rcis identobis damadasturebel niSnebs miekuTvneba. problema gada-iWreba mxolod finalur scenaSi, farnaozis warmosaxvaSi, roca Wa-obi ukan ixevs da zRva isev ikavebs Tavis adgils: `mere baRs gadaRma zRvam amoifSvina, mZlavri sunTqviT kenweroebi gadazniqa da farna-ozs Tavbru daaxvia usasrulo silurjem. ...mere bavSvs yuris bibi-loze akoca da uTxra: ai, aseTi iqneba samyaro~ (WilaZe 1986: 535). ukan dabrunebuli zRva semiotikis metaenis struqturis farglebSi mowesrigebuli sivrcis aRdgenis mTavari da ZiriTadi niSania.


211 literatura

lotmani 1992: Лотман Ю. М. Избранные статьи. Т.1. Таллин, 1992. meletinski 1976: Мелетинский Е. М. Поэтика мифа. М.: Наука,

1976. mcxeTuri... mcxeTuri xelnaweri, gamosacemad moamzada el.

doCanaSvilma, Tb., 1982; 1983; tresideri... Тресиддер Д. Словарь символов – http: // www.

gumer.info/bibliotek_buks/Culture/JekTresidder/348.php; internet

WilaZe 1986: WilaZe o. rCeuli Txzulebani 3 tomad. tomi 1. Tb.: sab-WoTa saqarTvelo, 1986.

izabela petriaSvili manana rusieSvili

zRvis xati qarTul da

inglisur folklorSi

naSromi exeba zRvis xatis adgilsa

da mis konotacias qarTul da inglisur

folklorSi – leqsebSi, zRaprebSi, legen-

debsa da TqmulebebSi. cxadia, orive enis

kulturasa da folklorSi zRvas mniSvne-

lovani adgili ukavia, rac bunebrivia, rad-

ganac orive qveyana zRvis piras mdebareobs

da, amdenad, sisxlxorceulad dakavSirebu-

lia masTan. Cveni sakvlevi qveynebisa da

kulturebis am saerTo niSanma, ra Tqma, un-

da gaamZafra Cveni interesi aRniSnuli Te-

misadmi. imis gamosakvlevad, Tu ra datvir-

Tva aqvs zRvis xats da rogor aris zRvis

xasiaTi warmoCenili qarTulsa da ingli-

sur enebSi, dakvirveba vawarmoeT zRvis

xatze da mis mrvalwaxnagovan konotaciaze

aRniSnuli masalis farglebSi.

kvlevam gamoavlina zRvis semiotiku-

ri modelis parametrebi da misi konotaci-

uri msgavseba-gansxvavebebi qarTuli da in-

glisuri kulturisa da cxovrebis wesidan

gamomdinare, warmoaCina termin "zRvis" ga-

moyenebis ramdenime mimarTuleba; magali-

Tad, "zRvis" rogorc fizikuri substanci-

is aqtualizacia; "zRvis" metaforuli xa-

ti da misi kulturul- specifikuri fes-

vebi rogorc qarTul, ise inglisur fol-

klorSi. cnobilia, rom mravali xalxuri

warmodgenis aRdgena swored enaSi daleqi-

li da daculi frazeologiisa da idioma-

izabela petriaSvili

filologiis mecnierebaTa doqtori, iv. javaxiSvilis sax. Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis humanitaruli fakultetis asocirebuli profesori. ZiriTadi naSromebi: avto-

riseuli wiaRsvlebis seman-

tikuri da pragmatikuli Tavi-seburebebi (monografia); kon-teqstisa da vokabularis ro-li reklamaSi; deiqsisis kate-goriebis realizacia avtori-seul wiaRsvlebSi; avtorise-uli wiaRsvlebis lingvis-

tur-stilisturi Tavisebu-

rebani (inglisuri romanis ma-salaze); referencia da im-

plikacia avtoriseul wiaR-

svlebSi; sametyvelo aqtebis Teoria avtoriseuli wiaR-

svlebis pragmatuli analizis WrilSi. interesTa sfero: lingvis-

turi pragmatika, stilisti-

ka, sociolingvistika.

manana rusieSvili

filologiis mecnierebaTa doqtori, Tbilisis saxelmwi-

fo universitetis sruli pro-fesori; ZiriTadi naSromebi: monog-rafia: andaza( 2005); statiebi: erving gofmanis Teoriis evo-luciis Taobaze (2006);. ra-tom ar aris p. braunisa da s. levinsonis lingvisturi Tava-zianobis modeli universalu-

ri (2006); inferenciuli ko-munikaciis Taobaze (2008); iu-moris verbaluri gamoxatvis ramdenime lingvisturi xerxis Sesaxeb (2008); interesTa sfero: pragmati-kis Teoria, sociolingvisti-

ka, semiotika.

zRvis xati qarTul da inglisur folklorSi

213

tikis meSveobiT aris SesaZlebeli.e

kvlevam saintereso Sedegebi gviCvena rogorc enobrivi, ise

kulturologiuri TvalsazrisiT. prof. Tamaz beraZe erT-erT naSromSi vrclad mimoixilavs

~Savi zRvis~ toponimikas, saidanac vigebT, rom Sav zRvas sxvadas-

xva xalxebi, romlebic uZveles xanaSi Savi zRvis piras cxovrob-

dnen, sxvadasxva saxels uwodebdnen. magaliTad, asirielebi _ `ze-

mo zRvas~ da `did zRvas~, iranuli modgmis tomebi _ àxSianas~ _

,,Rrmas~, ,,Savs~ uwodebdnen. Zvelma berZnebma am zRvis saxeli maT-

gan gadaiRes, mxolod maTTvis gaugebari àxSiana~ berZnul sityva

àvqsinusad~ gaiazres, rac àrastumarTmoyvares~ niSnavs. Zveli

berZnebisaTvis Savi zRvis amgvari saxelwodeba gasagebi iyo, rad-

gan Tavdapirvelad isini cudad icnobdnen am zRvas da masze naos-

noba did siZneleebTan iyo dakavSirebuli. Zv. w VII-VI ss., mas Sem-

deg, rac berZnebi kargad gaecvnen Savi zRvis napirebs da am zRvaze

naosnoba aiTvises, Sav zRvas saxeli Seucvales da èvqsinus pon-

tos~ anu `stumarTmoyvare zRva~ uwodes (gv. 3).

es mcire toponimikuri eqskursi dasturia imisa, Tu ramde-

nad mravalmxrivi da araerTgvarovani SeiZleba iyos erTi da igive

fenomenis aRqma sxvadasxva xalxebisa da kulturebis mier. qar-

Tul folklorSi, SeiZleba iTqvas, Savi zRvis TiTqmis yvela es

Tviseba, iqneba es pozitiuri Tu negatiuri, realizebulia, rac,

umetes SemTxvevaSi misi metaforuli konotaciis sawyisad iqceva.

iseve, rogorc saqarTvelo, didi britaneTic sisxlxorceu-

lad aris dakavSirebuli zRvasTan. ufro metic, inglisur/brita-

nul kulturaSi zRva udidesi mniSvnelobis mqonea, radganac imis

gamo, rom britaneTi kunZulia, mxolod zRvis saSualebiT SeeZlo

dakavSireboda am kunZulze mcxovrebi adamiani samyaros. Sesabami-

sad, zRva iyo adgili, sadac simamace da vaJkacoba unda gamoeCina

Wabuks. amis gamo mezRvauri erTob dafasebuli da saWiro adamiani

iyo. aseve, pativiscemis Rirsi iyo is vaWaric, romelic zRvas sam-

jer gadakveTda. am dros mas eniWeboda specialuri sigeli. SeiZ-

leba iTqvas, rom ingliselisaTvis zRva iyo asparezi ara marto

sabrZolvelad da imperiis Sesaqmnelad, aramed, ekonomikuri Tu

savaWro kavSirebis gasabmelad da, ubralod, sakvebis mopovebis sa-

Sualebac.

zRvasTan fizikuri siaxlovis gamo (romelmac gamoiwvia, sa-

bolooo jamSi, inglisis imperiis Seqmna) inglisuri folklori


214

gaJRenTilia zRvis TematikiT.

Cveni kvlevis miznebisaTvis gavaanalizeT zRvis an zRvis Te-

matikis Semcveli Cvens xelT arsebuli legendebi, zRaprebi, xal-

xuri poezia, aseve mcire formebi (idiomatika, andazebi) da gamok-

vlevebi qarTuli da inglisuri/britanuli folkloris Sesaxeb,

ris Sedegadac SesaZlebeli gaxda zRvis semiotikuri modelis

dadgena, romlis gamoyenebac sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT xorcielde-

ba:

1. ‘zRva’, rogorc fizikuri substancia,

wylis stiqionis simbolika

a) zRvis gadacurva asocirdeba siZneleebis da dabrkolebebis

gadalaxvasTan. zRva gvevlineba erTgvar sajildao qvad, Zalisa da

Zalauflebis sapirwoned. aqedan gamomdinare, gmirebi/personaJebi,

iqneba es poeziaSi, legendebsa Tu zRaprebSi, aucileblad ‘gadaiv-

lian’ zRvas sasurveli Sedegis misaRwevad. gavixsenoT Tundac,

qarTul zRaprebSi erTerTi yvelaze xSirad gamoyenebuli fraza

– ‘cxra mTa da cxra zRva gadaiara...’

amgvari xati aqtualuria rogorc qarTul, ise inglisur

zRaprebSi, sadac mTavari gmiri, mefe Tu raindi zRvis talRis Se-

Cerebas cdilobs, raTa kidev erTxel daadasturos sakuTari uZ-

leveloba da siZliere. Tumca unda aRiniSnos, rom rogorc wesi,

qarTul zRaprebSi zRvis xati ufro metad pozitiuria, radgan

zRapris gmirs eZleva Zala am dabrkolebis gadasalaxad, da SeiZ-

leba iTqvas, rom am mxriv, zRva erTgvar ‘damxmaredac’ ki gvevline-

ba (propis klasifikaciis mixedviT). sapirispiro mdgomareobaa in-

glisur zraprebSi: yvela amgvari mcdeloba zRvis, rogorc dab-

rkolebis gadalaxvisa, marcxiT mTavrdeba. magaliTad, Great Canute and the Sea.

Cveni mosazrebis dasadastureblad gvsurs ramdenime magali-

Ti moviyvanoT qarTuli zRaprebidan:

`wavida isev naxevarqaTama, da mivida erT zRvasTan. daRonda

naxevarqaTama: rogor unda gadavideo. ifiqra, gaaRo piri da Cayla-

pa es zRva da mSralze gavida zRvis gaRma~ (ambavi naxevarqaTamasi)

`erT alagas SeniSnes, erTi kaci zRvas dayudebia da sru-

tavs. – Zalian Zneli saqme ar aris, magodena zRvas srutav?~

(sizmara)


215

`gadaRvara wyali biWma, gaCnda saSineli zRva. Relavs zRva

Savad, sikvdils uqadis yvelas, magram Rori ar udrkeba zvirTebis

cemas da micuravs~ (wiqara)

zRvis aseTive xati aris realizebuli TqmulebaSi `amiran-

ze~, rodesac amirani eubneba Tavis Zmas, badris:

`badro, maTxove TeTroni,

zRvaSi gavide ngreviTa,

gavide, gamoviyvano,

qalia TeTri mze-viTa.~ (`ambavi amiranisa~, gv. 302)

amirani gadaivlis zRvas da itacebs mSvenier yamars, zeciur,

mziur qaliSvils, RrubelTa winamZRolis Svils – gazafxulis-

simbolur saxes (Tqmuleba amiranze). qarTul xalxur poeziaSic vxvdebiT zRvis, rogorc dabrko-

lebebis gadalaxvis, simbolos. magaliTad, `Tavfaravneli Wabuki~,

romlis gmiric yovel Rame gadacuravs zRvas Tavis SeyvarebulTan

Sesaxvedrad; qalwuli anTebul sanTels tovebs napirze, raTa Wa-

buks gza miaswavlos, magram boroti dedabris SelocviT sanTeli

qariSxlis dros qreba. Wabuki ver agnebs napirs da iRupeba.

`Tavfaravneli Wabuki

aspanas qalsa Fhyvarobda,

zRva hqonda wina savali

gasvlas Sig ara zarobda~. (gv. 29. `Tavfaravneli Wabuki~)

miuxedavad tragikuli dasasrulisa, zRvis xati aqac pozi-

tiuria, radgan, rom ara boroti Zalebis Careva, Wabuki SeZlebda

zRvis gadalaxvas. am leqsis paralelebi arsebobs msoflio fol-

klorSi: Zvel saberZneTშi arsebobda miTosi herosa da leandero-

sis Sesaxeb, romlis fabulac udevs safuZvlad ovidiusis bala-

das, aseve, Sileris baladas ~hero da leanderi~, da sxv. v. kote-tiSvilis azriT, yvela niSnis mixedviT `Tavfaravneli Wabuki~

aris zRvis dionises qarTuli saxe (gv. 337) (Cven amas mxolod in-

formaciisTvis aRvniSnavT, radgan es sakiTxi cdeba Cveni kvlevis

farglebs).

b) britanul folklorSi zRvis xati relizebulia, rogorc

saSiSi da sastiki substancia: zRva/tba ara marto aZlevs sakvebs

britaneTis mcxovrebT, aramed sjis kidec maT, rodesac isini

qristes WeSmarit doqtrinas uaryofen. magaliTad, erT-erTi le-

gendis mixedviT, SopSirSi, bomeris tbasTan gaSenebuli qalaqi

wyalma Caylapa aRdgomis dRes, radganac misi mosaxleoba ganerida

qristianobas da daubrunda warmarTobas. A


216

zRvis dasjis iaraRad qceva, ra Tqma unda, wylis damangre-

vel ZalasTan asocirdeba. unda iTqvas, rom am funqciiT zRva (da

saerTod, wyali) ramdenime inglisur legendaSi gvxvdeba. Yyovel

maTganSi icvleba konkretuli adgili, SurisZiebisa da/an dasjis

sababi, magram ucvleli rCeba zRvis funqcia da misi sisastike.

mezRvauris profesia did riskTan rom aris dakavSirebuli, kidev

erTxel dasturdeba Semdeg andazebSic: He that would go to sea for pleasure, would go to hell for a pastime (is, vinc zRvaSi siamovnebis-Tvis midis, jojoxeTSic drois gasatareblad wava). Smooth seas do not make skilful sailors (wynar zRvaSi kargi mezRvauri ver ga-

moxval). zRva saSiSi fenomenia mezRvaurTaTvisac. britanuli fol-

klori Seicavs mezRvaurebis mier Seqmnil crurwmenaTa da locve-

bis nimuSebs, romlebic zRvis risxvis Tavidan asacileblad Seiq-

mna. magaliTad, `Wash upon a sailing day, and you will wash your man away~ (Tu zRvaSi gasvlis dRes ibanaveb, Sens mamakacs (sat-

rfos, meuRles) wyals gaatan). aRelvebuli zRvisagan Tavis dasa-

cavad mezRvaurebi mimarTavdnen tatuirebas, marcxena yuris bibi-

loSi oqros sayures atarebdnen, dahqondaT Savi naxSiris naWeri,

sxvadasxva saxis amuletebi da a.S, romlebic maT daxrCobisagan

icavda.

wylis stiqionis simbolikiTaa gamsWvaluli leqsi `qar-

Tleli qalis tirili~ (gv, 78.), romelic warmoadgens uZvelesi

Tqmulebis sasimRero formas.

`Sensa das waiyvaneben ...

Seacureben zRvasao,

zRva dahkravs, qviSa dahlekavs

ZuZukokoba qalsao,

imisi qamxis sartyeli

gars Semourtyams zRvasao,

imisi movis perangi

perad moedo zRvasao.~

g) zRva, rogorc maradqalur sawyissa da siyvarulTan dakav-

Sirebuli simbolo, realizebulia qarTul xalxur poeziaSi, ker-

Zod leqsebSi, romlebic Tamar mefesTan aris dakavSirebuli (gv.

144. `Tamar dedofal viyavi~, gv. 257. `Tamaris epitafia~):

`zRvaSi Cavyare samnebi,

xmeleTi Cemsken movigde.~


217

`Tamar mefe da xonTqari,

maRalma RmerTma wahkida,

zRvaSi CauSva xomaldi,

zed almasebi dahkida~

aq erTdroulad realizdeba zRvis rogorc fizikuri, ise

simboluri xati. ‘zRvaSi Cahyara/CauSva xomaldi’. arsebobs, agreT-

ve, Tqmuleba, romlis mixedviTac Tamari Sav zRvasTan midis da Zi-

Za maSin gauSvebs datyvevebul ciskars (v. kotetiSvili, 377).

sazogadod, folklorSi wyalSi gayvana qorwinebis simbo-

loa. zRvaSi Secureba da daxrCobac xSirad gaTxovebas niSnavs. (v.

kotetiSvili, 360)

d) ‘zRvis’, gamoyeneba qarTul folklorSi xSirad dakavSi-

rebulia konkretul saxelwodebasTan, anu ‘Sav zRvasTan’, rac, bu-

nebrivia, ganpirobebulia saqarTvelos geografiuli adgilmdeba-

reobiT.

magaliTad:

`Savma aiRo, Caylapa,

Savi zRvisaken gaswia.~ (`ambavi amiranisa~, gv. 300)

`Caxedavs yarsis qalaqsa,

napirsa Savi zRvisia.~ (gv. 148. `biWuri~)

2. ‘zRvis’ metaforuli xati da misi kulturul-specifikuri

fesvebi qarTul da inglisur folklorSi

‘zRvis’ metaforuli konotaciis gasagebad xSirad is epiTete-

bi gvexmareba, romlebic, rogorc wesi, zRvas axasiaTebs. ‘zRva’, ro-

gorc didi moculobis sivrcis substancia, gvxvdeba orive qveynis

folklorsa da zepirmetyvelebaSi – andazebsa da idiomebSi. magali-

Tad, inglisur enaSi: from sea to shining sea (zRvidan zRvamde, anu didi moculobis/raodenobis, bevri) _ The new insect pest spread from sea to shining sea in a matter of months – axali mavnebeli mweri didi

raodenobiT gavrcelda ramdenime TveSi. agreTve, qarTul xalxur poeziaSi:

`safrangeTisa atlaso

uZiro zRvaSi naSobo~ (gv. 31.)

`gemSiac rom Semityues

iq idga didi zRvao. (gv. 155-156. `yuri damigdeT biWebo~)

swored ‘uZiro’, ‘didi’, ‘dauSreteli’ mniSvnelobebia reali-

zebuli Semdeg qarTul andazebSi: zRva ise ar daSreba, gubis tola


218

ar darCeso; cvari cvars emata – zRvad gadaiqcao; zRvas gadarCenili

cvarma daaxrCoo; zRva kovziT dailiao; zRva fafad idga, ubedurs

kovzic ar xvdao.

es metafora aris realizebuli, agreTve, Semdeg leqsebSic: „muarda gunbris wyalzeda,

elviT enaTa Tvalio

daewafa da zRva gaSra,

gaglija mosarTavio` (gv. 69-70. `qali xvaramze~)

`gaxsovdes, kovzsa pawias

didi zRva daulevia~ (gv. 245. `nu iamayeb~)

britanul idiomatikaSi zRva, ZiriTadad, SiSis momgvreli,

Semacbunebeli, damabneveli da ubedurebis momtani fenomenia. am xa-

tidan iRebs saTaves metaforuli gadaazreba Semdeg idiomebSi: ma-

galiTad, (all) at sea (about something) _ niSnavs dabnevas, Secbune-bas: When it comes to higher math, John is totally at sea – rodesac saq-me exeba umaRles maTematikas, joni mTlianad dabneulia. aqedan, idiomis Semoklebuli forma at sea: Bill was at sea over the calculus problem. Reading economic theory leaves me feeling at sea.

zRva gvevlineba rogorc dilemis opoziciis erT-erTi wevri

Semdeg erTeulSi: between the devil and the deep blue sea – eSmaksa da Rrma lurj zRvas Soris; He had a dilemma on his hands. He was clearly between the devil and the deep blue sea.

zRvis miqceva-moqcevis cvlileba gevvelineba mniSvnelovani

cvlilebis simbolod Semdeg erTeulSi: sea change: This is not the time for a sea change in our manufacturing division. There are too many orders at the moment.

qarTul-xalxur satrfialo leqsebSi adamianis garegnobis

da xasiaTis saCveneblad, rom Cvens mier gaanalizebul masalaSi

qarTuli folkloridan zRvis feris gadmocemisas, ixmareba ‘Savi’

da ara ‘lurji’, rac, vfiqrobT, dakavSirebulia ‘Savi zRvis’ topo-

nimikasTan. magaliTad, iseTi myari Sesityvebebi, rogorebicaa ‘zRvis pi-

ras amosuli lerwami’ _ tanis dasaxasiaTeblad:

`tani migigavs lerwamsa

zRvis pirasa amosulsa ...

Tvalwamwami yorans gigavs

Savi zRvidan amosulsa~ (gv. 39. `sayvarelo, Seni qeba~)


219

`safurcles zurab movida,

lerwami zRvis pirisao~ (gv. 232. `zurab erisTavze~)

`Sen, mamuka WavWavaZe, ...

zRvis pirs gazrdilo lerwamo~ (gv. 261. `mamuka WavWavaZe~)

`Tavad da Tavad erqvalo ...

iqeT da aqeT warbebo,

zRvaSi gveleSapisebro~ (gv. 55. `Tavad da Tavad erqvalo~)

garda garegnobisa, adamianis bunebis, misi xasiaTis gadmoce-

misasac xSirad aris miniSneba zRvis cvalebad, mRelvare, boboqar

xasiaTze:

`kacis sicocxle zRvasaviT

gaqandeb-gamoqandeba,

Sexvdeba Savsa dReebsa,

guli iq gamoaCndeba~ (gv. 252)

`ise aris kacis guli

viT morevi Savi zRvisa~ (gv. 157)

aq, Cveni azriT, orive mniSvnelobaa realizebuli, rogorc

pirdapiri, dakavSirebuli ‘Savi zRvis’ toponimikasTan, ise metafo-

ruli _ Savi, rogorc bneli, saSineli ram.

am inglisur andazaSi zRvis muxanaTuri, moRalaturi xasia-

Tia warmoCenili: No matter how treacherous is the sea, a woman will always be more so. – zRva rac unda muxanaTuri iyos, qali mas-

ze ufro moRalatea. leqsSi `sanTlis guTans~ (gv. 176) xazgasmulia adamianis

usazRvro (zogjer, ararealuri) unarebi:

`sanTlis guTans gavakeTeb,

Sig Sevabam uRel devsa,

zRvaSi vxnav da zRvaSi vTesav,

mSralze vanadireb Tevzsa~

Cven mier gaanalizebuli masalidan moyvanili es magaliTebi


220

imis mimaniSnebelia, rom rogorc qarTul, ise inglisur kultura-

Si – folklorSi, metyvelebaSi, andazebsa Tu idiomur gamonaTqva-

mebSi, ‘zRvis’ xati myarad aris fesvgadgmuli. dResac xSirad viye-

nebT iseT Sedarebebs, rogorebicaa zRvasaviT mRelvare, aboboqre-

bul zRvasaviT, da a.S.

daskvna:

kvlevam gamoavlina zRvis semiotikuri modelis parametrebi

da misi konotaciuri msgavseba-gansxvavebebi qarTuli da inglisu-

ri kulturisa da cxovrebis wesidan gamomdinare, warmoaCina ter-

min "zRvis" gamoyenebis ramdenime mimarTuleba; magaliTad, "zRvis"

rogorc fizikuri substanciis aqtualizacia; "zRvis" metaforu-

li xati da misi kulturul-specifikuri fesvebi rogorc qar-

Tul, ise inglisur folklorSi. cnobilia, rom mravali xalxuri

warmodgenis aRdgena swored enaSi daleqili da daculi frazeo-

logiisa da idiomatikis meSveobiT aris SesaZlebeli.e

Cven mier gaanalizebul masalaze dayrdnobiT SegviZlia er-

Tgvari zogadi daskvnis gamotana, rom ‘zRvis’ xati qarTul fol-

klorsa da kulturaSi ufro dadebiTi xasiaTisaa, xolo ingli-

surSi _ ufro uaryofiTi Tvisebebis matarebelia. vfiqrobT,

kvlevis Sedegebi saintereso da Rirebulia rogorc enobrivi, ise

kulturologiuri TvalsazrisiT.

bibliografia:

T. beraZe, samxedro-sazRvao saqmis istoriidan, Tbilisi, 2008

v. kotetiSvili. xalxuri poezia. Tbilisi, 1972

qarTuli xalxuri zRaprebi:

http://www.kartuli-zgaprebi.narod.ru/sia.htm miTebi da xalxuri Tqmulebebi:

http://saunje.ge/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=94%3A2010-02-14-22-05-06&catid=1%3A2010-01-24-19-54-07&Itemid=7&lang=ka

qarTuli miTosi, xalxuri Tqmulebebi da maTi analogiebi:

http://elita.ge/index.php?showtopic=1705&st=45 qarTuli folklori – poezia: http://www.alazani.ge/poetry-poezia-

georgian+folklore-geo.html?georgian-folk iberiul-kavkasiur xalxTa miTologia:

http://samotxis-dedopali.piczo.com/?g=50019281&cr=4


221

McGraw-Hill Dictionary of American Idioms and Phrasal Verbs. © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Cambridge Idioms Dictionary, 2nd ed. Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2006. Reproduced with permission.

Tqmulebebi da legendebi – amirani:

http://children.wanex.net/mcerloba/tqmulebebi_da_legendebi/amirani.htm

mamia faRava malxaz CoxaraZe

Woroxis auzi — erTiani

kulturuli sivrce

Woroxis auzi erTiani kulturuli sivrcea. igi kolxuri kulturisa da meta-lurgiis uZvelesi keraa (ix. kaxiZe, mamu-laZe 2000; rexviaSvili 1964...). Zveli kolxeTi rom Woroxis xeobasTanacaa dakav-Sirebuli, amis dasturad isic gamodgeba, rom `Woroxi’’ kolxuri sityvaa da etimo-logiurad ukavSirdeba maWaxelsa da aWa-ras (ix. faRava 2003: 404-405; faRava, mge-laZe 2005:4-18). aRvniSnavT, rom saqarTve-los sxva kuTxeebTan erTad, es regioni ami-ranis moqmedebis arealicaa. amiranis Sesa-xeb TqmulebaSi moxsenebuli CabalxeTi Se-iZleba davukavSiroT balxs, taoSi, elias-

xevis xeobaSi mdebare sofels (faRava 2004: 182-186)...

Woroxis calkeul qveynebs (aWara, SavSeTi, klarjeTi, tao, speri...) saukunee-bis ganmavlobaSi mWidro urTierToba hqon-daT. amis Tqmis saSualebas gvaZlevs Zveli saxmeleTo gzebis sistema, Woroxze ganvi-Tarebuli naosnoba, meurneobis tipi da sxv. Cans, saqaravno gzebiT erTmaneTs ukavSir-deboda aWara – SavSeTi _ klarjeTi – tao – speri – olTisi – TorTumi... SavSeTSi, taosa da klarjeTSi (sadac jer kidev xel-

Sesaxebia qarTuli fenomeni, Tumca qarTu-li yofis `namsxvrevebi~ garkveuli danaS-revis saxiT Woroxis yvela `qveyanaSi~ gvxvdeba), vxvdebiT iseT Tqmulebebs, poe-

mamia faRava: filologiis mecnierebaTa doqtori, SoTa rusTavelis saxelmwifo universitetis (baTumi) sruli profesori, qarTve-lologiis institutis di-reqtori.

ZiriTadi Sromebi: nawila-

ki axal qarTulSi (2009), samxruli kiloebi da qarTu-li samwerlobo ena (1998, Tanaavtori), qarTuli enis samxruli kiloebis fonema-turi struqtura (2003). wigni: qarTuli enis praqti-kuli kursi da praqtikuli stilistikis sakiTxebi (2005, Tanaavtori). interesTa sfero: qarTu-li enis struqtura da is-toria, qarTuli dialeqto-

logia...

malxaz CoxaraZe: filo-

logiis mecnierebaTa kandi-dati, SoTa rusTavelis sa-xelmwifo universitetis (baTumi) asocirebuli pro-fesori.

interesTa sfero: lite-

raturaTmcodneoba, doku-

menturi filmi, ucxoeTSi mcxovreb qarTvelTa msof-lmxedvelobis problemebi...

Woroxis auzi _ erTiani kulturuli sivrce

223

tur nimuSebs, miTologiur gadmocemebs, romelTa msgavsi Senaxula aWaraSi da sxva kuTxeebSic. bevria saerTo aseve yofaSi, metyveleba-

Si... miuxedavad imisa, rom Woroxis auzi erTiani kulturuli siv-rcea, aq istoriulad Camoyalibda ramdenime qveyana Tavisi metyvele-

biT, eTnografiuli yofiT, folkloriT... problema didia da calke kvlevas saWiroebs (aseTi kvlevebis SesaZlebloba mas Semdeg mogve-cema, rodesac saTanadod gveqneba Seswavlili TiToeuli qveyana). am-jerad mxolod problemis dasmiTa da zogierTi masalis moyvaniT davkmayofildebiT.

* * * 1. 1904 wlis 2 agvistos n. marma TeTraqeTSi (SavSeTi) iusuf baseli-

Zisagan Caiwera leqsi `orTabaTumi~, romelic ase JRers:

`gogo Civis: `ver wavyvebi, serdalaÁa Cemi qmari. sadac wava, iq mivagneb, Tu ginda Tavi momWari. karze fexi gadavadgi, muxlma demiwyo kankali.

baxCi bolos rom Caveli,

saxSic Seiqna xriali,

Cemma Zmama momaZaxa, `Tu degewie, dagkali~?!

maSin gulma gemiwyalda,

Tu SeÁyara siZe-yaini, dine Cemidan meSinoda, RmerTo, Sen is momikali!

yaivani ase mqonda, erTi qua Samovkari, bnel RameSi rom mobZandiT,

Tqven xom ara xarT firali?

firalobas ukeTesia, fexze Cevicva zankali.

gamCenelma gadmogvxeda, mogviqrola erTi qali,

maSinaSi rom CavjeqiT, SigniT devkliteT kari. fezli begma karze modga, isaxela misi gvari. fezli begsac Tu ikiTxav, sanjaR begis Svili ari. gareT Cxuboba rom SeÁqna, maSin Civian: `suTi ari~, momiyvanes aspaTebi, demiyenes erTi qali,

mis sityvasac vin miiRebs, xuTasi kacis n-i!~

(ix. mari 1911:134).

Camweris SeniSvniT, leqsSi aRwerili ambebi orTabaTumSi mom-xdara, baTumis maxlobel sofelSi. Cveni mxriv sifrTxiliT davama-tebdiT, rom leqsi Semnili unda iyos baTumSi. varaudis safuZvels gvaZlevs masSi gamoyenebuli baTumuri (aWaruli) metyvelebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli dialeqturi formebi.

aqve SevniSnavT, rom n. mars sqolioSi Catanili da ganmartebuli


224

aqvs sityvebi. zogierTi ganmarteba, vfiqrobT, arasworia: serdalaÁa `sardali~. serdala-Á mamakacis saxelia aWaraSi. am-

denad `serdalaÁa Cemi qmari~ niSnavs ara `sardaliao~ Cemi qmari, ara-med ` serdalaÁ’’ ariso Cemi qmari.

dine `nene~ – deda. `dine~ `dedas~ ar niSnavs, `dine~ bebiaa (di-ne<did nene < didi nene Sdr. dideda).

2. yuradsaRebia, rom imerxevSi cekvaven orTabaTums. orTabaTumi xorumis saxeobaa. orTabaTumuri xorumi orTabaTumSi daiviwyes, Se-inaxes SavSeTSi (klarjeTSic).

SavSeTSi, klarjeTsa da taoSi daculia iseTi Tqmuleba-gadmo-

cemebi, aWaraSi rom gvxvdeba. moviyvanT zogierT nimuSs: 3. taoSi CaviwereT gadmocema: `ormoci wlis win aJdaa (gveleSa-

pi – avt.) dedeebs duunaxian da Rvari Cumovda, aqovrobaÁ aavso, Rva-ri Camosula qi. wyalma wamuvda, aJdaÁ wumoiRo. RmerTis saqmea iSta. duunaxian aJdaÁ, ori Tavi qonebia, wuuRia xevSi, dakarqula qi, veRar duunaxian... jeraven, ar jeraven, hama duunaxian qi. axla erTi Tve Se-iqna, kidev iyo aJdaÁ. duunaxian, ar jeraven qi. am xarRSi iyo (gviCve-nebs arxs – avt.), arevla, Carevla, dakarqula. axla erTi Tvis Sig gaxda. xalR vebneviT, hama ar jeraven. wyali ar wamosuliyo, xalR Se-Wamda. RmerT Rvari mohyavs, ima – mihyavs... Rvari wamosula, dakarqu-la...~

igive Tqmuleba gvxvdeba baTumSic (yorolisTavSi, orTabaTumis sakrebulo). sofels patara mdinare Camoudis, romelzec wisqvili iyo gamarTuli. mdinaridan wisqvilamde wyali arxiT midioda. mog-viTxroben: `Toroxapani (kokispiruli – avt.) wvima mosula. cqiniov-lidan Rvari wamosula, xevi uuvsia. wyals gveleSapi wamuuRia, Savi da didi. wvimas guduuRia. gveleSapi wisqvilis bendSi ver gatevla, veRar wesula. wioda, wvalobda, mara ver midioda. isev wamosula To-roxapani, adidebula Rele da gveleSapic wuuRia. wiviliT Ceara me-ger Rele gveleSapma...~

4. SavSeTSi, maCxateTSi CaviwereT Tqmuleba: `RamiT kacma wis-qvilSi safqvavi waiRo. Ramis gaTeva muuwia. SuaRamisas jinebi movid-nen wisqvilSi. sama deiwyes. mocekvaveebs es kacic SeuerTda. `jinebi amboben qi... xuTSabaTi, xuTSabaTio. aÁ kacic iZaxs – xuTSabaTi, xuT-SabaTi. dafantvixan jineb uTqvian qi: aÁ (kaci) Cvensavef samobda, Cven xuTSabaTio vTqviT, amanac xuTSabaTi Tqva. Cveneburia, moÁ eÁlugi vuyoTo (davumadloTo), gavasworoTo (es kaci kuziani yofila. – avt.). gaaswores. Camovda sofelSi. soflierma kacma kiTxa, ragvar gaswordi kuzidano?


225

_ wisqvilSi viyav, jinebi movden, visameT, xuTSabaTi vTqviT da jinebma gamaswores kuzidano, _ uTxra gasworebulma kacma.

wevda miore kuzianmac wisqvilSi. movden SuaRameze jinebma. deÁwyes sama. iseni xuTSabaTio amboben, aÁ jumao, _ iZaxs (juma iyo da...). dafantvixan jinebma Tqves qi: raÁ eÁlugi vuyoT amaso? meore kuzic davamatoTo, jinebma. movda dilaze aÁ kaci ori kuziT~...

zustad imave Tqmulebas gaigonebT baTumSic, qobuleTSic. mo-viyvanT qobuleTur variants:

`erTma kacma RamiT wisqvilSi simindi weiRo, Rame’da geeTia. Sva-Rameze jazebi movden, Caabes xorumi, Tan iZaxian: xuTSabaTi, xuTSaba-Tio. aÁ kacic, wisqvilSi Rames rom aTevda, Cieba xorumSi, cekvavs, Tan iZaxis xuTSabaTi, xuTSabaTio... rum unda daSliliyven, jazebma erTmanefSi Tqves: Cveneburi kacia, mTeli Rame CvenTan erTad isama, xuTSafaTi vTqviT, manac xuTSafaTi Tqva. modi davajildovoTo.

_ raiTo, ikiTxes. _ raiT’da kuzi guusworoTo (kuziani yofila ai kaci). mosula dilaze ai kaci ukuzoT. miore kuziani kacic yofila im sofelSi. ukiTxavs mezoblis-

Tvin, kuzi rafer moirCineo, rafer gaswordio. muuyva am kacma Ramis ambavi wisqvilSi gadaxdenili.

wesula miore kuzianic wisqvilSi, simindi wuuRia, Rame’da aTi-os. SvaRame rum Seiqna, movden jazebma, Cieben xorumSi, Tan iZaxian, xuTSafaTi, xuTSafaTio. Cieba ai kacic, zaTi amiza wevda wisqvilSi, cekvavs... jazebi ityvian xuTSafaTio, ai iZaxis jumao (paraskevi). ja-zebi amboben xuTSabaTio, agi – jumao (juma Rame iyo da imitom). ia-lonze daSlixan jazebma Tqves: ai Cveni kaci araa. Cven xuTSafaTi vTqviT, aman - jumao. moi davsajoTo!

riTo? ukiTxvan da gaduwyvetian: guSin kacs kuzi rom movxse-niT, amas davadgaTo. movda dilaze ai kaci ori kuziT.

asea, sxvis xorumSi rom Ciebmebi, maTeburai unda isamo...~ 5. aWaraSi gvxvdeba mcire warRvnis legendebi sxvadasxva varia-

ciiT (maxaraSvili 2002:147). moviyvanT erT nimuSs: `soflis TavSi erTi tpai yofila. iqa erTi buRa yofila tpaSi

Sian. ai vernebel kac yolia erTi buRa. ava es buRa tpasTan da Wedu-lobs. saRamoze Camua, rom moRaluli, Sieri. dilaze guuSveben da Cumad miyvebian, had midiso. ava buRai kidev, esenica uCumai uyureben. Camua saRamos buRa. gava patroni ustasTan da kinidan biziviT qiebs gaakeTebiebs, Camuacvams qiebze, Sekravs karqa TeliT. gouSobs buRas, wava kidev iqa, axlac deiWedebian, daxevs im tpis buRas. dawyevlis,


226

moskdeba da sofeli gaxdeba verana~ (Tandilava 1978:69). imave legendas moismenT SavSeTSi: `golSi ari cxovrobda. gamov-

doda wylidan da soflis ar eWedeboda. modioda meger saRamos ari sisxliani. patronma meger ar qebi duuqliba. kidev eWeda soflis ar wylis arma, veRar muugo, gafatra soflis arma. golis ari wyalSi rom Sevda, gawiTlda meger wyali...’’

barem imasac aRvniSnavT, rom SavSeTis, klarjeTis, taos sof-lebSi getyvian, rom maTi `dedeebi baTumidam~ arian mosuli... arc aWa-risTvis aris ucxo SavSebi, klarjebi, parxlebi... arc klarjulia (yurZnis jiSia – avt.) ucxo aWaraSi da arc SavSuraÁ lobio (Tumca SavSeTSi ar ician lobios es jiSi).

6. taoSi, aWarasa da SavSeTSi CaviwereT erTi da imave leqsis sxvadasxva varianti. moviyvanT ramdenime nimuSs: SavSeTi: `gaRma serSi mifrinavs,

yvavia Tu yarTali,

nazliari devnaxe, tyvilia Tu marTali~.

tao: `maRla-maRla ra frinavs, yvavia Tu yarTali?

erTi gogo devnaxe, tyvilia Tu marTali’’?

SavSeTi: `midis-modis paraxoti, adesaSi rigdeba, Cemi mogebuli fara, bariSnebSi rigdeba~.

aWara: `midis-modis paraxoti, adesaSi brundeba, Cemi naSvari fulebi,

am bariSnebs undeba~ SavSeTi: `Sam Salaxo, Salaxo,

moglejilo balaxo,

TeTri kaba macvia, ar wemecxo talaxo~.

aWara: `ax Salaxo, Salaxo,

moglejilo balaxo,

TeTri kaba macvia, ar wemesva, talaxo~...


227

* * * Woroxis auzSi dasturdeba saerTo yofiTi elementebi. marTa-

lia, regionSi Zlieria Turqulis gavlena, magram mainc SeiZleba ga-moiyos qarTuli kulturis Taviseburebebi. aq yofis yvela elements _ materialur kulturas, sulier memkvidreobas, sazogadoebriv ur-TierTobebs, sameurneo saqmianobas, adaTobriv tradiciebs daekisra eTnikuri funqcia. swored erovnuli tradiciebiT daupirispirda Woroxis qveynebis qarTveloba ucxo kulturas da scada, SeenarCune-bina TviTmyofadoba... es Cans dasaxlebis tipSi, sacxovrebeli da sa-meurneo nagebobebis mSeneblobasa da dagegmarebaSi, ojaxsa da saoja-xo urTierTobebSi da a. S.

1. istoriul SavSeTsa da klarjeTSi dasaxleba atarebs sakarmi-damo xasiaTs: jguf-jgufad gafantuli saxlebi, zogjer uwesrigod ganlagebuli, xSirad seruli an gzis gaswvriv dasaxlebiT. dasaxle-

bis msgavsi tipi aRwerilia aWaraSi (ix. robaqiZe 1960; robaqiZe, mge-laZe 2005; mgelaZe 2009: 393-403).

2. SavSuri sacxovrebeli umetesad erTiandeba qarTuli mTiani sacxovreblis tipSi. saxlebi warmodgenilia vertikalur WrilSi, sadac pirveli sarTuli saqonlis sadgomia. TiToeuli saTavsos funqciuri daniSnuleba xSirad emTxveva aWaruli saxlisas, Tumca arsebobs zogierTi terminologiuri sxvaobac, rac arcaa gasakviri. sayuradReboa termini èzo-kari’’. aWarelisagan gansxvavebiT SavSe-li saxlis Sua gamyof derefans ezos uwodebs, xolo ezos - kars. `kari’’ èzos’’ mniSvnelobiT gvxvdeba qvemoaWarulSic: `karSi gavi-da’’ niSnavs èzoSi gavida~. SavSeTSi Senaxulia mSeneblobasTan da-kavSirebuli terminologia: virxidaÁ (saxuravis qiriSi), dokani (qi-riSis sayrdeni), diregi//direRi (boZi), kvanti (sigrZeze dawyobili qiriSi. Sdr. ùRleulT gadasabmeli latani, Rvedisa wil’’ (saba), sabervelaÁ (saxuravis ficari. Sdr. `qaris Sesaberavi~(saba)...

mniSvnelovania, rom SavSeTSi SemounaxavT `qori~ sabZlis aRsa-niSnavad, rac Woroxis sxva qveynebSi ar gvxvdeba.

3. saerTo bevria sameurneo yofaSic: simbiozuri formiT ganvi-Tarebuli mesaqonleoba da miwaTmoqmedeba, pureulis zogierTi jiSi (qeri, Wvavi, dika...), meurneobasTan dakavSirebuli toponimebi: naqe-ri, dolianTa, Wuavis sagorebelai... inventari: meruli, kevri... saer-Toa sameurneo saqmianobasTan dakavSirebuli rwmena-warmodgenebi: xvna-Tesvis dawyebisas xaris qedze kvercxis damtvreva, marcvleu-

lis Teslis mopnevisas warmoTqmuli locva, Tesvisas stumris, - frinvelisa da sxvaTa wilis gaTvaliswineba, mTvaris sisavsis mixed-


228

viT sameurneo saqmianobis warmarTva da a.S. 4. stumar-maspinZloba: stumris (mosafiris) oTaxi (oda), kerZe-

bi (sinori, eriSta, rZis produqtebi...), purobisas gamoyenebuli terminologia, mag.: `bZaneT, batono~. aWaraSi `bZanebas’’ `mirTmevis’’ mniSvnelobiT adasturebs T. saxokia (ix.saxokia 1985:62). termini cocxalia dResac...

5. transporti: xari araba (uremi), uRruli (marxili) da masTan dakavSirebuli terminologia: saqeduri (calmarxilze uRlis fun-qciiT), sacuravi, kofo, sayari, xeli, uReli...

6. dResaswaulebi: marioba (SavSeTi, klarjeTi, tao), aWaruli SuamTobis badali, tardeba agvistos pirvel kviraSi (aWaraSi mario-bis Sua periodSi). adre mariobaze scodniaT Teatraluri warmodge-nebic: berobnoba (berikaobis saxecvlili forma). SuamTobaze aWara-Sic icodnen sanaxaobiTi warmodgenebi, mag. zirikobia...

7. qorwili: aqaur qorwils etyoba Turqulis kvali, magram ma-inc inarCunebs qarTul xasiaTs: saqorwino urTierTobis sxvadasxva norma, winasaqorwino urTierToba, ojaxis wevrTa urTierTobis normebi, rZlis statusi... saerToa Woroxis qveynebSi. motanili masa-la, vfiqrobT, sakmarisi dasturia imisa, rom Woroxis qveynebis yofa-Si saerTo fena gamoiyos...

* * * Woroxis auzSi istoriulad Camoyalibda samxruli metyvele-

bis tipi, romelic JamTa viTarebaSi namsxvrevebad iqca da ise moaRwia Cvenamde. miuxedavad fragmentulobisa, SesaZlebelia, samxrul met-yvelebaSi gamoiyos ramdenime dialeqti, esenia:

aWaruli kilokavebiT: zemoaWaruli, qvemoaWaruli da qobule-

Turi.

SavSuri kilokavebiT: imerxeuli da maWaxluri;

klarjuli kilokavebiT: livanuri da murRuluri (momavalma kvlevebma SeiZleba daazustos klarjulis kilokauri Sedgenilo-

ba);

taouri – gadarCenilia mxolod amiertaos ramdenime sofelSi. taouris kilokaur Sedgenilobaze saubari SeuZlebelia masalis simcirisa da naklebmoRweulobis gamo.

CamoTvlili dialeqtebi erTmaneTTan axlos mdgomi kiloebia, axasiaTebT saerTo fonetikuri da morfologiuri gardaqmnebi da qmnian qarTuli enis dialeqtTa samxrul jgufs.

daismis kiTxva: ra maxasiaTeblebiT gamoiyofa aRniSnuli dia-


229

leqtebi? (arafers vambobT aWarulze, romlis dialeqtobaze aravin kamaTobs). CamovTvliT zogierT maxasiaTebels:

1. SavSuri sxva samxruli kiloebisagan gansxvavdeba: a. Ã-s povnierebiT: baÃala, Ãari, Ãevi... Tumca SavSurSi Ã’s ar

aqvs fonologiuri Rirebuleba, ver qmnis opozicias x’sTan. b. a-o>a-a: gamaatara, gadmaaxta... g. Z:z TanxmovanTmonacvleobiT: ze (Ze<rZe), zuzu (ZuZu)... 2. klarjuli: a. Z:c TanxmovanTmonacvleoba: oZdacxra, ormoZda-

xuTi... ar gvxvdeba Z:z monacvleoba, igi SavSuris kuTvnileba Cans. b. zogjer Temis niSani mosalodneli araa, magram ixmareba: vWa-

mav, baneben... g. TaviseburebebiT gamoirCeva saxelisa da zmnis urTierToba:

Cveni Cai maradid zroxebma Zovnen (Sdr. Zroxebi Zovden); akvanebi da-varwevdi (Sdr. akvnebs davarwevdi)... S da O zmnasTan ricxvSi SeTan-xmeba: yaniebi gvqonden; stumrebi myavden...

3. taouri: a. mkveTrad gamoxatuli tonuri maxvili sityvaSi bo-lodan meore marcvalze: na’xe, movi’da...

b. ocobiTi Tvlis sistema: xuTmoci, Svidoci, aToci... g. kiTxviTi a nawilaki: me ar vsvia? mea Tu? Sen xara? daiZebneba sxva maxasiaTeblebic, romliTac samxruli kiloebi

erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdebian.

literatura

Tandilava 1978: z. Tandilava, legenda sofel vernebze. macne/e, 2, Tbilisi.

kaxiZe, mamulaZe 2000: a. kaxiZe, S. mamulaZe, Woroxis auzi kolxuri kulturis uZvelesi kera, baTumi.

mari 1911: Н. Марр, Георгий Мерчул, Житие св. Григория хандз-тийского... с дневником поездки в Шавшетию и Клард-жию, Кн. Тексты и разыскания по Армяно-Грузинской филологии, VII, СПБ.

maxaraSvili 2002: g. maxaraSvili, mcire warRvnis legenda aWaris zepirsityvierebaSi (vernebis tba). bsu Sromebi, IV, ba-Tumi.

mgelaZe 2009: n. mgelaZe, dasaxlebis formebi. samxreT-dasavleT sa-qarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, II, baTumi.

rexviaSvili 1964: qarTuli xalxuri metalurgia, Tbilisi.

robaqiZe 1960: a. robaqiZe, dasaxlebis formaTa sakiTxisaTvis aWara-


230

Si. baTumis samecniero-kvleviTi institutis Sromebi, I, Tbilisi.

robaqiZe, mgelaZe 2005: a. robaqiZe, vl. mgelaZe, dasaxlebis tipog-rafia da morfologia aWaraSi. bsu Sromebi, VIII, baTumi.

saba: s.s. orbeliani, sityvis kona, Tbilisi 1949. saxokia 1985: T. saxokia, mogzaurobani (guria, aWara, samurzayano,

afxazeTi), baTumi. faRava 2004: m. faRava, CabalxeTis lokalizaciisaTvis. saistorio

macne, XIII, baTumi. faRava, mgelaZe 2005: m. faRava, n. mgelaZe, aWara, maWaxeli, Woroxi –

etimologiis cda. bsu Sromebi, VII, baTumi. faRava 2003: M. Pagava, On History and Struqture of Shree Kartvelian

Bases (War, Wor, Wax). smam, t. 168, #2, Tbilisi.

rostom CxeiZe

zRva da qarTvelebi

recenzia Tamaz beraZis wignze `zRvaosnoba Zvel saqarTveloSi~

(1981 weli)

Zveli berZeni avtorebi, _ epikosebi, tragikosebi, leqsikografebi, komentato-rebi _ zogi vrclad, zogic uaRresad mok-led, sul ramdenime sityviT, magram, ise xa-tovnad, iseTi sruli ueWvelobiT aRweren Tu mxolod migvaniSneben oqros sawmisis Tqmulebaze, ise gviyvebian argonavtebis laSqrobis ambavs, ise cocxlad, mZafrad da amaRelveblad, lamisaa, TviTonve daije-ron da Cvenc dagvajeron argonavtebis vaJ-kacoba, siCauqe da simamace, lamisaa, simar-Tled mogvaCvenon da dagvarwmunon iazonis keTilSobilur swrafvaSi oqros sawmisis mosapoveblad, mcire zadi ra aris, isic ki ar ureviao da, bolosdabolos, Zlevamosi-

lebiT dasrulebuli laSqroba aucileb-

lobad dagvisazRvron; Tumca me mopovebis nacvlad xelSi Cagdebas ufro vityodi, xolo xelSi Cagdeba niuansobrivad wag-lejvas ufro SeiTavsebs da igulisxmebs, Tu moparvas, es maTma mimdevrebma arkvion.

berZen avtorTagan ufro sarwmuno ev-ripide unda iyos, vinc pirvelma gamoaaSka-rava TanamemamuleTa saukuneobiT nakowi-webi da naloliavebi Tqmulebis WeSmariti arsi, gamoaaSkarava mikerZoebulad moT-

xrobili ambis namdvili buneba, cxadyo berZenTa saguldagulod miCqmaluli dam-

mwerali, filologiur

mecnierebaTa doqtori, So-Ta rusTavelis qarTuli

literaturis institutis

wamyvani mecnier-TanamSro-

meli, 50-mde wignisa (ori-ginalurisa Tu Targmni-

lis) da 1000-mde samecni-

ero narkvevisa da lite-

raturuli da publicis-

turi eseis avtori, aleq-

sandre orbelianis sazoga-

doebis Tavmjdomare, Jur-

nal `Cveni mwerlobis~

mTavari redaqtori.

rostom CxeiZe

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pyrobluri zraxvani, gaaSiSvla iazonis mzakvruli miswrafebani, riTac oqros sawmisis Tu argonavtebis Tqmuleba SedarebiT naTeli da gasagebi gaxada.

am gziT Tu avxsniT Tundac im epizods, argonavtebs kolxebi rom daedevnebian. berZeni avtorebi imgvarad warmogvisaxaven, imgva-rad gvixataven am devnas, rom STabeWdileba gvrCeba, Tu ra mamacurad garbian berZnebi, ra veragulad misdeven kolxebi, Tumca sul sxvag-vari STabeWdileba unda gvrCebodes da, albaT, veragobasa dasimama-ces adgili unda hqondes Senacvlebuli, berZenTa eqspediciis damag-virgvinebel afsirtes mkvlelobis faqts swori axsna rom moeZeb-nos... manamdec sainteresoa: rogorc ar unda aRweron berZnebma Tavi-anTi xomaldi, rogori uebro amgebic ar unda gamouZebnon, rogori mizezebic da axsnac ar unda Cxrikon da eZion, Tu rogor moxda, rom maT legendarul xomalds kolxi zRvaosnebi daewivnen, aSkarad Cans, rom `frTamal frTosanTa gundi~ (apolonios rodoselis sityve-bia) legendarul argoze ufro swrafi yofila. àrgonavtikis~ av-tori am xatovan frazas kolxTa sanaosnod aRWurvisa da dadevnebis metad saxier suraTSi CaurTavs.

swored am suraTis analiziT iwyebs qarTuli zRvaosnobis is-toriul mimoxilvas Tamaz beraZe metad saWiro, da winaswar vityvi, mSvenier wignSi `zRvaosnoba Zvel saqarTveloSi~ (`nakaduli~, 1981). mkvlevari am pasaJs iyenebs, rogorc uZveles istoriul cno-bas, risi moSveliebiTac kolxTa samefoSi mravalricxovani flotis arsebobas adasturebs _ `gamarTes yvela sabrZolo gemi, swrafad aR-Wurves imave dResa. zRvaSi CauSves sanapiroze Camwkrivebuli uric-xvi gemi~. Tumca, unda SevniSno, rom TargmanSi, romelsac mkvlevari erT-erT Tavis epigrafadac iyenebs, gemi anaqronizmia, unda iyos navi (avtoris ufro vrceli ganmartebiT, Soreuli naosnobisaTvis gamo-sayenebeli afriani didi sazRvao navi, mogviano terminologiiT _ xomaldi). da swored misi agebulebis daxasiaTebis Semdeg dasZens avtori, ìsini ufro Cqara curavdnen, vidre argonavtebis legenda-

ruli àrgoo~. qristes dabadebamde meore aTaswleulSi aserigad ganviTarebuli qarTuli naosnobis arsebobas Cveni naosnobis saTave-ebi kidev ufro, da vin icis, ramdeni saukuniT Sors gadaaqvs.

eris kultura mxolod literatura arasdros yofila, arc Tugind xelovneba, kultura eris erTiani cxovrebaa, mTliani da ga-nuyofeli. erTian cxovrebas vambob, cal-calke da nawil-nawil rom ar Camovyve; ase yofila yvela erisTvis da CvenTvisac ase yofila. ase erTiani, mTliani gaazreba qarTveli eris kulturisa, wvdoma misi bunebisa, klasikuri saxiT didi iliasagan gadmogveca, didi ilias moniSnul gzas daadgnen ivane javaxiSvili da pavle ingoroyva, ro-

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melTac qarTuli civilizaciis erTiani, ganuwyveteli procesis, mTliani suraTis aRdgena scades da iseT Soreul epoqebs gadas-wvdnen, iseTi siRrmeebi moixiles, ise sworad gaarkvies Cven Tvalwin arsebuli movlenebi, imdeni dafaruli SesaZleblobebi gaamJRavnes da saaSkaraoze gamoitanes, rom lamisaa aRarc vujerebT, es veeba, grandiozuli samyaro ise gvabnevs; etyoba, ivane javaxiSvilis mzeraa saWiro, pavle ingoroyvas mzeraa saWiro, da Tu Tvali ar gviWris, unda verwmunoT mainc, amxela da amdeni xnis kultura xelidan rom ar gamogvecalos; patara, Cia, albaT, ufro ioli mosavlelia, ufro ioli SesanarCunebeli, magram saukuneebiT mopovebuls rogor unda SevelioT, qars rogor unda gavatanoT, Torem sxvani, nebiT Tu uneb-lieT, sxvagvarad sjian, TavianTi erovnuli xasiaTidan, erovnuli bunebidan gamomdinare, sxvagvarad xsnian yvelafers, sxva saxiT war-mogvidgenen, oqros sawmisis Tqmulebisa ar iyos. Sors rom ar gav-yveT, Tamaz beraZis wignSive SeiZleba migvedevnebina Tvali Savi zRvis saxelwodebaTa analizisaTvis.

Sav zRvas asirielebi `zemo zRvad~ icnobdnen (mkvlevris gan-martebiT, esaa Savi zRvis uZvelesi saxeli, romelsac asiriel mefe-Ta qr. dab-mde XIII-XII ss-iT daTariRebuli warwerebiT mouRwevia), xolo TviT saxeli `Savi~, dRes rogorc vuwodebT da ager frangi moris reinalic ki gagviocebia (`...saqarTvelo iq mdebareobda, sadac ueWvelad dResac mdebareobs, _ or zRvas Sua, romelTagan erTs, RmerTma icis, ratom, Savs uwodeben~), zRvis sanapiroze mcxovreb iranuli modgmis tomebs SeurqmeviaT, maTi gamoTqmiT, àxSiana~, rac Rrmas, Savs niSnavs. `Zvelma berZnebma am zRvis saxeli maTgan gadai-Res, _ wers mkvlevari, _ mxolod maTTvis gaugebari àxSiani~ ber-Znul sityva àvqsinusad~ gaiazres, rac àrastumarTmoyvares~ niS-navs~.

`Zveli berZnebisaTvis Savi zRvis amgvari saxelwodeba gasagebi iyo, radgan Tavdapirvelad isini cudad icnobdnen am zRvas da masze naosnoba did siZneleebTan iyo dakavSirebuli~, _ ganmartavs avto-ri, romelic epigrafad motanil strabonis sityvebs eyrdnoba; straboni àvqsinuss~ Tavis axsnas uZebnis, radgan misi àxSianadan~ warmomavloba, etyoba, dakargulia da saxelwodebas ki etimologiis garkveva esaWiroeba.

avqsinusis _ arastumarTmoyvares _ straboniseuli etimolo-

gia amgvaria: `maSin ar SeiZleboda am zRvaze curva da iwodeboda is arastu-

marTmoyvared, misi mRelvarebisa da irgvliv mcxovrebi tomebis ve-lurobis gamo~.

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`xolo Semdeg, _ ganagrZobs straboni, _ mas stumarTmoyvare ewoda, radgan ionielebma sanapiroze qalaqebi aages~.

mkvlevari am frazas SedarebiT vrclad ganmartavs: `Zv. w. VII-VI ss, berZnebi kargad gaecnen Savi zRvis napirebs,

aiTvises masze naosnoba. aseT pirobebSi zRvis Zveli saxelwodeba ga-ugebrad da damamcireblad JRerda maTTvis, amitom maT Sav zRvas sa-xeli Seucvales da èvqsinus pontos~ _ stumarTmoyvare zRva uwo-des~.

es ganmarteba strabonis etimologiuri Ziebis qveteqstia, yo-vel SemTxvevaSi, amgvarad gavige strabonis sityvebi da meCveneba, rom qveteqsti bolomde mainc araa mkafiod gaxsnili, Tumca, ra Tqma un-da, avtori ar iyo valdebuli, yovelmxriv gaeanalizebina berZeni is-torikosis sityvebi. imas, rom berZnebi `kargad gaecnen Savi zRvis sa-napiroebs~ da àiTvises masze naosnoba~, ramdenime sityviT mainc da-vumatebdi, rom es gacnobaca da aTvisebac, ionielTa mier sanapiroze agebuli qalaqebic, sabolood mainc berZenTa dampyroblur swrafva-ze migvaniSnebs, ltolvaze _ rac SeiZleba meti mxare Semoimtkicon, gaaberZnon anu `civilizacia Seitanon~, imis miuxedavad, sWirdeba Tu ara vinmes Tavsmoxveuli civilizacia, ara ziareba ucxo kultu-

rasTan, ara gaTvaliswineba misi Rirsebebisa, ara gamSobliurebis cda kargisa da mosawonisa, isev da isev erovnuli bunebis, erovnuli xasiaTis Sesabamisad, aramed dakargva TviTmyofadobisa, damcireba da gadagvareba sakuTari kulturisa, rogorc ar unda uyurebdnen sxve-bi am kulturas, rogorc ar unda arafrad agdebdnen. strabonic xom amasve ambobs: irgvliv mcxovrebi tomebis velurobis gamoo.

tomebi velurni arian, sanam berZnebi SemoaRwevdnen, zRva _ arastumarTmoyvare da tomebic _ albaT arastumarTmoyvareni; ber-Znuli axalSenebis daarsebis mere ki zRva da mTeli is garemo ukve stumarTmoyvare xdeba. sityvebi kargaven TavianT adrindel, ZiriTad mniSvnelobas da ucxo da gaurkvevel Sinaarss iZenen. da mizezi amgva-ri etimologiebisa d zRvis napiris mcxovrebTa velur tomebad mo-naTvlisa, Turme imis brali yofila, rom berZnebs maTTvis Sinaarsga-moclili da, amdenad, bundovani àxSiana~, rogorme romelime ber-Znuli sityvisaTvis miemsgavsebinaT da axsna mere eZiaT.

erT-erTi uZvelesi saxelwodebis `Savi zRvis~ xelaxla gav-rcelebas XIII saukunidan mkvlevari kvlav enobrivi SecdomiT xsnis. konstantinepolsada Savi zRvis sanapiro qalaqebSi mozRvave-buli italielebisaTvis zRva `mari maiusi~ (`didi zRva~) iyo. `sit-yva `maius~ ki fonetikurad Zalze axloa berZnul `maurosTan~, rac am enaze Savs niSnavs. amitom berZnebma `maius~ (didi) `maurosad~ gai-azres da pontos zRvasac `mauros Talassa~, anu Savi zRva uwodes~.

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es saxeli TurqebSi `kara denizis~ formiTaa cnobili. qarTul enaSi termini `Savi zRva~, mkvlevris varaudiT, jer xalxur metyvelebaSi damkvidrebula da Semdeg gavrcelebula mwerlobaSi.

am da sxva uamrav, sakuTari Sexedulebebisamebr gamoZebnil sa-xelebSi Caikarga Savi zRvis uZvelesi qarTuli saxeli.

Tavdapirvelad Sav zRvas ubralod `zRuas~ uwodebdneno, avto-ri rom miuTiTebs, moRweuli masalebis mixedviT unda gamohqondes aseTi daskvna. raime xelCasaWidi rom moiZevebodes, risi meSveobiTac upirvelesi saxelis Tundac savaraudo formis aRdgena iqneboda Se-saZlebeli, argonavtebis dadevnebis epizodis sagulisxmod da mSve-nivrad gamoyenebisa ar iyos, mkvlevari uTuod miagnebda, gamoarCevda da mogvawodebda, magram roca sxva gza araa, am ubralo `zRuiT~ unda davkmayofildeT.

amiranis TqmulebaSi, _ argonavtebis gadmocemaze bevrad adrin-del, uZveles qarTul miTologiur TqmulebaSi, _ gveleSapi rom hylapavs amirans da am epizods gviandeli, bevrnairad damaxinjebuli variantebi ase aboloeben _ `Savma aiRo, Caylapa, Savi zRvisaken gas-wiao~ _ aq Savi zRva xom arc pirvandelia da arc qarTuli; da Zvel epoqebSi romeli saxeli cvlida, vin icis.

oRond `zRuaze~ mainc nu vityviT Tavdapirveliao, `jerjero-biT sxvebze ufro adreuli~ rom gveTqva, albaT ufro zusti iqnebo-da.

Savi zRvis saxelwodebaTa avtoriseuli analizi mxolod imi-tom ar moviSvelie, rom mTlianobaSi gvenaxa, Tu ra sxvadasxvagvaria Sexedulebani Tundac Sav zRvaze, rogor icvleba garemos, viTare-bis, ubralo gaugebrobis mixedviTac ki, oRond mudam sakuTari bune-bis Sesabamisad, axlebur gaazrebebs rogor axal etimologiebs usa-dageben; imis Cvenebac mindoda, am erT patara nawilSi rogori mra-valmxrivia avtori, romelic mravali qarTuli da ucxo, istoriu-li, geografiuli Tu mxatvruli Txzulebebis, eTnografiuli masa-lebis, dialeqturi monacemebis, leqsikonebis meSveobiT, sxvadasxva mkvlevarTa naSromebis gaTvaliswinebiT, saintereso lingvisturi ZiebebiT maxvilgonivrul mignebebs gvTavazobs da sayuradRebo su-raTs warmogvidgens; iseTi STabeWdileba mrCeba, rom avtori `Sav zRvas~ kompoziciur RerZad iyenebs, raTa uamrav masalas mouyaros Tavi mis garSemo, gamoarCios, daalagos da ise warmogvidginos.

mTeli wigni amgvaradaa dawerili da Tvalwin gveSleba qarTu-li zRvaosnobis (Zveli terminologiiT: navTmavloba, zRvaTmavlo-

ba) istoria, sxvadasxva saxis navTa tipebi da maTi agebuleba, navsad-gurebis daxasiaTeba, savaWro Tu politikuri urTierToba ucxo qveynebTan, sazRvao brZolebi.

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Zvel qarTul sanaosno terminologias rom gadavxedoT, mkvlev-

ris mier saguldagulod daZebnils, Sekrebilsa da gaanalizebuls, SesamCnevi gaxdeba, rom rogorc mTels Cvens enaSi, zRvaosnobis ter-minologiaSic mravalia ucxo warmomavlobis sityva, Semosuli im enebidan, romelTanac raime urTierToba gvqonia saukuneebis manZil-

ze; amitomac eZiebs mkvlevari TviTeuli saxelis etimologias, iqne-ba es navTa (xomaldTa) tipebi (vTqvaT, sabaseuli saxelwodebanic rom CamovTvaloT: varcli, kopano, karapa, karWapa, xumaldi, karafi-Ta, orCxomeli, oleWkanderi, katarRa...), romelime calkeuli nawi-lis saxelwodeba Tu ekipaJis Semadgenloba.

mkvlevari ZirisZirobamde Casdevs TiToeul termins, oRond Zalze frTxilad da faqizad epyroba maT analizs, iTvaliswinebs ara marto sityvaTa garegnul, fonetikur msgavsebas, aramed sxva piro-bebsac.

vTqvaT, aseTs: `xuamaldi~ _ `xuamaldis~ etimologiis garkveva dReisaTvis

ver xerxdeba. garegnulad es termini berZnul `xelandos~ _ xelan-

dons~ mogvagonebs. ase ewodeboda bizantiaSi erTi tipis sazRvao samxedro navebs; magram qarTuli enis kanonebis gaTvaliswineba uf-lebas ar gvaZlevs berZnuli `xelandonidan~ qarTuli `xomaldis~ warmoSoba vivaraudoT. miT ufro, rom `xelandoni~ mravalniCbiani samxedro navia, maSin roca `xuamaldi~ afriani navi Cans~.

avtori sanaosno terminologiis kvlevisas araerT wyaros mi-marTavs, magram ZiriTadad sulxan-sabas `sityvis konasa~ da evropaSi mogzaurobis wigns eyrdnoba (mkvlevris dakvirvebiT, evropaSi mog-zaurobis wignSi ufro sruli masala amoikribeba zRvaosnobis Sesa-xeb, vidre sityvis konaSi aqvs sabas Tavmoyrili) da sulxan-sabas qarTuli sanaosno terminologiis pirvel Semkreb-mkvlevrad saxavs.

roca masala naklebia, dakargula an iseTi sruli saxiT ver mo-uRwevia, mkvlevari sagulisxmo dakvirvebebiT aRadgens savaraudo viTarebas. swored amgvari dakvirvebebia saWiro, raime manam umniSvne-lod miCneulma da gauTvaliswinebelma faqtma marTebuli daskvnebi-saken rom gvibiZgos. iseve, rogorc argonavtebis dadevnebis epizod-ma, mkvlevars uZveles da uxsovar xanaSi qarTuli naosnobis ganviTa-rebis maRali done avaraudebina, rusTavelis poemaze dakvirveba (`SoTa rusTaveli... zRvaosnobis mxolod adgilobriv qarTul ter-minologias iyenebs. aq ver SexvdebiT verc evropuli da verc aRmo-savluri zRvaosnobisaTvis damaxasiaTebel saxelwodebebs. amitom SoTa rusTavels Tavisi codna zRvaosnobis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos si-namdvilidan unda aeRo~) saSualebas aZlevs, am drosac Cvens qveyana-Si naosnobis maRali done ivaraudos. qarTuli zRvaosnobis maRal

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dones VII-XIV saukunis saqarTveloSi, avtoris dakvirvebiT, cxad-yofs mdidari qarTuli sazRvaosno terminologia, am periodis qar-Tuli mwerlobis ZeglebSi rom moipoveba, radgan àseTi terminolo-

giis SemuSaveba warmoudgenelia im qveyanaSi, sadac zRvaosnoba ar aris ganviTarebuli~. amasTan, ùcxo enidan ama Tu im TxzulebaTa Targmnis dros qarTveli mTargmneli an ucvlelad gadmoitanda saz-Rvao termins, an SecdomiT Targmnida~.

mkvlevars bevri sakiTxi aqvs wamoWrili da gaanalizebuli. mis-Tvis zRvaosnoba calke mdgomi araa, erTian, qarTul kulturasaa Cawnuli da amitom mTel kulturas iTvaliswinebs, bevr, erTi Se-xedviT, sruliad gansxvavebul, monapovars iyenebs da erT wignad hkravs. Tumca wignSi Tavmoyrili uamravi masala isea dalagebuli da mowodebuli, ise ostaturad gamTlianebuli, avtoris ena iseTi sada da mkafioa, iseTi cocxali, rom mxatvruli nawarmoebiviT ikiTxeba da, amdenad, `zRvaosnoba Zvel saqarTveloSi~ mxatvrul monografi-ad gvevlineba qarTuli zRvaosnobis Sesaxeb. àvtori Zalian sainte-resod hyveba~, _ aRniSnulia anotaciaSi da wignis daxurvis Semdeg mkiTxveli irwmunebs, rom es mxolod litoni sityvebi ar yofila. esec wignis erT-erTi mTavari Rirsebaa.

...Tavis droze galaktions CauniSnavs dRiurebSi: `1921-22 w. qarTul presaSi gamohqveynda ilia WavWavaZis didi

megobris artur laistis werili: `zRva da qarTvelebi~. daaxloe-

biT am werilis Sinaarsi aseTi iyo: saqarTvelos aqvs mSvenieri zRvis sanapiroebi, miuxedavad amisa, qarTul literaturaSi ara sCans zRvis Tematika, motivebio. rusTavelis ukvdav `vefxistyaosanSi~ zRva mxolod gakvriTaa naxsenebio da sxva. daskvna iseTi iyo, rom qarTvelebs TiTqos sazogadoT ar uyvarT zRva. marTali aris Tu ara artur laistis es Sexeduleba, es mkvlevarebis saqmea, erTi ram ki udavoa, zRvis Tematika qarTul literaturaSi rusTavelis Semdeg ara sCanda, es moZraoba daiwyo mxolod meoce saukunis qarTulma literaturam~.

amgvari msjeloba bunebrivi iyo, roca am saxis erTi ganzogade-buli saxis naSromic ki ar gvqonda, sadac aRwerili iqneboda ara marto `naosnobis saSualebani, maTi agebuleba, tipebi, ekipaJis Se-madgenloba, sanaosno terminologia~, aramed mTeli istoriuli fo-nic; bevri ram miukvleveli da amouxsneli rCeboda, bevri ram gauTva-liswinebeli. Tamaz beraZis wigni ki germaneli swavlulis mier wa-moWril sakiTxebs sul sxvagvarad gagvaazrebinebs.

1982 წელი

maia jaliaSvili

zRvis simbolika cisferyanwelebTan

cisferyanwelebma, rogorc simboliz-

mis esTetikis erTgulma raindebma, buneba gaiazres, rogorc simboloebis usasrulo sivrce, maTi gamocnobis momlodine. zRva maT poeziaSi erTi mravalsaxovani simbo-loa, romelic moicavs cisa da sarkis sim-bolikasac. tician tabiZis, paolo iaSvi-lis, valerian gafrindaSvilis, sandro ci-rekiZis, kolau nadiraZis SemoqmedebaSi zRva, erTi mxriv, inarCunebs tradiciul gagebas (bibliiT nasazrdoeb qarTul li-

teraturasa (`cxovrebis zRvai aRZrul ars~), Tu bibliuri elferiT Semosil folklorul teqstebSi warmodgenils (`Tavfaravneli Wabuki~), meore mxriv, axa-li SinaarsiT itvirTeba, is aris `peizaJi ukuRma~, xan `uZvelesi dramis~ msaxiobi (valerian gafrindaSvili), xan `saweri ma-gida~ (kolau nadiraZe), xan `mijnuri~ (pa-olo iaSvili).

artur rembos `mTvral xomaldSi~ zRva poeziis usazRvro sivrces ganasaxie-rebs, romelic poets yovelgvari CarCosgan aTavisuflebs. xomaldi poetis sulis sim-boloa da is, mTvrali, STagonebis eqsta-ziT realobas ganridebuli, zRvaSi, ro-gorc kosmosis sivrceSi, ise daxetialobs. zRva sarkesaviT ireklavs poetis martoo-basa da Tavganwirulobas:

filologiis mecnierebaTa doqtori, SoTa rusTavelis literaturis institutis qarTuli literaturis gan-yofilebis mTavari mecnieri TanamSromeli. ZiriTadi naSromebi: monog-rafiebi: sandro cirekiZe da qarTuli simbolizmi (1994), qarTuli modernistuli ro-mani (2006), wignebi: ''sicoc-xlis saidumlo'' litera-

turuli werilebi) (2006), Sexvedra wignSi (literatu-

ruli werilebi) (2009). se-riidan qarTveli mwerlebi skolaSi': mixeil javaxiSvi-lis (or nawilad) (2000, 2008), giorgi leoniZe (2001), tician tabiZe, paolo iaSvili (2002), aleqsandre yazbegi (or nawilad) (2004),ilia WavWavaZe(or na-wilad) (2007), grigol ro-baqiZe (2009). interesTa sfero: lit-

mcodneoba, naratologia, poetika, kritika, qristia-nuli xelovneba, RvTismet-yveleba, kulturologia.


239

`Tavisufali, cas iisfer nislSi vxedavdi da kedeliviT mivarRvevdi da mivdiodi, ca mewamuli mironcxebul moleqseTaTvis

laJvardis duJiT da mzis xavsiT iyo diadi~ (gegeWkori 1990: 90). zRva xan nirvanacaa _ poeziis navsayudeli. `zRvasTan mdebare Sor qveyanaSi~ cxovrobs simbolistTa ga-

morCeuli kerpis, edgar pos, saocnebo qali _ anabel li:

`is ueWvelad iyo odesme _ zRvasTan mdebare Sor qveyanaSi, iq saocnebo cxovrobda qali,

da visac erqva anabel li~ (gafrindaSvili 1990: 398). zRva maradqaluris stiqiaa, romlis wiaRidan warmoiSvebian

zRapruli arsebebi, fantasmagoriad rom gadaaqceven uferul rea-lobas. cisferyanwelTa poeziaSi zRvasTan aris DdakavSirebuli ni-Jaris simbolikac _ niJaraSi momwydeuli `nagiJari zRva~ xmaurobs. zRva, erTdroulad, ganasaxierebs amoucnobi samyaros usasrulobac da, amave dros, sasrulobisken swrafvasac (`zRvas enatreba, iyos pa-tara~). zRvis talRa xan mZvinvare afTaria, xan rkinis urCxuli _ ei-feli da xan unazesi Sleifi (valerian gafrindaSvili). ase rom, zRva cisferyanwelTa poeziaSi tropuli metyvelebis mniSvnelovani komponentia, is gvevlineba erTgvar kulturul kodad da iZleva mravalgvari gaSifvris saSualebas konkretuli mxatvruli teqstis konteqstis Sesabamisad. isic gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom `simbolo arsebobs mocemul teqstamde da misgan damoukideblad: igi mwerlis mexsierebaSi xvdeba kulturis mexsierebis siRrmidan da cocxldeba axal teqstSi, axal niadagSi moxvedrili marcvlisdagvarad. remi-niscencia, gzavnili, citata _ axali teqstis organuli nawilebi, funqcionireben mxolod mis sinqroniaSi. isini teqstidan mexsiere-bis siRrmeSi aRweven, xolo simbolo _ mexsierebis siRrmidan teq-stSi. amitom SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom is, rac Semoqmedebis procesSi simboloa (mexsierebis sugestiuri meqanizmi), mkiTxvelis aRqmaSi realizdeba, rogorc reminiscencia, ramdenadac Semoqmedebisa da aR-qmis procesebi upirispirdeba erTmaneTs: pirvelSi saboloo teqsti warmoadgens Sedegs, meoreSi _ sawyis wertils (~simbolo kultu-

ris sistemaSi~ (lotmani 2007: 39). `zRva axal leqsebs dagvawerinebs~, _ wers valerian gafrindaS-

vili leqsSi `oTxi poetis Sexvedra zRvasTan~. aq, rogorc erTgvar manifestSi _ oTxi poeti, rogorc oTxi `maxarobeli~ axali poezii-sa _ simbolisturi esTetikis zRvaSi `naTlavs~ mkiTxvelebs.

zRva cocxal arsebasaviT egebeba poetebs: paolo iaSvils, tici-an tabiZes, kolau nadiraZesa da valerian gafrindaSvils:

maia jaliaSvili

240

`zRva avzniani iyo mRelvare,

cisken mihqonda Jirafis yeli,

kvnesda, Rmuoda zRva moelvare,

rogorc orsuli qalis muceli~ (gafrindaSvili 1990: 164). zRvis xmauri wamoativtivebs musikas; `mRvrie beThovenisas~,

romelsac poeti `Sav lotbars~ uwodebs. epiTeti `Savi~, am SemTxve-vaSi, warmoaCens beThovenis musikis saidumlos, mis gonebamiuwvdo-mel siRrmes. poetebis zRvasTan Sexvedra – es aris `Teatri~ _ ori stiqia – poeturi da Teatraluri xvdeba erTmaneTs _ isini TiTqos erTmaneTs ejibrebian:

ucbad movarda talRa mSieri, kidev dabnelda lurji kamara, da iyo wuTiT zRva bednieri _ man poetebi daasamara~ (gafrindaSvili 1990: 164). zRva da poetebi erTmaneTs hgvanan _ maT uyvarT mRelvareba, Ta-

maSi, zRvars gadasvla, moulodneli afeTqeba. isini erTmaneTis ener-giiT ivsebian. poetebisTvis zRva STagonebis wyaroa. wyali aqac ga-naxlebis simboloa.

akaki baqraZe werilSi `mTvaris motaceba~ sagangebo yuradRebas amaxvilebs TaraSis daRupvaze mdinare engurSi: `qarTul miTologia-

Si wylis RmerTi igri sicocxlis sawyisia, _ wers akaki baqraZe, _ mdinare enguris saxeli am warmarTuli RmerTis saxelidan aris war-moebuli. igris sadidebeli Tve igrika, saba orbelianis ganmartebiT, aprilia. TaraS emxvari engurSi swored aprilSi daixrCo. usafuZ-vlo ar iqneba daskvna: aqac sikvdilis saSualebiT xelmeored aRor-Zineba-ganaxlebis azria gatarebuli, radgan TaraSis sikvdili im RmerTis saxelTan aris dakavSirebuli, romelsac, marTalia, xanda-xan sikvdili mohqonda (igris gamoCenas wyaldidobac da qariSxalic mohyveboda), magram mainc sicocxlis sawyisi iyo. uimisod veraferi ixarebda~ (baqraZe 2000: 74).

fridrix nicSe poetebze wers, rom isini `zRvis STamomavalni arian~ (nicSe 1993: 101). amgvarad, xazs usvams maTi bunebis stiqiu-robas, SemoqmedebiTi cxovrebis mRelvarebas, STagonebis wyaroTa `sibneles~.

zRvis simbolikis mravalferovnebiTa da filosofiuri siR-rmiT gamoirCeva valerian gafrindaSvilis leqsi `zRva~. aq zRva sim-boloa usasrulobisa, sasruloba rom swyuria, srulyofilebisa, nakluli yofa rom enatreba:

`zRvas moewyina Tavis simZime bumberazoba, grigali, mexi, naxa sizmarSi tba mocimcime


241

da Cinel qalis mtkivani fexi~ (gafrindaSvili 1990: 125). ra aris amgvari `swrafvis~ saidumlo? grigol robaqiZe amas

sxvadyofnis misterias uwodebs: es aris modernizmisTvis damaxasia-Tebeli niRbis esTetika.

`im kultebSi, saca `cvla~ yofis saidumlod iyo gamocxadebu-li, `qceva~ maskiT xdeboda. magaliTad, dionisos kultSi. `me~ unda gaixsnas, unda gairRves. arsi unda gadavides yovladSi. pirovneba un-da eziaros zepirovnuls. es aris dionisos fenomeni. da mere rogori iyo rituali am fenomenis – maskis afareba, maskis, romelic dionisos saxavda~ (robaqiZe 1989: 341).

am SemTxvevaSi, cisferyanwelTa poeziaSi warmoCenili zRva Se-iZleba gaviazroT, rogorc erTgvari niRabi, romlis saSualebiTac poetebi cdilobdnen `me~-s sazRvrebis gadalaxvas da zepirovnul-

Tan ziarebas. zRvasTan siaxloves axali SegrZnebebi moaqvs. poeti TiTqos

gardaisaxeba zRvad da amgvarad warmoaCens axal da ucnaur SegrZne-bebs. zRvis saocari wyurvilis gamosaxatavad poeti Sedarebebs, epi-Tetebsa da metaforebs moixmobs. zRvas enatreba iyos Citi, kolib-

riviT nazi da patara, varskvlaviviT brwyinvale, tbasaviT mocimcime. poetis azriT, yovelive, erTferovani da mudmivi, mosawyenia, Tundac Zliereba, sisrule an srulyofileba:

`surs beWdis TvalSi ganmartoeba da gahyves smeniT mcire nakaduls,

rom saqanelas msubuq sinaze Camoekidos, rogorc kakadu~ (gafrindaSvili 1990: 126). yovelive miiswrafvis sapirispirosken _ es samyaros kanonzomi-

erebas gamoxatavs. amitomac izidavs zRvas niRbiani qali, niRabi mis namdvil saxes malavs da ocnebas asxams frTebs: niRbis miRma SeiZleba uamravi saxe warmoidgino. amitomac zRva swiravs Tavs da amorZals `SleifiviT~ mihyveba.

poetisTvis zRva mkurnalicaa, ganmaaxlebeli:

`Seni talRebis didi amaliT

da ZlierebiT kvlav gamaxare. Seni qafisa Tund natamali

Semomafrqvie, rogorc wamali

da Cemi saxe SxefiT daRvare~ (gafrindaSvili 1990: 268). aq zRva im Zalas ganasaxierebs, romelic daumorCilebelia,

romlis nebas veraferi modreks da gaanadgurebs. es Zlieri neba upi-rispirdeba cxovrebis WidilSi dauZlurebuli da daTrgunuli poe-tis arsebas, romelic wylis ganmwmend stiqiaSi xedavs xsnas. amave dros, zRva inaxavs margalitebs, romelTa mopoveba mxolod tanjviT

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SeiZleba. niJara ki poetisTvis miZRvnili saCuqaria zRvisa, romelic me-

gobariviT TanaugrZnobs poets da niJaraSi momwydeuli xmebiT Seax-senebs Sori sivrceebis saidumlos amosaxsnelad:

`mraval idumal mziT moqsovili

da mewamuli, rogorc marjani, gadamafare talRa soveli,

ukanasknelad SenTan moveli _ an momkali da an momarCine~ (gafrindaSvili 1990: 268). zRva simboloa gardasuli dReebis xsovnisac. masSi, rogorc

sarkeSi, poets SeuZlia dainaxos sakuTari, erisa Tu mTeli kacobri-obis mRelvare cxovrebis suraTebi. mWvretelis sulis siRrmezea damokidebuli, aqoCril talRaTa CqerebSi dainaxavs Tu ara welTa sarkofagebSi Camarxul warsuls:

`bevri legenda Tvlems msrbolav zRvaSi, zed hqrian qarni da zefirebi. rembom ixila talRebis svlaSi

antiur dramis didi gmirebi~ (gafrindaSvili 1990: 273). evqsinus ponto (stumarTmoyvare zRva), igive Savi zRva tician

tabiZis SemoqmedebaSi gansakuTrebuli STambeWdaobiT aris warmod-genili leqsSi `evqsinis ponti~. poetisTvis Savi zRva simboloa uSoresi warsulisa, roca iqmneboda miTebi: `Zveli miTosis talRebi mirtyams~. upirvelesad ki, poets axsendeba oqros sawmisis miTi:

`rogorc sakire drakonis ybebiT irweva oqros verZebis tyavi, Senze ocnebis grigals avyevi da sixaruli mklavs aurwyavi~ (tabiZe 1985: 129). poetis warmosaxvaSi zRva acocxlebs miTis calkeul epizods

da mkiTxvelis Tvalwin warmodgebian nacnobi personaJebi. Tanve, miTi mas samyaros idumal erTanobas SeagrZnobinebs:

`ismis zvirTebis zaTqi, gangaSi, rogorc simRera argonavtelTa, agvistos Ramis cis kamaraSi zRva da xmeleTi isev gamTelda~ (tabiZe 1985: 129). Savi zRvis saxe ixateba leqsSi `medeas simRera~. aq mTavari tra-

gikuli medeaa, romelmac iazonis siyvaruls samSoblo anacvala. misi simRera moTqmaa, ufro zustad, zRvis xmaurian talRebSi poets me-deas ganwiruli xma Caesmis, amitomac xatavs aseT suraTs:

`Sua Ramea, Zrwis qariSxali,

zRva boboqari kvnesis, Rrialebs,

Cans, poseidon gannrisxebula


243

da adamis ZeT warRvnas uqadis~ (tabiZe 1985: 42). leqsi aris medeas monologi. `oblad STenili~ gulmokluli

qali zRvaSi sikvdils mieswrafis, raTa amgvarad daamTavros trage-dia, radgan cxovrebam `misi ltolvani ver daitia~.

paolo iaSvilisTvis zRva simboloa SemoqmedebiTi Tavisufle-

bisa:

`rogorc afris tkacuni movardnili zRvidan, iseTi vaJkacuri gaqroleba minda~ (iaSvili 2006: 72). tician tabiZisa da paolo iaSvilis SemoqmedebaSi, rogorc sa-

zogadod, cisferyanwelTa nawarmoebebSi, zRvisa da mdinaris simbo-lika erTmaneTs gadakveTs.

kolau nadiraZisTvisac zRva cocxali arsebaa, romelTan siax-love SemoqmedebiTi ZalebiT aRavsebs. leqsSi `dafiqreba zRvasTan~ poeti zRvis xmaurs galobasaviT ganicdis, amgvarad, zRvasTan siax-love mas amaRlebul fiqrebs aRuZravs, daafiqrebs yovelives warmav-lobaze, sakuTar arsebobaze. es fiqri mas sulis ufskrulSi Caaxe-debs da sakuTar araraobasac mwared SeagrZnobinebs. aq mas SiSic euf-leba, radgan grZnobs usazRvro samyaros winaSe Tavis ubadruk simci-res, Tanve ucnauri ZalmosilebiT iWreba mis sulSi sxivi sixaruli-

sa, zRvis talRaTa mZlavri mimoqcevebi, erTi mxriv ki Trgunaven, mag-ram, meore mxriv, `diadsa da mokamkame~ fiqrebsac aRuZraven. poets esmis zRvis ena da cdilobs Caswvdes mis azrTa dinebas.

leqsSi filosofiuri dafiqrebaa adamianis droSi arsebobis tkivilze, rac iwvevs skefsiss:

`sad aris is dro, ros varskvlavebs vapyrobdi Tvalebs

da netareba mefrqveoda ciT monaberi. carielia es simaRle, me rom mawvalebs

carielia da ar aris iq araferi~ (nadiraZe 2010: 46). zRva am leqsSi simboloa RvTaebrivisa, miuwvdomlisa, romelic

ubiZgebs iqiTken, `uzenaesSi rom eZios Tavis msgavseba~, amgvarad aRidginos xateba RvTisa, codviTdacemuls rom daukargavs:

`magram rac sufevs Cem gareSe _ CemSia isev... sikvdilic igiv sicocxlea, radgan fiqria! mxolod sad aris TviT sicocxlis dasabamisi? sad davdge locvad, Tu taZrisTvis ver mimignia?!~ (nadiraZe

2010: 46). leqsis lirikuli gmiri ganicdis gaorebas, es mas tanjavs. swo-

red am wuTebSi eufleba gancda imisa, rom `laJvardi matyuaraa~ da misi siRrme arafers malavs, rom `bgerebi nazi, surneleba, ferTa an-

maia jaliaSvili

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Teba~ moCveneba da sizmaria. Tumca, zRva misTvis iqceva dakarguli taZris navlad, radgan misi talRebis xma kvlavac galobasaviT Caes-mis da rogorc taZarSi, zRvis napirze, eufleba simSvidis gancda, radgan Seicnoba wuTisoflis kanonzomierebas:

`da Tu gaqroba aris xvedri yoveli arsis, Tu sawuTroman es marguna, viTa wyaloba _ movitan, zRvao, SenTan Cems guls, TasiviT avsils,

kaeSniT saves rom vismino Seni galoba!~ (nadiraZe 2010: 46). zRvis napiri poetisTvis simboloa, agreTve, samyaros Seqmnis

pirveli dReebisa, roca suli iqceoda wyalTa zeda: `me TiTqos wamiT amexsna Tvali

da is dRe vigrZen idumal ZaliT,

roca sicocxle pirvelad gaCnda... vxedavdi pirvel gaCenis dilas~ (nadiraZe 2010: 75). poeti warmosaxviT emsgavseba odisevss, zRvaTa sivrceebSi dan-

Tqmuli, aTasgvar xifaTs gadarCenili, saocari gznebiT rom mois-wrafoda Sinisaken. `Sin~ kolau nadiraZisTvis imis gacnobierebaa, Tu `vin aris, sidam mosula, sad aris, wava sadao~ (guramiSvili). leqsSi `ganTiadi zRvaze~ swored es gancdebia warmoCenili:

`xedav samyaros da yoveli feri da nivTi Semodis SenSi da poulobs sakuTar saxes. wamoweq zRvasTan, daisvene, igrZen da mixvdi, rom erTi wuTiT saswauli Sen mainc naxe~ (nadiraZe 2010: 92). zRvasTan siaxlove iwvevs poetis `gasxivosnebas~, es edareba er-

Tgvar eqstazs, rodesac fiqriT swvdeba sicocxlis sawyisebs: `vzivar zRvis piras, dro uxmod midis, mze darCa qvebze da bavSvis TmebSi... saRamovdeba. siCume didi, rogorc naTeli, Semodis CemSi~ (nadiraZe 2010: 67). sandro cirekiZis miniaturaSi `zRvaze~ daxatulia `qariS-

xliT damTvrali zRva~ _ igive cxovreba, romelic dasaRupavad miaqa-nebs patara navs, romelSic beds SeWidebuli adamianebi sxedan. isini TavgamodebiT cdiloben gadarCenas. Tumca ician: `arc maT navs uweria bedis wignSi maradiuli gzis galeva da moCvenebuli sinaTlis daWe-ra~ (cirekiZe 2010: 76).

miniaturaSi Cans dakarguli adamianebis tkivili. sayovelTao gaucxoebas daumkvidrebia adgili adamianTa gulebSi. RvTis, gadarCe-nis imedi aRar Cans, radgan RmerTi mokvda (nicSe), amitomac yovel-

gvari sinaTle iluziad, moCvenebad qceula, qveyanas ki `bneli, mZlav-

ri, Seubralebeli Caxutebia~ (cirekiZe 2010: 76). am zRvas ukve mra-vali umsxverplia: `am talRaTa gminva moCvenebis msxverplTa moT-


245

qmaa~. mware WeSmaritebaa, rom gamosavali ar arsebobs. aq XX sauku-nis sulieri krizisi mTeli simZafriT irekleba. am miniaturis gmi-ris sulsa, gulsa da gonebaSi dasadgurebul daRupvis eWvs mainc eb-rZvis warmosaxva, romelic realobaze, sinamdvileze aRmatebul sam-yaros qmnis _ axal ganzomilebas, sizmareuls, naocnebars, simbolis-

tTaTvis ase Cveulsa da maxlobels. amitomac cdilobs `simarTle momxibvleli zRapriT~ gaarTos. mas `cru netarebis sios alersi~ urCevnia mware, uxeS, gautanel realobasTan Seguebas. Tu realur samyaroSi maTi Tavganwirva amaod Caivlis da sicocxles gamoesalme-

bian, es mainc ar iqneba maTi dasasruli, radgan `qariSxali Cvens naR-vlian zRaparsac uambobs Tavganwirul mgzavrebs~. es, erT mxriv, sxvebs `siZneles gzisas~ gauadvilebs (baraTaSvili), meore mxriv, kidev erTxel warmoaCens `SeTxzuli~ samyaros upiratesobs, sadac yvela tkivils mxatvruli sityva dasZlevs da nebismier tanjvas es-Tetikur Rirebulebad gadaaqcevs.

sandro cirekiZis sxva miniaturaSi `patara mezRvaurebi~ zRva Seucnobel usasrulobas ganasaxierebs, romliskenac miiswrafvian adamianebi. bavSobaSi zRva mogzaurobis saocnebo sivrceebs gadauS-lis cnobiswadiliT SepyrobilT. rac unda boboqrobdes zRva, saSi-Sad da avad scemdnen talRebi, mainc yovelTvis arsebobs rwmena So-reuli kunZulisa, romelic zRvisgan gariyulebs Seifarebs. kunZu-li zRvaSi simboloa samoTxisa, romelic Soridan anaTebs da sikvdi-lis SiSs aqrobs. es kunZuli kargad `Cans~ bavSvobaSi, rodesac mzera dawmendilia da samyarosTan urTierToba uSualo. talRebTan brZo-laSi izrdeba da iwrToba adamiani, magram yvelas rodi SerCeba Zala gadarCenisa. miniaturaSi daxatulia, rogor iRupeba or patara mez-RvaurTagan erTi: `SiSma aitana oboli mezRvauri, akankalebul xel-

Si uWiravs niCabi. _ mec rom veRar gavcuro kunZulze? _ gauelva da gadabrunebul

navs gaxeda~ (cirekiZe 2010: 111). amgvarad, zRva, rogorc simbolo, cisferyanwelTa Semoqmedeba-

Si mravalferovani aspeqtiT warmoCnda. garda tradiciuli mniSvne-lobisa, man calkeul konteqstSi axali da originaluri Sinaarsi Se-iZina.

literatura

baqraZe 200: akaki baqraZe, miTologiuri engadi, gamomcemloba `neke-ri~, 2000

gafrindaSvili 1990: gafrindaSvili valerian, leqsebi, poema, Tar-gmanebi, eseebi, werilebi, mwerlis arqividan, gamocemlo-

ba `merani~, Tbilisi, 1990

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gegeWkori 1990: givi gegeWkori, franguli poezia, gamomcemloba `saqarTvelo~, Tbilisi, 1990

iaSvili 2006: paolo iaSvili, asi leqsi, gamomcemloba ìnteleq-

ti~, 2006 lotmani 2007: iuri lotmani, ~simbolo kulturis sistemaSi~, Jur-

nali `semiotika~, N1, Tbilisi, 2007 nadiraZe 2010: kolau nadiraZe, asi leqsi, gamomcemloba ìnteleq-

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robaqiZeE1989: robaqiZeE grigol, `gvelis perangi~, `falestra~, Tb. 1989

tabiZe 1985: tician tabiZe, leqsebi, poemebi, proza, werilebi, gamom-cemloba `merani~, Tb. 1985

cirekiZe 2010: cirekiZe sandro, raindTa landebi (miniaturebi, li-

teraturuli werilebi, Targmani, piradi werilebi), qu-Taisi, 2010

ramaz xalvaSi

andria mociqulis

misioneruli mogzaurobebi

SavizRvispireTsa da

saqarTveloSi

mociqulTa qadageba uZvelesi qristi-anuli centrebis prestiJs ganapirobebda, ris gamoc romis, aleqsandriis, antioqiisa da ierusalimis eklesiebis upiratesoba ni-keis msoflio saeklesio krebam (325 w.) gansazRvra. meore msoflio saeklesio kre-bam (381 w.) aRmosavluri qristianobis cen-trad konstantinopoli gamoacxada da sta-tusiT romis eklesias gautola: `kostan-tinopolisa episkopossa aqundin warCine-bulebaÁpativisa, swori hromisa episkopo-sisa, vinaÁTgan axali hromi ars igi~ (sju-liskanoni 1975: 261). konstantinopolis gaZlierebas mohyva misi episkoposebis aR-zeveba da amavdroulad aqtualoba SeiZina wm. andrias qadagebis SavizRvispirul-bal-

kanurma lokalizaciam, romelic mociqu-lis misionerul moRvaweobas konstanti-nopolis SemogarenTan akavSirebda.

apokrifebSi wm. andrias misioneruli mogzaurobebis Sesaxeb ori gansxvavebuli tradicia Camoyalibda. teqstebis erT na-wilSi mociqulis qadageba ukavSirdeba Sa-vizRvispireTis qveynebs, xolo meore na-wilSi – skviTeTs (esbroki 1974: 141; geor-gika I: 29-30; enciklopedia II: 372; Tamara-Svili 1995: 166; mimoslva 2008: 114-115; anania [jafariZe] 2009: 127-130).

saqarTvelo Sedioda wm. andrias qada-gebis orive ZiriTad marSrutSi (Saviz-

filologiis mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori, baTu-mis SoTa rusTavelis saxel-

mwifo universitetis qarTu-li filologiis departamen-tis xelmZRvaneli. ZiriTa-

di naSromebi: „tbel abuse-

risZis saxismetyveleba“, „tbel abuserisZis „galoba-

ni mwvalebelTa SeCuenebisa-ni“, „sveticxovlis saswau-li „ninos cxovrebis“ arqe-tipSi“, „asurel mamaTa hagi-ografiuli cikli (VII-

XVIII ss.)“, „xalxur-karna-

valuri elementebi hagiog-

rafiaSi“, „andria pirvelwo-

debulis qadageba saqarTve-loSi (Zveli qarTuli lite-

raturuli wyaroebisa da „axali qarTlis cxovrebis“ mixedviT)“, „sparsuli gav-

lenis SiSi „vefxistyaosan-Si“, „cxenTa Sejibrebis“ in-terteqsti qarTul poezia-Si“...

interesTa sfero: litera-

turaTmcodneoba, teqsto-

logia, semiotika.

ramaz xalvaSi

248

RvispireTi, skviTeTi), amitom ar aris gasakviri, rom sofroniusi (IV-V ss.), doroTeos tvireli (VI s.) da fsevdo-epifane kvipreli (VI-VII ss.) ufro akonkreteben wm. andrias qadagebis iberiul-kavka-

siur marSruts da adreul wyaroebSi naxsenebi sebastopolisisa (dRevandeli soxumi) da afsarosis (dRevandeli gonio) garda Se-aqvT: mdinare fazisi (Woroxi), kolxeTi (romelic Sida an meore eTi-opiad ixsenieba, afrikis eTiopiisagan gamijnvis mizniT), iberia, susa-nia (Zv. qarTuli – sosangeTi), fusta (Zv. qarTuli – fostafori) da alania (Zv. qarTuli – ovseTi).

dakvirveba cxadyofs, rom istoriul wyaroebSi andria mociqu-lis saqarTveloSi qadagebis marSruti droTa ganmavlobaSi icvle-

boda sxvadasxva politikuri faqtoris zegavleniT. am Tvalsazri-

siT, SeiZleba gamoiyos ramdenime etapi: 1) pirvel etaps qmnian adreuli periodis berZnul-romauli

teqstebi da maTi qarTuli Targmanebi. am drois ucxoel avtorebs wm. andrias misionerul marSrutSi SeaqvT saqarTveloSi arsebuli Zveli berZnuli axalSenebi da romauli samyaros strategiuli cen-trebi.

am periodis Zeglia qarTuli `mravalTavi~, romlis arqetipebi V-VI saukuneebiT TariRdeba. Cvenamde moaRwia am krebulis gviandel-

ma nusxebma. erT-erT maTganSi, `klarjul mravalTavSi~ (X s.), dacu-lia doroTeos tvirelis homilia àTormetTa mociqulTa mosaÃse-nebeli~, romelSic avtori wm. andrias qadagebas dasavleTi da sam-xreTi saqarTvelos geografiul punqtebs (sebastopolisi, afsa-relTa banaki, md. fazisi, eTiopia) ukavSirebs (mravalTavi 1991: 387).

2) VII-IX saukuneebis bizantiur literaturaSi Camoyalibda wm. andria mociqulis vrceli kanonikuri cxovrebani, romlebic apokri-fuli teqstebis gadamuSavebis Sedegad Seiqmna. maTgan yvelaze adre-ulia e. w. Narratio (VII s.). yvelaze meti popularoba ki moipova epi-fane monazvnis àndria pirvelwodebulis cxovrebam~, romelic 815-843 wlebs Sorisaa dawerili (enciklopedia II: 371).

epifane monazonma andria pirvelwodebulis qadageba, pavle mo-ciqulis mimosvlaTa analogiiT (saqme 13.1-14.28; 15.36-18.22; 18.23-21.17) sam mogzaurobad dayo da saqarTvelos qristianizaciis sa-kiTxs didi adgili dauTmo. `cxovrebis~ mixedviT, mociqulma iqadaga lazikis qalaq trapezuntSi, iberiaSi, fazisSi, susaniaSi, fustaSi da abazgiaSi – did sebastopolisSi (georgika IV: 58-59).

epifane monazvnis àndria pirvelwodebulis cxovrebis~ gadamu-Savebas warmoadgens nikita-daviT paflagonielis (†890) àndria mo-ciqulis mimoslva~, romelic qarTulad efTvime aTonelma Targmna 1011 wels. `mimoslvis~ teqstiT, andria pirvelwodebulma samive mi-

andria mociqulis misioneruli mogzaurobebi...

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sioneruli mogzaurobis dros iqadaga saqarTveloSi (marTalia, meo-re mogzaurobis dros – mxolod trapezuntSi, magram epifane monazv-nisa da nikita paflagonielis mixedviT, isic qarTvelTa, `lazTa qa-laqia~): pirveli mogzaurobis dros mociqulma “mravalni qalaqni da dabnebi pontoisani gananaTlna”, mivida trapezundSi (“sofelsa meg-relTasa”), Semdeg – “queyanasa qarTlisasa” da bolos parTiis gziT dabrunda ierusalimSi (mimosvla 2008: 174-175). meore mogzaurobis dros andria mociqulma moinaxula trapezundi (megrelTa qveyana) da “maTca Seiwynares qadagebaÁ mociqulisaÁ” (mimosvla 2008: 187). bo-lo, mesame mogzaurobis dros wm. andria simon kananelTan da mataTas-Tan erTad Semovida “queyanad qarTlisa da vidre mdinaredmde Woro-xisa”, sosangeTSi moaqcia dedakaci mTavari, iq mataTa datova da si-mon kananelTan erTad gadavida oseTsa da afxazeTSi. sevastiaSi (so-xumSi) is daSorda simonsac da jiqeTSi gadavida, sadac saswauleb-

rivad gadaurCa sikvdils (mimosvla 2008: 188-189). 3) XI saukunis meore naxevarSi leonti mrovelma mociqulTa qa-

dagebaze informacia saqarTvelos oficialur istoriaSi – `qar-Tlis cxovrebaSi~ Seitana da ZiriTadi aqcenti dasavleTi saqarTve-los (egris-afxazeTis) moqcevaze gadaitana. amasTanave, daazusta, rom `mimoslvaSi~ naxsenebi gamonaTqvami `vidre mdinaredmde Woroxi-sa~ gulisxmobs wm. andrias qadagebas `gzasa klarjeTisasa~ (qca I: 38, 42). analogiur azrs aviTarebs efrem mcire, romelic aRniSnavs, rom andria pirvelwodebulma iqadaga dasavleT saqarTveloSi – afxazeT-Si, xolo aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi – qarTlSi qristianoba iqadaga macxovris sxva mowafem – barTlomem (efrem mcire, 1959: 4).

4) calke etapad unda gamoiyos ruis-urbnisis saeklesio krebis `Zegliswera~ (1104 w.), romelSic wm. andrias qadagebis faqti mTel saqarTvelozea ganzogadebuli da aRniSnulia, rom mociqulma saxa-reba iqadaga `yovelsa queyanasa saqarTveloÁsasa~ (sjuliskanoni 1975: 545), riTac wm. andria cxaddeba sruliad saqarTvelos ganma-naTleblad da misi eklesiuri da politikuri erTianobis safuZ-vlad.

5) leonti mroveliseuli tradicia (Sdr.: `warvida gzasa klar-

jeTisasa~) ganaviTara arsen berma, romelic `ninos cxovrebis~ me-tafrasul redaqciaSi sityvasityviT misdevs `mimoslvis~ efTvimese-ul Targmans da damatebiT aRniSnavs, rom mociqulma iqadaga nigalis provinciaSi. nigali iseve, rogorc klarjeTi, Woroxis auzis qveya-naa. magram am SemTxvevaSi avtors sxva argumentic aqvs. nigali teq-stSi `mimoslviseuli~ Woroxis (`vidre mdinaredmde Woroxisa~) ad-gils ki ar ikavebs, aramed cvlis pirvelwyaros sosangeTs (xalvaSi 2009: 203).

ramaz xalvaSi

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6) wm. andria mociqulis saqarTveloSi qadagebasTan dakavSire-biT ramdenadme gansxvavebul tradicias Cauyara safuZveli ioane an-Celma (rkinaelma), romelmac Tamaris zeobis dros dawera himnogra-fiuli kanoni `galobani anCis xatisani”. sagaloblis mixedviT, wm. andria saqarTveloSi hierapolisidan Semovida da anCaSi macxovris xati SemoabrZana (sulava, 2003:298-299). wm. andrias qadageba `uRaRTa RadoTa klarjeTisaTa” exmianeba mociqulis misioneruli marSrutis leonti mroveliseul lokalizacias `gzasa klarjeTi-

sasa”. 7) XIII-XV saukuneebSi Seiqmna `mimoslvis~ qarTuli redaqcia.

igi sruli saxiT A-161 xelnawerSia warmodgenili (mimosvla 2008: 129-133). am redaqciis avtori Tanamedroveobis gadasaxedidan „kiT-xulobs~ istoriul dokuments, iTvaliswinebs literaturul tra-dicias da `mimoslvis~ efTvimeseul TargmanSi Seaqvs istoriul-ge-

ografiuli Sinaarsis glosebi, romelTa umravlesoba wm. andrias mi-sionerul mogzaurobebSi mesxeTis farTo planiT warmoCenas isaxavs miznad. Woroxis auzTan (tao-klarjeTi-nigali) erTad glosebSi Cndeba mtkvris auzis qveynebi artaani da kola. rogorc cnobilia, `mimoslvis~ teqstSi mxolod mdinare Woroxia naxsenebi (xalvaSi 2009: 205-209).

8) Semdgom etaps qmnis mesxuri gadmocema, romelic literatu-

rulad yvaryvare da mzeWabuk aTabagebis karnaxiTa da uSualo monawi-leobiT gaformda (1486-1515). es Zegli wm. andrias misioneruli mog-zaurobebis mesxur marSruts ormxriv ganavrcobs: Woroxis auzis qveynebSi damatebiT asaxelebs aWaras, xolo mtkvris auzis qveynebSi – samcxes. gadmocemaSi `mimoslvis~ efTvimeseuli Targmani tenden-ciurad, separatistuli suliskveTebiTaa gadamuSavebuli. wm. andri-as qadageba da mis mier pirveli qarTveli episkoposis xeldasxma da-kavSirebulia samcxe-saaTabagos saeklesio centrTan – awyurTan, ri-Tac xazgasmulia saeklesio damoukideblobis mosurne mesxeTis ek-lesiis `samociqulo~ xasiaTi (xalvaSi 2009: 206-209).

mesxuri gadmocemis pirveli literaturuli varianti fiqsir-deba manuel ritoris (1460-1550 ww.) berZnul TxzulebaSi `Txroba awyuris xatsa da saswaulebze~, romelic 1500-1504 wlebSia daweri-li konstantinopolis patriarqis ioakime I-is (1498-1502, 1504 ww.) dakveTiT. ioakime I-ma 1500-1501 wlebSi imogzaura samcxe-saaTabago-Si saxsrebis mozidvis mizniT da aTabagebis ojaxisgan didi saboZvari miiRo. aqedan gamomdinare, niSandoblivia, rom `Txroba~ maT mimarT madlierebis gamoxatvas isaxavs miznad.

manuelis `Txroba~ awyuris xatis vrcel matianes warmoadgens da Sedgeba oTxi ZiriTadi nawilisagan: a) mesxuri gadmocema wm. an-


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drias aWarasa da samcxeSi qadagebis Sesaxeb; b) herakle keisris dro-indeli qronika; g) xatis datyveveba uzun-hasanis mier (1477 w.); d) xatis datyveveba iayub yaenis mier.

sagulisxmoa, rom awyuris xatis matianis qarTuli versia frag-mentebad daunawilebiaT da XVIII saukunis 60-ian wlebSi CanarTebis saxiT SeutaniaT `axali qarTlis cxovrebis~ Sesabamis qronologi-

ur monakveTebSi: a) mesxuri gadmocema – aderki mefis qronikaSi (qca I: 39-42); b) herakle keisris droindeli qronika – `vaxtang gorgas-lis cxovrebaSi~ (qca I: 224); g) uzun-hasanisa da iayub yaenis mier xa-tis datyvevebis saswaulebi – sakuTriv `axal qarTlis cxovrebaSi~ (qca II: 480-481; 482-486).

mesxuri gadmocemis berZnuli da qarTuli versiebi SinaarsiTa da struqturiT msgavsi teqstebia. es arcaa gasakviri, radgan manue-lis Txzulebas awyuris xatis matianis berZnuli Targmani udevs sa-fuZvlad. Tumca maT Soris gansxvavebebic iCens Tavs: a) gadmocemis Sesaval nawilSi manueli aRniSnavs, rom awyuris xati luka maxare-belma dawera (qarTul versiis mixedviT ki, xati xelTuqmnelia); b) berZnul versiaSi aWaraSi qadagebazea saubari, qarTul versiaSi – didaWaraSi qadagebaze; g) berZnuli versiis mixedviT, awyuris xats gaaCnda ori asli, romelTagan pirvelis adgilsamyofeli aWaraa, xo-lo meoris – Satberdi da a. S.

gansxvavebebia mesxuri gadmocemis daskvniT nawilSic. qarTul versiaSi mokled aris aRniSnuli, rom wm. andria awyuridan `waremar-Ta sxuaTaca adgilTa qadagebad saxarebisa~ (qca I: 42). berZnul ver-siaSi ki aRniSnulia, rom awyuridan wasuli `mociquli miiwia adgi-lad, romelsac Rrma (Βαθύ) ewodeba, sadac aris navsadguri (havani), iqidan wavida sebastopolisSi da qadagebiT ganvlo samegrelo, afxa-zeTi, savromatia, sugdea da guTeTi, gadascura ponto da mopirdapi-re sanapiroze bizantionSi Cavida. aq episkoposad staqe daadgina, sa-mocdaaT mociqulTagan erT-erTi, da Trakiis herakliisken gaemarTa. iq man xeli daasxa episkopos apeless, imave samocdaaTTagan erT-erTs, ganvlo mTeli rumineTi da SeCerda peloponesSi, sadac, aqaiis patra-Si, anTipatma egeatma sikvdiliT dasaja, jvarze, TaviT qvemoT. ase-Tia, mokled, moTxroba wminda mociqulze~.

samarTlianad aRniSnavs r. bartikiani, rom berZnuli teqstis Βαθύ-Si baTumi igulisxmeba (bartikiani 1987: 76). saxelwodeba Βαθύς berZnul literaturaSi pliniusisa da arianes droidan gvxvdeba da gadmogvcems adgilobriv toponims (baT-om-i). berZnebs es saxelwodeba gaazrebuli aqvT, rogorc berZnuli Βαθύς – `Rrma~. am-gvar mniSvnelobas Seesabameba baTumis laTinuri saxelwodeba Portus altus (georgika II: 22). sagulisxmoa, rom XV saukunis bizantieli is-

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torikosi laonike xarkokondile, manuel ritoris msgavsad, baTums Βαθύ-d ixseniebs (georgika VIII: 91).

amrigad, manuelis `Txrobis~ mixedviT, wm. andria awyuridan ba-TumSi Cavida: `miiwia adgilad, romelsac baTumi (Βαθύ) ewodeba, sa-dac aris navsadguri (havani)~ da iqidan sebastopolisSi, anu cxumSi gaemgzavra.

baTumi wm. andrias qadagebis marSrutSi mxolod manuel rito-ris teqstSi gvxvdeba. es niSandoblivicaa, radgan baTumis navsadgur-ma (`havanma~) saerTaSoriso funqcia gvian, XII saukunidan, SeiZina, roca wina aziis saxmeleTo gzebze Turq-selCukebi gabatondnen da msoflio satranzito gzebma saqarTveloSi gadmoinacvla. `abreSu-mis gzis~ erTi Sto am dros baTumze, aWarasa da samcxeze gadioda (be-raZe 1981: 167).

mesxuri gadmocemis qarTuli versiis mixedviTac, wm. andria pir-velwodebuli swored am gzas mihyveba da samcxeSi (awyurSi) aWari-dan (didaWaridan) gadadis. cxadia, ioakime konstantinopoleli pat-riarqis dros saxmeleTo gzis es monakveTi baTumis havanze gadioda da swored amgvari warmodgena aisaxa manuel ritoris TxzulebaSi.

9) `mimoslvis~ gansxvavebuli redaqcia Semogvinaxa `qarTlis cxovrebis~ urbnulma nusxam, romelic gverds uvlis mociqulis mes-xeTSi qadagebas, samagierod, ganavrcobs qarTlisadmi miZRvnil mo-nakveTs. urbnul redaqciaSi dadasturebuli tendencia ganaviTara Teimuraz batoniSvilma, romelmac `iveriis istoriaSi~ kidev ufro daakonkreta wm. andrias qadagebis marSruti da masSi Seitana: mcxeTa, gremi da stefanwminda. garda amisa, mTlianad Secvala mesxuri gadmo-cemis geografia da awyuris magivroba biWvinTas daakisra: `xolo odes miiqca mociquli andria iveriad, xati igi dedisa RuTisa vedre-biTa muneburTa erTaTa dauteva mun biWvintas; xolo biWvintisa Ru-Tis-mSoblisa xati, romelica asvenies awca quemosa saqarTvelosa Sina, maxlobelad quTaisis qalaqisa, monastersa samitropolitos genaTlias (ese igi gelaTs), romelica ars friad mravliTa simdid-riTa Semkul Rirs saxsovarisa mefisa bagrat meoTxisagan, sruliad iveriis TÂT-mpyrobelisa, daviTian-bagratovanisa, ityvian mas xatsa, romel igi ars romelica mociqulman andria moasvena TÂT da anu ars igi ueWvelad originali xatisa misgan gardamoxatuli~ (Teimuraz batoniSvili 1848: 145-146). ase rom, qarTuli qristianobis uZvele-

si centri – biWvinTa wm. andrias misionerul marSrutSi gvian (XIX s.-Si) Seitanes.

amgvarad, wm. andrias SavizRvispireTsa da saqarTveloSi qadage-baze adreuli periodis berZnul-romauli teqstebi mogviTxroben. VII-IX saukuneebSi Camoyalibda wm. andrias cxovrebis kanonikuri re-


253

daqciebi. XI saukunidan iqmneboda wm. andrias cxovrebis adgilobri-

vi, qarTuli, redaqciebi, romelTa Camoyalibebaze zegavlenas axden-da sxvadasxva istoriul-politikuri faqtori. wm. andrias sazRvao marSruti ki Savi zRvis garda moicavda xmelTaSua, egeosis, marmari-losa da yirimis zRvebs, amitom ar aris gasakviri, rom igi qristia-nul tradiciaSi mezRvaurebis mfarvelad iTvleba.

literatura

1. anania [jafariZe] 2009: anania [jafariZe], saqarTvelos samociqu-lo eklesiis istoria, Tb., 2009.

2. arsen beri 1971: arsen beri, ninos cxovreba // Zveli qarTuli agi-ografiuli literaturis Zeglebi, III (metafrasuli re-daqciebi XI-XIII ss.), Tb., 1971.

3. bartikiani 1987: Бартикян Р., Приписываемый Мануилу, Великому ритору Константинопольской патриархии (1-я пол. XVI в.), Панегирик государям Самцхе-Саатабаго Кваркваре II, Каихосро и Мзечабуку // Tbilisis saxel-

mwifo universitetis Sromebi, 266, istoria, arqeolo-

gia, xelovnebaTmcodneoba, eTnografia, Tb., 1987. 4. beraZe 1981: beraZe T., zRvaosnoba Zvel saqarTveloSi, Tb., 1981. 5. georgika I: georgika, t. I, berZnuli teqsti qarTuli Targmani-

TurT gamosces da ganmartebebi daurTes al. gamyreliZem da s. yauxCiSvilma, Tb., 1961.

6. georgika II: georgika, t. I, berZnuli teqsti qarTuli Targmani-TurT gamosces da ganmartebebi daurTes al. gamyreliZem da s. yauxCiSvilma, Tb., 1965.

7. georgika IV: georgika, t. IV1-2, berZnuli teqsti qarTuli Tar-gmaniTurT gamosca da ganmartebebi daurTo s. yauxCiS-vilma, Tb., 1941, 1952.

8. georgika VIII: georgika, t. VIII, berZnuli teqsti qarTuli Tar-gmaniTurT gamosca da ganmartebebi daurTo s. yauxCiS-vilma, Tb., 1970.

9. enciklopedia II: Православная Энциклопедия. Т. 2. Москва, 2000.

10. esbroki 1974: Esbroeck M., L’assomption de la vierge dans un transitus Pseudo-Basilien // Analecta Bollandiana 92, 1974.

11. efrem mcire 1959: efrem mcire, uwyebaÁ mizezsa qarTvelTa moqce-visasa, Tu romelTa wignTa Sina moiÃsenebis, T. bregaZis gamocema, Tb., 1959.

12. TamaraSvili 1995: TamaraSvili m., qarTuli eklesia dasabamidan

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dRemde, Tb., 1995. 13. Teimuraz batoniSvili 1848: Teimuraz batoniSvili, istoria

dawyebiTgan iveriisa, sanktpeterburRi, 1848. 14. mimoslva 2008: mimoslva andria mociqulisa, Zveli qarTuli

Targmanis teqsti gamosacemad moamzada da gamokvleva da-urTo m. kobiaSvilma, Tb., 2008.

15. mravalTavi 1991: klarjuli mravalTavi, T. mgalobliSvilis ga-mocema, Tb., 1991.

16. sulava 2003: sulava n., XII-XIII saukuneebis qarTuli himnogra-fia, Tb., 2003.

17. sjuliskanoni 1975: didi sjuliskanoni, gamosacemad moamzades e. gabiZaSvilma, e. giunaSvilma, m. dolaqiZem, g. ninuam, Tb., 1975.

18. qca I: qarTlis cxovreba, I, s. yauxCiSvilis gamocema, Tb., 1955 19. qca II: qarTlis cxovreba, II, s. yauxCiSvilis gamocema, Tb.,

1959

20. xalvaSi 2009: xalvaSi r., andria pirvelwodebulis qadageba

saqarTveloSi (Zveli qarTuli literaturuli wya-

roebisa da `axali qarTlis cxovrebis~ mixedviT) //

gonio-afsarosi, VIII, baTumi, 2009.

gia joxaZe

koncepti zRva qarTul Suasaukuneobriv narativSi

(,,qarTlis cxovreba” IV-XV ss.)

damoukidebeli saqarTvelos erT-erTi me-

saWe grigol lorTqifaniZe 1925 wels

Tavis `politikur anderZSi~ werda:

Sav zRvas unda SeveCvioT da davuZmobil-

deT; droa, viswavloT curva, Torem saka-

cobrio kulturam gaiara samdinaro, saz-

Rvao, saokeano kulturis periodebi da ki-

naRam sahaero okeanis stadiaSi gadadis, da

Cven ki, ase vTqvaT, paliastomis epoqaSic ki

ar SevsulvarT, mgoni...

miT umetes unda davumegobrdeT zRvas, rom

CvenTvis didi xania, gadawyvetilia erTi

ZiriTadi sakiTxi _ kulturuli orienta-

cia evropaze.

am qveTavs erqva `qarTveli da zRva~, ro-

melSic avtori SeniSnavda, rom qarTvels

erTgvarad mistikurad eSinia zRvisa; rom

es istoriul-politikuri mizezebiT Se-

pirobebuli e.w. `antizRvuri inerciaa~,

da a.S. (lorTqifaniZe, 1995:272-273).

grigol lorTqifaniZe 1937 wels moaS-

Tes. moaSTes am fiqrianad.

magram mofiqrali adamianebi yovelTvis

brundebian. umetesad _ furclis meSveo-

biT.

xandaxan dro, Tavis usasrulo mdinareba-

Si, TiTqmis ucvlelad imeorebs saganTa

erTnair mdgomareobas. `maradi dabrune-

istoriis mecnierebaTa doq-tori, ilias saxelmwifo universitetis samagistro

da sadoqtoro fakultetis profesori. SedarebiTi li-

teraturaTmcodneobis in-

stitutis mkvlevari.

ZiriTadi naSromebi: „XIII-XIV saukuneebis sa-

qarTvelos istoriidan“, „avgustineseuli providen-cializmi da JamTaaRmwer-

lis religiuri msoflmxed-

veloba” ,„istoriuli essee-bi“, „iosif brodski. mSveni-eri epoqis dasasruli, „ada-mianis saxaistoria. istori-uli anTropologiis Sesava-li“. interesTa sfero: eklesi-

isa da religiis istoria, istoriuli anTropologiis problemebi, literaturaT-

mcodneoba, amerikanistika.

gia joxaZe

256

bis~ konceptiT datvifruli azri xelaxla iwyebs sunTqvas axali

ganmcdelis gulsa da gonebaSi.

magaliTad, merab mamardaSvili, jer kidev 1990 wlis noemberSi,

afxazebTan daZabuli urTierTobis gaanalizebisas ambobda: `kon-

fliqtis mizezi, moskovis intrigebTan erTad, isic aris, rom `Sa-

vi zRvis sanapiro warTmeulia. saqarTvelos mosaxleobas ar ekuT-

vniso~... da sworedac, politikur-ekonomikuri (am SemTxvevaSi (an

iqneb, saerTodac!) politika ekonomikacaa da _ piriqiT!, g.j.) sis-

temis gamo!

es gulisxmobda korporaciul struqturas, romelic saqarTve-

los moqalaqes afxazeTis SavizRvispireTSi Casasvlelad moskovis

gavlas sTxovda. yvela rusul uwyebas Tu saministros aq Tavisi

dasasvenebeli saxlebi, Tavisi e.w. Sinagani baRebi hqonda, romleb-

Sic TavianTsave TanamSromlebs asaqmebdnen. ase iqmneboda saqarTve-

los SigniT _ saxelmwifo saxelmwifoSi, romelic dakavSirebuli

iyo iqaur `afxaz aznaurobasTan~.

`ver warmoidgenT, ramxela mniSvneloba aqvs nebismieri didi Tu patara ru-

si `naCalnikis~ TvalSi zRvas _ sZinavs da zRva esizmreba~, _ ganagrZobs

filosofosi da ixsenebs misive yuriT gagonil klasikur gamoT-

qmas: `es ra kargi miwa Caigdes xelSi qarTvelebma!~ zemonaxsenebi `naCalni-

ki~, raki zRvaze wavida, bunebrivia, am zRvas Tavisad miiCnevs, Cven ki, Turme,

raRac eSmakobiT gvigdia xelT, romelzec ukve amdeni aTasi welia, vcxov-

robT... cxadia, amas qarTulma saxelmwifom unda mouaros! _ daaskvnis ma-

mardaSvili (mamardaSvili, 1992:12-13).

am bolo xans internetsivrcem ori Tvalsazrisi warmoaCina:

pirveli.

qarTvelebs arasodes gvyolia floti. Savi zRva ar gviCenda masSi Securvis

survils. amitomac davarqviT mas zRva _ zRvari. zRvis gadasacurad saWiro

mizezi ar gvqonda da sxv.

(leqso maWavariani, vin gadacuravs zRvas?)

meore.

zemoTqmuli politikurma motivma Seapiroba: qarTvelebs ar unda gasCeno-

daT survili zRvis gavliT moxvedriliyvnen evropaSi, es ruseTsa da sam-

xedro gzaze gavliT unda momxdariyo da sxv.

(gigi TevzaZe, qarTveli da zRva).

Tavs davizRvevT da, vityviT, rom `zRvis~ koncepti arasodes gam-

xdara qarTuli istoriuli mecnierebis msjelobis sagani (Tu ar

CavTvliT T. beraZis naSroms zRvaosnobaze, romelsac qvemoT Seve-

xebiT).

koncepti zRva qarTul Suasaukunoebriv narativSi

257

es gasakviri ar aris. mxolod samwuxaroa. qarTuli mentalobis

Zireul kategoriaTa gamaanalizebeli TiTo-orola naSromic xom

sul ramdenime welia, krTis samecniero mimoqcevaSi!

zRvis konceptis ugulebelyofa miT ufro aRar gagvakvirvebs, ro-

ca xmelTaSua zRvasa da mis samyaroze brwyinvale wignis avtors,

fernan brodels movusmenT:

zRva, rogorsac vxedavT da rogoric gviyvars, TviTon gviambobs Tavis war-

sulze _ es erTaderTi daskvnaa, romelic sorbonas geografiis profesor-

Tagan aviTvise. miT ufro, rom es gmiri (am SemTxvevaSi brodeli istoriul

gmirad zRvas gulisxmobs, g.j.) rTuli, veeba da araordinarulia. is ver

Tavsdeba Cveul CarCoebSi. istoriis weris Cveuli stili _ `mavani daibada

ama da am wels~ _ ar gvargia... misi samyaro mouzRudavia, misi moxazuloba _

gadarecxili...

magram brodeli amasac ambobs:

vai im istorikoss, romelsac hgonia, rom es mtkivneuli sakiTxi mas ar exe-

ba, rom zRvas, rogorc istoriul personaJs, gansazRvra ar esaWiroeba...

(brodeli, 2002:16).

rom ara respeqtabeluri diskusiis molodini, vityodiT, rom swo-

red brodelis Serisxvis Tavidan asacileblad gadavwyviteT, ase

vTqvaT, `dagvezvera~ zRva Suasaukuneobriv qarTul istoriul na-

rativSi _ kerZod, `qarTlis cxovrebaSi~. qronologiur mijnadac

Sua saukuneebis dasazRvrisadmi yvelaze skeptikurad ganwyobil

istorikosTa versia gamoviyeneT: IV-XV saukuneebi da im daskvnam-de mivediT, rom internetzRvaSi `mcuravi~ orive Tvalsazrisi ax-

losaa simarTlesTan, Tumc maT sxvadasxva naratiuli safuZveli

aqvT (an _ piriqiT, miSel fukosamebr, am narativebs garkveuli menta-

loba esafuZvleba).

vecdebiT am debulebis dadasturebas, oRond manamde, gadavxedoT,

ras gviamboben IV saukunemdeli da XV saukunisSemdgomi wyaroebi.

profesori Tamaz beraZe, berZen avtorTa cnobebze dayrdnobiT,

mogviTxrobs:

berZnebs Savi zRvisTvis `avqsinus ponto~ _ arastumarTmoyvare zRva Seur-

qmeviaT imis gamo, rom cudad icnobdnen. isic davumatoT, rom `mRelvarebisa

da irgvliv mcxovrebi veluri tomebis gamo~ masze naosnobac did siZneleeb-

Tan iyo dakavSirebuli, magram jer kidev apolonios rodoseli axsenebda

egrisis mravalricxovan flots (beraZe, 1981:3-5;64).

profesorebi manana sanaZe da Tamaz beraZe miiCneven, rom

gia joxaZe

258

egrisisa da saberZneTis navsadgurebs Soris mudmivi mimosvla damyarda.

kolxeTis sazRvao vaWroba msoflio sazRvao aReb-micemobis Semadgenel na-

wilad iqca da... Savi zRvis aseTma mniSvnelobam aq qalaqebic warmoSva (bera-

Ze, sanaZe, 2003:49;72).

daaxloebiT amgvarsave suraTs vxedavT XV saukunis momdevno xa-

naSic.

batoniSvili vaxuSti wers, rom Wanebi àrian xelovanni ... SenebiTa nav-

TaTa, didTa da mcireTa~; egrni `rionze vlenan navebiTa zRvidam baJamde~;

anakofiaSi àrian navsadgurni. modgebian navni da vaWroben~; afxazni arian

`zRuaTa Sina mavalni oleWkandarebiTa, romelTa Sina STasxdebian, da uxde-

bian osmalTa navTa da laz-WanTa da ufrosad odiS-guriasa. Tu brZolasa

Sina mdedrni, mal-momdrekni arian, zRuasa Sina magarni da Zlierni~ (bato-

niSvili vaxuSti, 1973:690; 747; 783; 785-786).

frangi mogzauri da indoeTTan vaWrobis pioneri Jan baptist ta-

vernie (1605-1689) SeniSnavs:

Savi zRva, iseve, rogorc mTeli misi istoriis ganmavlobaSi, mniSvnelovani

ekonomikuri zonaa. aris produqtebi, romlebic TiTqmis adgilzeve iwarmo-

eba: xmeli Tevzi, axali dawuruli xizilala ruseTis mdinareebidan, xe-tye,

aucilebeli TurqeTis flotisaTvis, rkina samegrelodan... samegrelo yo-

velTvis karg damokidebulebaSia TurqeTTan, radgan foladisa da rkinis

didi nawili, romelsac TurqeTi didi odenobiT moixmars, samegrelodan Sa-

vi zRvis gavliT Semodis...

produqtTa CamonaTvali grZeldeba:

matyli, romelic varnaSi miaqvT da iq tvirTaven; aseve, tyavi, romliTac di-

di gemebi itvirTeba; xorbali, romelsac konstantinopolSi Seisyidian...

aris satranzito saqoneli, romelic gankuTvnilia Sua aziisa da sparseTi-

saTvis;

pier beloni, igive belon diu mani, frangi naturalisti da mogza-

uri (1517-1564) aRniSnavs,

karaqi konstantinopolSi àxali, Zroxisa da xaris jerac gamouyvaneli

tyaviT gadaaqvTo...~ (brodeli 2002;152-154).

im teqstSi, Cven rom sakvlevad avirCieT, suraTi ramdenadme gan-

sxvavebulia. marTalia, aq TiTqmis yovel meore furcelze xmau-

robs zRva da, brodskis gamoTqmis parafrazi rom movaxdinoT, pir-

dapir recxavs teqstis arqipelags, magram is ufro fonia, antura-

Ji, vidre _ personaJi.

davakvirdeT:

zRva sazRvaria da geografiuli orientiri da, aq qarTuli teq-

sti, cxadia, gamonaklisi ar aris. yvelgan, yovelTvis da yvelas-

Tvis ase iyo. zRvis bunebrivi mdgomareoba da mdebareoba Tavadac

uwyobda xels, sazRvrad yofiliyo gamoyenebuli. am debulebas


259

pirdapir exmianeba prokopi kesarielis Txzulebis erTi pasaJi:

`lazikaSi miwa yvelgan zRvidanaa wamoCrili. Semoqmeds aq zRvisTvis saz-

Rvari daudgenia, radgan aq zRva Tavis napirebs exeTqeba, verc win miiwevs,

verc ufro maRla aWras axerxebs. ukan ixevs da Tavis adgils ubrundeba. is

icavs miCenil sazRvars, TiTqos raRac kanonis eSinodes, miT izRudavdes

Tavs da cdilobdes, dadgenil pirobebs ar gadavuxvioo (georgika

1965:142-143).

`qarTlis cxovrebiT~ ki es dgindeba:

jer kidev farnavazma qujis misca qveyana `zRviTgan mTamde~, oZrxis eris-

Tavs ganusazRvra miwa-wyali `nostis TaviTgan zRuamdis~, klarjeTis eris-

Tavs _ àrsianiTgan zRuamde~; varaz-baqaris mefobaSi berZnebma daipyres

mTeli klarjeTi `zRviTgan arsianTamde~; roca miriani sparsTa mefes Sehyva

saberZneTSi da daamarcxes berZnebi, `mieriTgan miiRes sazRvari ese berZenTa

Cuen qarTvelTagan, aRmosavaliT zRvisa amis~; vaxtang gorgaslis zeobaSi

`gamoikiTxa keisarman sazRvari saberZneTisa, queyana zRvis pirisa, romel

ars afxazeTi da dauwesa sazRvari~;

sparseTis Sahi eubneba vaxtangs: `Sen uwyi, rameTu zRvasa moRmarT Cueni ars

sazRvari, ganyofili noesiTgan~ (Tu gansakuTrebul pedantobad ar Camog-

verTmeva, vityviT, rom es azri `gvagzavnis~ bibliasTan (dabadeba, 8-10) da

kerZod, miemarTeba qamis Ze quSs, mis Zes _ nebroTs da misdami boZebul qvey-

nebs, g.j.); mirdatma daipyro miwa-wyali `faravnidgan da tasiskariTgan vid-

re zRuamde sperisa da erisTavobda mun~; Tamarma xelT ipyra miwa-wyali

`zRviT pontosiT zRuadmde gurganisad~; TviT formulac ki `nikofsiidan

darubandamde~, cxadia, or _ Savsa da kaspiis _ zRvas gulisxmobs! (qar-

Tlis cxovreba 1955:24; 137; 160;205; qarTlis cxovreba 1959:34).

qarTvelis mentalobisaTvis bunebrivia zRvasTan dakavSirebuli,

ZiriTadad _ toposisa da xelobis aRmniSvneli terminebi:

`zRuis kide~ _ vaxtang gorgaslis pontoSi laSqrobisas dasaxelebulia

didi qalaqi, romelic zRvis kideSi mdgara; berZen-sparsTa omisas qarTve-

lebi èwyvnes ... zRvis kidesa mas, romel ars Walaki, riye xerTvisisa~;

`zRuis piri~ _ afxazeTi zRvispira qveynad saxelideba; berZnebma herakle

keisris (575-641) moTaveobiT `wariRes sazRvari qarTlisa speri da bolo

klarjeTisa, zRvis piri...~; murvan yrum zRvis piri Cavlo; bizantiidan moma-

val bagrat IV-s laSqari xvdeba àfxazeTis zRvis pirsa, xufaTs~ (trapi-

zonsa da rizes Soris, g.j.);

`zRuis yure~ _ egross misces queyana zRvis yurisa; baTumsa da dRevandel

axal aTons Soris moqceul Savi zRvis aRmosavleT nawils zRvis yures

uwodebdnen (qarTlis cxovreba 1955:160;173; 177; 226; 239;304; 5; be-

raZe 1981:8)

gia joxaZe

260

aseve cnobilia `zRvis kari~, `klde zRvisa~, `kbode~, srute, kun-

Zuli anu xerTvisi, navi da misi saxe-cvlilebani (barka, oleWkan-

dari), menave, menaveTmoZRvari, navsadguri...

giorgi rusi `STasves navsa Sina~ an meoregan: `...Casmuli naviTa

zRuad miiwia konstantinepoled~ (qarTlis cxovreba 1959:75).

XI s. ucnobi sparsi avtori `Sav zRvas~ qarTvelTa zRvas uwo-

debs; sxvaTa Soris, `kolxike Talasas~ anu kolxTa zRvas uwodeb-

da Sav zRvas straboni;

XI s. erTi sparsi geografosi Sav zRvas `darie lazik~- is anu

lazikis zRvis saxeliT moixseniebda (beraZe 1981:6-8).

ivane javaxiSvili sagangebodac ki msjelobda zemomoxmobil ter-

minebze (javaxiSvili 1983:21-22).

rogorc mosalodneli iyo, zRva da masTan dakavSirebuli sityvebi

teqstSi metaforuli mniSvnelobiTac gamoiyeneba da ZiriTadad,

aRniSnavs:

_ stiqias, saRvTo risxvis instruments _ wm. ninos locvis Sedegad dale-

wil kerpTa Semyure xalxi ambobda, qaldevelTa RmerTi iTrujani (atroSa-

ni) da armazi mtrebi arian. armazma erTxel masze zRva moaqcia. aw iTrujanma

Suri iZia, setyva moavlina da kerpebi daamsxvriao.

_ xelmwifobas anu yovlismpyroblobas _ daviT aRmaSeneblis RvTiscxebu-

lobis dasadastureblad gamoyenebulia bibliuri daviTis analogia, rac

ilustrirdeba fragmentiT 88-e fsalmunidan: `davsdva zRuasa zeda xeli

misi da mdinareTa zeda marjuene misi~, rac Tanamedrove qarTulze ase

JRers: `zRvas gadavawvden mis xels da mdinareebs _ mis marjvenas~.

_ wuTisofels, rogorc saaqaos, sacTurTa da amaoebaTa navsayudels _ da-

viT aRmaSenebeli yovladSemkulia: `esreT ra aRsavse iyo navi ufasoTgan

tvirTTa saTnoebisaTa, da arRara SemZlebel warsvlad RadirTa~. am frag-

mentidan erTi ram cxadia: daviTi hgavs saTnoebis Seufasebeli tvirTiT

datvirTul (gvepatios tavtologia! g.j.) navs. meore winadadebaSi naxmaria

sityva `Radiri~, romelsac sulxan-saba ganmartavs, rogorc `qeds gorakaTa

warziduls~. navi, ragind saTnoebiT ar iyos datvirTuli, gorakis qedisken

verafriT wava da mematianec, albaT, ar ityoda, `arRara SemZlebel war-

svlad RadirTao~. es isedac cxadia. iqneb `RadirSi~ igulisxmeba `Rado~,

romelsac leqsikografi `zRvis Relvis nCqrevad~ xsnis. Tu es varaudi si-

marTlesTan axlosaa, gasagebi xdeba, rom daviTi saTnoebaTagan ise savse iyo,

rom zRvis Relva _ sacTuri, boroteba... _ Tavisken verafriT miizidavda. Ca-

viniSnoT, rom zRvis Relva aq uaryofiTi konotaciisaa da aRar gagvakvir-

vebs mematianis Sedareba: brZeni mefe gonier menavesa hgavs, romelic iswra-

fis datvirTuli navis navsadgurSi Sesayvanad, `raTa arara evnos soflisa

amis mRelvarisa zRvisagan~;

vaxuStis azriTac, adamians codna `moacurvebs zRuasa zeda da axilvebs mas

Sina sruliadsa~.


261

_ samefos _ daviTis qvelma saqmeebma aRavses zRua da xmeli; Tamari patro-

nia xmelTa da zRvisaTa (`patronman xmelTa da zRvisaman...~)

teqstSi gvxvdeba bibliuri metaforikiT nasazrdoebi gamoTqma

`qviSa zRvisa~. gavixsenoT, ras eubneba ufali abraams:

kurTxeviT gakurTxeb da gimravleb STamomavlobas cis varskvlavebiviT da

zRvis qviSasaviT! (dabadeba, XXII, 17).

Cvens teqstSic `qviSa zRvisa~ simravles aRniSnavs: oRond, mra-

valni Turqebi arian! `Seimtkicnes simravliTa viTarca qviSa zRvisa,

romliTa aRivso queyana...~ (qarTlis cxovreba 1955:91-92; 324; 361; ba-

toniSvili vaxuSti 1973:2; qarTlis cxovreba 1959:41)

Cveni yuradReba miipyro qmedebam, romelic zRvas, ufro zustad,

`zRuaSi STagdebas~ an `STagdebas siRrmesa zRuisasa~ ukavSirdeba.

amaze, rogorc sasjelze, arafers ambobs TviT ivane javaxiSvili

Tavis qarTuli samarTlis istoriaSi (javaxiSvili 1982; javaxiS-

vili 1984).

gveCveneba, rom `zRuaSi STagdeba~ sworedac sasjeli iyo da Tanac,

ara mxolod saero, aramed _ saeklesio marTlmsajulebis Tval-

sazrisiT:

`qarTlis cxovreba~ gviambobs, rom bagrat leonis Ze, afxazTa me-

fe, mokla Zmis, giorgis colma: `ecrua igi ivane mTavarsa Savlian-

sa, da STaagdes bagrat zRvasa~ (qarTlis cxovreba 1955:258). ga-

saTvaliswinebelia, rom Semdegi winadadebis _

`xolo RmerTman ganarina igi, da miiwia qalaqad konstantinepo-

led...~ _ komentirebisas profesori T. beraZe varaudobs, bagrats

xomaldi wamoewia, imiT wavida, da saeWvoa, es ucxo qveynis saz-

Rvao navi yofiliyoso (beraZe 1981:69).

`zRuaSi STagdeba~ rom sasjeli iyo, amtkicebs JamTaaRmwereli,

romelic gviambobs daviT laSa-giorgis ZisTvis cilisdawamebaze:

mamidamisma, rusudan mefem siZes miswera, Seni coli da misi biZaS-

vili (daviTi) `Tanaeyofiano~. rumis sultanma daviTi ase dasaja:

`mouwoda menaveT-moZRuarsa... da amcno, raTa wariyvanon zRuad da STaagdon

siRrmesa zRvisasa~ (qarTlis cxovreba 1959:200).

safiqrebelia, rom `zRuaTa STagdeba~ erT yvelaze sastik Suris-

gebaTagani gaxldaT _ Cvens SemTxvevaSi, es col-qmruli Ralatis

sworferi sasjelia.

ratom vfiqrobT, rom `zRuaSi STagdeba~ sasjelia da ara mxolod

_ gulgasastikebuli `konkurentis~ SurisZieba?

`dasjili~ _ ufliswuli daviTi _ loculobs. Tavis xvedrs `um-

sjavro sikvdils~ uwodebs. mas ver gansjis verc saero instancia,

gia joxaZe

262

verc _ saeklesio. miwaSi ver daimarxeba, misi saflavi aravis

ecodineba, Tevzni da `haeris mcvelni~ (eSmauri Zalebi) (ix. r. la-

baZe, ` codva da SiSi Sua saukuneebSi~ (qarTuli mentaluri mode-

lis ori aspeqti), Tb., 2006) advilad daeuflebian (qarTlis

cxovreba 1959:201). vaWarmac ki, romelmac sikvdilisgan ixsna,

`iwyo kiTxvad... mizezi STagdebisa misisa zRuad~. bunebrivia, va-

Wars ainteresebdes am ukiduresi sisastikiT gamotanili ganaCenis

mizezi.

sainteresoa, rom TviT daviTs aRelvebs ara imdenad gardauvali

aRsasruli, ramdenadac is, rom igi swored zRvaSi Seeyreba aryof-

nas. saero TvalsazrisiT, Tavis gamarTlebis saSualeba ar miecema,

saeklesioTi ki _ moxseniebisa: aq Tevznica da haeris mcvelnic im

negatiur ZalTa simboloebia, romelnic mas sulze zrunvis saSua-

lebas wartaceben.

qarTul Suasaukuneobriv narativSi (`qarTlis cxovreba~) Cans,

rom qarTvelebisaTvis zRva, misi pragmatika, ucxoa. cxadia, unda

gaviTvaliswinoT, rom politikur hegemonias (bizantia, TurqeTi,

isev bizantia, isev TurqeTi..., g.j.) Tavisi moaqvs, magram ufro

Rrma, ufro ucvleli da ufro idumali mentaluri struqture-

bia, romlebic xandaxan Tu avlenen Tavs. vfiqrobT, Cven `Seveswa-

riT~ am iSviaT process. am `gaTqmad~, `SemTxveviT wamocdenad~

migvaCnia uneblie dasturi, rom zRva berZnebis asparezia. isini aq

laRad da daculad grZnoben Tavs. berZnebisTvis niSandoblivia

`simarjue zRuaTa Sina navebiTa~ (qarTlis cxovreba 1955:170).

berZnebs hqviaT `spani igi zRvisani~, aqvT xuTasi dromoni (bizan-

tiuri navi, popularuli VI-dan XII s-mde), `romelsa Sina isxdes

xuTas-xuTasi kaci~ (iqve 171).

vaxtang gorgasali berZnebTan mebrZol mokavSireebs _ sparsebs

eubneba:

`aw meSinis, nu ukve spani navebiTa moviden, Seipyran gza Cueni da moguwyvid-

nen Cuen, viTarca baksa Sina, aramed aRvdgeT aqaT da davibanakoT zRuasa sam-

xriT kerZo, raTa guaqundes Cuen gza Wirisa da lxinisa~ (qarTlis cxov-

reba 1955:170).

am fragmentSi Cans, rom qarTvel mefes aSinebs berZenTa sabrZolo

navebiTa da gawafuli zRvaosnebiT Sepirobebuli Zliereba sazRvao

arenaze. zRvis samxreTiT dabanakeba qarTvel-sparselTa laSqars

alternativas (`gza Wirisa da lxinisa~) utovebs: an brZolaSi

mokvdes, an gamarjvebuli gaecalos brZolis vels. xolo zRvaze

Sebmam SeiZleba ara mxolod mokavSireTa laSqris uunaroba gamoav-

linos, aramed am alternativasac ki daemuqros: zRvaSi sikvdili

suls upatronobas uqadis.


263

Semdeg epizodSi vaxtangis mier otebuli berZnebi zRvis pirs miam-

wyvdies da amoxoces. mxolod isini gadarCnen, `romeli Seeswra zRu-

ad da ivltoda naviTa~.

(qarTlis cxovreba 1955:176). ara mgonia, Zneli SesamCnevi iyos is,

rasac teqsti pirdapir gveubneba: gardauvali sikvdilisagan ber-

Znebi mxolod zRvaSi `Seswrebam~ da navebze `amxedrebam~ ixsnao.

qarTvelebi TiTqos provansul andazas amarTleben: `ganadide zRva

da icxovre xmeleTze!~. TiTqos zRvasac mas uTmoben, visac xmele-

Ti daumonebia. berZen, aseve, sxva avtorTa cnobebis Tanaxmad, Savi

zRva arastumarTmoyvared saxelideboda, masze naosnoba did siZne-

leebs ukavSirdeboda, irgvliv veluri tomebi saxlobdnen, Turqe-

bi `yaradengiss~ _ giJ zRvas eZaxdnen _ aq pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT

naxmari `yara~ (`Savi~) safixaTos, ulmoblis, saSinelis konota-

ciebsac iTavsebda (beraZe 1981:3-10); navigaciis TvalsazrisiT, un-

do da saxifaTo wyals, aseve _ barbaros tomebs, zed erTvoda

mZlavri mTebi, zRvas samxreTiT da aRmosavleTiT rom Semosjaro-

da; marbieli laSqrobebis safrTxe; Sav zRvaze xomaldebis ayira-

vebis ara erTi SemTxveva; xSiri Stormi da nisli... 1575 wlis oq-

tomberSi qariSxlis gamo CaZiruli xorbliT datvirTuli asobiT

patara gemi; XVI s. bolos Savi zRvis Caketva dasavleTisaTvis,

yovel SemTxvevaSi _ sawylosno gzis TvalsazrisiT mainc. rogorc

Cans, saxmeleTo gzebi ufro usafrTxod miiCneoda (brodeli

2002:152-154; beraZe 1981:10). Sav zRvaze `zamTari~ ukve 1 oqtom-

bers iwyeboda da 1 aprilamde grZeldeboda. XIII-XV ss-Si weli-

wadis am monakveTSi italielebi TavianT xomaldebs aq curvas uk-

rZalavdnen (beraZe 19811: 162)...

yovelive aman, SesaZloa, Svas daskvna, rom qarTvelTa zRvisadmi

gaucxoeba klimatur-politikuri mizezebiT iyo Sepirobebuli,

magram mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu simbolur ganazrebebs, koleq-

tiur warmodgenebsa da Sexedulebebs gaviTvaliswinebT. xSirad

swored es midgomebi ganapirobebs mentalitetis ragvarobas.

zRva qvena instinqtebis saufloa _ aracnobieri negatiuri siR-

rmeebi, dacemuli yofa, Jamiereba, warmavloba, sinotivis qaluri

principi... sulis sikvdili wyals Sobs; sinotive sulebs aqrobs;

sulis sikvdili sinotivea... (mixailova, CaniSevi 1966), wyali su-

lis sikvdilia da a.S. (glagolevi 1909:220).

bibliaSi zRva isaa, rac samyaros Seqmnis Semdeg pramateriisagan

gadarCa. mas ara aqvs forma da saxe, usazRvroa, mSfoTari da

mRelvare. TviT iahve ambobs:

`vin Cauketa zRvas karibWeni, roca saSodan amoxeTqa, roca nisli miveci sa-

gia joxaZe

264

moselad da wyvdiadi _ saxvevebad, roca davudgine Cemi wesi da davutane ur-

duli da karibWeni _ da vTqvi, aqamde modi, iqiT aRar, aq Sewydes Seni tal-

Rebis azvirTeba-meTqi?~ (iobi, 38, 8-11).

zRva RvTis risxvis instrumenticaa:

`aha, modiddeba wyali CrdiloeTidan da gadaiqceva wamlekav niaRvrad. wa-

lekavs qveyanas...(ieremia, 47, 2).

bibliaSi wylis wiaRSi yofna wamebas niSnavs. wyalSi CaSveba iyo

Tavdapirvel mdgomareobasTan dabruneba, sikvdili da ganadgureba.

devid snouqic adasturebs, rom Zveli ebraelebi zRvas borotebis

simbolod miiCnevdnen (snouqi 2006:203):

`boroteulni aRelvebul zRvas hgvanan, romelic ver wynardeba da misi

talRebi isvrian lafsa da talaxs~ (esaia, 57, 20;).

zRva `vefxistyaosanSic~ sulis dasalieria. davari ase mimarTavs

nestanis gamtacebel monebs:

`wadiT, dahkargeT mun, sada zRvisa Wipia, wmidisa wylisa ver naxos myinvare,

verca lipia~ _ maS, zRva ar aris wminda wyali, Sesaqmiseuli wyali

_ suliwmidasTan dakavSirebuli, wyali, romelzec `iqceoda suli

RvTisa~ (dabadeba 1,2). zRva amis sapirispiro wyalia (gamsaxurdia

1991:277-278).

magram rogor avxsnaT is ramdenime recidivi, romlebic TiTqos

Sua saukuneTa saqarTveloSi sazRvaosno kulturis arsebobas

adasturebs?

vgulisxmobT amgvar komentarebs:

varangebi Savi zRviTa da Semdeg md. rioniT gamovidnen baSamde _ mniSvnelo-

van punqtamde rionis sanaosno magistralze (metreveli 1986:52).

gaZevebul giorgi russ aqauri, adgilobrivi naviT unda eSvela TavisTvis

(beraZe 1981:70).

XII s-dan qarTvelebi vaWroben bizantiaSi (beraZe 1981:170).

XII s-Si saqarTvelos sazRvao urTierToba hqonda kievis ruseTTan: saqar-

Tvelos mefis asuli kievis ruseTSi TiTqos xomaldiT gamgzavrebuliyos

(beraZe 1981:171-172).

saqarTvelodan nivTebi Savi zRviT, Semdeg ki _ samdinaro magistraliT bal-

tiispireTSic unda moxvedriliyo (beraZe 1981:172-173).

zRviT gaaZeves `makedonias saberZneTisasa~ xuTi Zma kaxaberiZe.

XI s. II naxevridan wina aziaSi Turq-seljukebi gabatondnen da Cveni qveyni-

dan bizantiaSi mimavali saxmeleTo gzebi gadaketes. amis Semdeg aRmosavleT

saqarTvelos mcxovrebnic konstantinopolSi zRviT midiodnen. zRviT bi-

zantiaSi gasaxleba Cveulebrivi ambavi iyo (beraZe 1981:167-168).

Cven mier moyvanil komentarTagan bevri iseTia, romlebic swored

`qarTlis cxovrebis~ saTanado epizodebs miemarTeba: amitomac maT

SevexebiT da pirdapir vityviT, rom saqme gvaqvs mxolod Tamam va-


265

raudebTan.

teqstis arc erT epizodSi, romelTac zemomoxmobili komentarebi

erTvis, arsad weria, rom qarTvelebi zRviT _ naviT, katarRiT Tu

sxva raime saSualebiT _ gadaadgildebodnen. varaudebi gamoTqmulia

im albaTobiT, rom istoriuli personaJebi ubralod sxvagvarad ver

moiqceodnen!

istoria versiaTa damuSavebis mecnierebaa da cxadia, met-naklebad

yvela argumentirebul versias aqvs arsebobis ufleba, magram mainc

calke aRsaniSnad gveCveneba is garemoeba, rom pirdapir _ uTuod

da uTumcaod _ zRvaosnobiT qarTvelTa gatacebis ambavs Cveni sak-

vlevi narativis arc erTi furceli ar mogviTxrobs.

bunebrivia, daismis kiTxvebi:

arsebobs Tu ara wyaro, romelic sapirispiros amtkicebs?

gvaqvs Tu ara narativi, romlis Seswavlis Sedegad SesaZlebeli gam-

xdariyo im Sexedulebis damkvidreba Tu ara, gavrceleba mainc, rom

qarTveloba da sazRvaosno kultura ganuyofelni iyvnen da mxolod

mtrulad ganwyobil saxelmwifoTa politikurma hegemoniam Caketa

qarTuli sazRvao gza?

diax, arsebobs. ZiriTadad, es gaxlavT berZnulenovan avtorTa

cnobebi saqarTveloze, romelnic gviamboben dasavleT da samxreT-

dasavleT saqarTvelos mkvidrTa sazRvao aqtivobaze. aseve Cvens

xelTaa arqeologiur minakvlevTa safuZvelze gamoTqmuli varau-

debi.

kerZod:

arqeologiuri monacemebiT ivaraudeba, rom biWvinTaSi, soxumSi, webeldaSi,

qobuleTSi, gonioSi aRmoCenili nivTebis nawili importulia da zRviT un-

da moxvedriliyo Cvens qalaqebSi.

egrisis samefosa da romis aRmosavleTi provinciebis savaWro urTierTo-

bebze metyvelebs romis sagzao ruka (Tabula Peutingeriana), Sedgenili IV s.

II naxevarSi geografos kastoriosis mier, romelzec aRniSnulia das. saqar-

Tvelos teritoriaze gamavali savaWro gzebi. erTi maTgani miemarTeboda

zRvis samxreT da aRmosavleT sanapiroTa gaswvriv da soxumamde aRwevda. sa-

vaWro magistrali samxreTiT uxvevda, lazikis Sida olqebs gadalaxavda,

somxeTamde midioda da qalaq artaSatiT (erevnis samxreT-aRmosavleTiT

20-30 km-Ti dacilebuli qalaqi, g.j.) sruldeboda. simon janaSias SeniSvni-

samebr, imTaviTve cxadi iyo, rom gzas sebastopolisidan Crdilo kavkasiam-

de unda mieRwia. VII s. anonimi geografosi am gzas marTlac ar wyvetda se-

bastopolisSi da tamanis naxevarkunZulamde mihyavda. ase iyo Tu ise, kasto-

riusis rukaze bolo qarTuli punqti sebastopolisi gaxldaT, rac unda

aixsnas Crdilo SavizRvispireTTan urTierTobis ganelebiT.

bevri Tqmula das. saqarTveloSi bizantiis kulturul eqspansiazec (nar-

kvevebi 1988:121-137).

gia joxaZe

266

bizantiis imperator tiberiusis 575 wlis `novelis~ Tanaxmad, lazeTs

sazRvao begara edo: bizantiisTvis navebis miwodeba evaleboda. safiqrebe-

lia, rom lazebi TavianTi xomaldebiTa da katarRebiT ibrZolebdnen bizan-

tielTa mxardamxar.

zosimes (VIs.) Tanaxmad, biWvinTas hqonda kargad mowyobili navsadguri.

skviTebma biWvinTis aRebisas iSoves didi odenobiT xomaldebi da gamoiyenes

niCbosani tyveebi. aqedan zRviT wavidnen trapezuntSi (georgika 1961:268-

269).

Vs. anonimis Tanaxmad, dasavleT saqarTveloSi arsebobs gza navebisaTvis.

Savi zRvis wyali mtknaria. zRvis sanapiros mcxovreblebi naxirs iq Careka-

ven da arwyuleben. afsarosamde zRviT modian. bizantionidan dioskuriisa-

ken mimaval sazRvao gzaze pirveli navsayudeli pitiuntSia. sebastopolis-

Si xomaldebis sayudelia. dasaxelebulia rizes navsadguric. anonimis

TqmiT, sof. aTinaSi aris misadgomi xomaldebisaTvis, romelsac wlis Sesa-

feris dros (zafxulSi) ramdenime xomaldis miReba da qarisagan dafarva Se-

uZlia.

iustiniane keisris (527-565) `novelebis~ Tanaxmad, petra (cixisZiri)

mniSvnelovani sazRvao punqtia. es gaxlavT zRvis kari, romlis daufleba-

sac cdilobdnen sparsebi.

prokopi kesarielis Tanaxmad (VI s.), lazebi mudam eweodnen sazRvao vaWro-

bas pontoSi mcxovreb romaelebTan. marili, xorbali, Rvino lazeTSi nave-

biT SemoaqvT romaelTa sanapiroebidan tyavisa da monebis sanacvlod.

sparseTis Sahma lazeTSi gagzavna uamravi xe-tye xomaldTa asagebad.

lazebi YTavianTi msubuqi xomaldebiT miacileben erTi mefis meore mefes-

Tan mimaval gzirebs (georgika 1965:3-125).

VI s. I naxevarSi, roca egrisis elCebma iranelebs bizantiis winaaRmdeg er-

Toblivi gamosvla SesTavazes, pirvel rigSi, dasavleT saqarTvelodan kon-

stantinopolamde sazRvao laSqrobis mowyobis SesaZleblobiT moiwones

Tavi da sparsebs xomaldebis ageba SesTavazes (beraZe 1981:165).

agaTia sqolastikosis azriT (VIs.), awindeli lazebi dacuraven, ramdena-

dac SesaZlebelia da vaWrobaSic naxuloben sargebels.

ioane libiels kolxeTSi raRac manqanebiT SeuZenia satvirTo xomaldebi.

menandre protiqtoris (VIs.) Tanaxmad, 568 w. iranelebi cdilobdnen sog-

dianas abreSumis konstantinopolSi gatanas. misulan Sav zRvamde, mere nave-

biT gadasulan foTamde da Semdeg _ trapezuntSi (georgika 1936: 51-207)

Teofane JamTaaRmwerlis (VIII-IX ss.) cnobis Tanaxmad, 717 w. bizantiis mo-

mavali imperatori leon isavrieli adgilobrivi sazRvao naviT dasavleT

saqarTvelos napirebidan wavida konstantinopolisaken.

XI s-dan evropuli qveynebi _ venecia da genua _ cdilobdnen bizantiis xe-

lisuflebisagan Sav zRvaSi gasvlis uflebis mopovebas, magram ucnobia,

hqondaT Tu ara maT pirdapiri sazRvao urTierToba saqarTvelos navsadgu-

rebTan (beraZe 1981:172-173).

nikita xoniates (XIIs.) cnobiT, foTi savaWro qalaqi iyo (georgika

1966:132-133).


267

giorgi franZesi (XVs.) asaxelebs iberiul navs, romliTac efrem bers ibe-

riamde miuRwevia. masve unaxavs indoeTidan momavali saneleblebiT datvir-

Tuli navebi, romelTagan zogierTi, albaT, iberiaSi midioda. (georgika

1970:53).

1474 w. ivlisSi sparseTSi veneciis elCi ambrosio kontarini ixsenebs qar-

Tul nav barkas, romelmac is foTamde miiyvana. es unda yofiliyo mcire er-

Tafriani katarRa, romelsac bargianad 35 mgzavri gadahyavda. aseTi navebis

ekipaJi kapitnisa da 6 mezRvaurisagan Sedgeboda.

xomaldebi konstantinopolsa da saqarTvelos navsadgurebs Soris pirda-

pir, sxva navsadgurebSi Seusvlelad curavdnen (beraZe 1981:68-166).

am fragmentebze dayrdnobiT, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom IV_XV ss. da-

savleT da samxreT- dasavleT saqarTvelos mkvidrTaTvis ucxo

arc sakuTari flotis yolaa, arc sazRvao-sanaosno gzebis qona

da arc vaWrobaSi gawafva.

Tumc, am idilias mainc amRvrevs ramdenime detali amave naratiu-

li korpusidan:

VI saukunis istorikos priske panionelis cnobis Tanaxmad,

lazebi fiqrobdnen, rom zRviT SeuZlebeli iyo curva Zneladsavali adgi-

lebis gaswvriv, radgan kolxida unavsadguro iyo (georgika 1961:254).

aRsaniSnavia, rom zemoT miTiTebuli zogi qarTveli mecnierica da,

aseve, saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebis avtorTa koleqtivic,

rogorc wesi, arasrulad citireben VI saukunis istorikos aga-

Tia sqolastikosis gamonaTqvams. sruli varianti ase JRers:

`winandel mcxovreblebs lazikisas sruliad ar scodniaT zRvis dadebiTi

Tvisebebi, xomaldis saxeli argos mosvlamde ar gaegonaT... awindelni ki da-

curaven, ramdenadac es SesaZlebelia da vaWrobaSi naxuloben did sargeb-

lobas~ (georgika 1936: 51).

XII saukunis istorikosi niketa xoniate mogviTxrobs, rom aleqsi

III angelosis (1195-1203) dros Sav zRvaze mekobreebi TareSobdnen

da savaWro xomaldebs Zarcvavdnen (georgika 1966:132-133)

XV saukunis istorikosi laonike xalkokondile ambobs, rom ioa-

ne aleqsis Ze trapizoneli kafaSi wasula, `eZebda iq vinmes, navis

mqones~. ise Cans, navis mqoneni bevrni ar yofilan da bolos, viRac

genuels aRmosCenia didi navi (georgika 1970:95).

am mcire, Tanac gamonaklis fragmentTa safuZvelze, cxadia, Znelia

argumentirebuli varaudebis gamoTqma, magram mainc gveCveneba, rom

is, rac citirebisas gamotovebulia, TavisTavad sagulisxmebeli

sulac ar aris.

daskvnebi

• Cveni sakvlevi teqstisTvis (`qarTlis cxovreba~ IV-XV ss.) sa-

gia joxaZe

268

kuTriv zRva, rogorc aseTi, ucxo ar aris, magram teqsti sruli-

ad arafers ambobs zRvis an zRvispira samyaros raimenair pragma-

tikaze. amis mizezi, uwinaresad, mentaluri gaucxoebaa: narativi

iwereba aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi aRmosavleli qarTvelis (qar-

Tvelebis) mier, romlisTvisac Soria da amdenad, ucxocaa zRva

da misi specifika. aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mkvidris mentaloba-

Si zRva, ZiriTadad, ukavSirdeba `berZnebs~, `sazRvars~, romel-

sac berZnebi gviweseben da a.S.; unda vifiqroT, rom jerjerobiT

mainc zRva qvena instinqtebis sauflod, eSmaur ZalTa samyoflad

aRiqmeba, amitomac gansakuTrebul damTrgunvelobas iZens sasje-

li _ `zRvaSi STagdeba~. marTalia, qarTvelebma ician zRvasa da

zRvaosnobasTan dakavSirebuli terminebi, magram maT mxolod me-

taforulad Tu iyeneben. gavxazavT, aseTia aRmosavleli qarTve-

lis _ `qarTlis cxovrebis~ `avtoris~ _ mentaloba.

• cxadia, zemoTqmuls erTvis politikuri, geografiuli, klima-

turi mizezebi, romelTa gamoc qarTvels xmeli urCevnia zRvas.

• sxva suraTs vxedavT dasavleT saqarTveloSi. SegveZlo am cnobe-

bisTvis `dasavlurqarTuli istoriuli narativic gvewodebina~,

magram maTi Semqmnelebi arian ara qarTvelebi, aramed _ berZnebi.

maT cnobebSi ar Cans da arc unda Candes qarTvelTa mier aRqmuli

samyaros suraTi.

• Sesabamisad, vfiqrobT, rom internetsivrceSi warmoCenili ori

Tvalsazrisi ara urTierTsawinaaRmdego, aramed urTierTsrul-

myofia. maT safuZvlad udevT ori gansxvavebuli narativi, magram

erTi mentaliteti: aq berZnul wyaroTa korpusi, ase rom vTqvaT,

qarTvelisTvis unayofo teqstad rCeba.

dabolos:

Tu qarTvelis mentalobaSi zRva isev zRvrad darCa, misi gadalaxva

SeuZlebeli iqneba realobaSic.

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los Sesaxeb, t.II, teqstebi qarTuli TargmaniTurT ga-

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javaxiSvili 1984: i. javaxiSvili, Txzulebani 12 tomad, t. VII,

Tbilisi, 1984

mixailova, CaniSevi 1966: Э. Н. Михайлова, А. Н. Чанышев, Ионийская философия, Москва, 1966

glagolevi 1909: С. Глаголев. Греческая религия. Сергиев Посад, 1909, т. I

snouqi 2006: David Snoke, Biblical Case for an Old Earth, Bakerbooks, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 2006

gamsaxurdia 1991: z. gamsaxurdia, vefxistyaosnis saxismetyveleba,

Tbilisi, 1991

metreveli 1986: r. metreveli, daviT IV aRmaSenebeli, epoqis soci-

alur-politikur-kulturuli istoriis mimoxilva,

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narkvevebi 1988: Очерки истории Грузии, т. II, Грузия в IV-X вв, Тбилиси, 1988

e n i s a , l i t e r a t u r i s d a

k u l t u r i s s e m i o t i k a

a

Tamar berekaSvili

qalaqis semiotika —

Tbilisi

Tbilisi yvela qarTvelisTvis qala-

qobis sazomia. nebsiT Tu uneblieT, yvela

nanax qalaqs swored Tbiliss vadarebT.

xSirad am Sedarebis Sedegad guli

gvwydeba. albaT, zedmet nacionalizmsa da

patriotizmSi ar CagviTvlian, Tu vit-

yviT, rom Tbilisi miekuTvneba msoflios

iseT qalaqTa rocxvs, romelTac Tavisi

unikaluri kultura Seqmnes. arsebobs

Tbilisuri kultura. es gamoixateba qa-

laqis gansakuTrebul atmosferoSi, arqi-

teqturaSi, sakontaqto enasa Tu enebSi,

drois gatarebis CvevebSi, sazogadod, yo-

fis CvevebSi, urTierTobebSi, xelovneba-

Si. Tbilisis erTaderToba da sakuTrivi

kulturis mniSvnelobac am zemoCamoT-

vlil niSnebsa Tu sferoebSi gansaxierda.

cxadia, rom es kultura ar Seqmnila erT

weliwadSi an Tundac erT saukuneSi, amas

sWirdeboda mravalsaukunovani istoria,

mravali gansacdeli da sixaruli, ris Se-

degadac Camoyalibda adamianis is gansa-

kuTrebuli tipi, romelsac Tbiliseli

hqvia. es ar niSnavs TbilisSi dabadebas da

ar gulisxmobs ama Tu im fenis, wris wev-

robas. ramdenad bundovnadac unda JRer-

des, es aris sulieri, mentaluri Rirebu-

filosofiis mecnierebaTa doqtori, Tbilisis ilias saxelmwifo universitetis samagistro da sadoqtoro programebis fakultetis asocirebuli profesori, SedarebiTi literaturis institutis mkvlevari. ZiriTadi naSromebi: „Ta-namedrove Rirebulebebi da idealebi“, „postmoderniz-

mi Tanamedroveobis konteq-stSi” (kulturis filoso-

fia) da sxva. gamoqveynebuli aqvs ramdenime statia soci-alur da politikur filo-

sofiaSi - „demokratizacia” (g. JorJoliansa da m. musxe-liSvilTan erTad), „Tana-

medrove socialuri viTare-ba saqarTveloSi” (rusul enaze xarkovis universite-tis masalebSi) da sxva. interesTa sfero: semio-

tika, kulturis filoso-

fia.

qalaqis semiotika _ Tbilisi

271

lebrivi mikuTvnebuloba, azrovnebis, Sefasebis da dafasebis, ga-

mocdilebis specifikuri manera, romelic, Sesabamisad, sakuTar

enas flobs. es enac ar amoiwureba bgerebiT, sityvebiT, sazogadod

lingvisturi raobiT, es aris, agreTve, cxovrebis da Tanacxovre-

bis sakuTari wesebi, qcevis dauwereli normebi, iumori da Rirebu-

lebebi, amasTan, ufro esTetikuri, vidre _ politikuri, azrisa

da Sexedulebis kodirebis gansakuTrebuli wesebi, romlebic cno-

bilia marto `TbiliselebisTvis~ da rac Zalian sagulisxmoa da

mniSvnelovani, Tbilisis es unikaluri kultura Riaa, mas Ser-

wymuli da gaTavisebuli aqvs evropuli Tu aRmosavluri civili-

zaciebis Taviseburebebi. is gaxsnilia yvela kulturisadmi, yvela

enisadmi, yvela religiisadmi. Riaa dResac, miuxedavad yvela cvli-

lebisa da qartexilisa, romelic mas Tavs daatyda dRes, saqarTve-

los damoukideblobasTan erTad, misi gaxsniloba lamis aRvirax-

snilobad iqca.

Tbilisis `Tbilisuroba~ ver gaanadgura verc ruseTTan mier-

Tebam, verc sabWoTa reJimma, verc msoflio omebma. pirveli bzari

sabWoTa kavSiris dacemis Semdeg gaCnda, rodesac erTmaneTs daupi-

rispires Tbiliselebi da araTbiliselebi.

meore dartyma Tbiliss e. w. globalizaciam miayena. misi wya-

lobiT Tbilisma iwvnia yovelive specifikuris moSla, erTnairo-

bis damkvidreba, rac ara uflebaTa TanasworobaSi gamoixata, ara-

med _ pirovnulobis uaryofaSi, standartizebaSi, damdablebasa da

erTgvar `samomxmareblo RirebulebaTa~ gaziarebaSi – salaparako

inglisuri ena, qeisi, kompiuteris zedapiruli codna, mobiluri

telefoni . . .

amas daemata migracia da emigracia, siRaribe, umuSevroba (pos-

tsabWoTa problemebi).

yovelive zemoTqmulis Sedegad, moiSala Tbilisis sakuTari

ena, romelic, rogorc iTqva, martoden lingvisturi mniSvnelobis

ar aris. ucxo elementebis momravlebam, axali sinamdvilis Zalis-

mierma SemoWram daazarala Tanaarsebobis is wesebi da Rirebulebe-

bi, romlebic mniSvnelovnad gansazRvravda Tbilisis mimzidvelo-

bas.

es axali sinamdvile ara marto dasavluri realiebis gaTavi-

sebaa, aramed _ cruZveli da crureligiuri xatebis dabrunebac.

saqarTvelosTvis axali veluri kapitalizmis `aqtorebi~ (Tu da-

vesesxebiT Tanamedrove politologiur terminologias) demon-

stratiulad aCveneben Tavis RvTismosavobas da axal-axali ekle-

siebis mozRvavebiT samoTxeSic cdiloben, adgili daijavSnon.

mosaxleobis koncentraciam TbilisSi da araTbiliselTa upi-

Tamar berekaSvili

272

ratesobam TbiliselebTan SedarebiT, rogorc ricxvobrivma, aseve

funqcionalurma, gazarda arsebulisa da Rirebulis gadaqceva

usargeblod da nagvad _ aSenda sruliad usaxo saxlebi, jixure-

bi... qalaqi Caflulia uazro xmaurian da arsebiTad ucxo bgerebSi

– iqneba es musika, Tu inglisuri an ufro amerikuli terminebiT

gaJRenTili metyveleba, saxlebis fasadebi da savali gzebi dafa-

rulia gaugebari warwerebiT da TbiliselisTvis Sinaarsis armqo-

ne mowodebebiT. Tbilisuri qarTuli gadaiqca qarTuli warmoSo-

bis sityvebis grovad, romelic Sezavebulia ucxouri (rusuli,

inglisuri) leqsikiT, romelTa dakavSireba SeiZleba yovelgvari

ricxvis, brunvis, uRlebis wesebis gauTvaliswineblad. qarTuli

enis codna gaxda araaqtualuri, zedmeti da xSirad saxifaToc ki.

Tbilisi gadaiqca cxovrebis erT-erT yvelaze usiamovno adgilad.

mZime dReSi arian moxucebi, saerTodac, ormocdaaTsgadacilebu-

lebi. maT ara aqvT am samyaroSi adgili, funqcia; maT ar ician axa-

li ena, acviaT 60-70-iani wlebis modis didi xnis gacveTili tan-

sacmeli; maTi pretenzia arsebobaze Rimilsac ki ar iwvevs, imdenad

araarsebiTia da umniSvnelo. usargeblod da ararsebulad iqca is-

toria, Tanaarsebobis wesebi, zrdilobis elementaruli Cvevebi.

yvela aSenebs Tu agvarebs Tavis sasicocxlo kuTxes, iqneba es bina

mravalsarTulian saxlSi, romelsac misi patroni mezoblebis da-

ukiTxavad amatebs oTaxebs, aivnebs, sxvenebs da sardafebs (da bu-

nebrivia, uwodebs evroremonts); quCa romelic nebismiers SeuZlia

gadaketos Tavisi jixuriTa Tu manqanis sadgomiT, Tu sakmarisi

fuli aqvs; restorani, romelsac moulodnelad aRmoaCen mezob-

lad SuaRamisas simRerebisa da ginebis wyalobiT; Jurnal-gazeTe-

bi, gavsebuli piradi konfliqtebiT, WorebiT, pirovnuli bralde-

bebiT da intimuri wvrilmanebiT; televizia – serialebiT, mtrebi-

sa da metoqeebis dapirispirebiT, amerikuli `boevikebi~. miuxeda-

vad simWidrovisa da xalxmravlobisa, sruli simartovis, erTgva-

ri udabnoSi cxovrebis gancda ipyrobs yvelas, vinc SeCveulia

sxva yofas, visac axsovs Tbilisi da Tvlida, rom Rirebulebebi

raRacad Rirs.

unda aRiniSnos, rom TandaTanobiT qreba iseTi cnebis da, Se-

sabamisad, misi denotatis _ adamianis Rirebuleba, rogoricaa Tbi-liseli. es erTgvarad mniSvnelobadakarguli da `aRararsebuli~

terminia. ZiriTadad, es faqti aixsneba ara imdenad imiT, rom Tbi-

lisSi Tavs iyris yvela da am yvelaSi TbiliselTa wili minimalu-

ria, aramed imiT, rom axalgazrdebi izrdebian da yalibdebian ara

Tbiliselebad, aramed orientirebulebi arian evropasa da amerikis

SeerTebul Statebze, dasavleTze da amdenad, Tbilis-qalaqis tra-


273

diciebi, cxovrebis saukunovani wesebi, aqauri esTetika maTTvis

usargebloa da SesaZloa damabrkolebelic gaxdes momavalSi, ro-

desac sazRvars gadakveTen. sazRvris gadakveTa ki TiTqmis saukeTe-

so karieraa da sanatreli momavali.

rogorc yvela qalaqs, miTumetes, datvirTuls mdidari war-

suliT, Tbiliss aqvs Tavisi miTebi. metic, es miTebi xSirad saxes

icvlian an kvdebian, Cndebian axali miTebi. miTebis mixedviT SeiZ-

leba msjeloba im Rirebulebebze, romlebic aerTianebs TbilisSi

mcxovrebTa umravlesobas. sazogadod, sazogadoebriv-istoriuli

miTis buneba aracalsaxaa. erTi mxriv, miTi gvevlineba rogorc er-

Tgvari meqanizmi, romelic axdens sociokulturuli winaamRdego-

bebis harmonizacias sazogadoebaSi drois mocemul momentSi da am-

denad, misi wevrebis solidarobis normis aqtualizebas.

meore mxriv, miTs aqvs diaqronuli roli, romelic gamoixa-

teba imaSi, rom adamianebs eZlevaT saSualeba amaRldnen TavianT

yoveldRiur interesebsa da miznebze, Tavi ganixilon ganuwyvetel

jaWvSi warsulidan momavlisaken.

qalaqis, da miTumetes, dedaqalaqis miTebi adamianTa cxovre-

baSi mniSvnelovan rols TamaSoben. swored miTis meSveobiT Sevig-

rZnobT dros, samyaros, qalaqis istorias. miTi ayalibebs erTgvar

realobas, xats, romelic qmediTia da mniSvnelovani qalaqis

mcxovreblebisTvis. arsebobs saxelmwifo miTebi, magaliTad, Tbi-

lisis Seqmnis istoria; es esqatologiuri miTia, is mianiSnebs

Tbilisis gansakuTrebul adgilmdebareobaze, gamorCeulobaze,

RvTisrCeulobaze; literaturuli miTebi _ modudune mtkvris ga-

numeorebloba da gansakuTrebuli, jadosnuri gavlena poetebze;

yofiTi miTebi _ magaliTad, romelime quCis bednierebasa Tu uiR-

blobaze.

XIX saukunis saganmanaTleblo moRvaweobis Sedegad gansakuT-

rebuli koncentrireba moxda saqarTvelos, rogorc qveynis mniS-

vnelobaze da mogvianebiT, ukve XX saukuneSi axali JReradoba Se-

iZina qarTulma da erovnulma, ramac Tavisi simboloebi daamkvidra

dedaqalaqSi qarTlis dedisa da qarTuli enis Zeglebis saxiT.

sainteresoa dRevandeli, Tanamedrove miTologiis asaxva qa-

laqis ier-saxeze. dRes saqarTvelo aRiqmeba (rac ueWvelad miTia),

rogorc msoflio derefani, rogorc dasavleTidan aRmosavleTis-

ken, ise CrdiloeTidan samxreTisken. derefani unda iyos moxerxe-

buli, advilad gadasalaxavi, sasiamovno, amitom Sendeba Senobebi

(ZiriTadad, sastumroebi da restornebi), romelTa konstruqcia

orientirebulia ara qarTul Cvevebsa da tradiciebze, aramed

msoflios moqalaqeebis moTxovnebze. bolo dros aSenebul Zeg-

Tamar berekaSvili

274

lebsac ufro internacionaluri xasiaTi aqvT – xidze moseirne

axalgazrdebi, an jambazebi rusTavelis gamzirze. erovnulma ki

SeiZina ucxoelebis mosazidi kolorituli samSvenisis roli,

romelsac Tavisi gansazRvruli adgili aqvs miCenili da misi mo-

wodebac xdeba Teatraluri warmodgenis saxiT.

urTierTobebisa da kavSirebis am mudmiv qselebSi ar rCeba is

mTavari, ris gamoc urTierToba myardeba – kulturaTa, pirovneba-

Ta Sexvedra. amieridan urTierToba gadaiqca yofiTi da `aqtualu-

ri~, moaruli informaciis gatarebad. daikarga adresatic da in-

formaciis momwodebelic, darCa marto arxi. yvela adamiani met-

naklebad kargi arxia. ukeTesi arxebi atareben ara marto qarTu-

lenovan kliSeebs, aramed inglisurenovansac, riTac did kmayofi-

lebas imsaxureben Camosul dasavleTelebSi, romelTac aq xvdebiT

`iqidan~ gamogzavnili `mesiji~.

TbilisSi ikargeba misi is specifiuri sfero, romelsac Se-

iZleba socialuri da kulturuli atmosfero vuwodoT da rac

socialurobis damaxasiaTebel gamovlinebad Camoyalibda saukunee-

bis manZilze. qreba ara marto es gansakuTrebuli forma socialu-

risa, aramed _ Tavad socialuri kavSirebi.

adamianebi TandaTanobiT iqcnen masebad. rac ufro izrdeba

xalxis raodenoba da simWidrove, miT ufro mcirdeba socialuri

urTierTobebi. meore mxriv, Tbilisi, romelic uTuod erT-erT

udides qalaqs warmoadgens kavkasiaSi, iTavsebs socialurobis yve-

la elements – urTierTobis SesaZlebloba da mudmivi urTier-

TkavSirebi, informaciis misawvdomoba, gadaadgilebis siadvile da

a. S. miuxedavad amisa, urTierTobis Rirebuleba Seicvala kliSee-

bis, urTierTgacvlis formiT, romlis fasi miT ufro maRalia,

rac ufro prestiJulia urTierTgacvlis es formebi piradi moge-

bisTvis, miT ufro formaluria da normalizebuli. informaciisa

da formaluri wesebis am siuxveSi adamiani kargavs araformaluri

urTierTobebis aucileblobis gancdas, piradi Sefasebebis unars,

rac ar SeiZleba ar iwvevdes protestis grZnobas. yovelive es, Ta-

vis mxriv, sul ufro xSirad gadaizrdeba siZulvilSi, usagno,

umizno, auxsnel siZulvilSi, romelic agresiis saxiT iCens Tavs.

agresia vrceldeba yvelaze da yvelaferze. amis magaliTebi bevr

Cvengans mravlad xvdeba yoveldRe transportsa Tu quCaSi, Jur-

nal-gazeTebis furclebze, televiziasa Tu radioSi, pirad urTi-

erTobebSi. Seicvala salaparako intonaciac ki, man mravalferov-

neba dakarga; darCa mowodebis, brZanebis, iZulebisa da mouTmenlo-

bis toni. siZulvili mimarTulia yvelasa da yvelafris mimarT,

rac gansxvavebulia. amasTan, es siZulvili exeba erTnairsac, stan-


275

dartulsac, swored erTnairobis, msgavsebis, identurobis gamo.

imarjveben da `warmatebas~ aRweven isini, vinc gansakuTrebiT agre-

siulia, vinc yvelaze xmamaRla yviris da yvelaze uSveri sityve-

biT igineba. imisTvis rom mogisminon, dagijeron, gamogyvnen, saWi-

roa yvelaze xmamaRla iRrialo da yvelaze xSirad, sasurvelia,

ganuwyvetliv.

adamianebi TandaTanobiT iqcevian nayar, gadagdebul obieqte-

bad. ase xdeba maSin, rodesac globalur masStabSi modelirdeba

xelovnuri samyaro, mimdinareobs funqciaTa specializacia da cen-

tralizacia. rodesac aSeneben saCvenebel qalaqebs, qmnian saCvene-

bel funqciebs, saCvenebel xelovnur ansamblebs, danarCeni yvela-

feri iqceva gadasayrel narCenad, nagvad, warsulis usargeblo da

umizno memkvidreobad. rodesac iqmneba avtostradebi, supermarke-

tebi, superqalaqi, avtomaturad yvelaferi danarCeni da is, rac

mis irgvlivaa, iqceva udabnod. zustad igive xdeba sainformacio

arteriebis midamoebSi – yvelaferi, rac mis irgvlivaa, rac gare-

Taa, marginaluria, uaryofilia, mas mas-media ararad Tvlis.

imisda mixedviT, Tu rogor izrdeba qalaqis mosaxleoba da

simWidrove, adamianebi anulirdebian (bodriaris sityvebiT). iwyeba

socialuris daSla. did qalaqSi warmodgenilia, rogorc wesi,

socialuris yvela elementi. Yyvela procesis aCqareba da intensi-

fikacia iwvevs individSi gulgrilobasa da dabneulobas. `yvela

Tavis orbitazea, paralelurad arsebobs~. sayovelTao komunikaci-

is, informirebis atmosferoSi adamiani ususuri xdeba. samyaro

kargavs diferenciacias. Tanamedrove samyaro xasiaTdeba masStabe-

bis usaSvelo zrdiT an maqsimaluri SemcirebiT da adamianis saku-

Tari, adamianuri sazomi qreba, umniSvnelo xdeba.

sinamdvileSi am centrSi arsebuli adamianebi, romlebic sxva

araferia, Tu ara funqciebi, kargaven pirovnulobas, da miuxedavad

imisa, rom yvela sxvas, gariyuls, `udabnoSi mcxovrebs~ ararsebu-

lad miiCnevs, Tavad iqceva fiqciad, iarliyad. SemoqmedebiTi da

kulturuli TvalsazrisiT is mkvdaria. namdvili iqmneba swored

am udabnoSi, Tu ki am udabnos sicocxlis elementaruli pirobebi

SeunarCundeba. magram am udabnos mcxovreblebsac TandaTanobiT

ekargebaT tradiciuli wes-Cvevebis da qalaqis Taviseburi esTeti-

kis grZnoba, Tumca maT aqvT unari, Seqmnan raRac axali. maTSi iz-

rdeba agresiuloba, magram TviTgadarCenis instinqti ubiZgebs axa-

li Ziebebisken, eTikisa da esTetikis axali formebis Camoyalibe-

bisken, Tanacxovrebis axali, xSirad ki kargad daviwyebuli forme-

bis ganviTarebisken.

Tbilisi savsebiT SeiZleba CaiTvalos Tanamedrove qalaqad,

Tamar berekaSvili

276

Tundac is erTgvarad Selaxuli da naklebefeqturi Candes. yovel

SemTxvevaSi, is riskis sazogadoeba, romelzedac laparakoben da-

savleTis moazrovneebi (e. gidensi, u. beki), TbilisSic yalibdeba.

sainteresoa, rom es procesi Tan sdevs kapitalizmis ganviTarebis

process, rac erTmaneTs ewinaaRmdegeba, vinaidan am ukanasknelis

mizania simdidris dagroveba da gadanawileba. rac Seexeba riskis

sazogadoebas, misi ZiriTadi problemaa riskis minimizacia, gadar-

Cena am saSiS samyaroSi, sadac aRar arsebobs jansaRi hava, sakvebi,

tye da wyali, sadac bunebis kanonebic pirobiTi gaxda (Cven varT

im asakis, im sqesis, im garegnobis, romelic gvinda); rom aRar vi-

laparakoT omis saSiSroebaze, romelic TiTqos yvela mosaxvevidan

gvemuqreba.

TbilisSi Camosuli stumrebisa da didi xnis gadaxvewili da

moulodnelad Camosuli adamianebis gamokiTxvam aCvena, rom Ziri-

Tad Tvisebad, romelsac TiTqmis yvela maTgani axsenebs Tbilisis

mosaxleobaze saubrisas, isini miiCneven sicocxles. _ `yvela coc-

xalia~, `yvelaferi ainteresebT~, `Raribebic ki xalisianebi da

aradaTrgunulebi arian~, `sicocxle da mxiaruleba sufevs~ da

a.S.

yovelive es imedis momcemia. Tbilisma SeinarCuna erTgvari

Sinauruli atmosfero, sadac mdidari Tu Raribi, xelisufali Tu

ubralo moqalaqe ar aRiqmeba ucxod, yvela erTi ojaxis Svilia.

jerjerobiT, yvelas Tavisi metsaxeli aqvs, yvelas Tavisebureba,

simpaTia Tu naklovaneba yvelasTvis cnobilia, yvela aSenebs Tu

anadgurebs sxvebis gafacicebuli mzeris qveS da yvela yvelasgan

raRacas elis.

Tumca mosulma Tavisuflebam TbilisSi mainc waleka ara mar-

to diqtatura, cenzura, bolSevizmi, uro da namgali, aramed Cveni

urTierTobebic, romlebic gansakuTrebiT Zvirfasi iyo adre, roca

sxva araferi gvqonda Tavisufali. samudamod wavida Tbilisidan

Zveli surneli, Rimili, ferebi, rac, rogorc zemoT vTqvi, arc

erT reJims ar Seuqmnia, Seqmnes mxolod Tbiliselebma saukuneebis

manZilze.

rac unda bevri duqani da restorani gaixsnas, yvela saxlSi

rom samlocvelo aigos, Tbiliss verc Zvel xibls davubrunebT da

verc dasavlur qalaqad CavTvliT.

SesaZlebelia TbilisSi Zveli atmosferos dabruneba an ki sa-

Wiroa misi dabruneba? iqneb arc araferia SemaSfoTebeli?! mTava-

ria, rom cocxlebi varT da is siZulvili, romelic dRes anadgu-

rebs istorias, kulturas, urTierTobebs da a. S., gaanadgurebs

Tavis Tavsac da yvelaferi Tavidan daiwyeba.


277

literatura

veberi 1923: Вебер М. Город, М-П 1923 haieki 1999: Хайек Ф. Познание. Конкуренция. Свобода. М., Пневма

1999 eliade 1994: Элиаде М. Священное и мирское. М., МГУ 1994 brodeli 1986: Бродель Ф. Сируктура повседневности. М., 1986 bodriari 1995: Бодрийяр Ж. Система вещей. М. 1995 eko 1998: Эко У., Функция и знак. Семиотика архитектуры.

ТОООТК «Петрополис», 1998 lotmani 1982: Лотман Ю. М. Символика Петербурга и проблемы

семиотики города // Лотман Избранные статьи, 1982, т. 2 todorovi 1983: Тодоров Ц. Семиотика литературы в сб.

Семиотика, М. Радуга 1983

qeTevan bucxrikiZe

samyaros kosmograma da

Tanamedrove qalaqi

`qalaqi adamianis arsebobis pirobis udi-

desi, yovelmxrivi da srulyofili gamoxatu-lebaa, am gamoxatulebis yvelaze ufro fiqsi-rebuli da mniSvnelovani safexuri ki arqiteq-turaa. igi aramarto adamianis arsebobis piro-bis adgilia, aramed Tavad am pirobis nawilicaa da gamoxatulia mis ZeglebSi, bunebaSi, sacxov-rebelSi, da yvela urbanul artefaqtSi rac da-saxlebuli adgilidan gamomdinareobs~.

klod levi-strosi

XXI saukune aris qalaqebis mSeneblo-

bos saukune. qalaqmSeneblobis sakiTxebi yuradRebis centrSi imyofeba, radgan qala-

qebis ganviTarebis procesi dRevandel dRes Zalze maRali tempebiT mimdinareobs. socialurma cvlilebebma da uaxlesma teq-nologiurma saSualebebma win wamoswia ise-Ti umniSvnelovanesi sakiTxi, rogoricaa momavali kacobriobis sacxovrebeli adgi-lebis Seqmna. es, Tavis mxriv, moiTxovs qa-laqmSeneblobis sul axal da axal proeq-tebs, romlebic xSirad fantastikuri sa-xiT warmogvidgeba arqiteqtorebis xedviT.

jer kidev Zvel droSi kacobriobas adardebda qalaqmSeneblobis problemebi. iqmneboda qalaqebis gegmebi da maTi kompo-ziciuri moxazulobebi. Zvel indoeTSi da CineTSi dgeboda qalaqebis geometriuli sqemebi da iwereboda qalaqmSeneblobiTi

saqarTvelos teqnikuri uni-versitetis magstranti ar-qiteqturis mimarTulebiT

(mecnieri xelmZRvaneli _ guram yifiani). interesTa sfero: arqi-

teqtura, arqeologia, qala-

qi.

samyaros kosmograma da Tanamedrove qalaqi

279

traqtatebi. aseve, Zveli berZnebi did mniSvnelobas aniWebdnen qala-

qebis dagegmarebas. cnobilia platonis idealuri qalaqis cneba, misi optimaluri zomebiTa da socialuri fenebis SemadgenlobiT. [4]

pirveli qalaqebi Camoyalibda, rogorc religuri centrebi, ad-gilebi, sadac saRmrTo rituali xsnida samyaros bunebis Zalebis SemTxveviTobas da mis daqvemdebarebas adamianTa saWiroebebze, Zala-

uflebisa da materialuri resursebis gadanawilebas socialuri klasis interesebSi, riTac amyarebda samyaros mowyobis wesrigs, iye-nebda ra religiur ceremonias da sagnobriv formas, rogorc Tavis ZiriTad instruments.

qalaqis forma Zalauflebis fsiqologiuri iaraRia da misi geg-mareba xorcieldeba magiuri Sesabamisobis logikiT, uZlieresi da Rrmad kodirebuli instrumentebiT.

azrovnebis es sqema gamomdinareobs iqidan, rom forma yvela da-saxlebisa unda iyos magiuri samyaros modeli, RvTaebrivi wesrigi. es forma gamoiyeneboda, rogorc kavSiris damyarebis saSualeba ada-mianebsa da ciur Zalebs Soris, saSualeba harmoniuli wesrigis dam-yarebisa dedamiwaze, romelic axasiaTebs kosmoss. amiT adamianis si-cocxles eZleoda myari da usafrTxo adgili samyaroSi. RmerTebis avtoriteti daculia, xolo borotebis Zalebi da qaosi gandevnilia qalaqis gareT, Zalauflebis struqtura (mefeebi, qurumebi, aris-tokratia) gamyarebulia. yvelaferi es dRes crurwmenad gveCveneba, magram magiuri Sesabamisobis ideam didi gavlena iqonia qalaqebis cxovrebis Camoyalibebasa da ganviTarebaze. ufro metic, Cven verc ki vamCnevT Cvens warmodgenebSi, Tu ra bevria qalaqmSeneblobis formaSi am proideisa: mdgradoba droSi ufro farToa, vidre crurwmena, ro-melmac is warmoSva. [1]

qalaqis kosmiuri interpretacia yvelaze metad gamoxatulia Cinur da indur kulturaSi.

indoeli Teoretikosebis qalaqmSeneblobiT praqtikaSi aSkarad iyo gamokveTili rogorc adamianebisa da RmerTebis kavSiris sistema, aseve ritualebis kavSiri qalaqis dagegmarebasTan.

maT TeoriebSi naTlad iyo miTiTebuli, Tu rogor unda daeyoT teritoriebi da ganecalkevebinaT igi qaosis Zalebisagan. Sesaferisi da tipuri forma aRmoCnda `mandala~ _ koncentrirebuli wreebis sistema, Cawerili kvadratebis mkafiod gamoyofili geometriuli centriT. formis Caketiloba aRniSnavda siwmindes, romelic icavda mas boroti Zalebisagan. sqemaSi moZraobis veqtori mimarTuli iyo

qeTevan bucxrikiZe

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garedan SigniT, wminda adgilebis gverdis avliT, saaTis isris mimar-TulebiT.

mandala _ spxata, protoideaa, romelic udevs safuZvlad indu-ri qalaqebis proeqtirebas. is xsnis im impulss, romelmac ubiZga ka-cobriobas qalaqebis Senebisken. adamianebs eZlevaT warmodgena qala-

qis Sesaxeb, sadac xorcieldeba koleqtiuri neba progresisaken, gan-viTarebisaken da diadi saqmianobisaken. mandalas uwodeben azrovne-bis Zravis magvar iaraRs, romelic meqanizmiviTaa, muSaobs sxva da sxva doneze da exmareba adamians miaRwios WeSmarit sibrZnes. mandala aris qalaqis maTematikuri gamosaxuleba, Tanac iseTi qalaqis, rome-lic warmoadgens kacobriobis TviTrealizaciisaken swrafvis unika-lur saSualebas.

saqarTveloSi mandaluri nakvalevi nekresis `didi kvadratis“ saxiT mogvevlina. [2]

mandalas safuZvelze, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, Seiqmna qalaq-

mSeneblobiTi traqtati _ manasara. igi axdens dasaxlebuli adgile-

bis klasifikacias maTi wamyvani daniSnulebis, dasaxlebis Semadgen-lobisa da dagegmarebis struqturis xasiaTis mixedviT. manasara an-sxvavebs soflis 8 saxeobas da qalaqis 8 tips, romelTa safuZvelzec iqmneboda bevri induri qalaqi.

qalaqi aris sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis arena, romelic ireklavs sazogadoebis socialur struqturas.

qalaqi istoriulad Camoyalibebuli sazogadoebis cxovelmoq-

medebis organizaciis teritoriulad lokalizebuli formaa, ro-melsac safuZvlad udevs qalaqis mowyobis meqanizmi, es warmoadgens qvesistemebis urTierTkavSiris saSualebas, xerxs da qmnis qalaqis socialur-sivrciT struqturas.

yoveli qalaqi moicavs amouwurav informaciul potencials. es aris grandiozuli teqsti, sadac Cven amovikiTxavT aramarto movle-

nebis matianes, aramed aseve momavlis ganviTarebis mimarTulebebsac. informatiuli sixSiriTa da datvirTviT yvelaze did koncentrire-bul wertils warmoadgens qalaqis istoriuli centri. swored ami-tomac igi aris ganaTlebisa da Tanamedrove adamianis aRzrdis for-mis modeli. aseve ganmsazRvrelia, Tu rogori saqalaqo sivrce aris istoriul centrSi. mas bevr aspeqtSi SeuZlia gaiTvaliswinos, iwi-naswarmetyvelos, Tu rogori moqalaqe gaizrdeba ama Tu im qalaqSi momavalSi. centris unikaloba, misi gansakuTrebuloba qalaqis sxva elementebTan SedarebiT ganisazRvreba ara marto imiT, rom is agro-vebs adamianis moRvaweobis yvela nimuSs, aramed aZlevs mas arsebobis


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saSualebas yofacxovrebis, Sromis, moRvaweobisa da urTierTobis yvela formaSi.

simboluri centri sulieri faseulobaa. mas ar unda mivudgeT formalurad warsulis pativiscemiT. is iTxovs arqiteqturis ma-Ral profesionalizms, taqts, zneobriv sisufTaves. Tavisufali Se-moqmedebis TviTgamoxatvis damorCileba, rogorc romaelebi eZax-dnen, `adgilis genia` an `adgilis suli“, aris yvelgan, yvela KkuT-xekunWulSi, magram simbolur `centrSi“ es aris gansakuTrebuli `suli“, vidre sxva danarCen adgilebSi.

mcxeTis magaliTze, zemoT moxseniebul istoriul wyaroebze dayrdnobiT, SegviZlia vimsjeloT centrisa da konteqstis arsebo-baze. md. mtkvrisa da aragvis SesarTavTan arsebuli samkuTxa koncxi mogvevlineba am teritoriis energetikul centrad, rac ganapiroba am qalaqis geografiulma mdebareobam. igi warmoadgens gzebis TavSey-ris adgils, ra mizeziTac swored aq iyo msoflio savaWro mniSvne-lobis punqti, samrewvelo, kerpTayvanismcemlobis centri, xolo mogvianebiT, qristianuli religiis fuZe da saeklesio-religiuri centric. amasTan erTad mcxeTa iyo saTavdacvo sistemis mqone qalaqi. yvela am funqciis Tavmoyra moxda swored erT gamoyofil fizikur-geometriul samkuTxa centrSi, romelmac mis garSemo Camoayaliba cxovrebiseuli qalaqi. [6]

qalaqis qaoturi Camoyalibebis mizeziT, Tbilisis gengegmaSi ver vkiTxulobT gamokveTilad arsebuli centrisa da konteqstis struqturas. Tavidanve qalaqis Camoyalibeba ar momxdara erTiani ganviTarebis gengegmiT, ar arsebobs sxvadasxva konkretuli funqcie-bis mixedviT gamoyofili centrebi, saqmiani, kulturuli, religiu-

ri, gasarTobi, savaWro Tu sxv. qalaqSi aseT centrad SeiZleba CaiT-valos rusTavelis grZivi RerZi, aseve aRmaSeneblis quCa. TbilisSi reliefi ar iZleva gamokveTili centris arsebobis saSualebas. [7]

mandalis struqtura rom davSaloT nawilebad, gamoiyofa ori elementi: pirveli _ centri, meore _ konteqsti.

aq centri, rogorc magniti, dominantia, romlis garSemocaa sxva danarCeni kompozicia ganlagebuli. am sqemis amokiTxva SesaZloa Ta-namedrove qalaqgegmarebis kompoziciebSic, sadac aseve gamoyofilia qalaqis centri da konteqsti.

riT aixsneba Zveli droidan moyolebuli Tanamedrove qalaqebSi centrisa da konteqstis arseboba? albaT, adamianis fsiqologia sa-Wiroebs, mibmuli da marTuli iyos Tavisi saarsebo arealiT centris magnitze, romelic atarebs Tavis garSemo da praqtikulad ganagebs

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mas. erTi wuTiT rom warmovidginoT qalaqi centris gareSe, ra mox-deboda? albaT, sruli qaosi, romelic moculi iqneboda wvrilwvri-

li centrebis kavSirebiT. gamodis, rom kacobrioba imarTeba didi centraluri mamoZravebeli magnit-manqanebiT da albaT, es saWirocaa.

aviRoT Zveli qalaqis centri, romlis mizidulobis energetika imdenad Zlieria, rom adamiani pirdapir midis im mTavar wertilSi, sadac Caisaxa pirveli cxovrebiseuli rutina. mas aqvs interesi, survilisa da yofnis gancda, aris es religiuri centri Tu adminis-traciuli. amis magaliTebia: romis koloseumi, saberZneTis akropo-lisi, vatikanis wm. petres taZari da sxv.

savaraudoa, rom dResdReobiT, gvinda Tu ar gvinda, Tanamedrove qalaqis fuZes swored is Zveli istoriuli centri-magnitebi warmo-adgenen. maTi ugulebelyofa SeuZlebelia da arc aris mizanSewoni-li, radganac axali qalaqis centri mSrali futuro gamodis. igi ar gamocems energetikas, romelic ileqeboda saukuneebis manZilze. is mxolod eleqtronuli internetis `skad“ mogvevlineba, magram ar vuaryofT Tanamedrove teqnologiebis did miRwevebs, romelTa saSu-alebebiTac iqmneba didi sivrce, sadac adamianebs axali urTierTobe-bis areali eqmnebaT. es moitana drom da areali kidev ufro gaizrdeba momavalSi. ubralod, saWiroa manqanuri Zalauflebis veqtorebis mi-marTva imgvarad, rom igi ar mowydes im sawyiss istoriul werti-lebs, romlebic kvebaven Cven cxovrebas yoveldRiurad da ar gamoiw-vios civilizaciis krizisi. [5]

Tu gadavavlebT Tvals XXI saukunis arqiteqturas da misgan warmoSobil axal xedvas, raSic vgulisxmobT caTambjenebis aurac-xel raodenobas da maT usasrulo formebs, gveqmneba STabeWdielba, rom Cven sul male vicxovrebT ara gansazRvruli qalaqis regulire-

bul sistemaSi, aramed teqnologiuri fantaziebis mier Sobil an ga-mozrdil `biologiur“ sistemebSi, romelTa komunikaciebic midis usasrulobamde. iqmneba eko qalaqebi, wyalze mocurave qalaqebi, xis totebis magvari Senobebi, boWkovani sistemebi, cifruli qalaqebi [12], sadac adamiani TiTqos inkubatorSi izrdeba. amgvari didi mas-Stabis sivrceebi sruliad kargavs anTropomorful masStabs. aq ada-ianis cxovreba wydeba im miCveul garemos, nostalgiebs da velur bu-nebas, ramac Soba. igi veRar aRiqvams im sawyis regulirebad sistemas, raSic cxovrobda. SesaZloa ar gamoiricxos is faqtic, rom momaval-

Si adamiani Seegueba amgvar cifrul, boWkovan qalaqebs, magram Cven vvaraudobT, rom amas didi dro dasWirdeba. adamianis fsiqologia aseT globalur cvlilebasTan adaptacias mcire droSi ver moaxdens.


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muSavdeba sul ufro da ufro avangardistuli proeqtebi, Seno-bebi saxuravebze satransporto trasebiT, fasadebze gamwvanebiT da sxv. msoflios qalaqmSenebeli arqiteqtorebi darwmunebulebi arian qalaqebis sistemur krizisSi. berZeni qalaqmSenebeli-arqiteqtori konstantin doqsiadisi Tvlida, rom principuli gardaqmnis gareSe qalaqebs sul male ewveva urbanuli katastrofa.

teqnikam miaRwia progress, xolo saqalaqo mowyobis sistemam _ vera. Tanamedrove qalaqebSi rac metia transportis siswrafe, miT ufro meti dro gvWirdeba centrSi mosaxvedrad. mizezebi sacobebia, uamravi avtomaqana da miznamde male miRwevis survili. qalaqebis mas-Stabebi gaizarda da amasTan _ droc daniSnulebis adgilamde misaR-wevad. mizezi gaxlavT is, rom qalaqebis warmoqmnidan dRemde satran-sporto mSeneblobis principi ar Secvlila. doqsiadisi xsnas xedav-da principulad axali qalaqebis sistemebis SeqmnaSi. magaliTad, satransporto sistemas aigivebda sisxlis mimoqcevasTan, sadac cen-trSi ufro farTe arteriebia da sisxlis mimoqcevac metia, xolo pe-riferiebSi viwro ZarRvebSi ki mcire nakadebi. igi Tvlida, rom swo-red amgvari sistemebis aSenebiT gaumjobesdeboda qalaqebis mdgoma-reoba, magram sad ganTavsdeboda es sitemebi, miwis zeviT Tu qvemoT, amis gadawyveta uWirdaT inJinrebs [9].

Cveni azriT, dRevandeli arqiteqtorebi erTi SexedviT xsnas xe-daven ekoqalaqebSi, raTa qalaqs resursebis gauaresebis mxriv odnav mainc Seumsubuqon mdgomareoba. isini cdiloben meti gamwvaneba Sei-tanon saavtomobilo transportiT gadatvirTul saqalaqo sivrce-Si, riTac uzrunvelyofen sivrcis gajansaRebas.

did qalaqebs aqvT aseve sxva problemebic. maTi zrdisas wydeba adamianTa Soris urTierTkavSirebi, romlebic warmoadgenen civili-

zaciis safuZvels. arc satransporto da arc satelefono komunika-ciebs ar SeuZliaT Secvalon cocxali urTierTobebi, romlebiTac kacobrioba sunTqavs yoveldRiurad.

umTavres problemas vxedavT teqnologiuri ganviTarebis kri-tikul zRvarSi, romlis gareTac yovelgvari saTanado kavSirebi darRveulia da adgili aqvs areulobas. Cndeba sul ufro meti rTu-li teqnologia, didi qalaqebi gardaiqmnebian koncentraciis werti-lebad, xolo mcire qalaqebsa da soflebSi mosaxleoba klebulobs da xdeba gaukacrieleba. yovelive amis mizezi cxovrebiseuli moT-xovnilebebis daukmayofilebaa.

Cndeba kiTxva- gauwonasworebeli ganviTarebis saxelmwifoebSi ra unda iyos arqiteqtoris prioriteti?

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aseT viTarebaSi teqnologiebi mTavari moTxovnilebebis Sesru-lebis saSualebebi xdebian. es saSualebebi did qalaqebSi Warbadaa, xolo naklebad ganviTarebulSi cxovrebis axleburi xedva mxolod televiziisa da radios saSualebiT Semodis. didi qalaqebisTvis da-maxasiaTebeli problemebidan aseve aRsaniSnavia mzardi raodenobis mosaxleobis damokidebuleba gansazRvrul, ganviTarebul terito-riaze, sadac mTavari komfortia. fsiqologiurad xalxis migraciis mizezi mdgomareobs imaSi, rom igi sistematurad inacvlebs ufro ukeTes da ukeTes adgilas. aseT process win veravin aRudgeba.

amave dros, arqiteqtorma paralelurad ar unda daiviwyos sof-lis funqciac. man unda Seqmnas axali sistemebi, romlebic safuZvels Cauyris, rogorc mosaxleobis maRal industriul ganviTarebas, ise soflis meurneobis aRorZinebas.

momavalze saubrisas xazs vusvamT teqnologiebiT Seqmnil axal samyaros, romelic ufro ioli gziT da swrafi tempiT aSenebs gare-mos, magram amave dros SesaZloa dakavSirebuli iyos warsulTanac, dafuZnebuli iyos ZiriTad faseulobebze da xalxis didi raodeno-bis keTlidReobaze. am konteqstSi Cven unda miviRoT teqnologiuri avansebi da gamovikvlioT zrdis axali mimarTulebebi. mTavaria mzar-di mosaxleobisaTvis energiisa da resursebis swori formebiT gamo-yeneba. SesaZloa, dRes jer kidev ar gvesmis, Tu sadaa teqnologiis, rogorc instrumentis, adgili, romlis gamoyenebac iqneb sworad arc SegviZlia! TavSeukavebel teqnologias SeuZlia migviyvanos War-bwarmoebamde, romlis Sedegic iqneba gamoyenebiTi flangva. arsebi-Tad sworia teqnologiis gamoyeneba adamianis keTildReobis mizniT. Cveni mTavari mizania sakiTxisadmi midgoma davafuZnoT cxovrebis swor Secnobaze, rac gulisxmobs garemos Seswavlas drosa da siv-rceSi. amis Semdgom mosaxleobis raodenobis zrdis problema dakav-Sirebuli iqneba xarisxTan, romelic Sesabamisad gansazRvravs rao-denobas. erTi mxriv, progresis uzrunvelsayofad SegviZlia Sevar-CioT ekonomikuri zrdis ZiriTadi ganmsazRvreli faqtorebi, magram meore mxriv, Cvens SesaZleblobebs aRemateba sociologiuri cvli-

lebebis marTva, am axal Seqmnil sivrceSi, SegviZlia imgvarad dava-gegmaroT da vmarToT procesebi, rom moxdes xalxis jansaRi buneb-rivi Segueba Tanamedrove garemosTan, sadac ocdaoTxi saaTis ganmav-lobaSi adamiani daikmayofilebs yvela cxovrebiseul moTxovnile-

bas, sadac mas ubralod arCevanis Tavisufleba eqneba. aseTi organizaciuli formidan gamomdinareobs swori struq-

tura, kultura, ris garSemoc sazogadoebis Sekreba kvlav da kvlav


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gagrZeldeba. Cven unda gamovnaxoT sakuTari kulturuli kataliza-

torebi, romlebic iqcevian adamianebis saarsebo arealebad. dagegma-rebis meTodi da arqiteqturuli gamoxatuleba ar aris is, rac unda iyos mTavari da erTaderTi.

dReisaTvis msoflios mosaxleobis didi nawili cxovrobs e.w. qalaq gigantebSi, romlebic SeiZleba SevadaroT megamanqanebs, sadac adamianebi iqcnen WianWvelebad da CarTulebi arian am meqanizmis dina-mikur moZraobaSi. [14]

qalaqi gigantebi qmnian procesebis, sirTuleebisa da RonisZie-bebis axal dinamikas, fizikur, socialur da ekonomikur garemoSi. aq wydeba demografiuli, socialuri, politikuri, ekonomikuri da ekologiuri problemebi. yovelive es moiTxovs rogorc bunebrivi, ise adamianuri resursebis gonivrul gamoyenebas cxovrebis xarisxis sul ufro mzardi moTxovnis kvaldakval.

qalaqi – gigantebi, romlebic aRmocendnen drois ekonomikuri bumis pirobebSi, qmnian mniSvnelovan SesaZleblobebs, magram amasTan erTad axorcieleben Zlier wnexs ekologiuri degradacis saxiT.

aseTi masStabebi da dinamizmi qmnis adamianuri kapitalis did koncentracias da iqceva inkubatorad, qalaqad – gigantebisaTvis. isini globalizaciis fokuss warmoadgenen, amasTan warmoadgenen globaluri riskis kerasac. dasaxlebis simWidrove qmnis iseT ris-kebs, romlebic ganpirobebulia bunebrivi da xelovnuri mizezebiT. qalaqis marTvis organoebi xdebian uZlurni swrafad gadaWran prob-lemebi veberTela masStabebSi. aseTi qalaqebi warmoadgenen idealur adgils kvlevebis sawarmoeblad socialur, ekologiur, ekonomikur, samedicino, politikur da sxva sferoebSi. yovelive amis Sedegad maT aqvT didi potenciali, Seitanon wvlili mecnierebaSi, kulturaSi, xelovnebaSi, mSvidobasa da globalur marTlmsajulebaSi.

cxovrebis done da xarisxi aseT qalaqebSi damokidebulia fase-ulobaTa sistemebze, individualur aRqmaze, urTierTobebze, rac sxvadasxva eTnosis, kulturis, religiisa da asakisaTvis sxvada-sxvaa. adamianis prioritetebi, cxovrebiseuli urTierTobebi damo-kidebulia socialur-ekonomikur da kulturul garemoze. istori-uli adgilebi, kulturuli kerebi aris kargi adgili aseTi qalaqe-

bisaTvis, maTi unikaluri identurobisaTvis, memkvidreobisaTvis. sa-bolood, aseTi sivrciTi kapitali qmnis socialur erTobas da mSob-liuri saxlis SegrZnebas, rasac gadarCena da SenarCuneba esaWiroeba.

amasTan mravali mcxovrebisaTvis cxovrebis done dabalia. nia-dagis dabinZureba, haeris, wylis, energiis ukmarisoba, sacobebi gzeb-

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ze, SezRuduli mwvane adgilebi, siRaribe da socialuri daucveloba uamrav problemebs uqmnis maT.

kiTxvebi, romlebic daismis qalaq-gigantebis mcxovreblebis mi-marT, aseTia:

1. rogor esmiT cxovrebis done, rogoria maTi specifiuri gage-ba, moTxovna da survili?

2. vis aqvs ufleba, upiratesoba, SearCios prioritetebi, dafi-nanseba da variantebi?

3. vis SeuZlia Seafasos cxovrebis done, sociokulturuli sistemebis farglebSi unikaluri faseulobebis gaTvaliswinebiT?

4. rogor SeiZleba gaxdnen qalaqi-gigantebi konkurentunaria-ni, SemoqmedebiTi da mimzidveli?

ganviTarebadi msoflios qalaqebis mSeneblobis dros gaTvalis-

winebuli unda iqnas qalaqgegmareba sociokulturuli garemoebis gaTvaliswinebiT.

saWiroa uaxlesi, inovaciuri, ekonomikuri marTvis isntrumen-tebi, cxovrebis donis amaRleba kulturaTa Soris konteqstSi. sa-Wiroa e.w. `cxeli wertilebis~ (uwyloba, ugazoba da a. S.) prevencia da strategiuli dagegmva.

literatura

1. mandala 1986: Система основ развития древнеиндийских поселе-нии Д. Сингх Человеческие поселения 1986. Импакт нау-ка и общество 28-37стр.

2. nekresis `didi kvadrati~ gv. 214-251 gamomcemloba kadmosi huma-nitaruli kvleviTi Jurnali 2009.

3. manasara Архитектура Индии 1964г. А.А. Коропкам 4. Kevin Lynch- ,-A theory of good city, from the MIT Press 1986 5. Пьер Маршал ,,НОВЫЕ ГОРОДА ’’1975. 6. mcxeTa –qarTuli enciklopedia mTavari samecniero redaqcia sa-

qarTvelos istoriisa da kulturis ZeglTa aRwerilo-

bis redaqcia 5 tomi Tbilisi 1990, 229 gv. 230-231-232 7. T. kvirkvelia: Zveli Tbilisis quCebsa da QquCaubnebSi, T. kvirkve-

lia. 8. T. kvirkvelia: ZvelTbilisuri dasaxlebani. 9. А. Гутнов В. Глазычев: Мир Архитектуры – А. Гутнов В. Глазычев 10. heidegeriseuli filosofia _ qalaqsa da arqiteqturaze _


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Poetry, Language, Thought. 11. rem kulhaasi 1994: rem kulhaasi, SeSlili niu iorki: manhe-

tenis retroaqtiuri manifesti monaCeli pres, 1994

(pirveli gamocema 1978) 12. parametricistuli arqiteqtura – Digital Cities by Neil Leach 13. luis mamfordi: luis mamfordis The City In History 14. qalaqi gigantebi Megacities – our global urban future, Earth scienses

for society,,,, Megacity Challenges, a stakeholder perspective. 15. Manfredo Tafuri, Marshall Berman and Jane Jacobs, City Planing

and Moderns Architecture, Manfredo Tafuri, Marshall Berman and Jane Jacobs, The Global City Region.

20. aldo rosi 1966: aldo rosi, Architettura della Citta, 1966.

cisana burjanaZe

bibliuri saxeebis mxatvruli funqcia akaki wereTlis SemoqmedebaSi

me-19 saukunis qarTuli literatura

gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani etapia, zoga-dad, qarTuli literaturis istoriaSi: axali qarTuli literatura Zveli qarTu-li mwerlobis niadagzea aRmocenebuli, mi-si Rirseuli memkvidrea, amitomac SeTvise-buli aqvs misi miRwevebi, religiuri az-rovneba da msoflmxedveloba. Tumca, amave dros, uamravi literaturuli novaciis ma-tarebelia.

me-19 saukune saqarTveloSi socia-

lur-politikuri cvlilebebisa da roman-tikul-realisturi tendenciebis damkvid-rebis epoqaa. mwerlobis ganviTarebis pro-cesSi icvleba mxatvrul-esTetikuri prin-cipebica da sinamdvilis mxatvruli asax-vis gzebic. Sesabamisad, icvleba Sexedule-

ba imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra unda warmoadgendes xelovnebis sagansa da devizs: xelovneba xelovnebisaTvis Tu xelovneba xalxisaT-

vis. vis an ras unda emsaxurebodes xelova-

ni. magram, mxatvrul-esTetikuri princi-pebis cvlilebebis miuxedavad, ar icvleba msoflmxedveloba _ biblia qarTveli poe-tisaTvis kvlavac rCeba moraluri princi-pebis ganmsazRvrelad da mxatvrul saxeTa wyarod.

yoveli mwerali, an, ubralod, ama Tu im teqstis avtori, garkveuli epoqisa da kulturis pirmSoa da mis cnobierebaSi aR-beWdilia am epoqasa da kulturaSi arsebu-

ilias saxelmwifo univer-sitetis doqtoranti Seda-rebiTi literaturis mimar-TulebiT. interesTa sfero: lite-

raturaTmcodneoba, Sedare-biTi literatura, kritika.


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li mravalgvari teqsti an maTi fragmentebi. akaki wereTelic mecxra-mete saukunis saqarTvelos pirmSoa. amitom, arcaa gasakviri, rom mis SemoqmedebaSi asaxulia mis irgvliv arsebuli socialuri da kul-

turuli garemo Tavisi msoflmxedvelobrivi Tu politikuri Sexe-dulebebiT, tradiciebiT, siaxleebiTa Tu problemebiT.

* * * postmodernizmis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi principis Tanax-

mad, yoveli teqsti aris sxva teqstebis urTierTgadakveTa, radganac masSi monawileoben winamorbedi Tu garemomcveli kulturis teq-stebi. rolan bartis mixedviT, Zveli kulturuli kodebis, formu-lebis, ritmuli struqturebisa da a. S. fragmentebi ganzavebulia teqstSi, radgan mis Seqmnamde da mis irgvlivac arsebobs ena. aqedan gamomdinare, Zalze mniSvnelovania teqstis urTierTqmedeba mis semi-otikur-kulturul da socialur garemosTan, rogorc am ukanaskne-lis interiorizacia teqstSi.

im klasifikaciis mixedviT, romelic Camoayaliba frangma mkvle-

varma, Jerar Jenetma, teqstTa urTierTqmedebis Semdegi tipebi arse-bobs:

interteqstualoba, rogorc erT teqstSi ori an meti teqstis Tanaarseboba-citata, aluzia, plagiati:

parateqstualoba- teqstis mimarTeba Tavisi saTauris, epigra-fis Tu epilogisadmi:

megateqstualoba-preteqstis kritika Tu komentari, parodia da a.S.:

arqiteqstualoba- teqstTa Janruli kavSiri. interteqstualoba erT teqstSi ori an meti teqstis urTier-

TgadakveTas gulisxmobs, rac teqstSi, SesaZlebelia, citaciis an aluziis saSualebiT iqnes warmodgenili. pirvel rigSi, mokled un-da ganvmartoT gansxvaveba citatasa da aluzias Soris: citata gax-lavT preteqstis ori an sami komponentis gamoyeneba-warmoqmna, rom-lis drosac igi inarCunebs im predikats, romelic preteqstSi hqon-da. am dros SesaZlebelia nimuSis zusti an transformirebuli war-modgena teqstSi. aluziis SemTxvevaSi ki axali teqsti preteqstisa-gan mxolod garkveuli elementebiTaa davalebuli da teqst-recipi-entSi misi amocnoba swored am elementebis saSualebiT xdeba, radga-nac ar aris SenarCunebuli predikacia. aluziis dros, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, elementTa urTierTdamokidebuleba SerCeviTia, xolo mTeli gamonaTqvami an preteqstis pwkaredi, TiTqosda, teqstis ga-reT arseboben.

i. p. smirnovis TqmiT, citaciis SemTxvevaSi avtori mimarTavs re-

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konstruqciul interteqstualobas, roca adasturebs ,,Tavisi~ da ,,sxvisi~ naTqvamebis erTianobas, aluziis SemTxvevaSi ki pirvel ad-gilze dgas konstruqciuli interteqstualoba. misi mizania imgva-rad ganalagos elementebi, maTi imgvari urTierTdamokidebuleba mogvces, rom isini axali teqstis semantikur-kompoziciuri struq-turis SemakavSirebel rgolebad iqcnen.

mravalricxovanma gamokvlevebma, romlebic mieZRvna interteq-stualur mimarTebebs, cxadyo, Tu raoden mniSvnelovan zegavlenas ax-dens teqstSi CarTuli citata teqstis semantikaze _ mas teqstis ax-lebur gaazrebamde mivyavarT da teqstis semantikuri struqturis mniSvnelovani nawili xdeba.

Cveni konkretuli kvlevis sagani akaki wereTlis Semoqmedebaa _ CvenTvis mniSvnelovania teqstualuri fragmentebis, citatebisa da aluziebis moZieba, raTa:

a) maTi analizis safuZvelze davadginoT maTi urTierTmimarTe-bis xasiaTi da mxatvrul-stilisturi funqciebi, romlebic mxat-vrul nawarmoebSi ekisreba sxvadasxvagvar aluziebs, citatebs, pe-rifrazebs da a.S.

b) akakis SemoqmedebaSi interteqstualuri momentebis gamovle-

na mniSvnelovania wyaros dadasturebis TvalsazrisiTac, rac iTva-liswinebs avtoris meTodologiis kvlevas, xels Seuwyobs avtoris stilis Taviseburebebis dadgenasa da gansazRvras. radganac TiToe-ul mxatvrul elements Tavisi datvirTva aqvs SinaarsTan mimarTebiT (rogorc sistemis komponents), es analizi dagvexmareba imis gaazre-baSic, Tu ra xerxiT xdeba realobidan aRebuli masalis gardasaxva mxatvrul nawarmoebSi.

g) moxdes aluziebisa da citatebis funqciuri daniSnulebis kvleva socialur konteqstSi: anu rogor iyenebs mocemul masalas _ rusuli Sovinizmis winaaRmdeg, qarTveli eris gamosafxizleblad Tu dasacavad da a.S. Sesabamisad, naSromis mizani gaxlavT akaki wereTlis SemoqmedebaSi arsebuli aluziebisa da citatebis moZieba da axsna, mo-Ziebuli masalis pragmasemantikuri da funqciuri daniSnulebis kvle-

va da ganxilva socialur da kulturul konteqstSi. d) dadgindes, raa tradiciuli mis SemoqmedebaSi da raa sakuT-

riv misi.

* * * fridrix Slegeli Tavis ,,esTetikaSi~ wers: ,,Tu ganvixilavT

biblias im udidesi gavlenis mixedviT, romelic mas hqonda Suasauku-neebisa da uaxlesi drois poeziaze, enaze, xelovnebasa da msjeloba-

ze, SevniSnavT or gasaocar Tvisebas: gamoxatvis sisadaves, romelic


291

garidebulia yovelgvari xelovnurobisagan da... garegan formasa da

Txrobas, romelmac udidesi gavlena moaxdina Cvens enasa da poeziaze _ saxeobrioba da igavi. bibliaSi batonobs igavuri metyveleba da sim-boluri suli. aman mniSvnelovnad gansazRvra qristiani xalxebis az-rovnebis wesi.~1 fridrix Slegelis es daskvna naTels xdis im faq-torebs, romlebmac mniSvnelovanwilad gansazRvres qarTuli mwer-lobis ganviTarebis xazi.

akaki wereTelma wera-kiTxva ,,daviTniTa“ da ,,samociquloTi“ iswavla da mTeli sicocxlis manZilze biblia mis ucvlel Tanamde-vad darCa. akakis Semoqmedebas saocari kvali daaCnia Zvelsa da axal aRTqmaSi gacxadebulma sibrZnem. ai, ras wers Tavad igi bibliis Sesa-xeb:

,,gadasul erebSi yvelaze ufro uriebi momwons. sityva ,,uria“ hniSnavs dids da marTlac, rom, DZvelad, odesme, rogorc sulieri mkvlevari da kerpobis drosve erTRmerTobis mimdevari, didi yofila urioba. arc erT erTagans bibliiseburi CvenTvis ara dautovebia ra. iq ara Tu ,,SeqmnaTa sakiTxavi“, ,,mefeTa wigni“, ,,sawinaswarmetyveloebi“ da sxvani SesaniSnavia, ubralo igav-arakebsac ki geniosobis beWedi at-yviaT“.2

akaki wereTlisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia bibliuri saxeebiT az-rovneba, Zveli da axali aRTqmidan moxmobili citatebiT saubari, mTeli rigi epizodebis perifrazireba....

iseve, rogorc mTeli misi Semoqmedeba, bibliuri masalac mis-Tvis mxolod erT mizans emsaxureba: samSoblos dacvasa da xsnas. bib-lia misi da qarTuli sazogadoebis cxovrebis nawilia... swored ami-tomac, bibliuri citatebi da aluziebi xSirad Segnebuladaa moxmo-bili, raTa mkiTxvelma ufro naTlad dainaxos gamefebuli situacia, ufro kargad gaigos saTqmeli...

akakisaTvis biblia yovelTvis iyo kacobriobis ganviTarebis is-toriisa Tu adamianis sulieri samyaros amsaxveli saukeTeso wigni. amitomac, ar arsebobda movlena mis Tanamedrove saqarTveloSi, rom SeuZlebeli yofiliyo misi dakavSireba bibliasTan: akakis saqarTve-loSic, miuxedavad aTaswleulebisa, moiZebnebian urwmuno Tomebi da savleebi, iudebi da pilateebi, magdalelebi da ivdiTebi: ,,savle“, ,,Toma“, ,,sami leqcia ,,vefxistyaosanzed“, ,,imereli TfilisSi“, ,,sa-qarTvelos dRevandeli saxe“, ,,vera xedavT?“ da a.S....

1 Ф. Шлегель, История древней и новой литературы, С-ПБ, 1834, стр.9. 2 akaki wereTeli, TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli 15 tomad, t.14. , Tbilisi, 1961, gv. 558

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aSkaraa akaki wereTlis kavSiri qarTul poetur tradiciebTan, folklorsa da bibliasTan. magram, aseve, aSkara da udavoa misi poe-turi originaluroba da SemoqmedebiTi Zalmosileba. Sesabamisad, ze-moTqmulidan gamomdinare, sainteresoa, ,,ra cvlilebebi (da rogor) Seitana adre ukve cnobil frazebsa da sityvier gamosaxulebebSi, romel ganmtkicebul xatebs mouxmo da ra viTarebasTan dakavSirebi-Taa gamoyenebuli adrindeli frazebi Tu xatebi?“3 anu rogoria bib-liuri da kulturuli citaciisa da aluziebis mxatvruli funqcie-bi.

am mxriv, gansakuTrebiT saintereso masalas iZleva bibliuri aluziebisa da citatebis kvleva akaki wereTlis SemoqmedebaSi: Zve-li Tu axali aRTqmis personaJTa saxe-simboloebi: samsoni (,,uidea-lo~, ,,xarabuza generals~, ,,raWis erisTavi rostom~, ,,Cemi aRsare-ba~), iobi (,,legenduri,~ ,,Cemi aRsareba~, ,,aRsareba~, ,,naTela~), mose, daviTi, ieremia... axali aRTqmis epizodebi: golgoTa, saidumlo se-roba, aRdgoma da a.S.

sainteresoa, rom, akaki, rogorc poeturi azrovnebis kontras-tuli wyobis mqone poeti, rig SemTxvevebSi gvaZlevs mocemulobis orgvar gansaxovnebas binaruli opoziciis CvenebiT. mag:

kaeni (mkvleli) - abeli (msxverpli)... iobi (moTmineba) - svimon mimrqmeli (molodini);

ieremia (meditacia) -mose (moqmedeba); iuda (qmedeba)-pilate (umoqmedoba); akaki iRebs am yvelasaTvis cnobil saxeebs, TiTqmis yovelTvis

iqve moixseniebs maT saqmeebsa da Rvawls, magram maT xSirad sxva dat-virTvas aZlevs da, amgvarad, axal mxatvrul saxeebs qmnis.

sainteresoa, aseve, ra gavlenas axdens xalxuri Tu literatu-

ruli poeturi tradicia (rusTaveli, al.WavWavaZe, gr. orbeliani, n. baraTaSvili...) akaki wereTlis Semoqmedebaze - romeli poeturi fra-zebi iqceva misTvis STagonebis wyarod da ,,ra viTarebis (situaciis) mimarT aris gamoyenebuli adrindeli (sxva poetis) fraza“4

bibliidan moxmobili saxeebi, citatebi da aluziebi akakisTan ricxobrivad sWarbobs yvela danarCens.

rogorc ukve aRiniSna, interteqstualoba erT teqstSi ori an meti teqstis urTierTgadakveTas gulisxmobs. am SemTxvevaSi Cveni interesis sagani gaxlavT is, Tu rogor axdens akaki wereTeli bib-

3 gr. kiknaZe, mudmiv xatTa sistema akaki wereTlis SemoqmedebaSi, litera-

turis Teoriisa da istoriis sakiTxebi,Tbilisi, 1987. gv. 311 4 iqve, gv. 311.


293

liuri masalis Semotanas teqstSi. kvlevis sawyis etapze ukve dad-ginda mxatvrul teqstSi bibliuri wyaros Semosvlis ramdenime mo-deli:

1. citireba (,,grigol wereTlis iremi,“ ,,vano maCabeli,“ ,,sizma-ri,“ ,,ori sizmari,“ ,,imerlebi,“ ,,bodva,“ ,,Cemi aRsareba,“ ,,calyba pa-suxi,“ .....)

2. perifrazi (,,savle, ,,Toma mociquli, ,,naTlisReba,“ ,,qriste aRdga“...)

3. variantuli wakiTxva (bibliur pasaJTa xalxuri variantebis gamoyeneba-,,mamali ras yivis,“ ,,legenduri,“ ,,yviTeli sanTeli,“ ,,sxvadasxva eri“, ,,xalxuri“...)

4. Tavisufali da adaptirebuli variantebis SemoTavazeba (,,da-viTis gvirgvini,“ ,,sami Zma,“ ,,wmida nino,“ ,,mamlis yivilze“, ,,imedi ebraelTa“, ,,cxovreba“...)5

kvlevis sawyis etapze, aseve, gamokveTil saxe-simbolod gvevli-

neba ori stiqia: wyali da cecxli. amaTgan, cecxls orgvari datvir-Tva aqvs: cecxli-wva da cecxli-naTeli.

Sesabamisad, am mxriv warmoebuli kvleva avtoris stilis Tavi-seburebebis dadgenasa da gansazRvrebas Seuwyobs xels. amasTan, bib-liuri Tu saRvTismetyvelo aluziebis informaciuli SesaZleblo-

bebis gaTvaliswineba ufro naTels gaxdis avtoriseul Canafiqrs, rogorc mTlianad mxatvrul nawarmoebTan, aseve, calkeul personaJ-Tan dakavSirebiT.

da, radganac nebismieri mwerlis mxatvruli memkvidreobis, sa-xismetyvelebiTi aspeqtebisa da esTetikuri fenomenis kvlevis gasa-Rebi avtoris msoflmxedveloba da sarwmunoebrivi mrwamsia, amito-mac akaki wereTlis Semoqmedebis saxismetyvelebiTi Sreebisa da mxatvruli.

Canafiqris kvleva ukeT warmogviCens akaki wereTlis litera-

turul-esTetikur principebsa da msoflmxedvelobriv Rirebule-

bebsa Tu problemebs

citaciis problema akaki wereTelTan

yovel epoqaSi Zveli teqstebi am epoqis epistemisTvis damaxasia-Tebeli azrovnebisa da msoflSegrZnebis prizmaSi aRiqmeba (yovel epoqaSi arsebobs kulturis ganviTarebis garkveuli safexuris spe-

5 akaki wereTeli, TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli TxuTmet tomad, t.13, Tbi-lisi, 1961, gv.325

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cifikiT ganpirobebuli erTgvari aRqmis zRurbli, romlis miRma ar-sebuli informacia waikiTxeba an waikiTxeboda sxva epoqebSi an sxva kulturebSi, magram mocemul istoriul etapze an mocemul kultu-

raSi miuwvdomelia aRqmisaTvis). amgvarad, kulturul mexsierebaSi, istoriis garkveul etapze,

Zveli teqstebi ucvleli saxiT ki ar CaerTveba, aramed modificirde-ba am etapisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli specifikuri msoflaRqmisa da az-rovnebis wesis Sesabamisad. Sesabamisad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom es Zve-li teqsti ukve imitom SeiZleba ganvixiloT erTgvari ,,palimfses-

tis~ saxiT, rom masze ,,ganifineba~ axali msoflaRqma. swored amgva-ri palimfsestebis (romlebzec `ganfenilia~ akaki wereTlis mxat-vruli teqstebi) wakiTxvasa da analizs isaxavs miznad Cveni sadiser-tacio naSromis erTi nawili.

rogorc gotlob frege aRniSnavs, ,,mesame piris naTqvamis gameo-rebas uSualo kavSiri aqvs azrisa da mniSvnelobis problemasTan, radganac, roca Cven Cveulebrivad viyenebT sityvas, misi denotati isaa, rasac vgulisxmobT. magram, zogjer Cven pirdapiri naTqvamis sa-SualebiT sxvis sityvebs gadmovcemT, anu vaxdenT sxvisi sityvebis citirebas. maSin sityvebi, romelTac warmovTqvamT, pirvel rigSi, sxvis sityvebs aRniSnaven da mxolod am ukanasknelT gaaCniaT Cveu-lebrivi denotati. pirdapiri naTqvamis sityvebi niSanTa niSnebi gax-lavT.~6

poeziaSi citacia aris urTierToba teqstebs Soris. amitomac gasarkvevia, SesaZlebelia Tu ara, rom citatis denotati iyos enob-rivi gamonaTqvami da ara misi pirveladi mniSvneloba (is mniSvneloba, romelic aqvs gamonaTqvams citirebul teqstSi). swored es sakiTxi unda ganvixiloT ,,Cveulebrivi~ da ,,poeturi~ citaciis semantikis sakiTxTan erTad.

magaliTad, moTxrobaSi ,,grigol wereTlis iremi~ vkiTxulobT: ,,Cemi filosofia ,,Jamni~ da ,,daviTnia~, sadac sweria: ,,ukeTumca ufalma ara aRaSena saxli, cudad Svrebian maSenebelni misni~ - miugo winamZRvarma.

didxans miwiodnen yurebSi moxucis sityvebi da dResac, usamar-Tlod gaZlierebuls rom vismes vnaxav, gulSi vimeoreb: ,,ara Tumca

6 Gottlob Frege, Über Sinn und Bedeutung’, in Zeitschrift für Philosophie und philosophische Kritik, 100, 1892, 25-50. . Translated as ‘On Sense and Reference’ by M. Black in Translations from the Philosophical Writings of Gottlob Frege, P. Geach and M. Black (eds. and trans.), Oxford: Blackwell, third edition, 1980.


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ufalman aRaSena saxli, cudad Svrebian maSenebelni misni~.7

am SemTxvevaSi, rodesac akaki winamZRvris naTqvams imeorebs, sa-kuTar Tavsa da winamZRvars erTisa da imaves mTqmelebad warmoaCens. magram isini, visac gulisxmobs akaki, SeuZlebelia iyvnen isini, visac gulisxmobs winamZRvari, an, Tundac, daviT mefsalmune. Sesabamisad, akakis citata aris axali mtkicebuleba, romlis namdvilobasa da WeSmaritebaze pasuxs agebs is, vinc citirebas axdens: moyvanili maga-liTis pirvel nawilSi _ winamZRvari, meore nawilSi _ Tavad akaki.

sruliad SesaZlebelia, rom is, vinc citirebas axdens, da is, vis citirebasac axdenen, erTsa da imave gamonaTqvamSi sruliad sxvadas-xva rames an vinmes gulisxmobdnen. magram, Tuki sxvadasxva mosaubris mier sxvadasxva garemo-konteqstSi warmoTqmul gamonaTqvams erTi da igive sazrisi aqvs, maSasadame, Sesabamisi winadadeba konkretuli garemosa da konteqstisagan damoukidebel WeSmaritebas, propozici-as gamoxatavs, romelsac adgili aqvs gansxvavebul garemoebebSi. aka-ki uTanabrdeba winamZRvars da daviT winaswarmetyvels, xolo winam-ZRvari - daviT winaswarmetyvels, rogorc mTqmelic da rogorc erTi da imaves mamtkicebelic.

frTiani gamonaTqvamebis, andazebis, Tu sxvaTa naTqvamebis moxmo-bisas sruliad SesaZlebeli xdeba damyardes konteqstTaSorisi ur-TierToba misgan gamomdinare ormagi konteqstualizaciiT ... aseve, damyardes originalur da citirebul gamonaTqvamTa interpretaciis erTgvarovneba.

akakiseuli citaciis mTavari semantikuri efeqti gaxlavT is, rom igi aiZulebs marTal svimeons, winamZRvars, daviT mefsalmunes Tu ieremias, ilaparakon akakiseul samyaroze. amgvarad, citirebisas xdeba gamonaTqvamis amogleja im samyarodan, sadac igi warmoiTqva, da moTavseba im samyaroSi, romelSic mas xelaxla warmoTqvamen. Sesaba-misad, gamonaTqvamis semantizacia orgvarad xdeba: im droiT da samya-roTi, romelic mis axal konteqsts qmnis da warmoadgens, da am samya-rosa da drois xiluli an uxilavi fiqsaciiT. Sesabamisad, gamonaT-qvams aqvs Tavisi WeSmariti mniSvneloba yvela drosa da konteqstSi.

zemoTqmulis gaTvaliswinebiT, kvlevis Cveneuli mimarTuleba gulisxmobs bibliuri citaciisa da aluziebis semantikuri funqci-is Seswavlas akaki wereTlis SemoqmedebaSi. am masalis analizi naT-lad warmoaCens mxatvrul teqstSi avtoriseuli Canafiqris gadmo-

7 ak. wereTeli, Txzulebani, sruli krebuli 7 tomad, tomi 3, Tbilisi, 1940, gv.257

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cemis process, rac, erTi mxriv, avtoris subieqturi aRqma-gadmoce-mis, modusis gamoxatulebaa, meore mxriv ki _ mkiTxvelisaTvis mxat-vrul nawarmoebSi samyaros avtoriseuli xatis amokiTxvis enobrivi saSualeba.

locvis akakiseuli interpretaciis ori nimuSi

,,satira“ laTinuri sityvaa da sityvasityviT ,,narevs“ niSnavs. magram, rogorc literaturuli xerxi, igi ,,sinamdvilis mxatvruli asaxvis iseT formas warmoadgens, rodesac gamanadgurebeli sici-liT amxileben asaxulis uaryofiT, mankier bunebas. ...satira... ,,bo-lomde“ aSiSvlebs Tavis obieqts da aaSkaravebs SeuTavseblobas ga-regan da Sinagan mxareebs Soris, formasa da Sinaarss Soris.“8

es Seusabamoba formasa da Sinaarss, sityvasa da saqmes Soris did sazogadoebriv ubedurebas warmoadgens. swored amitomac sati-ra sazogadoebriv-politikuri brZolis mniSvnelovan iaraRi iyo yo-velTvis.

me-19 saukunis saqarTvelos socialur-politikuri mdgomareo-bidan gamomdinare, satiram gansakuTrebuli simZafre TergdaleulTa xelSi SeiZina. igi Tematurad sakmaod mravalferovania, Tumca gr. kiknaZe gamohyofs ramdenime ZiriTad jgufs: sayofacxovrebo, biu-rokratiuli aparatis amsaxveli, wodebrivi, mimdinare sazogadoeb-riv movlenebTan dakavSirebuli, saliteraturi da pirovnuli sati-ra.9

am mravalferovnebis miuxedavad, samocian wlebSi crupatrio-tizmi da farisevloba Cveni satiris ZiriTad Temad gadaiqca (romlis naTeli magaliTic gaxlavT akaki wereTlis ,,xarabuza generals“). akaki daundoblad esxmis Tavs maTac, visac saTakilod miuCnevia qar-Tul enaze saubari, visac rcxvenia qarTvelobisa, sakuTari istorii-sa da warmomavlobisa... amave dros, daundoblad amaTraxebs rus Sovi-nistebs da maT erTgul finiebs-qarTvelebs da araqarTvelebs.... mis kalams verc iseTni gaeqcnen, bageebiT rom adideben RmerTs, magram gu-li aTasgvari uwmindurobiT aqvT savse: ,,akaki uSualod exmaureboda mimdinare cxovrebis

amis naTeli magaliTia akaki wereTlis ,,zogierTebis mamao Cve-no~, romelic bibliuri masalis akakiseuli interpretaciis SesaniS-

8 a. Wilaia, r. Wilaia, literaturaTmcodneobis cnebebi, Tb., 1984, gv.281 9 gr. kiknaZe, qarTuli satirisa da iumoris ganviTarebis istoriisaTvis, Tbilisi, 1972, gv. 248-249. 10. iqve, gv. 345


297

nav nimuSad gvevlineba:

,,loculobs: ,,mamao Cveno, romeli xar caTa Sina,“ gulSi fiqrobs: wuxelis SuriT mTeli Rame ar dameZina...

,,wmida iyavn saxeli Seni, movedin sufeva Seni!“ vai, raT aris Cemi moZme Cemze ufro bevris SemZeni?!....“ 10 11 da a. S. akaki, romelic mimarTavs esoden cnobil locvas, saTaurisa da

sakuTari CanarTebis saSualebiT cvlis interpretaciis sferos da yoveli gamoTqmis orgvar interpretacias gvaZlevs. satiruli efeq-tic swored amgvari xerxis saSualebiT miiRweva.

sainteresoa, rogor axdenen am locvis citirebas imave saukuni-sa da epoqis warmomadgenlebi: ilia WavWavaZe da nikoloz baraTaSvi-li. Sesabamisad, akakis ,,zogierTebis mamao Cveno“ ganxiluli iqneba ilia WavWavaZis ,, mamao Cvenosa“ da nikoloz baraTaSvilis ,,Cems locvasTan“ mimarTebaSi.

satirulia, aseve, meore leqsic- ,,zogierTebis locva~:

,,sulo boroto! Senda moviltvi,

bednierebas ar gTxov, nu momcem! Sengan wyalobad imas miviTvli,

Tu Cems moZmeebs rogorme dascem!“ da a. S.11 12

Tuki pirvel magaliTSi akaki wereTeli konkretuli locvis in-terpretaciis sferos cvlis, meore leqsSi mocemulia Tavad loc-

vis qristianuli interpretacia _qristianuli gagebiT, Tavad qris-tes sityvebiT, borot ZalTa gansxma mxolod locviTa da marxviTaa SesaZlebeli-anu locva uzenaes sikeTesTan -RmerTTan kavSirisa da borotebis damarcxebis saukeTeso saSualebaa. ,,zogierTebis loc-

vis“ lirikuli gmiri ki locvasa da marxvas borotebis samsaxurSi ayenebs. da satiruli efeqtic swored amgvari xerxiT iqmneba.

Cveni winamdebare statia warmoadgens erTgvar winaswar mona-xazs im kvlevisa, romelic mravali amocanis gadawyvetas isaxavs miznad.

kerZod, Cven winaSe wamoiWra iseTi problemebi, rogorebicaa, magaliTad: citatis zegavlena teqstis semantikasa da stilze; garkveva imisa, ra rols asrulebs Tu ara esa Tu is citata Tu alu-

10 akaki wereTeli, TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli 15 tomad, t.1, Tbilisi, 1950, gv. 184 11 akaki wereTeli, Txzulebani, sruli krebuli 7 tomad, t.1, Tbilisi, 1940, gv. 88.

cisana burjanaZe

298

zia teqstis semantikis CamoyalibebaSi; rodis SeiZleba ganvsaz-RvroT citaturi gamonaTqvami, rogorc niSnis niSani (sadac aRsa-niSni aris amosavali teqstis garkveuli fragmenti, rogorc gar-kveuli gamonaTqvami, aRmniSvneli ki _ axali mniSvnelobiT aRWur-vili igive gamonaTqvami axal teqstSi); ra rols asrulebs citata teqstis, rogorc mTlianobis, misi erTiani sazrisis Camoyalibeba-

ze; citata, rogorc mimarTeba garkveul teqstebs Soris, maT seman-tikaTa Soris; aniWebs Tu ara TviT citirebis faqti WeSmariti ga-monaTqvamis statuss citatas da rodis, ra pirobebSi ar xdeba es; motivis iteracia (ganmeoreba) da gamonaTqvamis iteracia (anu ci-tacia) _ gansxvavebebi da analogiebi; citatis semantikuri mimar-Teba uaxloes leqsikur garemosTan da mTel teqstTan; anu citire-bis konkretul nimuSTa funqciuri analizi _ avtoris msoflaR-

qmis ra niSnebze migviTiTebs citata _ mas xom SerCeviTi xasiaTi aqvs; citata (citireba) da ama Tu im avtoris nawarmoebTa specifi-kuri Tematika da mravali sxva.

aqedan gamomdinare, Cveni samomavlo kvleva citirebis prob-lemis mravalmxriv analizs isaxavs miznad. meTodologiebi, ro-melTa gamoyenebac, Cveni azriT, xels Seuwyobs zemoxsenebuli amo-canebis gadaWras, aris lingvisturi poetikis principebi da meTo-debi (maT Soris, roman iakobsonis, ian mukarJovskis, iuri tiniano-vis naSromebSi damuSavebuli sakiTxebi da debulebebi), mixeil bax-tinis koncefcia teqstSi `sxvisi metyvelebis~ gamoyenebis Tavise-burebebisa da funqciebis Sesaxeb, iulia kristevas, rolan bartis, miSel fukos, Jak deridas da sxva Tanamedrove mecnierTa koncefci-ebi kulturuli tradiciis `diad interteqstSi~ adamianis suve-renuli subieqturobis ganzavebis Sesaxeb da a.S.

Janeta varZelaSvili

konkretulidan abstraqtulisaken: enobrivi

niSnis semiozisis egsistencialuroba

aravis unda eSinodes, rom niSnebze dakvirveba sagnebs gvacilebs: piriqiT, sagnis arsamde

mivyavarT...…

h. laibnici

adamianis mentaluri samyaro usaxe-lod, usityvod aSenebs suraTs. es usaxelo samyaro SesaZloa materializdes mraval-

nairi semiotikuri sistemebiT da ara mxo-lod eniT. Mmagram mentaluri samyaros Zi-riTadi arsis materializacia xorcielde-

ba sityva-niSniT, romelic arsis Suamava-lia Sinagan da garegan samyaros Soris. ro-gorc ormxrivi erToba, sityva aris naskvi, romelSic ikvreba idealuri da materia-luri: azridan sityvisken da sityvidan az-risken.

niSniT `daWerili~ azri trialebs ko-munikaciur nakadebSi da materializdeba sityvaSi. es aris `gadadineba~ ideisa mate-riaSi da materiisa isev ideaSi – cnebaSi, konceptSi, freimSi, helStatSi.

sityva-niSans, iseve, rogorc nebismie-ri niSanTa sistemis erTeuls, aqvs semio-tikuri ganzomileba, romelic ganisaz-

Rvreba triadaSi `obieqti – niSani – inter-pretanta~. semiotikaSi am triadas semio-zisis procesis ZiriTad maxasiaTeblad ga-nixilaven; ufro metic, TviT semiozisi xSirad gaigeba rogorc niSnis interpreta-

filologiis mecnierebaTa doqtori, Tbilisis ekono-mikur urTierTobaTa saxel-

mwifo universitetis qar-

Tuli da evropuli enebis programuli mimarTulebis xelmZRvaneli, sruli pro-fesori. ZiriTadi Sromebi: 70 sa-mecniero naSromis, maT So-ris oro monografiisa (1994; 2001) da sami saxel-

mZRvanelos avtori (1998; 1999; 2010). piradi veb-sai-tis misamarTi: vjanetta.narod.ru/avtor.htm (kognituri lingvistika).

interesTa sfero: kogni-

turi lingvistika, enis lo-

gikuri analizi, interpre-tacionalizmi, lingvokul-

turologia.

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ciis procesi. anu, niSani mxolod maSin aris niSani, Tu is adamianis mier interpretirdeba. cnobilia: interpretaciuli strategiebi qmnis adamianis rogorc saxeobis universalur bazas. Carlz morisis Tanaxmad, interpretanta – adamianis unaria (mzaoba) garkveuli sa-xiT moaxdinos reagireba am Tu im niSnis gavleniT (1).

sityva-niSani konstruirdeba Semecnebis procesiT. enobrivi er-Teulebis aqtualuri interpretaciebi ganpirobebulia molapareke-

Ta intenciebiT (gaigon/ar gaigon, miiRon/ar miiRon, gaiTvaliswi-

non/ar gaiTvaliswinon da a. S.). komunikantebi – enis matareblebi Ta-vis TavSi atareben kavSirs niSnis intensionalTan, magram asaxaven ara mxolod gagebul, aTvisebul samyaros, aramed misi aTvisebis rogorc koleqtiur, aseve pirovnul specifikas. amitom mosaubreTa urTier-TgagebisaTvis niSnis dekodirebis strategiebis Tanxvedra aucile-

beli, magram – arasakmarisi pirobaa. urTierTgagebisaTvis saWiroa monacemTa bazis, maT Soris, e. w. `fonuri codnis~, Tanxvedrac. enob-rivi niSani realizdeba zepir an weriT teqstSi, da rogorc t. van de-ikma aRniSna, nebismieri teqstis gageba varaudobs ara mxolod enis, aramed samyaros codnasac.

ramdenad welvadia sityva rogorc semiotikuri niSani? TviT yvelaze mkacri sityvaTgamoyenebisas enobrivi pirovnebisaTvis da-saSvebia mniSvnelobisa da individualuri ganWvretis Tavisufleba. verbalizaciisas komunikantebis cnobierebaSi sityva-niSani SeiZleba sityva-simbolos, sityva-xatis donemde amaRldes. es axali done ga-moirCeva imiT, rom enobriv niSans aqvs unari gaaerTianos ara marto cnobadis, aramed `usityvo~ elementebi. kognituri lingvistikis erT-erTi postulatis Tanaxmad, ara mxolod cnobieri, aramed Seuc-nobelic struqturirebulia rogorc ena. is cnobierTan erTad rea-lizdeba sityva-niSnis konotaciebSi, asociaciebSi, qveteqstualur `Tana~-mniSvnelobebSi, anu – mocemuli enobrivi sistemis CarCoSi sityvaTa interpretaciis TavisuflebaSi.…magram mniSvnelobis in-terpretaciis Tavisufleba ar niSnavs usazRvro Tavisuflebas1: misi interpretacia yovelTvis izRudeba filosofiuri kategoriiT `sa-Ri azrovnebis logika~. es SemzRudveli ama Tu im kulturaSi samya-ros gagebis xerxebs, azrovnebis formebsa da realiebis aRqmis tra-diciebs efuZneba.

maSasadame, niSnis `sxeulSi~ akumulirebulia adamianTa gaazre-

1 Tavisufleba, farTo gagebiT, anu adamianis vitaluri, socialuri da su-lieri cxovrebis moTxovnileba, yovelTvis erTgvar SezRudvebTan aris da-kavSirebuli.

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buli gamocdileba, romelic komunikaciis procesSi, erTi mxriv, in-terpretaciisaTvis gaxsnili, xolo meore mxriv, – sistemurad Sez-Rudulia. amitomac, albaT, `nebismieri subieqturi gamoTqma obieq-turiT SeiZleba iqnas Secvlili, rac~, – rogorc e. huserli `logi-

kur kvlevebSi~ werda, – òbieqturi gonebis usasrulobas niSnavs~ (2). da Tu qviSis saaTis metaforas mivmarTavT, maSin ramdenad sworia sapirispiro: nebismieri obieqturi gamoTqma subieqturiT SeiZleba iqnas Secvlili?

m. haidegeris mixedviT, èna – es sawyisi ganzomilebaa, romelSic adamianuri arseba saerTod pirvelad emsaxureba yofierebas da mis gamoZaxils. am gulisxmierebiT igi yofierebis kuTvnileba xdeba. da es sawyisi gulisxmiereba, romelic WeSmaritadaa miRweuli, aris az-ri~ (3, 140). sityvaSi (sityviT?) ganxorcielebuli azri individis cnobierebaSi gaivlis ganzogadebis mentalur proceduras, xolo yovelgvari `ganzogadeba, yovelgvari Camoyalibebuli cneba – azris yvelaze specifikuri, yvelaze namdvili, yvelaze ueWveli aqtia /...…/ azri ar gamoixateba sityvaSi, aramed sruldeba sityvaSi~ (4, 281 -289).…adamians esmis ara is, ris saSualebasac mas ena aZlevs, igi imis verbalizacias axdens, rac mocemul sametyvelo situaciaSi misTvis subieqturad aqtualuria.

sityvaSi Cadebuli mTeli potenciuri energia, misi daniSnuleba da SesaZleblobebi metyvelebis aqtebSi realizdeba. am procesSi sityva-niSani avlens misTvis damaxasiaTebel ormxriv fsiqikur arss. igi erTdroulad aris ori ganzomilebis niSani: enisa da metyvelebis. sityva-niSani gaigeba, maT Soris, rogorc individualuri `gza enis-ken~, rogorc individis sxvebTan, sxva sakuTar `me~-sTan da sakuTar SeucnobelTan `Sexvedris movlena~ (m. baxtini, a. lurias koncef-cia). am ganzomilebaTa ganStoebebi xan uaxlovdeba, xan scildeba er-TmaneTs da amgvarad mkafios xdis im opozicias, romelic enisa da metyvelebis Tavdapirvel sxvadasxva arsSia Cadebuli.

sametyvelo movlenis arsi gamoTqmaa. swored metyvelebaSi xde-ba is, rac m. mamardaSvilma daaxasiaTa rogorc `Sinaganis gadmobrune-ba da gareganis SigniT Cabruneba~; es aris veli, sadac xorcieldeba samyaros uSualo pirovnuli xedva (5, 47).

ganvixiloT sityva-niSnebiT agebuli gamoTqma predikaciul jaWvSi. adamianis cnobiereba xatebs àwyobs~ da `daSlis~ Sedegad ayalibebs situaciis vizualur xats, romelic aqtualuria Semdgomi komunikaciisTvis. aRsaniSnavia, rom enobrivi pirovnebis cnobiereba-Si gadaazrebas eqvemdebareba mocemul niSanze gamyarebuli cnebac. am meqanizmebis moqmedebis Sedegad warmoiqmneba pirobiTi jaWvi, rome-lic aris jami:

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(cneba + konteqstualurad aqtualuri, pirovnulad gaazrebu-li cneba) + (xati + obieqturis individualuri xati). warmovidgi-noT es rigi formulis saxiT:

[(a + a1) => A] + [(b = b1 + b2 +b3…) => B], sadac a – zogadi cnebaa; a1 – pirovnulad gaazrebuli cnebaa; A – axali, an pirobiTad axali cneba rogorc zogadisa da indi-

vidualuris naskvi; b – xati; b1, b2, b3… – mocemul konteqstSi warmoSobili subieqturi xa-

tebi/xatebi; B – axali xati. bunebrivia, rom es rigi – mecnieruli abstraqciaa, erTgvari

daSveba, magram am daSvebas SeuZlia pirobiTad warmoaCinos komunika-ciaSi ganxorcielebuli kogniciis aqtis meqanizmis qmedeba.

igive meqanizmi xorcieldeba sityva-niSnis gamoyenebis ufro ma-Ral doneebze, rodesac kognitur konteqstSi (diskursSi) amoqmede-bulia gansakuTrebuli azrobrivi da xatovani potencialiT damux-tuli sityvebi. aseT konteqstebSi sityva-niSanTa SekavSireba ar aris Cveulebrivi bunebriv kategorialur sivrceSi. da zustad ase konstruirdeba da dekodirdeba mxatvruli diskursis semantikuri `maxeebi~.

mxatvruli diskursi miiswrafis xatovanisa da simbolurisaken. is realizdeba sityva-niSnebSi da iyenebs sityvier codnas gansaz-Rvrebis, gansjis, brZnuli gamoTqmebis saxiT. amavdroulad `amaxvi-lebs~ maT unars gamoxatos simboluri da xatovania rogorc inte-leqtualuri Ziebis Sedegi, rogorc erTi cnebis konceptualur Si-naarsSi ufro meti mocemulobis koncentracia, vidre zedapirul ideaze mdgari azri, xandaxan pirvelad ideasTana paradoqsulad mi-kuTnebulic ki. amgvar diskursSi adresati xdeba TamaSi-gamocanis aqtiuri monawile, xolo cnebis pirovnuli gaazreba, adresatis da adresantis subieqturi xatebi xdeba erTdroulad mniSnelovani imisTvis, rom sityva-aRmoCena Sedges. amasTan, elementebSi

a1 – pirovnulad gaazrebuli cnebaa; A – axali, an pirobiTad axali cneba rogorc zogadisa da indi-

vidualuris naskvi; b1, b2, b3… – mocemul konteqstSi warmoSobili subieqturi xa-

tebi/xatebi; B – axali xati

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303

xdeba Semadgeneli nawilebis gaormageba. enigmis2 avtori miiswrafis gadaazrebuli sityviT miaRwios ma-

Ral emociur daZabulobas. aseTi sityvebi referenebSi enigmatur zonas anaTebs da aZlevs biZgs emociur aRmafrenas. maTi dekodirebis SesaZlebloba gansazRvrulia im imperaciebis sinTeziT, ris mixedvi-Tac isini ewyoba. anu, maTSi amoqmedebulia aramxolod warmosaxva, aramed logikis kanonebic.

sityvis rogorc fenomenis unikaluroba mdgomareobs mis unarSi iyos erTdroulad mocemul lingvistur sazogadoebaSi saerTo er-Teuli da unikaluri konkretuli enobrivi pirovnebisTvis. Ppirve-li faqtis mixedviT sityva urTierTobis erTeulia, xolo meoris mi-xedviT – individs samyaros interpretirebis SesaZleblobas aZlevs. erToblivad ki, rogorc isini mocemulia sityvaSi, es faqtebi gan-sazRvraven sityvis egzistencialurobas. egzistencia ki aris dro-Si, mocemul situaciaSi, namdvil samyaroSi arsebobis procesi.

sityva arsebobs yovel calkeul `me~-Si, viTardeba masTan er-Tad, izrdeba hiperazrebiT, ivseba konotaciebiT. calkeuli pirovne-bis mentalur leqsikonSi sityva-niSani SeiZleba warmodges rogorc abstraqciuli sistema:

sityvis leqsika-semantiuri varianti + kulturulad aTvisebu-li mniSvnelobebi, asociaciebi, xatebi, simboloebi, romlebic gamom-dinareobs enobrivi pirovnebis inteleqtualuri mexsierebidan. E

es sistema difuzuria da ganpirobebulia propoziciiT, inten-ciiT, konteqstiT, romlis fonze mocemul momentSi da mocemuli in-dividisaTvis xorcieldeba arCeuli niSnis semiozisi. zustad am mo-mentSi sityva-niSani afiqsirebs individis arsebobis faqts: «cogito ergo sum».

lingvistur da kognitur problemaTan egzistencionaluri mid-goma amodis dekartis `universaluri konkretulobidan~. es aris `erTgvari wertili uSualod – zemodan da gaswvriv linearulad gaWimuli samyarosi – dasrulebuli individiT, misi piradi kavSiri RmerTTan; raRaca gancdili da gamocdili, is, rac erTdroulad aris adamianSic, mis romeliRac `Sinagan sityvaSi~, `Sinagan xatSi~, `Sina-gan aqtSi~ (4, 29).

sityva-niSanSi enis erTeulis egzistencialuroba Tanazomadia misi kogniturobisa da regulatiurobisa. sityvieri niSnis egzis-tencialuri bunebis realizaciis veli, pirvel rigSi, mxatvruli diskursia – diskursis yvela mravalsaxeobas Soris egzistenciis-

2 metaforebi, simboloebi, paradoqsebi

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Tvis yvelaze ufro gaxsnili, Tu egzistencias gavigebT ara rogorc zogad, saerTod arsebobas, aramed _ arsebobas azrSi.

literatura

1. Morris, Charles 1938: Morris, Charles. Foundations of the Theory

of Signs // International Encyclopedia of Unified Science, vol. 1, no. 2, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1938.

2. Э. Гуссерль 2000: Гуссерль Э. Логические исследования. СПб., 2000.

3. М. Хайдеггер 1993: Хайдеггер М. Время и бытие / Статьи и выступления. М., 1993.

4. М. К. Мамардашвили 1993: Мамардашвили М. К. Картезианс-кие размышления. М., 1993.

5. М. К. Мамардашвили 1997: Мамардашвили М. К. Психологи-ческая топология пути: М. Пруст «В поисках утрачен-ного времени» СПб., 1997.

6. Психологические и психо-физиологические исследования речи. М., 1985.

7. Выготский Л. С. 2001: Выготский Л. С. Мышление и речь. М., 2001.

8. Бачинин В. А. 2006: Бачинин В. А. Энциклопедия философии и права. СПб, 2006.

Tamar lomiZe

prolegomenebi

gamokvlevisTvis: codnis

dafuZnebis principebi

XX saukunis

literaturaTmcodneobiT

TeoriebSi

I. problema, romlis damuSavebasac vi-saxavT miznad, aris XX saukunis humanita-ruli azrovnebis evoluciis ZiriTadi ten-denciebis gamovlena. ra kriteriumiT unda ganvixiloT es tendenciebi? qronologiu-

ri Tvalsazrisi aq gamousadegaria, radgan bevri Teoria sinqronulad warmoiSva da Tanaarsebobda. saerTod, qronologiuri Tvalsazrisi gulisxmobs azrovnebis prog-resul ganviTarebas, ufro sworad, imas, rom es Teoriebi erTgvarovani iyo da vi-Tardeboda sworxazovnad, erTi garkveuli mimarTulebiT. Sesabamisad, qronologiuri principis gamoyeneba gamoiwvevs am Teorie-bis ganmasxvavebeli, specifikuri niSnebis ugulebelyofas. amitom qronologiuri Tvalsazrisi, ra Tqma unda, miuRebelia. aseve miuRebelia am TeoriaTa meTodologi-

ebis Sedareba, radgan isini Sedarebadi araa _ TiToeuli maTgani garkveuli avtonomiu-robiT da specifikurobiT gamoirCeva _ sxvagvarad maTi SemuSavebis saWiroeba arc gaCndeboda. ukidures SemTxvevaSi, es gza migviyvans maTi aRweriTi Sedarebis auci-leblobasTan, rac, TavisTavad, uintereso araa, magram Cveni miznisTvis gamousadega-ria.

II. meTods, romelic Cven SevarCieT, Se-


fo universitetis samagis-tro da sadoqtoro progra-mebis fakultetis asoci-rebuli profesori, Sedare-biTi literaturis insti-

tutis mkvlevari. ZiriTadi naSromebi: „qar-Tuli riTmis istoriidan“, „feris mxatvruli gaazre-bis Taviseburebebi n. bara-TaSvilis poeziaSi“, „Teo-riuli dafuZnebis problema poetikaSi, „me“-s koncefcia qarTvel romantikosTa Se-moqmedebaSi“. interesTa sfero: semio-

tika, leqsmcodneoba, lite-

raturis istoria da Teo-ria, mxatvruli Semoqmedebi fsiqologia

Tamar lomiZe

306

iZleba reduqcionisturi uwodon, magram mas, albaT, arsebobis uf-leba aqvs da, SesaZlebelia, pozitiur Sedegebamdec migviyvanos. ker-Zod, XX saukunis humanitaruli azrovnebis evoluciis analizis me-Todad miviCnieT TiToeuli literaturaTmcodneobiTi Teoriis amo-savali aqsiomebis gamoyofa da maTi logikuri urTierTmimarTebebis dadgena

Tavdapirvelad xazi unda gavusvaT imas, rom meoce saukunis da-sawyisSi humanitarul mecnierebebSi Caisaxa tendencia, romlis ga-uTvaliswineblad SeuZlebeli iqneboda Cveni analizis ganxorciele-

ba. kerZod, meoce saukunis 10-iani wlebis Sua xanebSi Camoyalibebul-

ma rusulma formalurma skolam scada ganemtkicebina Tavisi Teoria iseT amosaval debulebebze dayrdnobiT, romlebic ganekuTvneboda codnis sxva sferos (an sferoebs) – ZiriTadad, lingvistikas, da, am-denad, ar saWiroebda ganmartebas sakuTriv literaturaTmcodneo-

bis CarCoebSi (e.i. isini miCneuli iyo formaluri skolis zogadi koncefciis aqsiomatur amosaval postulatebad). SeiZleba vivarau-doT (davuSvaT amosavali hipoTezis saxiT), rom es tendencia Senar-Cunebul iqna SemdgomSic (an ar iqna SenarCunebuli, rac analizis-

Tvis ufro saintereso SemTxveva iqneba). aqsiomatur TeoriaSi yvela WeSmariti (am Teoriis farglebSi) debuleba gamoiyvaneba amosavali aqsiomebidan.

III.sainteresoa, rom mxolod 1930 wels, e.i. rusul formalur skolis ideebis Seqmnidan karga xnis Semdeg avstrielma mecnierma, kurt gedelma, romelic muSaobda maTematikuri logikis sferoSi, Camoayaliba aqsiomaturi Teoriis sisrulis pirobebi, romlebic ori Teoremis saxiT iqna gansazRvruli. pirveli maTganis mixedviT, ne-bismieri aqsiomaturi sistema (anu Teoria) Seicavs Tundac erT gada-uWrel (am Teoriis farglebSi) debulebas. meoris mixedviT, nebismi-eri aqsiomaturi sistemis logikuri sisrulisTvis aucilebelia am sistemis farglebidan gasvla da integrireba ufro zogad TeoriaSi.

rogorc wesi, aqsioma nasesxebia sxva Teoriidan, sadac is Teo-remis saxiT gvevlineba, e.i. sabaziso TeoriaSi xdeba am cnebis arsis kvleva sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT. magaliTad, formalizmsa da struq-turalizmSi _ logikurad yvelaze mwyobr TeoriebSi, romelTa mis-wrafeba sizustisken yvelaze mZlavrad gamoikveTa _ sawyisi aqsiome-bi lingvisturi xasiaTisaa. lingvistikaSi isini kvlevisa da dasabu-Tebis sagans warmoadgens, literaturaTmcodneobaSi ki aqsiomatur, ganumartav cnebebad gvevlineba.

amgvarad, is aqsiomebi, romlebzec agebulia Tanamedrove, mecnie-rulobis pretenziis mqone (an Tundac WeSmariti daskvnebis SemuSave-bis pretenziis mqone) Teoriebi, ar unda iyos literaturaTmcodneo-

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biTi xasiaTisa. xolo Tu aqsiomad aRebulia mocemuli Teoriis Sida elementi, anu sakuTriv am Teoriis erT-erTi cneba, maSin saWiro iqne-ba misi aRiareba aqsiomad yovelgvari analizis gareSe, rac safuZ-vels uryevs mocemuli Teoriis WeSmaritebas da logikurobas; saWi-ro iqneba misi ganmarteba sxva cnebebis safuZvelze, Semdeg TviT am cnebebis ganmarteba da a.S. es ki, sabolood, `cud usasrulobas~ mog-vcems.

IV. meoce saukunis zogierTi humanitaruli Teoriis aqsiomatu-ri safuZvelia cnebebi, romlebic araa aRebuli sxva Teoriebidan. ma-galiTad, hermenevtikis safuZvels warmoadgens gagebis cneba, rome-lic, Tavis mxriv, ukavSirdeba mkiTxvelis cnobierebis cnebas. gageba hermenevtikaSi ganumartavi cnebaa, radgan gagebis ganmarteba xorci-eldeba esTetikuri obieqtis aRqmis yoveli konkretuli SemTxvevis mimarT. amdenad, sworia georg gadamerisa da pol rikioris Sexedu-leba hermenevtikaSi gagebis operaciaTa formalizebis SeuZleblo-

bis Sesaxeb. amdenad, hermenevtikisa da misi msgavsi sxva Teoriebis sa-kiTxi sagangebo ganxilvas saWiroebs, radgan maTSi Teoriuli dafuZ-neba xorcieldeba SidaTeoriuli aqsiomebis meSveobiT.

struqturalistur TeoriaTa upiratesoba hermenevtikasTan Se-darebiT is aris, rom maTi cnebiTi aparati formalizebulia, da formalizebulia imis wyalobiT, rom es Teoriebi emyareba ena/metyve-lebis opozicias, sosiuris Teoriidan nasesxeb niSnis cnebas da zo-gierT sxva aqsiomatur cnebasa da debulebas, romelTa meSveobiTac xorcieldeba teqstebis analizi. amdenad, struqturalizmis pre-tenzia zusti codnis mopovebaze usafuZvlo araa. struqturalizmi, Tavisi arsiT, mecnierulad dafuZnebul Teorias warmoadgens.

sxva TeoriebTan an mecnierebebTan gaerTianebis tendenciam gana-piroba struqturalizmisa da poststruqturalizmis mravali gan-Stoebis warmoSoba, imis mixedviT, Tu romel TeoriaSi moxda kerZo literaturaTmcodneobiTi koncefciebis integrireba.

poststruqturalizms axasiaTebs filosofiuri relativizmi da skepticizmi, `epistemologiuri daeWveba~, romelic reaqciaa struqturalizmis pozitivisturi MmizanmimarTulobis winaaRmdeg. poststruqturalizmi ugulebelyofs struqturalizmis lingvis-

tur amosaval debulebebs, romlebic emyareboda sosiuris Teorias enobrivi niSnis arsis Sesaxeb (sosiurTan enobrivi niSani arsebobs, rogorc sinamdvilis fragmentebis aRniSvna, e.i. niSnis referencia-luri funqcia aq erT-erTi yvelaze arsebiTi funqciaa).

amgvarad, poststruqturalizmis amosavali aqsiomebi SeiZleba ganvixiloT, rogorc struqturalizmis aqsiomebi minus-niSniT, jer kidev 50-ian wlebSi Jak lakanma ganacxada, rom aRmniSvneli da aRsa-

Tamar lomiZe

308

niSni imTaviTve gamijnulia barieriT, romelic ewinaaRmdegeba aRniS-vnas; amiT man gaaTavisufla aRmniSvneli aRsaniSnTan kavSirisgan. Jak derida ki akritikebda sosiuris Teorias, romelic emyareboda mJRe-ri metyvelebis primats werilobiT metyvelebasTan SedarebiT. deri-das mixedviT. rodesac adamiani laparakobs, mas eqmneba mcdari war-modgena aRmniSvnelis (sityvis akustikuri xatis) da aRsaniSnis (sag-nis an misi cnebis) kavSiris Sesaxeb. mecnieris azriT, es dauSvebelia, radgan am SemTxvevaSi gaTvaliswinebuli araa arc intencionaluri mimarTuloba cnobierebisa, romelic aRiqvams samyaros Tavisi Sinaga-ni kanonebis mixedviT, da arc kulturis konteqstis ganmaSualebeli roli.

tradiciuli lingvistikis Tanaxmad, niSani yovelTvis raRacis niSania, poststruqturalistebi ki Zirs uTxrian warmodgenas refe-renciis Sesaxeb. aRsaniSni ar arsebobs, is mxolod iluziaa. Jan bod-riaris TqmiT, Tanamedroveoba xasiaTdeba realobasTan kulturis teqstebis kavSiris gauqmebiT, rCeba mxolod simulakrebi, romelTac araviTari referentebi ar gaaCniaT. niSani aRniSnavs sagnis ararsebo-bas. aSkaraa, rom niSnis cneba, romelsac warTmeuli aqvs misi yvelaze arsebiTi funqcia, aRniSvnis funqcia, aq swored ganumartavi cnebis saxiT gvevlineba, radganac niSani am SemTxvevaSi aris is, rac arafers aRniSnavs. es saSualebas gvaZlevs, amgvarad gagebuli niSani pos-tstruqturalizmis aqsiomatur safuZvlad (bevr sxva cnebasTan er-Tad) miviCnioT. maSasadame, poststruqturalizmis mizani araa da arc SeiZleba iyos niSnis cnebis tradiciuli gagebis ganviTareba. pi-riqiT, is yovelgvar funqcias ukargavs am cnebas sagangebo mizniT da ganaviTarebs am _ tradiciuli lingvistikisgan gansxvavebul gagebas _ mTel Tavis koncefciaSi.

V. da, bolos, daismis yvelaze fundamenturi (Cveni azriT) sa-kiTxi: ratom xdeba humanitaruli azrovnebis garkveul etapebze ama Tu im Teoriis romelime konceptis ganviTarebis wyveta, misi diskre-ditacia da SerCeva axali Teoriis aqsiomaturi safuZvlis saxiT, ma-Sin, rodesac sxva konceptebi uwyveti, ganviTarebadi konceptebis sa-xiT aRiqmeba? pasuxi am kiTxvaze moiTxovs mravali faqtoris gaTva-liswinebas da, sabolood, saSualebas mogvcems, gamovavlinoT XX saukunis humanitaruli azrovnebis evoluciis Sinagani logika.

rusudan fifia

`sityuai Zlieri~ ioane minCxis poeziaSi

ione minCxi qarTuli sasuliero poe-ziis klasikosia. misi mxatvruli naazrevi gansakuTrebuli movlenaa Sua saukuneebis himnografiul memkvidreobaSi. poeti Tavis sagaloblebSi sakmaod cnobil da araer-Tgzis damuSavebul qristianul motivebs wamoswevs, emociurad gaiazrebs da saT-qmels TavisTavad Rirebulebas aniWebs. ro-gorc cnobilia, Sua saukuneebis mxatvru-li azrovnebis amosacnobad unda `gavixse-noT zogadi religiuri koncefcia: RmerTi yvelgan da yvelaferSi aris, magram misi xilva aravis ZaluZs. Tumca mas aqvs unari, roca moisurvebs, adamians eCvenos, e.i. uxi-lavi xiluli gaxdes~ (baqraZe 1981: 57). himnografis mTavari amocana RmerTis gan-didebaa, radganac eklesiaSi sagalobeli himnebis umravlesoba mimarTvaa RvTisadmi. mavedrebelma unda warmoaCinos RvTaebis Zalmosileba. amitomac SeiniSneba sasulie-

ro poeziaSi epiTetTa simravle RvTis qebi-sas. adamiani, Semoqmedi ama Tu im sadidebe-li himnisa, valdebulia gaiTvaliswinos tradiciuli `saRvTo saxelebi~ da Tu xe-lewifeba, TviTonac kanonikis farglebSi Sehmatos saqebeli sityvebi uflis epiTe-tebs.

sagangebod unda SevexoT `sityvis~ funqcias patristikasa da sasuliero mwerlobaSi. samecniero literaturaSi sakmaod didi masalaa `sityvasTan~ mimarTe-

filologiis mecnierebaTa doqtori. soxumis saxel-

mwifo universitetis ganaT-lebis fakultetis asoci-rebuli profesori. monografia: ganaTlebis pa-radigmebi(2008). interesTa sfero: lite-

raturaTmcodneoba, Zveli qarTuli literatura.

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310

biT dagrovili. Cveni daintereseba iman ganapiroba, rom `saRvTo sa-xelTa~ Soris ioane minCxi `sityvas~ TiTqmis yovel nabijze imeo-rebs. mis poeziaSi qriste, rogorc RvTis sityva, TiTqmis oTx aTe-uljeraa moxmobili, ris gamoc vifiqreT, rom masze sagangebo dak-virveba saintereso iqneboda.

rogor gaioz imedaSvili SeniSnavs, `poeturi metyvelebis Tavi-seburebani sayuradReboa sityvaTaTvis, epiTetur-metaforuli Sina-arsis gamomuSavebasTan erTad, savsebiT axali funqciis da mniSvne-lobis miniWebis TvalsazrisiTac. es poetur metyvelebaSi vlindeba umTavresad sityvaTa semasiologiuri metamorfozis saxiT da Cveu-lebriv poetur simboloTa wyaroa leqsikaSi~, aseTi kuTxiT Tu mi-vudgebiT sakuTriv `sityvis~ mniSvnelobas, imave mecnieris TqmiT: `qriste gagebulia rogorc `RvTis sityva~. amitom mas ukavSirdeba poeturi metyvelebis mdidari leqsikur-metaforuli sfero~ (ime-daSvili 1959:176-177). viqtor nozaZis kvleviT ki: sityvas `logos~ bibliis septuagintas TargmanSi ramdenime mniSvneloba aqvs. logos aris `sityva~, xSirad ganmeorebuli `sityva RmrTisa~. 1. sityviT Seq-mna RmerTma msoflio, sityviT ganagebs RmerTi msoflios; 2. sityva aris gamocxadeba da winaswarmetyveleba. amas garda `sityva~ aris sibrZne RmerTisa. sibrZneSia Seqmnili RmerTis yvela naRvawi, sib-rZniT moawyo man mTeli msoflio; RmerTma mianiWa kacsac sibrZne; sityva ganpirovnebulia da bolos, sityva RmerTisa gaigivebulia SjulTan, gamocxadebasTan~ (nozaZe 1963: 156).

ioane minCxi mravaljer mimarTavs RvTis gankacebis, anu RvTis sityvad qristes dasaxvis gzas. gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa yvelie-

ris kviriakis ciskris sakiTxavi sagalobeli, sadac saxarebiseuli muxliT iwyeba tropari: `pirveliTgan iyo sityua mamisa da RmrTisa Tana, ganuSorebeli sulisagan Tanaarsisa~(minCxi 1986: 151) meore tropari zustad imave sityvebiT iwyeba, xolo mesameSi himnografi ukve mimarTavs qristes: `macxovaro Cueno, sityuao da Zalo mami-sao~...(minCxi 1986: 152). mTliani sagalobeli ki imis gardaTqmaa, ra-sac qristes anu RvTis sityvis dabadebidan jvarcmamde da aRdgomamde gavlili gza hqvia. gameorebis gziT himnografi udides efeqts axdens morwmune adamianze da agrZnobinebs mas, rom qriste RvTis sityvaa, gacxadebuli logosi da amitomac ra gzac man gaiara, marto adamianTa nebiT ar momxdara. ioanes saxarebis pirvel muxls sxvaganac iyenebs poeti (minCxi 1987: 165, 172), riTac xazs usvams saRvTo sityvis udi-des mniSvnelobas.

manana gigineiSvili, romelmac Seiswavla `RvTis sityvis~ arsi ioanes saxarebaSi da misi Semdgomi ganviTarebis gzebi, sagangebod aR-niSnavs, rom `qarTvel himnografebTan naTlisRebis himnebSi naTqva-


311

mia: `romeli pirveliTgan iyo sityuai RmrTisa, RmrTisa mamisa Tana mflobeli suliT wmidiTurT, ganuyofeli arsebai qalwulisagan Se-imosa kacobai ucodveli da dRes simdabled movals iordanes naT-lisRebad~ (miqael modrekili).

`naTeli naTlisagan Sobili, sityuai mamisagan gamosuli, sruli RmrTeebiTa, Tanaarsi da Tanamosaydre, swori mamisai bunebiT, gamoC-nda xorciTa wyalTagan naTeli iRo aw~ (miqael modrekili).

`igive sityuai, mamisa Tana RmerTi, xorciTa daemorCila siku-dilsa~ (ioane mtbevari).

`bunebiT RmerTman bunebai kacobrivi Semosad jer iCine, RmrTisa sityuao, da miTve bunebiTa mieci vnebad, raiTa ganhkurne vnebani misni da maradis Sen gadidebdes ~ (ioane minCxi).

`sityuao da sibrZnev gamouTqumelo, gamoxued mamisagan da mo-xued soflad~(ioane minCxi).

`sibrZniT gamgebelo iesu, sityuao daubadebelo, dabadebulni gadideben~ (ioane minCxi).

`damdablda moSurnisa cudi simaRlei, odes sityua maRali amaRlda juarsa~ (ioane minCxi). (ingoroyva 1913: sv,rz, rme, iv, ie, ka, id).

moxmobili masalebidan sruliad aSkaraa, rom RvTis sityva, ro-melsac RvTiuri buneba hqonda da romelmac adamianuri buneba miiRo da gansxeulda _ aris qriste. motanili magaliTebi aSkara parale-

lia fsevdo-dionise areopagelis azrisa sityvis gankacebis Sesa-xeb~(gigineiSvili 1968: 24).

daviT guramiSvilis poeziis kvlevisas revaz siraZes saTanadod ganuxilavs aRorZinebis xanis udidesi klasikosis mimarTeba qris-tesTan, rogorc `RvTis sityvasTan~ da CvenTvis sayuradRebo sa-kiTxs Semdegnairad svams: unda `gaviTvaliswinoT `RvTis sityva~ vi-Tarca saxe. e.i. CvenTvis arsebiTia ara saRvTo saxelebi, anu RvTisad-mi `Serqmeuli~ saxelebi, aramed RvTaeba viTarca saxe. `RvTis sit-yva~ aris saxe mama-RmerTisa. igi TavisTavadicaa da amasTanave, mamis ganmasaxovnebelicaa _ masSia mama RmerTi. aq `saxeobrioba~ erTarse-bas gulisxmobs. aseTia samebis principi. (siraZe 1992: 167). mainc ro-gor gamoixata `sityviT~ RvTaebis saxe ioane minCxis poeziaSi? ras gveubneba poeti, roca ase xSirad Segvaxsenebs, rom RmerTi anu qris-te, anu erTarseba aris `sityua dausabamoi~, `sityuai RmrTisa ganka-cebuli~, sibrZne RmrTisai movida zeciT sityuai Zlieri da xelmwi-

fe~, `mSobelo RmrTisa sityuao~, `ufalo RmerTo sityuao yovlisa dambadebelo~ (minCxi 1986: 149, 182, 195, 334, 336) da a. S. Cveni az-riT, uflis `sityvis~ aseTi xSiri xsenebiT poeti Seaxsenebs Tavis mrevls im qristianul _ religiur koncefcias, romlis mixedviTac

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qriste anu `RvTis sityva~ arsebobda xorcSesxmamdec, jer kidev So-bamde da Sobisa da jvarcmis merec. amitom `sityva~, rogorc saxe mama RmerTisa da Ze RmerTisa, erTnairad miemarTeba orives da rogorc cnobilia, erTarsebis vedrebisas morwmune qristiani uflis saxiT ufro xSirad gankacebul qristes mimarTavs.

ioane minCxs, garda patristikuli mwerlobisa, TviT sasuliero poeziaSi bevri winamorbedi hyavda. ufals, rogorc RvTis sityvas, xSirad mimarTaven bizantiur himnebSi: `qriste, pirvel saukuneTa sityuao mamisao~, `Sen mamisgan ar ganeSore, sityuai uqceveli xor-ciel iqmen~, `sityuai dausabamoi~, `sityuai RmrTisai~ (ingoroyva 1913: 61,75, 81, 97, 113). ioane minCxis Tanamedrove ioane mtbevaric aranakleb sixSiriT ixseniebs qristes, rogorc uflis gacxadebul logoss: `pirvel saukuneTa sityuai~, `sityuai dausabamoi~, `sityu-ai RmrTisai~, `sityuai mxoloo~ `mxolod Sobilo, mxoloisa mamisa Tana mflobelo~..., `mamisa Tana ganmgebeli sityuai~ da a. S. (uZvelesi iadgari 1980: 387, 504, 379, 386, 398). unda gavixsenoT, rom ` Sua sa-ukuneebis qristianuli mwerlobis Zeglebis mxatvruli TavisTava-doba da cxovelmyofeloba imiT gaxlavT ganpirobebuli, rom Semoq-medi yovel religiur faqtTan amyarebs damoukidebel mimarTebas. esa Tu is Tema, esa Tu is motivi xdeba piradi refleqsiisa da gancdis sa-gani. iseTi STabeWdileba iqmneba, TiTqos igi pirveli aRmoaCens da aRwers am faqts. nawarmoebs warmarTavs emociurad damuxtuli azri _ Zeglis mxatvruli saxe; ioane minCxis aRdgomis dasdebelSi naTqva-mia:

RmrTisa sityuao, bunebiT uvnebelo,

buneba Cemi miiRe da miT ivne da mavnebeli Cemi mohkal juariTa da laxuriTa, romliTa gangmire da viTarca kaci Zalsa Sensa didebai~

am sityvebSi uzenaesisadmi avtoris Rrma intimi gamosWvivis, ris gamoc striqonebs SeZenili aqvT udidesi Zala~ (grigolaSvili 1983: 92-93).

ioane minCxic, himnografiaSi damtkicebuli tradiciis Tanaxmad, mravaljer mimarTavs qristes, rogorc `RvTis sityvas~. rogorc vTqviT, TiTqmis oTx aTeuljer ewodeba mis poeziaSi ufals `sityva~ da mainc raSi gamoixateba am trafaretad qceuli saxis uxvad gamoye-nebisas poetis TavisTavadoba? poeti roca bibliidan momdinare am sa-xes mimarTavs, igi viTarca `xuroTmoZRuari~ sityvisa, yovel kon-teqstSi iseT Rrma azrsa da emocias aqsovs, rom msmeneli eziareba udides aRmafrenas. ioane minCxis yvela striqonSi Cans didi xelova-

nisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli sisadave da daxvewiloba.


313

literatura

baqraZe 1981: a. baqraZe, sasuliero poeziis saxeebi, kreb. `poezia~, Tb., 1981.

imedaSvili 1959: g. imedaSvili, qarTuli klsikuri sagaloblis met-yvelebis zogi sakiTxi, k. kekeliZis saiubileo krebuli, Tb., 1959.

nozaZe 1963: v. nozaZe, vefxistyaosnis RmrTismetyveleba, parizi, 1963.

minCxi 1986: ioane minCxis poezia, teqsti gamosacemad moamzada da ga-mokvleva daurTo l. xaCiZem, Tb., 1986.

ingoroyva 1913: p. ingoroyva, Zveli qarTuli sasuliero poezia, tf., 1913.

uZvelesi iadgari 1980: uZvelesi iadgari, gamosacemad moamzades, ga-mokvleva da saZieblebi daurTes e. metrevelma, c. Wanki-evma da l. xevsurianma, Tb., 1980.

grigolaSvili 1983: l. grigolaSvili, qarTuli himnografia, Jurn. `qarTuli ena da liiteratura skolaSi~, #1. 1983.

gigineiSvili 1968: m.gigineiSvili`,mziani Rame~ vefxistyaosanSi da qristianuli msoflmxedvelobis zogi sakiTxi, Zveli qarTuli mwerlobis sakiTxebi,111, Tb., 1968.

siraZe 1992: r. siraZe, qristianuli kultura da qarTuli mwerlo-

ba, Tb., 1992.

ramaz qurdaZe

niSanTa sistemis pragmatikuli aspeqti zogi

Jargonuli sityvis sesxebisas qarTulSi

cnobilia, rom semiotika niSanTa sis-temis Seswavlis sam aspeqts ganarCevs. es aspeqtebi ganisazRvreba niSnis bunebiT: sintaqtika _ urTierTmimarTeba sistemis niSnebs Soris; semantika _ mimarTeba aRsa-niSnsa da aRmniSvnels Soris da pragmatika _ niSnis momxmareblis damokidebuleba ni-SanTan.

pragmatikuli aspeqti faqtobrivad sintaqtikur da semantikur aspeqtebs moi-cavs da misi gaTvaliswineba uaRresad mniS-vnelovania enis leqsikis Seswavlis dros (gamyreliZe, kiknaZe, Saduri, Sengelaia, 2003: 29-30). pragmatikuli aspeqti gansa-kuTrebul mniSvnelobas iZens Jargonuli leqsikis ganxilvisas. swored niSnis mom-xmareblis damokidebulebiT niSanTan aix-sneba bevri Jargonuli sityvis rogorc ga-Cena, ise ama Tu im enidan misi sesxeba.

cnobilia, rom qarTuli Jargonuli leqsikis mniSvnelovan nawils nasesxebi sityvebi warmoadgens. nasesxeb sityvaTa um-ravlesoba rusuli enidanaa, ufro zustad _ rusuli Jargonidan.Azogi maTgani Zalian gamWvirvalea da iolia maTi rusulTan da-kavSireba, xolo zogis warmomavlobis da-sadgenad specialuri kvlevaa saWiro.

rusuli leqsikuri nasesxobani qar-Tul JargonSi adreve iyo SeniSnuli. ker-Zod, qarTuli Jargonis leqsikonSi rusu-

filologiis mecnierebaTa doqtori, ivane javaxiSvi-

lis saxelobis Tbilisis sa-xelmwifo universitetis humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakultetis qarTuli enis institutis sruli profe-sori.

ZiriTadi naSromebi: mo-

nografiebi: „xmovanmonac-

vle zmnebi Tanamedrove qar-TulSi“, Tb., 2005; „svanuri ena“, Tb., 2007 (Tanaavtore-bi: z. WumburiZe, l. niJara-Ze).

interesTa sfero: qarTu-li zmna, qarTuli dialeq-

tologia, qarTulis, ro-

gorc meore enis swavlebis Teoriuli da praqtikuli sakiTxebi, qarTuli Jargoni.

niSanTa sistemis pragmatikuli aspeqti...

315

lidan momdinare sityvaTa mniSvnelovan nawils miTiTebuli aqvs Se-sabamisi rusuli variantebi (ix.Ll. bregaZe, qarTuli Jargonis leq-

sikoni, Tb., 2005). amave sakiTxs exeba Cveni ramdenime werilic, rom-lebSic gamovlenilia iseTi Jargonuli sityvebis rusuli warmomav-loba rogoricaa: grevi _ saCuqari; ambali _ axmaxi; mandraJi _ mRel-

vareba; ramsebi _ gamoTqmaSi: `ramsebi ar agerios~ _ araferi SegeSa-los; stosi _ gamoTqmaSi `stosi mihyavs~ _ liderobs, avangardSia; Cmori _ uxeiro, jabani, bedovlaTi, xaniga _ galoTebuli, fskerze daSvebuli; muzoni _ musika; fanati _ ucnauri adamiani, adamiani, ro-melmac raime sakiTxi ZirisZirobamde icis, fani da sxv. (qurdaZe, 2009)

rogorc irkveva, rusulenovani sociumidan Jargonul leqsi-

kur erTeulTa kidev ufro didi nawili momdinareobs. bunebrivia, ma-Ti gamovlena momavalSic gagrZeldeba.

amjerad warmovadgenT qarTul JargonSi dadasturebul leqsi-

kur erTeulTa nawils, romelic aseve rusuli Jargonidan momdina-reobs.

aseTebia, magaliTad, tasaoba da tusaoba: es ori gansxvavebuli mniSvnelobis sityva dadasturebulia

qarTuli Jargonis leqsikonSi, magram araferia naTqvami maT warmo-mavlobaze. am SemTxvevaSi sayuradReboa is faqti, rom orive es sit-yva rusuli Jargonidan momdinareobs da rusuli Jargoni maT Soris arsebul kavSirsac cxadyofs. amis sailustraciod jer qarTulis magaliTebs moviyvanT, Semdeg rusulisas. kerZod: `tasaoba _ seirno-ba, xetiali. (ix. `itasava~). `magas fexiT `tasaoba~ uyvars~ (gvanca abdalaZe); itasava _ iseirna, ixetiala. `dRes wavideT, qalaqSi `vi-tasavoT~ (Tina JorJoliani)~ (bregaZe, 2005).

gansxvavebuli mniSvnelobiT gvxvdeba tusaoba: tusaoben _ usaqmurad dganan da lazRandaroben: `da vtusaobT me da Cemi ori Zma-kaci sadarbazosTan~ (basa janikaSvili)~ (bregaZe, 2005).

rogorc aRvniSneT, orive es sityva rusulidan momdinareobs da leqsikonis Semdgenelis azriT, maT Soris garkveuli kavSiric das-turdeba:

`Тусоваться, -суюсь, -суешься; Тaсоваться, -суюсь, -суешься; несов., (сов. Туснуться, -нусь, -нёшься), где, с кем и без доп. Находиться в каком-л. месте, где много народу; быть в среде «своих» (о группах, объединениях и т.п.); гулять, слоняться без дела; участвовать в различных шоу, презентациях и т. п.

Возм. от карт. «тасовать» – мешать, разбивать, рассовывать по всей колоде карты; ср., напр., устар. торговое «тасовать» – мешать сыпучий товар разного достоинства; возм. через уг. «тусовать» –

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бить, «тусоваться» – курить, собираться, «тусовка» – сборище, драка, «тусовки нарезать» – гулять без цели, шляться; скорее всего первоначально в муз. и хип. жарг.~ (elistratovi, 2008).

rusuli warmomavlobisaa leqsikuri erTeuli daicikla, ro-melsac l. bregaZe ase ganmartavs: `raRaca aikviata; erTsa da imaves imeorebs, erTsa da imave wreze (ciklze) brunavs. ìs kide gafuWebu-li patefoniviT imeorebda erTsa da imaves: `bnelo, bnelo... vinaa eg bnelo? saidan maxsovs?~ daicikla etyoba, sxva veraferze sityva ver daacdenines~ (gia WumburiZe. Targ.)~ (bregaZe, 2005).

es Jargonuli leqsikuri erTeuli sakmaod gavrcelebulia da sxva zmnuri formiT, kerZod, pirveli TurmeobiTis formiTac gvxvdeba: àra, es Cemi stili araa.Aase arasodes davciklulvar!~ (fxakaZe, 2007, 16). rusulSic amave mniSvnelobiT ixmareba: «Зацикливаться, -аюсь, -аешься; несов. (сов. Зациклиться, -люсь, -лишься), на ком-чём и без доп. Излишне сосредотачивать внимание на чём-л., быть одержимым чем-л.» (elistratovi, 2008)

aseTive warmomavlobisaa qarTul JargonSi arsebuli viSibala _ ìq rolandaa erTi, viSibala, imas Cagabare da moviyvane taqsi~ (morCilaZe, 2006, 31); `ra iyo, ra ambavia. . . _ dazeTilad ambobs erTi da nela, ludis moyudebiT modis Cemken, raRac ise, magari Tavdajere-buli da viSibala sifaTiT. . .~ (fxakaZe, 2007, 111). es sityvac rusu-li Jargonidan momdinareobs da niSnavs restornis an sastumros mu-Saks, romelic mTvral da ayal-mayalis amtex klientebs gareT ereke-ba: `Вышибала – служащий ресторана, гостиницы и других заведе-ний, выгоняющий пьяных посетителей, буянов. – Это был некто Митька Гундосый. . . прежде вор, потом вышибала в публичном доме (Купр., Гамбринус)~ (kolesnikovi, kornilovi, 1996). rusuli Jar-gonis leqsikonis avtorebi Jargonuli viSibalas msgavsi mniSvnelo-

bis zog sxva sityvasac asaxeleben, maTgan nawili saliteraturo ru-sulSic dasturdeba, esenia: вышибание, вышибательный, вышибать, вышибить, вышибаться.

aseve rusuli Jargonidanaa sityva mosaCkavec, rac usaqmurs, zarmacs, niSnavs; anda adamians, romelic samuSaos acdens, Tavs ari-debs saqmes: mosaCkave _ `. . . mere vukavSirdebi taqss, raRaciT veZeb mosaCkaves da veubnebi, ro midi, Se siro, aq da aq da ase Semdeg.~ (jani-kaSvili 2004: 104).Aam sityvas rusul JrgonSi ki ori mniSvneloba aqvs, romelTagan pirveli qarTulSic davadastureT, xolo meore jerjerobiT mxolod rusulSi gvxvdeba: `Сачок, -чка, м. 1. Бездельник, лентяй, халтуршик; Ну ты ~ . Эй, ~ -чки, работать! 2. Место, где собираются, люди, у которых нет дел; часто о местах, где


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собираются, курят студенты в перерывах между занятиями, после занятий (напр. В 1-м гуманитарном корпусе МТУ есть «малый сачок» и «большой сачок»). ♦ ~ чка давить – бездельничать.

Возм. через уг. «сачок» – мелкий воришка, беспризорник, несовершеннолетний, хулиган. Первоначально из языка моряков. С эпохи парусного флота и позднее «сачком» или «саком» иронически называли на корабле подвесную койку (the hammock). «Сачка давить» значило «лежать, валяться в этой койке, увиливать от работы, когда остальная команда работает». В общем зн. – «бездельничать». Со временем назв. Койки перешло и на самого человека, отлынивающего от работы~ (elistratovi, 2010).

saintereso Jargonuli leqsikuri erTeulia rusulidan mom-dinare zmnizeda specom, rac niSnavs specialurad: `gzebi gaiyvanes specom avtobusebisTvis. . .~; `. . . Cveno, specom gagiCaliCeTo, ro Tqveni mogzauroba kairos uRatakesi ubnidan daviwyeTo, . . .~, (jani-kaSvili 2004: 122, 124). es sityvac rusuli Jargonidan momdinare-obs: `Спецом, нареч. Специально, нарочно. Ведь спецом толкнула и даже не извинилась. (Запись 1995 г.). Почему ты с ним не поговори-ла? Ты спецом не поговорила. Митрофанов, Никитина, 197. Спецом ведь на второй год осталась, чтобы с Кристинкой в одном классе быть? (Запись 1998 г.).~ (nikitina, 2003; ix. agreTve elistratovi, 2010).

rusuli Jargonidanve momdinareobs qarTulSi dadasturebuli sityva spontam. qarTuli Jargonis leqsikonSi gvxvdeba Jargonizmi ponti, rac Semdegnairad ganimarteba: `rusul qurdul enaze понт niSnavs adamianTa jgufs, Tavyrilobas. zogjer ixmareba tyuilis, blefis, TvalebSi nacris Seyris mniSvnelobiTac (sergei snegovis az-riT, es mniSvneloba `fraerulia~, araqurduli). am meore mniSvnelo-

biT (tyuili, blefi) damkvidrda es sityva qarTul JargonSi: `rom giTxraT, suli mimdioda, mere ra moxdeba-meTqi, ponti iqneba~; `mag-ram, rom amboben, edi flemingis TiTis gamo gaiqcao, eg ki naRdad pon-ti iqneba~ (dali fanjikiZe. Targm.)

am bolo dros `pontma~ qarTul JargonSi axali mniSvnelobac SeiZina (kidev ufro `fraeruli~!) da ixmareba `ambavi/ambavSi~-s (ix.) gagebiT: `marTlac warmoudgenelia rusTavelis memuarebi _ `miTxra-vuTxrasa~ da `movida-wavidas~ pontSi~; `wers arqaul pontSi `iyos~ nacvlad `xiyos~! (tariel Wanturia)~ (bregaZe, 2005).

amrigad, rogorc Cans sityva ponti qarTul JargonSi farTo gavrcelebisaa, da rogorc es miTiTebulia qarTul Jargonis leqsi-

konSi, is rusuli Jargonuli leqsikidan momdinareobs. magram pon-tTan dakavSirebiT sayuradReboa sxva Jargonuli gamoTqmebic, rom-

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lebic aseve rusulidan momdinareoben, esenia spontam da bezponta. qvemoT cal-calke ganvixilavT TiToeuls:

spontam rusulSi moqmedebiTi brunvis formaa da С windebuliT ixmareba _ `С понтом~, mas Semdegi mniSvnelobebi aqvs: С понтом (или с понтом под зонтом.). 1. Как же, так я тебе и поверил (обычно выражает недоверие к сказанному собеседником). 2. нареч. Вызывающе, самоуверенно, нагло и независимо~ (elistratovi, 2010). aRsaniSnavia, rom rusulSi am sityvas ori mniSvneloba aqvs. Cven mier qarTul JargonSi dadasturebuli spontam pirvel mniSvnelobas uaxlovdeba, ufro swored TiTqos, viTom nawilakebis mniSvnelobiT ixmareba: `meTqi, ras autanT, civi wveni, an duri. . . meTqi, rame rac ga-uswordeba aman kide ise migviRo, gegoneboda, Cveni mosaxdeli sicxec magan aiRo Tavis Tavzeo, spontam! hoda maSinac movwieT da ra movwieT?! vkaifobdiT. . .~ (janikaSvili, 2004, 16). ar aris gamoricxuli sityva spontam qarTul JargonSi zemoaRniSnuli meore mniSvnelobiTac da-dasturdes.

sayuradReboa sityva bezponta-c, rasac rusulSi Semdegi mniS-vnelobebi aqvs: `Без понта что, что делать 1. О чём-л. безнадёжном, обречённом заранее на неудачу. 2. Без трепотни, без обмана, действительно, по-настоящему~ (elistratovi, 2010). qarTul Jar-gonSi bezponta niSnavs ubralod usaqmod, umiznod raimes keTebas: ègre bezponta jdomas da garekvas _ mivumateb rames msoflio xe-lovnebas~; `Caval exla, am sasaflaosgan naCuqari jipiT davivli qa-laqs. ise, bezponta. jigrulad davkrugav~ (elistratovi, 2010).

sayuradReboa, rom bezpontas yalibis msgavsi rusuli sityvebi sxvac gvxvdeba qarul JargonSi, kerZod, bezprablem, bezfaqta: `. . . bezprablem matareben. . .~; àegre, bezfaqta daaxvies roJebma~ (fxaka-Ze, 94, 99).

saintereso viTarebaa mafokusebs sityvasTan dakavSirebiTac: mafokusebs _ `Temura miyurebs, mafokusebs~ (T. fxakaZe, 2007, 34). SesaZlebelia, pirdapir ara, magram garkveuli aspeqtiT, es gamoTqma ukavSirdebodes rusul JargonSi dadasturebul fokusis gaswore-bas, rac yuradRebiT Sexedvas, yuradRebiT danaxvas niSnavs: `**Фокус поправить. Посмотреть внимательнее. Кто это? – Фокус поправь, зто же Майк (Фильм «Йа-ха»)~ (nikitina, 2003).

rusuli Jargonuli leqsikidanaa Semosuli qarTul JargonSi putankac _ msubuqi yofaqcevis qali. `putankam migiyvana saxlSi to. . .~; àqamde ar mindoda gamemxila, magram aq Semxvda erTi Tbiliseli putanka, romelsac Zalian didi xnis win vicnobdi~ (morCilaZe, 2006, 59). rusul JaegonSi am sityvas ase ganmartaven:

`Путана, -ы, Путанка, -и, ж. Проститутка (обычно валютная)


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– из «Космоса». Путаны в чернобурках. См. Также центровой. От итал. putana в том же зн.~ (elistratovi, 2010).

rusuli Jargonidanve momdinareobs zogi rusuli sityva ro-melTa warmomavlobis dadgena faqtobrivad araviTar sirTules ar warmoadgens da romlebic qarTuli Jargonis kuTvnilebacaa. aseTebia brat da bliad:

brat _ mimarTvis forma Zmao, Zma: `_ migesvleba, brat, da midi~; `_es Sen, brat! magari veSCia, _ meubneba Temura, raRac medalions ma-CeCebs.~ zogjer am sityvasTan erTad qarTul Zmasac xmaroben: `aba rogor ginda, brat?! arc getkinos?! arc getkinos, Zmao?!~ (fxakaZe, 2007, 27, 33, 199). brat Jargonia rusulSic:

`Брат см. Два брата акробата; насрать; у брата. Братан, -а (или -а), Брательник, -а, Брательничек, -чка, Братушник, -а, Братуха, -и, м. 1. Брат. 2. Обращение к

любому лицу мужского пола. Воз. от устар. диал. «братан» _ двоюродный брат~ (elistratovi, 2010).

bliad _ momdinareobs rusulidan da Cveulebriv msubuqi yo-faqcevis qals, bozs niSnavs, ixmareba erTgvar Sorisdebulad, rac ukidures gajavrebas gamoxatavs. es leqsikuri erTeuli imdenad gav-rcelebulia, rom ruseTSi gamocemul Jargonuli leqsikonebis gar-da amerikaSi gamocemul rusul Jargonis leqsikonSic gvxvdeba: “БЛЯДЬ, -и, f., rude. 1. A loose woman. ♦ Эта блядь спит со всеми подряд. “That slut sleeps with everybody”. 2. Exclamation of extreme annoyance. ♦ Замолчи, ты мне надоел, блядь! “Shut up, damn it, I’m sick of you!” (Sliaxovi da adleri, 1999; kolesnikovi da kornilovi, 1996).

es sityva qarTul JargonSi erTgvarad sityvis masalad ixmare-ba da usiamovno emociebs gamoxatavs: `aaau, mere isev brazma amitana, ro Temura kuboSi wevs iq da me aq viRac naSis logins vezomebi da vka-ifob, bliad! (fxakaZe, 2007, 156).

zogi rusuli sityva ver davadastureT rusulSi Jargonuli mniSvnelobiT, magram qarTulSi maT Jargonuli mniSvneloba aqvT, aseTia rusuli sityva Тиски _ giragi, rac Тискаться zmnidan mom-dinareobs, romlis mniSvnelobacaa: `. . . Wyleta (iWyliteba). kvra (ikvrevineba): не тискайтесь nu ikvrevinebiT (rusul-qarTuli leqsi-

koni, 1959). qarTul JargonSi sityva tisks daZabulobis, mZafri gan-cdebis mniSvnelobiT xmaroben: `veubnebi kikalas, jibeSi faqti udevs, motexe eg Cemisa-meTqi. gadaagde ra sadme kibesTan daagde vin waiRebs, rad ginda quCaSi tiskebiT dgoma da siaruli~ (janikaSvili, 2006). am SemTxvevaSi tiski girags an Wyletas unda ukavSirdebodes. Tumca qarTul JargonSi amave sityviT nawarmoebi sityva rusuli

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Тискаться zmnis meore mniSvnelobas unda ukavSirdebodes, am maga-liTs zepiri metyvelebidan moviyvanT: gatiska – scema: `magra gatis-kes~.

aseTivea, magaliTad, gauprava da daupadiezda: gauprava _ gaamarTla, daakanona: `risTvis aris maTTan saubari

saWiro? imisTvis, rom `gaupravoT~ warsulSi Cadenili danaSauli~ (àlia~, 2008, 5); gasapravebeli _ dasakanonebeli: `burjanaZes, noRai-dels da kiwmariSvils milionebi aqvT gasaTeTrebeli da `gasapravebe-li~. swored amitom cdiloben politikaSi dabrunebas da qarTveli xalxisagan indulgenciebis yidvas~ (àsaval-dasavali~, 2008, gv., 2).

daupadiezda _ sadarbazoSi daxvda da saqme gaurCia da sxv. amrigad, qarTul JargonSi sakmaod vxvdebiT uSualod rusul

Tu rusulis gziT Semosuli zogi evropuli enis leqsikas. am sit-yvebs gansakuTrebuli adgili uWiravT qarTul Jargonul leqsikaSi, rac swored enobrivi niSnis pragmatikuli daniSnulebiT anu mTqme-lis saTqmelTan damokidebulebiT aixsneba.

litaratura

gamyreliZe, kiknaZe, Saduri, Sengelaia, 2003: T. gamyreliZe, z. kikna-

Ze, i. Saduri, n. Sengelaia, Teoriuli enaTmecnierebis kursi, Tb., 2003.

qurdaZe 2009: r. qurdaZe, zogi sityvis warmomavlobisaTvis qar-Tul JargonSi, `waxnagi~, filologiur kvlevaTa krebu-li, Tb., 2009.

bregaZe 2005: l. bregaZe, qarTuli Jargonis leqsikoni, Tb., 2005. elistratovi 2008: В. С. Елистратов, Толковый словарь русского

слунга, Москва, 2010. kolesnikovi, kornilovi 1996: Н. П. Колесников, Е. А. Корнилов,

Поле русской брани, Ростов-на-Дону, 1966. nikitina 2003: Никитина Т. Г. Словарь молодежного сленга, Санкт-

Петербург, 2003. Sliaxovi da adleri 1999: Shlyakhov V., Adler E. Dictionary of

Russian Slang & Colloquial Expressions, 1999. rusul-qarTuli leqsikoni, 1959 _ rusul-qarTuli leqsikoni, t.

III, Tb., 1959. masalebi

1. T. fxakaZe, `Cven samni da angelozi~, Tb., 2007. 2. a. morCilaZe, `qaRaldis tyvia~, Tb., 2006. 3. b. janikaSvili, òcnebebiT kairoSi~, 2004. 4. àlia~, 2008 _ gaz., àlia~, #121, 2008. 5. àsaval-dasavali~, 2008 _ gaz., àsaval-dasavali~, #40, 2008.

irakli cxvediani

jeimz joisis ,,ulise”: miTosi da struqtura

jeimz joisis roman ùlises~ kom-pleqsuri, ierarqiuli miTosuri struq-turis analizisas mkvlevris umTavresi amocana misi Semadgeneli Sreebis/doneebis stratifikacia da maTi funqciebis dadge-naa. es ierarqia organizebulia abstraqtu-lobis gaZlierebis niSnis mixedviT, sadac struqturis yvelaze abstraqtul doneze miTosi funqcionirebs.

ùlise“ erTi SexedviT sruliad mou-wesrigebeli, qaoturi nawarmoebis STabeW-dilebas tovebs, vinaidan masSi darRveulia romanis agebis konvenciuri normebi; magram swored aseT SemTxvevaSi sWirdeba mwerals struqturis organizebis kidev ufro zus-ti da myari principi Tu sagangebod winas-war SemuSavebuli sqema-koncefcia, rasac jorj qlei moswrebulad uwodebs `zedmi-wevniT struqturirebul struqturis nak-lebobas“ (qlei 2002: 211). ùliseSi“ am-gvari `struqturis naklebobis“ kompensi-reba xdeba cikluri miTosuri struqtu-ris formiT.

ùlises~ struqturis organizebi-

saTvis joisi mimarTavs `miToss~-erTgvar potenciur siuJets, sakvanZo miTosur si-tuacias, uzogades sqemas, romelic joisis mier gadamuSavebuli saxiT uamrav asocia-ciur plans, waxnags Tu aspeqts iZens da faqtobrivad misi poemis mTel mxatvrul

filologiis mecnierebaTa doqtori, akaki wereTlis saxelmwifo universite-

tis sruli profesori, dasavleT evropuli da amerikuli literaturis departamentis koordina-

tori ZiriTadi Sromebi: „Mythin J. Joyce's Ulysses and W.Faulkner's The So-und and the Fury (Compa-rative Study) „(2002); „ulises“ miTopoetika“ (2006); „jeimz joisi da jon dos pasosi: transat-lantikuri literturu-

li modernizmis poetika“ (2006); „wminda“ romani da „epikuri“ romani: moder-nistuli romanis ori Se-saZlebloba“ (2006); „Da-nte, Eliot and Joyce: Creat-ing Order out of Chaos“ (2008); „Spatial Form in Ja-mes Joyce's Ulysses: „Nau-sicaa“ Episode“ (2009)

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sistemas gansazRvravs. Aamgvar miTosur sqemad ùliseSi~, mamisa da Zis urTierTmimarTebis motivi iqceva. es swored romanis is RerZia, romlis irgvlivac lagdeba da garkveul simwyobres iZens personaJ-Ta asociaciebisa qaosica da uamravi aluzia-reminiscenciac. romanis am magistraluri xazis xorcSesasxmelad joisi paralels avlebs sxvadasxva wyarosTan, romlebSic `miTosuri potenciuri siuJetis~ esa Tu is aspeqtia interpretirebuli (Tanac mniSvneloba ara aqvs imas, Tu ramdenad mniSvnelovania es motivi joisis mier gamoyenebul wyaroebSi, mTavari isaa rom joisi swored mas gamohkveTs da Tavisi romanis fokusad aqcevs). ase rom, ar aris gamrTlebuli roca, joi-sologiaSi damkvidrebuli tradiciis mixedviT, ùlises~ maorgani-zebel sawyisad `homerosul miTs“ miiCneven, vinaidan homerosis òdisea~ miTi ki ara, mxatvruli, literaturuli nawamoebia, romel-

Sic `miTosis~ (erTgvari potenciuri siuJetis, qargis) alegori-

ul-mxatvruli interpretaciaa mocemuli.

sulieri Zisa da sulieri mamis urTierTmimarTebis miTosuri motivi saSualebas aZlevs mwerals romanis mxatvrul qsovilSi `Se-itanos~ araerTgvarovani siuJeturi wyaroebidan nasesxebi miTolo-

giuri Tu litraturuli aluzia-reminiscenciebi, faruli Tu aSka-ra citatebi, romlebic romanis siRrmiseul-simbolur planSi uaR-resad mWidrod arian erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli da maTi dacalkeve-

ba mxolod pirobiTad, kvlevis miznebidan gamomdinarea dasaSvebi. aseT SemTxvevaSi, mniSvneloba ara aqvs imas, esa Tu is siuJeturi mi-niSneba an asociacia wmindad miTologiuria, Tu ara. T. kobaxiZe sru-liad marTebulad aRniSnavs T. s. eliotis ùnayofo miwis~ miTosur sqematur safuZvelze msjelobisas: ùnayofo miwaSi~ xSiria wminda literaturul siuJetTa miniSnebac, antikur miTologiasTan maTi uSualo dakavSirebis gareSe. aseT SemTxvevaSi, asociaciuri siuJeti garegnuli `miTologizmisagan~ Tavisufalia, samagierod, romelime sqematuri niSnis wyalobiT is poemis saerTo-miTosuri struqturis ganuyofel nawilad iqceva. aseT WrilSi naTlad Cans `miTosisa~ da `miTologiis~ principuli gansxvaveba, radgan wminda literaturu-

li, aramiTologiuri siuJetis parodirebac isev da isev miTosur-sqematuri analogiis xarjze xorcieldeba~ (kobaxiZe 1991: 69).

T. kobaxiZis es sityvebi SeiZleba ùlisesTan~ mimarTebaSic ga-moviyenoT. ufro metic, joisis mier misi romanis miTosuri safuZ-vlis xorcSesasxmelad arCeuli, struqturul-Sinaarsobrivi TvalsazrisiT umniSvnelovanesi wyaroebi _ homerosis òdisea~ da Seqspiris Semoqmedeba _ aramiTolgiuria. Tu pirveli mainc antikur

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miTologiasTanaa dakavSirebuli, ukanskneli garegnuli `miTolo-

gizmisagan~ Tavisufalia da romanis `saerTo – miTosuri struqtu-ris nawilad~ swored miTosur-sqematuri analogiis safuZvelze iq-ceva.

rogorc romanis saTauri migvaniSnebs, ùlises~ personaJTa urTierTdamokidebulebis simetriis gansazRvrisa da maTi urTier-Tobis magistraluri xazis asagebad gavlebul paralelebs Soris yvelaze mniSvnleovani funqcia homerosi òdeiseas~ akisria. Ggarda amisa, sxva paralelebisagan gansxvavebiT, homerosuli paraleli Tan-mimdevrulia da bolomde gasdevs romans. Tu teqstur (siuJetur) doneze mwerali siuJetis calkeuli, faruli miniSnebebiT Semoifar-gleba, romanis struqturas igi swored homerosis eposis zogadi sqemis mixedviT agebs, Tumca, cxadia, garkveuli modifikaciiT – ro-gorc romanis epizodTa raodenobis, aseve maTi Tanmimdevrobis Tval-

sazrisiT. amitomac, amjerad mxolod homerosuli paralelis fun-qciebis analizze gavamaxvileb yuradRebas.

rogorc cnobilia, òdeisea~ sam nawilad iyofa: telemaqiada, odisevsis Tavgadasavali da Sin dabruneba (nostos). am sqemis Sesabami-sad ùlises~ I nawilSi aRwerilia Tanamedrove telemaqes stiven de-dalosis mier dublinSi gatarebuli dila. romanis II, centraluri nawili iwyeba Tanamedrove odisevsis, blumis SemoyvaniT IV epizod-Si da Seesatyviseba iTakis mefis xetials. Bbolo sami epizodi, sadac blumi dedalosTan erTad Sin brundeba, Seesabameba odisevsis Sin dabrunebas. Jozef preskoti aRniSnavs, rom blumi, savsebiT moulod-

nelad, yovelgvari gafrTxilebis gareSe Semodis ùliseSi~ (IV epi-zodi), òdeiseaSi~ ki telemaqiada da odisevsis Tavgadasavlebi or-ganuladaa erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli, vinaidan odisevsi araer-Tgzis moixseneba mis uSualo gamoCenamde xan telemaqes, xanac mene-laosis mier, rasac mkvlevari imiT xsnis, rom am SemTxvevaSi homero-si met ostatobas iCens, vidre joisi (preskoti 1964: 31-32).

ara mgonia, nawarmoebis struqturis agebis iseT ostats, rogo-ric joisi iyo, gasWirveboda msgavsi xerxis gamoZebna ùlises~ I da II nawilebs Soris kavSiris dasamyareblad. saqme is aris, rom telema-

qem icis misi mgazavrobis konkretuli mizani, stiveni ki sulier ma-mas daeZebs (rac arc aqvs bolomde gacnobierebuli) da arc ki uwyis, rom misi saZiebeli da sawadeli, blumSia gansxeulebuli. esec erT-gvari struqturuli xerxia joisisa: amgvarad miniSnebulia Tanabar-zomieri, simetriuli daSoreba blumisa da stivenis gzebisa, xolo Semdgom, TandaTanobiT xdeba am gzebis daaxloeba da droebiTi gadak-veTa.

joisis samuSao variantSi ùlises~ 18 epizods homerosuli sa-

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Taurebi hqonda, romelnic saboloo variants ar SemorCena, magram, kritikul literaturaSi gamoiyeneba.

hari levini amgvarad xsnis joisis mier homerosuli saTaurebis CamoSorebis mizezs: odisevsis miTi, rogorc struqturis organize-bis xerxi, igive iyo mwerlisaTvis, rac xaraCo _ mSeneblisaTvis, mag-ram imisaTvis, rom mnaxvelma aRiqvas dasrulebuli Senobis WeSmariti Rirebuleba, saWiroa xaraCoebis CamoSoreba. swored amitomac, jois-ma, h. levinis mixedviT, garkveuli yoymanis Semdeg epizodebs moacila homerosuli saTaurebi, Tumca kvlavac iyenebda maT kerZo saubrebSi. joisi imedgacruebuli darCenila: mkiTxvelma ver SeZlo analogiis danaxva. 8 wlis unayofo lodinis Semdeg, joiss moTminebis fiala aev-so da wigni gamoacemina stiuart jilberts, romelmac miuTiTa roma-nis TiToeuli epizodis Sesatyvisi homerosuli saTauri, Axelovneba, feri, simbolo, teqnika da organo (levini 1960: 89-91).

ùlises~ mkvlevarTa did nawils òdisea~ swored amgvar `xa-raCod~ miaCnia, romelic abstraqtul (struqturul) doneze moqme-debs, da Tavs iCens romanis struqturasa da pesonaJTa urTierTdamo-kidebulebaSi. aqedan gamomdinare, maTTvis mag., k. sanduleskusaTvis, miuRebelia paralelebis gadaWarbebuli detalizacia ùlisesa~ da misi homerosuli modelis SedarebiTi Seswavlis dros, vinaidan epi-zodebis homerosul saTaurebs araviTari kavSiri ara aqvT wignis Si-naarsTan _ dublinis cxovrebis erTi dRis aRwerasTan (sandulesku 1979: 80-81). Mmsgavss Tvalsazriss gamoTqvams arnold qeTlic. misi azriT mkiTxvels mxolod is unda axsovdes, rom ùlises~ struqtu-ra, umTavresad òdiseas~ emyareba, rom blumi odisevsia, stiveni-te-lemaqe, moli ki - penelope. mkvlevari winaaRmdegia homerosuli para-lelebis Semdgomi detalizaciisa (qeTli 1953: 138). Ddeklan kiber-di marTalia erTis mxriv aRiarebs, rom homerosuli paralelis de-talizacia xSirad SesaZlebelia, da zogjer sasargebloc, magram, me-ore mxriv igi miiCnevs, rom arsebobs erTi safrTxe: homerosulma struqturam ar STanTqas `wignis kiTxvisagan mogvrili uSualo STa-beWdileba~ (kiberdi 1992: XXIV). ukiduresobas warmoadgens e. geni-evas pozicia. Mmisi azriT homerosuli paralelis gaTvaliwineba sa-erTod ar aris saWiro mkiTxvelis mier teqstis swori aRqmisaTvis. Aamgvari daskvnamde midis mkvlevari ùlises~ me-7 epizodis èolo-

sis~ analizis safuZvelze (genieva 1989: 161). marTlac, mkiTxvels SeuZlia ùlise~ waikiTxos rogorc amba-

vi ori personaJisa, romlebsac romanSi aRwerili SemTxvveiTi erTma-neTTan daukavSirebeli movlenebi sabolood erTad Sehyris, da isic ki ar gaiTvaliswinos, rom blumi odisevsia, stiveni ki – telemaqe: Tuki romani mkiTxvels ver daainteresebs da gaitacebs am ori mTava-


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ri personaJis – moqmedebis doneze, cxadia, igi mis yuradRebas ver mi-ipyrobs, rogorc analogia Tu simbolo, magram saqme is aris, rom er-Ti mkvlevris Tqmisa ar iyos, ùlise~ uRrani tyea, romelSic mkiT-xvelma gza unda gaikafos (bolti 1992: 103). uSualo Txrobis ram-denime detali aferxebs àmbis~ ganviTarebas da gaugebars xdis mas. aseT viTarebaSi bunebrivia, saWiroa gzis gamkvlevi da aseT gzis gam-kvlevs saTauri gvTavazobs. Tavad mweralic misi romanis erT-erTi mkiTxvelisaTvis miweril werilSi mas urCevs, rom Tu mas surs gai-gos ùlise~, jer waikiTxos òdiseas~ Carlz lemiseuli Semokle-

buli da martivi inglisuriT gadmocemuli adaptirebuli varianti (“You say there is a lot of it you don’t understand. I told you to read ‘Odyssey’ first. As you have not done so I asked my publisher to send you an article which will throw a little light on it. Then by at once the ‘Adventure of Ulysses’ (which is Homer’s story told in simple English much abbreviated) by Charles Lamb. You can read it in a night and can buy it at Gill’s or Browne and Nolan’s for a couple of shillings. Then have a try “Ulysses’ again”) (elmani 1975). romanis moqmedebis ZiriTadi ge-zi Seesatyviseba òdiseas~ moqmedebas, Tu detalurad ara, ZiriTad momentebSi da situaciebSi mainc.

marTalia, mkiTxvels SeuZlia ùlise~ waikiTxos homerosuli paralelebis gaTvaliswinebis gareSec, magram am paralelebis mxedve-lobaSi miReba mas SeaZlebinebs, Caswvdes romanis dafarul Sreebs, mis simbolur plans. bunebrivia, uazrobaa, garegnuli, pirdapiri pa-ralelebis Zieba siuJetis doneze da am TvalasazrisiT, homerosul saTaurebs marTlac araferi aqvT saerTo ùlises~ epizodebis Sina-arsTan, anda ra saerTo SeiZleba hqondes dublineli sareklamo agen-tis – blumis – xetials qalaqis quCebSi da antikuri gmiris faTera-kebiT aRsavse Tavgadasavlebs? naTelia, rom ùlises~ da òdiseas~ moqmedebasa da personaJebs Soris gavlebuli paralelebi uaRresad pirobiTia, ufro metic, isini ironiul kontrasts warmoadgenen, mag-ram SeuZlebelia ori Tvisobrivad araerTgvarovani obieqtis Sepi-rispireba – aseTi Sepirispireba am obieqtebis raRac saerTo niSans, maT garkveul msgavsebas unda emyarebodes. saqme is aris, rom joisi homerosis òdiseas~ moqmedebas, Carlz lemis interptretaciaze dayrdnobiT, alegoriulad gaiazrebs. misive aRiarebiT, poemaSi gad-mocemuli legenda `misticizmiT~ izidavda mas. òdiseas~ personaJe-bi da konfliqtebi, Carlz lemis mixedviT, unda ganvixiloT, ro-gorc garegani Zalebi Tu Sinagani cdunebani, romlebic zegavlenas axdenen adamianis cxovrebaze. ase rom, òdiseas~ calkeuli Tavebis ùlises~ epizodebTan asocireba am ukanasknelTa simbolur-alego-

riuli interpretaciis safuZvels iZleva.

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es naTlad Cans ùlisesa~ da òdiseas~ calkeuli epizodebis SepirispirebiTi analizisas. Aase magaliTad, òdiseas~ I TavSi te-lemaqe mtrebiTaa garSemortymuli, mas dedamisis sasiZoebi aviwroe-ben da mamamisis qonebas aniaveben. mentoris saxiT gamocxadebuli aTe-na mas urCevs moipovos cnobebi gauCinarebuli mamis Sesaxeb. isic mi-emgzavreba raTa gaarkvios odisevsis asaval-dasavali. telemaqesagan gansxvavebiT stivenma Zalian kargad icis, Tu sad aris mamamisi, deda-misi ki gardacvlilia – aqedan naTlad Cans, rom pirdapiri parale-

lis gavleba SeuZlebelia da am situaciebs Soris analogiis danaxvis saSualebas mxolod maTi alegoriuli interpretacia iZleva: tele-

maqes memkvidreobis dakargvis safrTxe emuqreba. stivenic grZnobs, rom igi ver SeZlebs sakuTari potenciis ganxorcielebas manam, sanam cinikosi bak maliganisa da ucxoeli heinzis `meurveobis~ qveS darCe-ba. koSkis datovebisas man, raRa Tqma unda, ar icis, rom blumis saZi-eblad miemarTeba, magram mamisa da Zis urTierTmimarTebis Temis mise-uli Teoriebi cxadyofs, rom misi – rogorc xelovanis – Ziebani WeS-mariti sulieri mamis, sakuTari Tavis Rrmad Sesacnobad aucilebeli simwifis Ziebas gulisxmobs. epizodis simboloebia hamleti da ir-landia. isini, iseve rogorc, telemaqe, Seviwroebulni arian da mter-moyvris erTmaneTisagan garCevis winaSe dganan.

aviRoT kidev erTi magaliTi. ùlises~ me-4 epizodiT iwyba roma-nis centraluri, ZiriTadi nawili, romelic òdiseaSi~ iTakis mefis Tavgadasvlebs Seesatyviseba. odisevsi imyofeba kunZul ogigiaze, nim-fa kalifsos tyveobaSi, blumi ki, piriqiT, Sinaa da sauzmes amzadebs misi colisaTvis. ase rom, pirdapiri paraleli arc aq SeimCneva, magram SesaZlebelia moraluri analogiis danaxva: blumi mxolod fizikura-daa Sin, moralurad igi _ rogorc mama da rogorc qmari, saxlidan Sorsaa. isve, rogorc odisevsi, mraval weli ar yofila Sin, arc blums hqonia normaluri sqesobrivi urTierToba sakuTar colTan, ma-Ti vaJis, rudis gardacvalebis Semdeg. rac Seexeba kalifsos, igi am epizodSi warmodgenilia suraTiT, romelic sawolis Tavze hkidia da simbolurad ganasaxierebs realuri sqesobrivi urTierTobis nacvlad seqsualuri fantaziebis dakmayofilebas.

rogorc vxedavT, pirdapiri paralelebisa da analogiebis Zieba safuZvels moklebulia. Mmeore mxriv, blumis Sin dabruneba SeiZleba metaforulad gaviazroT, rogorc moraluri gansacdeliT aRsavse `mogzauroba~.

amrigad, ùlises~ homerosis òdiseasadmi~ mimarTebis prob-lema parodiuli planiT ar amoiwureba. ùlise~ parodiaze ar daiy-vaneba, ufro metic, ironia aq gardauvali safasuria eposis gamoyene-bisaTvis. joisi miznad isaxavda Seeqmna Tanamedrove cxovrebis eposi,


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magram misTvis mTavari iyo ara imdenad `Tanamedrove~ cxovrebis asax-va (es mxolod cxovrebis gardauvali konkretuli formaa), ramdena-dac zogadkacobriuli sawyisebis gamovlena. swored am mizniT av-lebs igi paralels Tavis personaJebsa da homerosis gmirebis, Tana-medroveobasa da antikur xanas Soris, amgvari `daaxloebis~ safuZve-li ki joisis msoflmxedvelobaSia saZiebeli: blumis `ebraeloba~ Seesatyviseba joisis mier gaziarebul v. berariseul Teorias home-rosis `odiseas~ semituri (finikuri) warmomavlobis Sesaxeb. saer-Tod, joisis TvalsazrisiT, evropuli kulturis genezisSi udidesi roli iTamaSa berZnul- semiturma sinTezma. ufro metic, mwerali aRmosavleTs kacobriobis kulturis akvnad miiCnevs. magram Tanamed-rove personaJebis homerosis gmirebTan daaxloebis mTavari mizezi sxvaganaa saZiebeli: joisis koncefciis Tanaxmad, miTologiur saxe-ebs mniSvnelovanwilad Cveni warosaxva warmoSobs, rogorc Sinagani samyaros refleqsiebs da amdenad, isini metaforulad fsiqologiur-

ni arian. am koncefciis mkafio gamovlinebaa `valpurgiuli Ramis~ xilvebi romanSi. sulieri impulsebis aseT materializacias joisi-saTvis principuli mniSvneloba aqvs: Tu dublinis quCebSi blumis xetialSi SeiZleba davinaxoT ufro Rrma azri – sakuTari adgilis Zieba misadmi mtrulad ganwyobil samyaroSi da sulieri Tu ojaxuri konfliqtebis mogvarebis mcdeloba – maSin joisis logikiT, odi-sevsis Tavgadasavlebic SeiZleba gaviazroT, rogorc adamianis cxov-rebisa da brZolis, misi sulieri srulyofis simboluri gamoxatu-leba. aseT SemTxvevaSi blumis gamosvla saxlidan SeiZleba aRweril iqnas `homerosuli terminebiT~, rogorc xetialis dasawyisi, stive-nis mier koSkis mitoveba – rogorc telemaqes gaqceva iTakidan, sadac sasiZoebi gabatonebulan. mTvrali jariskacebis mier Sepyrobili blumis mier gaweuli daxmareba Seesatyviseba odisevsis mxardaWeras telemaqesadmi, blumis molisTan dabruneba ki - odisevsis Sin dabru-nebas. amasTan, naTlad Cans, rom `metaforuli paralelebi~ uaRresad pirobiTi da `miaxloebiTia~.

sayuradReboa, rom e. genisis varaudiT, romanis Seqmnis Canafiqri joiss SesaZloa ukarnaxa platonis `respublikis~ erTma pasaJma, sa-dac aRwerilia, TuU rogor irCevda sxvadasxva suli ama Tu im cxovre-bas. arCevis ufleba yvelaze bolos odisevsis suls xvda wilad. mas axsovda mis mier gadatanili tanjva-wameba da ganiZarcva yovelgvari pativmoyvareobisagan, didxans ixetiala, raTa epova Cveulebrivi, did saqmeTagan Sors mdgari adamianis cxovreba – ipova kidec: sadRac mig-debuli, yvela rom zizRiT uvlida gverds. odisevsis sulma danaxvis-Tanave sixaruliT airCia igi (genisi 1999: 232). es mosazreba sakmaod damajereblad JRers, Tu im garemoebas gaviTvaliswinebT, rom joisi-

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saTvis istoria sworxazovnad ki ar `miedineba~ droSi, aramed ciklu-

rad ganmeorebadi (eternal recurrence, cyclical repetition) da Seqcevadia. amas adasturebs stivenis sityvebi ìstoriis koSmaris~ Sesaxeb, rom-lisgan gamoRviZebac surda:

“History, Stephan said, is a nightmare from which I am trying to awake” (joisi 1986: 28).

miTologiuri paralelebi da saxeebi joisTan udavod xazs us-vams erTi da imave gadauWreli kolizebis dausrulebel ganmeorebas, pirovnuli da sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis, Tavad msoflio istoriu-li procesis metafizikur wrebrunvas. naTlad Cans literaturaSi miTosis problemis mWidro kavSiri drois problemasTan. Ddro – ro-gorc garegnuli sagnobrivi samyaros istoria, romelic gaucxoebu-li individisaTvis adamianur arss moklebulia – aRiqmeba, rogorc mtruli fenomeni. Tavisebur pasiur bunts mis winaaRmdeg warmoad-gens awmyos momentis impresionistulad gamZafrebuli aRqma da mis-Tvis adamianuri Sinaarsis miniWeba mexsierebaSi Semonaxuli asocia-ciebis TamaSis saSualebiT.

joisisdroindel inglisur filosofiaSi gavrcelebuli `ma-radiuli axlas~ (‘The eternal now’) koncefcia yvelaze ukeT gamoxa-tavs jois-xelovanis mizanswrafvas: mwerlisaTvis yofierebis wvdo-ma mxolod uSualo awmyoSia SesaZlebeli, magram ara droiT Semo-farglul, aramed usazRvro awmyoSi, romelic, rogorc Tanadroul momentTa erTobliobas, rogorc warsuls, aseve momavalsac moicavs. Amas ukavSirdeba joisis Teoriac, rac sagnisa Tu movlenis Sinagani arsis uecar `xilvas~, `gasxivosnebas~ gulisxmobs. èpifaniis~ mo-mentSi TiTqosda kavSiri myardeba subieqtsa da obieqts Soris, rome-lic cnobierebas mTeli Tavis sicxadiT warmoudgeba da faqtobri-vad, saganTa arsis intuituri wvdomis Sedegia. joisis gza momentis Wvretidan maradisobis Wvretisaken `gzas uxsnis~ `miTosis~ gamoye-nebas ùliseSi~. es naxtomi realuri drois momentidan maradisobi-saken ganpirobebs literaturaSi droiTi formidan sivrciT formaze gadasvlas (frenki 1988: 67-68). subieqturi drois fardobiToba ar-Rvevs mis uwyvet, yvelasaTvis saerTo Tanmimdevrobas. warmosaxva wyvets kavSirs istoriulobasTan, vinaidan igi Slis zRvars war-sulsa da awmyos Soris da mxolod `miTosur maradisobas~ tovebs. sivrciTi perspeqtiva cnobierebis mier am maradisobis aRqmis erTa-derT SesaZleblobad iqceva.

joisis romani warmoadgenda mcdelobas Tanamedrove cxovrebis dinamika (da Sesabamisad, istoriulobac) moeqcia statikaSi (Sesaba-misad, maradisobaSi). sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, `miTosis~ gamoyeneba iw-vevs socalur-istoriul CarCoebs gareT gasvlas.


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amrigad, joisi axdens `miTis zedrouli samyaros~ Serwymas Ta-visi romanis konkretul samyarosTan, Tumca mwerlis mier lokali-

zebuli moqmedebis adgili _ dublini _Tvisobrivad mTel samyaros itevs da yovlegvari fizikuri Tu sulieri, Sinagani Tu garegnuli mdgomareobis sinTezs gamoxatavs. Ddro da sivrce masSi ukiduresad SekumSulia da amitom, `garesamyarosaTvis~ yvela ZiriTadi procesi mis farglebSi ganuzomlad ufro intensiurad, Seudareblad ufro daZabulad mimdinareobs. raRa Tqma unda, amgvari xelovnurad Seviw-roebuli sivrcis Seqmna mxatvruli analizis gamZafrebas warmosax-vis ganzogadebas da universalizacias emsaxureba, tradiciuli ro-manis eqstensiuri droc aq intensiur drod ikumSeba da sabolood, sruliad qreba. rogorc marTebulad aRniSnavs r. yaralaSvili, `drois umciresi, obieqtur da astronomiul droSi fiqsirebuli monakveTebi usazRvrod farTovdeba cnobierebis nakadis, personaJTa fiqrebisa da azrebis warmodgenebisa da xilvebis wyalobiT. Ggmiris cnobierebas mkiTxveli gadahyavs uSoress warsulsa da momavalSi, istoriisa da miTosis sxvadasxva qveyanasa da mxareSi. aseTi teqnikis meSevobiT sul mcire droc serTod tevadi xdeba, awmyos yoveli wami mTel samyaroebsac moicavs, rac sabolood drois sruli gaqrobis àxlas~ dausrulebeli denadobis SegrZnebas warmoSobs~ (yaralaS-

vili 1984: 75). personaJTa asociaciebis Tavisufali TamaSidan, gmirebis cno-

bierebidan e. i. nawarmoebis `Signidan~ warmoiSoba sulieri mamisa da sulieri Zis urTierTmimarTebis, Sin dabrunebis Tema, romelic cno-bierebisagan damoukideblad arsebobs, magram TiTqosda imTaviTve igulisxmeba masSi. ùlises~ es magistraluri Tema mTel rig asocia-ciebs iwvevs: ikarosi da dedalosi, telemaqe da odisevsi, Ze-RmerTi da mama-RmerTi, hamleti da mamisi da a. S. asociaciaTa mTeli am rigis amosavali wertilia stiven dedalosisa da leopold blumis urTi-erTdamokidebuleba. es Tema viTardeba iseTi motivebis varirebiT, rogoricaa erTi mxriv, blumis yuradReba dedalosebisa da piurfois ojaxebisadmi, mis mier sakuTari gardacvlili vaJis rudisa da mama-misis xilva, xolo meore mxriv, stivenis msjelobiT mamisa da Zis er-Tarsobis Temaze. stiveni da blumi, marTalia, Tavidan erTmaneTs ar icnoben, magram romanis maZilze joisi araerTgzis migvaniSnebs maT sulier naTesaobaze, erTmaneTisaken gaucnobierebel swrafvaze. ase mag., `skilasa da qaribdas epizodSi~, Seqspiris Semoqmedebis Sesaxeb gamarTuli msjelobis miwuruls, biblioTekaSi Sedis Lleopold blumi. wasasvlelad gamzadebuli maligani da stiveni karTan dganan da blumi maT Soris gaivlis. òdiseaSi~ odisevss uxdeba gavla mo-revsa da skilas – kldeze gadmomdgar urCxuls Soris da igi am uk-

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nasknelisaken iRebs gezs. skila kisers waigrZelebs da Tavisi 6 pi-riT TiTo kacs itacebs. amasobaSi odisevsi gasxltomas axerxebs. Hhomerosis skilas sazarel xmas ZaRlis yefas adarebs. es pasaJi pa-rodirebulia ùliseSi~. joisis ulise gaivlis maligansa da ur-Cxul stivens Soris, romlis ganuwyveteli ybedoba ZaRlis yefasTan asocirdeba da blumic stivenss uaxlovdeba. epizodis bolos stive-ni fiqrobs:

`Cemi neba: misi neba, me rom merkineba. Cven Soris zRvebi...~ Semdeg maligansa da stivens Soris gaivlis blumi: `kacma Caiara maT Soris, Tavis dakvriT miesalma~. maliganma stivens wasCurCula: `maradi uria... dainaxe misi Tvali? igi gxedavda Sen da guli uT-

qmoda SenTvis. SiSi maqvs Seni, bebero mezRvauro. o, kinC, gansacdel-

Si xar~ (joisi 1983: 294). amrigad, stiveni da maligani skilad da qaribdad warmoisaxebi-

an, romelTa Sorisac gaivlis blumi-ulise. igi, rogorc amas maliga-

nis sityvebi adasturebs, stivenisaken miiltvis. stiveni, joisis CanafiqriT, siWabukes, inteleqtualur saw-

yiss ganasaxierebs. blumi ki _ simwifes, emociur sawyiss, cxovrebis materialur sferoSi Caflulobas (roogrc ekonomikuri, aseve fi-zikuri TvalsazrisiTac), maTi SexvedriT ki am ori sawyisis sinTe-zia simbolizebuli.

marTalia, joisis `miTosuri meTodis~ Taviseburebebs, garkve-ulwilad, froidis fsiqoanalizisa da iungis `siRrmiseuli fsiqo-logiisadmi~ misi interesi ganapirobebs, magram, rogorc marTebulad miuTiTebs a. doroSeviCi, aq Cven saqme imdenad ideis sesxebasTan ara gvaqvs, ramdenadac mis paralelur SemuSavebasTan, rasac ganapirobebs saerTo epoqa, sulier ZiebaTa erTiani atmosfero (doroSeviCi 1970: 131).A

joisis meTodis safuZveli umTavresad mainc jambatista vikos debulebebSi, kerZod ki, cxovrebisa da istoriis maradiuli wreb-runvis TeoriaSia saZiebeli. ramdenadac miTologiur da istoriul gmirebs viko ganixilavs rogorc droisa da xalxis sulis srulyo-

fil gansxeulebas, ganmeorebadi istoriuli ciklebis monacvleo-

basTan erTad am gmirebis tipebic meordeba da sxvadasxvagvar konkre-tul saxes iZens. istoriis erTi da igive Sinaarsi gamoxatulebas hpovebs araerTgvarovan formebSi. `metemfsiqozis~ motivi uaRresad mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs ùlises~ laitmotivTa sistemaSi. es Tema Tavad ùlises~ teqstSivea interpretirebuli, roca blumi Ta-vis cols ganumartavs sityva `metemfsiqozis~ mniSvnelobas: `metam-fsiqozi, Tqva man da kopebi Seikra. berZnulia: berZnulidan aris. su-


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lierebis transmigracias niSnavs. zogs swams, rom Cveni sikvdilis Semdeg sxva sxeulebSi ganvagrZobT sicocxles, rom TiTqos Cven yve-las adrec gvecxovros, 1000 wlis winaT, dedamiwaze an sxva plane-

taze. Aamboben, dagvaviwyda. zogi amtkicebs, rom Tavisi wina arsebo-bac axsovs~ (“Metampsychosis, he said, frowning. It’s Greek: from Greek. That means the transmigration of souls… Some people believe, he said, that we go on living in another body after death, that we lived before. They call it reincarnation. That we all lived before on the earth thousands years ago or some other planet. They say we have forgotten it. Some say they remember therir past lives.. Metampsychosis, he said, is what the ancient Greeks called it. They used to believe you could be changed into an animal or a tree, for instance what they called nymphs, for example….”) (joisi 1986: 52-53).

es ganmarteba TiTqosda winasawar migvaniSnebs, rom blumma unda gaimeoros odisevsis xetiali. warsulis didi pirovnebani aristo-teledan parnelamde, ieso qristedan Seqspiramde reinkarnirebulia blumSi. teqstSi gvxvdeba uamravi paraleli blumsa da elias, blum-

sa da parnels Soris. Aase rom, blumi zedmiwevniT Seesatyviseba `mi-Tiuri tipis~ klasikur definicias, romlis mixedviTac, `miTiuri tipi~ garegnulad zustad ver ..moergeba~ vercerT calkeul indi-vids da, d. kiberdis sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, erT adamianSi axdens xasi-aTebis mTeli ojaxis koncentrirebas. (“Concentrates under one human from a whole family of characters and minds.”) (kiberdi 1992: XXVII). Aamdenad, gasagebia, rom moli blumi Tavis qmars aRiqvams ”as well him as another” (joisi 1986: 643-644).

amrigad, personaJebis joisiseul `daxasiaTebas~ safuZvlad udevs misi koncefcia, romlis mixedviTac `miTosuri arqetipebi~ eq-sternalurad ki ar arian `Tavsmoxveulni~ (`morgebuli, misadagebu-li~) personaJebze kulturis mier, aramed internalurad warmoiSo-bian TiToeuli individis Sinagani samyarodan. ase rom, `ulises~ per-sonaJebi, telemaqesa da odisevsis rolebis SesrulebiT, mkiTxvels moagoneben, Tu ra aqvT saerTo saukuneebiT erTmaneTisagan daSore-bul adamianebs.

`miTosi~ da mis xorcSesasxmelad gamoyenebuli homerosuli paralelebi, romanis magistraluri gezis agebasa da personaJTa ur-TierTdamokidebulebis simetriis gansazRvrasTan erTad, erTi mxriv, faseulobaTa universalizaciis, meore mxriv ki, mxatvruli droisa da sivrcis modelirebis – konkretul-istoriuli drois gauqmebasa da misi sivrced qcevis – mxatvrul daniSnulebas emsaxurebian.

irakli cxvediani

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literatura

bolti 1992: Bolt, Sydney. A Preface to James Joyce. NY: Logman, Second Ed., 1992.

genieva 1989: Гениева, Е. Комментарий к «Улиссу». «Иностранная литература», 1989, №№1-12.

genisi 1999: Генис, А. Без языка. Эвра Паунд. «Иностранная литература», №9, 1999

doroSeviCi 1970: Дорошевич, Д. Г. Миф в литературе XX века. «Вопросы литературы», №2, 1970.

elmani 1975: Ellman, Richard (ed.).Selected letters of James Joyce. London: Faber and Faber, 1975

kiberdi 1992: Kiberd, Declan. Introduction. In: James Joyce, Ulysses. London: Penguin Books, 1992.

kobaxiZe 1991: kobaxiZe, Temur. t. s. elioti: poezia da miTosi. Tbi-lisi: Tsu gamomcemloba, 1991.

levini 1960: Levin, Hary. James Joyce: A critical Introduction. London, 1960.

preskoti 1964: Prescott, Joseph. Exploring James Joyce. Carbondale: Southern University Press, 1964.

sandulesku 1979: Sandulescu C. G. The Joycean Monologue. Colchester: Universtity of Essex, 1979

frenki 1988: Frank, Joseph. Spatial Form of Modern Literature. In: Essentials of the Theory of Fiction. Ed. by Michael Hoffman and Patrick Murphy. Durham and London: Duke University Press, 1988.

qeTli 1953: Kettle, A. An introduction to the English Novel, v. II, London, 1953.

qlei 2002: Clay, George R. Tolstoy in the Twentieth Century. In: Donna Tussing Orwin (ed.), Cambridge Companion to Tolstoy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002, p. 206-221

yaralaSvili 1984: yaralaSvili, rezo. drois gauqmeba. j. joisisa da h. heses TxrobaSi. j. joisi 100 (saiubileo krebuli), n. yaisaSvilis redaqciiT. Tbilisi: Tbilisis universite-tis gamomcemloba, 1984.

joisi 1986: Joyce, James. Ulysses. Ed by W. W. Gabler. London: Penguin Books, 1986

joisi 1983: joisi, jeimz. `ulise~. Targmani n. yiasaSvilisa. Tbili-

si: `merani~, 1983

ABSTRACTS

Nino Abakelia

On Some meanings of Aquatic Symbolism in Georgian mythic – ritual system

The article is organized on multiplicity of water modes and forms which

belong to spatial reality and as such, occupy a definite place in the archaic world pattern of Georgians.

For Georgians, as for small peoples, the sea never had colonial, trading or exchanging functions (as it was in the case of the ancient Greeks), but it always retained in their historical and mythological memories and was thought to be located at the periphery of the mythic-ritual system and cultural topography of Georgians.

For Georgians the cultivated space of the world of the humans, called “shina” (i. e .inner space) was placed in the center of the world which was encircled by tricolor (white, red, black), three aquatic belts, seas (which implied the vertical and horizontal topography of the world). The supernatural beings were settled and grouped according to the appropriate colours of water belts (as less dangerous, more dangerous and the most dangerous creatures).

In the analyzed folk verse (which does not seem very old, but in which the archetypes seem to work) the universe is washed by the three, tricolor seas which reveal the cosmic symbolism highly charged with a religious quality, reflecting the mainstay of symbolic thought of Georgians.

On the basis of the analysis, the spirit of the sea with its thiasos, called “mesepebi” (i.e. attendants, courtiers) are revealed who might be compared with the Great Mother Goddess, called Nana with her attendant spirits, called “Batonebi”; in the paper the zoomorphic and anthropomorphic creatures of lakes and rivers with the corresponding male and female principles together with their functions are revealed. The megalithic monuments erected nearby the springs, rivers or lakes are considered by the author to be one of the variants of the sacred centers, which according to the engraved signs could be the battle places of the Weather God (which at the Christian level of religious development corresponds to St George) and its chthonic antagonist.

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Tsira Barbakadze

The Sea Semiotics according to Georgian Materials

In the lexics of the Georgian Language studying of the sea semiotics confirms that the sea is the post of the Georgian character and the sea is the revivaled lexem to archetype level. The semiotics of the sea is connected with navigation and sailing lexics, hierarchy of a boatman and the variety of a boat itself in the ancient Georgian language will be an evidence that the indicated broad semiotics by one mentioned concept is so called matrix of our Georgian characters.

It is worth emphasizing that Georgians selected the lexem connected with the sea as a metaphor of shelter, calmness and safety.

The sea as a concept simulteniously combines positive and negative meanings that creates the unified and steady character.

Naira Bepieva

Water Inhabitants in Ossetic Mythology

Water inhabitants are familiar to folklore almost all the Caucasian people. But it basically images of the malicious perfume for women, trying to entice and entangle men the magical charms. Such is an image of sorcerer Ali living near to waters. This demonic being fascinates men, enticing them in water on death.

Absolutely differently are presented a water kingdom and its inhabitants in Ossetic mythology.

Donbettyr on Ossetic mythology is the master of waters and an underwater kingdom – the semiperson and semifish. It is considered a deity of fishermen. According to Ossetic legends of Donbettyr the man as men happen fishermen usually. Donbettyr have daughters – princesses of a water kingdom whom women as on Ossetic customs water in the house women (for men bring it admire was considered as shameful employment). In general Donbettyr named all who lived in water and under water.

In the Norts epos water and the water world are integral a whole world part. Deities (pagan and Christian), people and elements (the wind – Galagon; water, the sea – Donbettyr), each of these three in the Ossetic epos – at sledge and Tsartsiats take a special place.

Thus, water and water inhabitants in the epos of sledge and Tsartsiats in harmonious interrelation coexist with heavenly deities and people. They are kind spirits and unlike water inhabitants of some other eposes are called for kind acts.

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Shota Bostanashvili

Seafaring Pilgrims (B)art(h)istic Performance

“Seafaring Pilgrims” presents a semiotic reflection on a conceptual

architectural project (image) named “The Pilgrims”, also referred to as The Wandering Island, or Sixth Continent. The project won an international architectural competition organized by UNESCO (Venice, 1988). The theme of the competition was “A Space for XXI Century Civilization”.

“The Pilgrims” is on it’s own a sign-creative image, graphical and linguistic semiurgic text. It grew from the names/images of specific, local (Georgian) culture and transformed into global, general image/name/house*. Private and general, having different signifiers and signifieds are linked here through a sign. And since there is nothing to be guessed in “The Pilgrims” (one extracts what one places), the paper proposes to examine the project through Roland Barthe’s famous text “Rhetoric of the Image”.

Barthe’s “Rhetoric of the Image” offers a semiotic analysis of “Panzani” advertisement. We “intrude” Barthe’s text, “expel” ‘pasta’, ‘tomatoes’ and other entities and introduce in the analytical framework following signs: ‘sea’, ‘sky’ and ‘temples on chairs’. To put it the other way: we present a semiotic play “The Pilgrims” on Barthe’s stage - (B)art(h)istic performance.

*In Georgian: sakhe (image); sakheli (name); sakhli (house).

David Bostanashvili

Shell Palace

The paper discusses semiotics of the sea and architecture on the example

of Sydney Opera House (1973). The first problem is offered by the title of the paper itself (Shell House): resemblance in architecture. Resemblance between the white volumes in the Sydney bay and sails, shells and so on seems to be natural; “No sooner is a form seen than it must resemble something: humanity seems doomed to analogy” (R. Barthes). The shell-like structure of the building brings to mind image of shell and we can observe a linguistic coincidence: the signifieds of the signifier shell are both ‘seashell’ and ‘shell surface’. The resemblance is supported also by the fact the building (shell palace) emerges from water (the sea). White color of the volumes, their vicinity to the sea and linguistic coincidence are the components through which the sign based on analogy starts to produce connotations, and hence a myth (myth and connotations of White, Shell, Sail). Sydney bay with it’s Opera House is a recognizable and successful message-place. The paper discusses the role of similarity when viewers are enchanted by architecture.

For the purpose of further analysis we choose one view of the Opera House, where it seems to float on the empty surface of the sea. Since understanding involves reduction of one type of reality into another (Claude

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Levi-Strauss), we reduce the photographic text into a graphical structure. By doing this we see that the geometrical code of the sea landscape is a horizontal line. On one hand the sea (it’s emptiness, it’s featureless) will make any form significant, and on the other this very form, once introduced in the sea, turns the asemantic situation of the sea into a place.

“Horizontal line + Opera House’s reduced representation“ is a graphical syntagm on which we perform commutation test, paradigmatic and syntagmatic transformations. Since the semiotics cannot point out what signifieds change when the signifiers are substituted from paradigmatic field, the concept of “inscribing architecture into landscape” becomes questionable. In Le Corbusier’s words “It is not the hill of acropolis that dictates architecture, but the Parthenon”.

By placing the form in different situations we see the form getting rid of the burden of resemblance and the possibility of architectural readability increases.

Exploring the possibility of adding new signs to the “syntagm of the sea” we see that semiotic analysis turns into semiotic action - from syntagmatic rearrangement to production of new signs (semiurgy).

Konstantine Bregadze

The Symbolism of the Sea in the Paintings of the German Romantic Artist

Caspar David Friedrich

The urge of a Romantic protagonist towards the nature rests on the cognitive scheme of the dialectical relationship between ‘self’ and ‘non-self’ (Nicht-Ich): i.e. through intellectual, i.e. synthetic intuition (die intellektuelle Anschauung), “self” as the cognitive individual a priori moves towards the “non-self” existing beyond his scope of cognition (in this case, the nature), incorporates it into his scope of cognition and afterwards, with the help of the “non-self” acquires better understanding of “himself”. Hence, this cognitive scheme implicates the principle of transcendence: a priori going out of one’s own limited empirical “self”, overcoming it and eventually retuning to it, which results in a new, higher and more expanded understanding of “oneself”. This self-cognitive process implies cognition of oneself as an integral part of the transcendental reality, as the supra empirical “self” – this is the Fichtean transcendence from the empirical “self” towards the supra empirical “self”, the prerequisite of such transcendence being the empirical relationship and longing (Sehnsucht) of “self” for “non-self” (e.g. the nature). Hence, in the works of Romanticists the “non-self”, the nature, proves to be an indispensable prerequisite of transcendence.

The nature paintings by the renowned German Romantic writer Caspar David Friedrich (1774-1840), his well-known marine, mountain and forest landscapes feature exactly the symbolism of the transcendentable nature. They are the products of creative estheticization that turns the mimetic nature scenes into symbolic artistic images “charged” with a particular philosophical and cognitive semantics. The estheticized nature depicted in the paintings has the symbolic function of perpetual transcendence; that is, the artistic function of the

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nature scenes of the paintings is to a priori involve the consciousness of the viewer and the protagonist of the painting into the process of transcendence , i.e. provoke in them the a priori urge for overcoming (Übergang) and ardent longing (Sehnsucht) for the transcendental (cf. the painting “Wanderer above the Sea of Fog”, which has nowadays become the logo of Romanticism) (1818).

Therefore, it is no coincidence that exactly the Romantic scheme of the dialectical relationship between “self” (the protagonist) and “non-self” (the nature) underlies Friedrich’s paintings, which reveal the main principles of the philosophy of Romanticism – longing (Sehnsucht) and overcoming (Übergang). According to this scheme, as mentioned above, with the help of the conscious will (Wollen) the cognitive individual (“self”) is supposed to a priori long for overcoming and transcending from the constrains of his own empirical “self” as well as from the reality, the empeiria, through which “self” is supposed to acquire a higher cognition of himself. The necessary precondition enabling the process is “non-self”, which in the Romantic literary texts or paintings can be rendered through the poetic image of the beloved or through the symbolism of the nature.

Hence, in conceptual terms, it is fully logical that along with the nature scenes, Friedrich’s paintings always feature an individual or a group of individuals, either in close-up or at a distance; i.e. they always feature a cognitive individual or a group of cognitive individual longing for transcendence, whose existential and ontological objective is a priori transcendence, that is overcoming the empeiria. Here the nature scenes do not have a secondary, background function as in the paintings of French Baroque or Rococo, e.g. in Antoine Watteau’s works; on the contrary, in Casper Friedrich’s paintings the nature and the protagonist, which is a priori a cognitive individual, are engaged in active interrelationship as the prerequisite enabling transcendence on the one hand and the individual longing for transcendence on the other.

Individual and nature, the sea, as depicted in Friedrich’s well-known sea landscapes, engage in this very disposition, whose paradigm is “The Monk by the Sea” (1809/10). Here the monk and the sea are part of the dialectical scheme of “self” and “non-self”. The sea has the artistic function of creating the effect of the existential boundary between the empirical and the non-empirical and at the same time symbolizes the object of longing of the Romantic protagonist, perpetual transcendence, as well as the prerequisite of the protagonist’s longing towards the transcendental, i.e. the prerequisite of transcendence. The sea bears this very symbolic function in Friedrich’s other paintings as well: “Two Men by the Sea at Moonrise” (1816/17), “Woman at the Sea” (1818), “Chalk Cliffs on Rugen” (1818), “Moon Rising over the Sea” (1821), “Boats in the Harbour at Evening” (1827), “Sea Shore in Moonlight” (1830), etc.

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Nino Gogiashvili

The Symbol of the Sea in Guram Rcheulishvili’s Works

The sea gets the symbolic colouring in Guram Rcheulishvili’s works. The article deals with the analysis of his stories: “Dumb Ahmed and the Life”, “A Slow Tango” and “I and Irine”, as well as some of his poems. The sea appeared a mystic and sacramental phenomenon in his life as he had saved a man from sinking in the sea. The sea is described as an easy symbol and image in the article dating back from the ancient period appearing later with its full image in the Gospel. Thus’ it influences on the literature and is inculcated as the symbol of life, birth and death there. The parallel is done between “Dumb Ahmed and the Life” by Guram Rcheulishvili and “The Old man and the Sea” by Ernest Hemingway showing two identical plots sharing the symbol of the sea only with different modifications.

The canonic symbol acquires the important definition in Guram Rcheulishvili’s works.

Rismag Gordeziani

Greek Words of Unknown Etymology Denoting the Sea

From ancient Greek basic terms referring to the sea three completely fit into the context of the Kartvelian-Pre-Greek hypothesis: pevlago~ “open high sea” – kartv. *bel- “opennes, opening”, qavlassa “(salt) sea” – kartv. *dal-a “salt, liquid”, Wkeanov~ - kartv. ukuan-/ukan “back”.

Lali Datashvili

A Symbol of the Christian Sea and the Georgian Literature

According to the Old and New Testament a symbol of the transient world and a Satan is the sea, which traps a man, a sailing boat and prevents him from reaching the shore, because it continually consumes a human. Besides, there is kindness in the sea, it is water, a symbol of life a Saviour-fish: Ikhtios – Jesus Christ the Saviour who lives in the world water, purifies it with Holy Spirit’s charity and makes the sea obey him.

The mankind is divided into two parts: the people drowned in the sea of life (of their own will or after being defeated in the vain struggle of the life) and those who got a place in paradise after living worthily in this transient world.

For a transformation as an unconquerable hero, it’s necessary to set free from the Whale’s Stomach like Iona.

During formation of the new sky and the new Earth, the sea is becoming crystal, which gives out light for those who want to live in the light (apok 21,1).

A human’s major thought should be to join it and live in paradise.

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By considering all this work gives a review: St. Shushanik’s Martyrdom”, works of hymnographical writings, `My Prayer, By Nikloz Baratashvili.

“The earthly life is rough” – translation by St. Grigol Khandzteli, “A reproach about the transient world” – by David Guramishvili, a story about the taking out of St. Virgine of the Sea by St. Gabriel monk, `Aluda Qetelauri´ by Vazha-Pshavela, Shota Rustaveli – “A knight in the panther’s skin”, a folk poem “The fellow from Tavparavani”, Mikheil Javakhishvili – “Jaqo’s Migrants”, Leo Kiacheli – “Princess Maia”, and “Hake Adobe”, a folk tale “Marian”, Ilia Chavchavadze – “Bazaleti Lake”, Jemal Karchkhadze – “He”.

Lali Zakaradze

Manifesto of Global Thinking – Carl Schmitt’s Geopolitical Concept

The present article deals with the geopolitical conception of famous German theorist of law and politics Carl Schmitt. The analysis of this concept is based on his work “Land and Sea. World-Historical Thought”.

“Land and Sea” discusses the basic changes in the history of mankind and their causing factors. According to Schmitt, humans should determine the essential guidelines of existential being and thinking with reference to geographical constants. Land and sea relations make an impact on human thinking and the world order as well as social-political environment. The article discusses the importance of juxtaposition of sea and land for the world history, the concept of spatial revolution and its forms, the role of Europe in creation of a new order of the universe, the worldwide confrontation of Protestantism and Catholicism against the background of land and sea juxtaposition, formation of international law, the analysis of the concept of space and the space as the third dimension.

The history of the world is the history of confrontation between marine and land states. Schmitt’s aim is to clarify that certain nations connect all their historical existence to the sea as a different element. He highlighted water/sea for the adequate characterization of the modern society, industry and economy, science and culture; His juxtaposition of land and sea acquires the form of a planetary law. According to Schmitt, the scope of human freedom is limitless though he should take on himself all the responsibilities and form quite different attitude with the given geographical constants. This, in its turn, will cause the restoration and transformation of human consciousness. The human consciousness restored in such a way will be able to create a new world order (Nomos). Khatuna Tavdgiridze

The Sea Myth: Semiotics and Poetics (Article-Vocabulary)

The work is the collection of explanations of mythical expressions of

articles, mythological symbols, which are put in alphabetical order. They have the subjects in common – cosmogony myth of the sea

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The following questions are represented in the work: Basili/Grigol of the Sea, the myth of the fight of Dragon and Bull, “The Earth on Bull’s horn“, The sea woman and the sea man, the door of the sea, “The digging and sowing of the sea”, The sea tree “The remains of the sea”, The place of meeting of the sea and rock, “Sea frightening“, “Fear of the sea”, cosmic egg, The sea of the next world. David Tinikashvili

Water Semiotics in Religions

The report investigates the signs and symbols regarding water in various

religions. Due to shortness of the report it is not a exhaustive research on the question. The work contains several valuable observations for promoution of scientific exactness: (1) Misreading the words of Saint Cyril of Jerusalem by the prominent historian of religions Mircea Eliade (2) Onesidedness of an article “Flood Stories” from “The Encyclopedia of World Religions”, Revised Edition, 2007 (Edited by R. Ellwood); (3) Wrongly ascribed view to Ephrem of Syria by prof. A. Lapukhin. Zurab Kiknadze

The Dream of Klytemnestra and the Ash in the Hearth

There are three dreams of Klytemnestra known in the Greek dramas. They

are all given in the sources like the preserved fragments of “Oresteia” by Stesychorus, “Agamemnon” by Aeschylus, and “Electra” by Sophocles. Different authors emphasize the fact that there are some internal ties connecting the three dreams. It is also obvious that the tragedians were aware of the dreams by each other, exactly, Aeschylus not only knows the dream by Stesychorus, but he is even influenced by it. As for Sophocles, the author knows the two dreams as well as a dream of Astyage's (Herod. 1.108) and besides, he takes the dreams into consideration. Practically speaking, we have to deal with a set of international symbols used in mythology and plots of the dreams as well. The present article is to give a comparative analysis of the two identical plots belonging to different cultures and different times. One of the plots is used as the basis of the Klytemnestra’s dream (In “Electra” by Sophocles), whilst the other makes up a model for the myths about the foundation of various sanctuaries in the mountain region of Eastern Georgia.

Keywords: hearth, scepter, tree, snake, patron.

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Tsira Kilanava

Semantic of the Sea in “Davitiani”

In the represented article the sea, according to “Davitiani”, is studied as a sign. There is revealed the sea’s conceptual meaning and it’s qualitative conection with biblical traditions, which is based on the semiotical analyses of the text and contemproral historico-political condition.

It is the first time, when this question in “Davitiani” becomes as the object of research. It is clear now, that the sea, in “Davitiani” has not the geographical meaning , but it has got allegoric- symbolical meaning .

Khatuna Maisashvili

The Sea In and the Sea Out, or the images and myths of the Sea in Georgian Media

The article based on 12 interviews-in-depth explores the denotative and

connotative meanings of the concept of sea through one of the most influental way of analysis of media content, structuralism and semiology, such as the associations and images invoked and expressed by certain usages and combinations of the sea sign in Georgian media.

The findings of research meet the following implications: how much the sign of the sea is relevant to the primary news values in Georgian media, is the sea close to home and whether it is the part of the familiar, home space, what does a reader reads in the sea sign and beyond of it. Atinat Mamatsashvili-Kobakhidze

The Phenomena of the Reflexion as the Innate Characteristic of the Yellow

Colour in View of the Immutable Blue of the Sea. According to Jean-Marie Gustave Le Clézio’s Novel “Le Chercheur d’or”

L’île apparaît sur la ligne de l’horizon. Elle surgit de la mer, dans le ciel

jaune du soir, avec ses hautes montagnes bleues sur l’eau sombre. Peut-être que ce sont les oiseaux de mer qui m’ont alerté d’abord, en criant au-dessus de nous1.

Jean-Marie Gustave Le Clézio

The structure of the novel “Le Chercheurd’or” by Jean-Marie Gustave Le

Clézio is built though the relation of two colours, where yellow incorporates the light of the sun and the blue includes the sea. It is interesting that the main idea of the novel is the quest which is reached by means of travelling. This voyage is realized not by earth/land, but notably by the sea. The dichroïsme follows the novel all along and becomes the essential factor in the solving of the quest: the blue sea, which transforms into the metallic surface under the influence of the yellow/golden light, will contribute to the emergence of the truth.

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Murad Mtvarelidze

The Sea of the “Blue Horns”

The aim of the following work is to define the place of the sea in the writings of Georgian symbolist poets. In Georgian symbolic poetry thinking about the sea gives birth to the imaginations of the historical past of humankind and conditions to mystify the mythical personages as well as the question of freedom of Georgia. These contexts are revealed by the symbols and metaphors denoting the sea. Georgian poetry fits into the context of the European literature, though there are several different motives which may consider as the result of Georgian thinking.

Tatia Mtvarelidze Maia Shukhoshvili

Ancient Greek Model of the Meaning of the Sea

The following work is concerned with the issue of the meaning of the sea

in ancient Greek literature and philosophy. The main goal of our work is to introduce the specifics of the meaning of the sea in ancient Greek literary tradition and to define the model, which is common for ancient Greek mythological, poetic and philosophical interpretation of the sea. This model is based on the dualistic principles, which are reflected by the metaphors and epithets of ancient Greek fiction. The above mentioned model still exists in modern Greek way of thinking and is placed in common Greek Inga Milorava

Spatial Pattern of the Sea in Modernist Texts

Spatial pattern of the sea as a form chronotope in the literary work is very significant for numerous cultures. The cultures whether the east or the west have frequently utilized the sea in different epochs one might say since the origin of visible for us time line.

As to the Georgian artistic thinking, it is traditionally considered that the sea does not occupy an important space in the development of either actual or imagined planes or layers. At first glance it is really so: the earliest samples of the thousand-year – writing do not give any vivid example of artistic thinking of the sea except Vepkhistqaosani. The trace for seeking aesthetic and symbolic functions is not found in comparatively later periods too. It is interesting to note that there has not been any seascape painter in Georgia. It is difficult to explain this phenomenon but the reason for this must definitely exist and it should be sought somewhere in the depths of the nation’s consciousness.

How is the sea perceived by the representatives of those cultures who have “used” it in every possible way - both practically and aesthetically? For

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them the sea is something one is to fight with, surpass and overcome. The sea (ocean) is not a final boundary, the end but it is the beginning beyond which something new starts and the possibility for broadening of personality and nation is hidden.

In the Georgian literature there can be found several works of modernist writing which in one way or another can be regarded as an example of artistic realization of the sea pattern. L.Kiacheli’s works Princess Maya, Almazir Kibulan, Khaki Adzba show the sea as an end, the final boundary, death. It becomes the means of obtaining the peace, release from pain and torture. The sea provides transition from man’s dynamics to mystics. It absorbs time, events, life.

Similarly, the Inguri River takes away Tarash Emkhvari’s body into the sea. It is noteworthy that later O.Chiladze pays special attention to the sea pattern. We can suppose that the given texts reflect that distant echo of the feeling which in contrast to the dynamics, expansion and development notable for other cultures and spread overall, sees in a sea static beginning, perceives it not as the beginning of the way but as the end, peace and is not going to overcome the last refuge of the soul.

Ada Nemsadze

Sea as a Main Identifier in the Otar Chiladze’s Novel “A Man Coming on the Road”

The Sea is the indicator of space deformation in the Otar Chiladze’s novel

“A Man Coming on the Road”. The initial lingual structure, where the sea is an integral part of the identified space, is covered by the secondary one, where the mark acquires quite a big significance. With the sea outflow, the deformation of not only the capacity but also the essence of the space takes place. Water being a universal symbol of holiness, purity, ingenuousness is gradually coming off the harmonious space of Vani and the green and slimy swamp appears instead of it, which indicates to maintaining the negativity and space substitution . This was how Vaniards lost their sea – the main component of positively identified space.

The key step in space disintegration is Frikse’s supplying water to the city. The water has the living as well as deadly power. It can unite as well as separate. In this very capacity the “Greek stream” is symbolically presented here.

After the fall of the old Vani the identity of the space is no more confirmed. The firmness of the space in the old Vani was caused by its internal orders, time – internal space balance. The new Vani is the result of space self-identification. The space alterations come as a metaphor of loss of national identity and historical cataclysms.

Therefore, the water, which first pointed to the Vaniards about the beginning of a new stage, is the main indicator of the collapse of the space identity. This problem is solved only in the final scene of the novel, when the swamp is backing in Pharnaoz ‘s transformation and the sea takes over again, that indicates to the restoration of a decent space within the structure of semiotics meta-language.

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Izabella Petriashvili Manana Rusieshvili

The Image of “the Sea” in Georgian and English Folklores

The article deals with the role of the image of ‘the Sea’ and its

connotation in Georgian and English Folklores – verses, poems, fairy tales, legends and sayings. It is obvious that the Sea takes an important place in the culture and folklore in both languages – Georgian and English, which is natural as both of these countries are located at the Sea shore. The study revealed the semiotic model of the Sea and its connotational similarities and differences based on Georgian and English cultures and ways of life. Several aspects of using ‘the Sea’ have been observed; namely, actualization of ‘the Sea’ as a physical substance; a metaphoric image of ‘the Sea’ and its culture specific roots both in Georgian and English folklores. As is known, revival of many popular images is possible through phraseology and idioms preserved in the language. The research results proved to be of interest from the language, as well as from the cultural standpoints. Mamia Paghava Malkhaz Chokharadze

Chorokhi River Basin – a Unified Cultural Sphere

Chorokhi River basin is a unified cultural sphere. It is the oldest cultural

and metallurgical centre. The word “Chorokhi” is the proof of connection between Old Kolkheti and Chorokhi Gorge itself, the etymology of which is directly connected to Machakhela and Adjara. It is also worth mentioning that this region, together with the other regions of Georgia, is the place of action of Amirani. There is cited chabalkheti in the legend of Amirani. We can associate chabalkheti with the “balkhi” in Tao, village located in Eliaskhevi Gorge.

Particular regions of Chorokhi (Adjara, Shavsheti, Klarjeti, Tao, Speri…) had very close relations to each other for centuries. It is obvious to state this relationship because of the old land road system, development of navigation on the Chorokhi River, type of farming and agriculture etc. It seems that with the help of caravan roadways Adjara – Shavsheti – Klarjeti – Tao – Speri – Oltisi – Tortumi these regions had connections to each other. In Shavsheti, Tao and Klarjeti (the places where one can feel Georgian phenomenon, though the “ruins” of Georgian cultural environment can be met as remains in all the regions of Chorokhi), one can see legends, samples of poetry, mythological stories, the similar ones of which are conserved in Adjara and other regions. There is also much in common in being, speech, narration … in spite of the fact that Chorokhi River basin is a unified cultural sphere, historically here are developed several countries with their speech, ethnographic existence, folklore …. It is a huge problem and it needs to be studied separately (this kind of study will be available after detailed studies of particular regions).

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Maia Jaliashvili

Sea Symbols in the Poetry of “Blue Horns” Poets

‘Blue horns’ poets, as the faithful Knights of the aesthetics of Symbolism,

understand the world, nature as borderless, infinite space. The Sea is the one most diverse symbol of their poetry. This symbol includes the symbol of the sky and mirrors. In the creativity of Tician Tabidze, Paolo Iashvili, Valerian Gaprindashvili, Kolay Nadiradze, Sandro Cirekidze. The sea, on the one hand, has traditional understanding, on the other hand, acquires with new content. The sea is the symbol of the life that is ruthless, severe, and full of surprises, quickly flowing, destroys everything. It is representing illusion of human life. At the same time, it is gentle friends abandoned by everyone and, therefore lonely, hopeless, dubious. The sea gives poets hope, that they can endure pain and on the bottom of the sea they will find pearls, happiness. The sea is the way of cognition of human or own life.

Ramaz Khalvashi

Apostle Andrew’s Missionary Journeys in Georgia and the Black Sea Littoral

St. Andrew’s preaching in Georgia and the Black Sea littoral are retold in

the Greek and Roman texts of early period. In 7th-9th cc the canonical versions of St. Andrew’s life were formed. The local Georgian editions of his life were created in Georgia from 11th century that were influenced by different historical-political factors. It was in such cases that the following places were included into the apostle’s missionary route at various times: Apsarus (Gonio), Sebastopol (Sokhumi) – 2nd-4th cc; Trapezunt, Sosania, Iberia, Abkhazia, Nicopsia, etc. – 7th-9th cc; Klarjeti – 11th c; Nigali – 12th c; provinces of Samtske – 13th-15th cc, later – Batumi (16th c), Bichvinta (19thc), etc. As for the apostle’s sea route, apart from the Black Sea it comprised the Mediterranean, the Aegean, the Marmara and the Crimea seas. Therefore it is not surprising that he is considered as the patron saint of sailors in the Christian tradition.

Gia Jokhadze

The Sea Concept in the Medieval Georgian Narrative

The concept of Sea has rather varied perception in the mentality of

Georgian. According to one statement Georgians have never had a fleet. Thus we call it ,,ზღვა“ (sea) which connects with ,,ზღვარი“ (border). We had no sufficient reason to sail across the sea and etc.

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The second group of scientist state that the reason of these circumstances was a politic: It was planned by political hegemons that Georgians themselves should never have crossed the sea but got to Europe via Russia and Military Road only and etc.

As we argued by example of Medieval Georgian Narrative (,,Kartlis Tskhovreba” (IV-XV) the Sea proper is not unfamiliar to Georgians but the source say entirely nothing about the somewhat pragmatic of the Sea or the Sea World.

As a reason of it we consider the mental estrangement: The narrative is created in East Georgia by East Georgian (Georgians) to which the sea and its specific is far and thus strange as well. In the mentality of East Georgian the sea basically connects with Greeks, Border which has been settled by Greeks as well and etc. It can be supposed that so far at least the Sea is interpreted as a kingdom of fallen instincts and devilish forces. Therefore the punishment such as

Ejection to the Sea is extremely depressive damage. Though the Georgians know even all terms connected with the sea and navigation but they use them metaphoric. It should be emphasized that we mean the Eastern Georgian’s – the author of ,,Kartlis Tskhovreba” – mentality. In addition to the above we must appreciate the political, geographical, climate conditions indeed by which the Georgian prefers the dry land than the sea.

There is another picture in West Georgia. We could call this findings as the ,,Western Georgian Narrative” but the creators of them were not Georgians but Greeks. There is no mention and should have not be mentioned the picture of world seen by Georgians in them.

Thereafter our consideration is that two points of view we marked above are not incompatible but complementary. They refer to two different narratives but one mentality. At this point corps of Greek sources is left as a waste text for Georgians.

Semiotics of Language, Literature and Culture

Tamara Berekashvili

Semiotics of the City – Tbilisi

This paper is devoted to contemporary appearance of the city. Semiotic analysis of the main tendencies in its development is given as well as of the old and new myths. Some instances of state and everyday myths are included.

At the present tense two tendencies in the City of Tbilisi's face are exhibited: one of them is connected with the necessity to revive historical values, the other one – to take into account modern world challenges, that is, to convert the capital into western city, comparable with cities of Western Europe and USA.

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Ketevan Butskhrikidze

The World Cosmogram and the Modern City

The presented work is the analysis of problems of a contemporary town and towns of future and it is preceded by the historic problems of town-planning, basically the analysis of the cosmo-gram and initial symbols.

The work consists of five parts. In Part 1 is considered the initial essence of cosmogram of the universe and the psychological basis. The Indian Mandal systems and examples of creation of towns on its basis are described. Also the Mandal system existing in Georgia is mentioned. In Part 2 is described in general view the town and the energy load of its center, its significance in the mankind history, human control and development by them where the form of town gradually changes and they appeared before the mega-machine transformation. Here also is noted the attempt of enquiry of structural basis of the cosmo-gram in our towns.

In Part 3 is considered the growth of towns caused by the fast industrialization at the beginning of the XX century that caused the creation of new projects which would be equipped with corresponding infrastructures and communications for contemporary towns. Also are mentioned the architectural projects of towns caused by technological utopia where contemporary architects tried to express their view of the future towns that we see in their drawings and unfeasible works.

On the basis of this innovative wave in the work the new life of old towns is described where is noted the necessity of reconstruction of these towns and their adaptation to the new machine epoch where the speed is the main thing. Also is considered the town-planning compositions and architectural formation of towns by them.

In Part 4 there is a comment of concrete modern towns and their negative or positive peculiarities and also mistakes made by the architects and their analysis.

Right here is switched a part of several works of Martin Heideger, Manfredo Tafur and Rem Kul Haas about the contemporary towns.

In Part 5 is considered “Parametricism”, the most active course of the late time and the digital towns generated by them where there is almost no human hand in creation of the world. It simply becomes a part of digital space where the crisis begins. In connection with this topic a certain part of Lucy Mamford’s work is given.

On the background of not seen fantasy of mega-polices and towns of utopia future the certain question arises that can not be answered by people.

In a form of supposition is given the possible directions of future and architectural solutions, questions of priority and the major factors necessary for human existence.

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Tsisana Burdjanadze

Artistic Functions of Biblical Images in Akaki Tsereteli Works The citation considerably influences on the text semantics and becomes

important part of its semantic structure. The aim of our article is revelation of stranger textual citations and allusions and establishment of theirs functions (with linguistic poetics methods) in the artistic works of Akaki Tsereteli. Tamar Lomidze Prolegomena to a Study: The Principles of Foundation of Knowledge in the

XX Century Literary Theories

The main problem under scrutiny is to study and reveal the tendencies of evolution of humanitarian thought of 20th century. We think appropriate to use the method of selection of basic axioms of the literary theories and to identify their logical interrelations. The basic question of the study is: why some concepts of certain theories interrupt their development at definite stages of humanitarian thought and are discrete and selected in the form of a new axiomatic basis for new theories, while the others are perceived as indescrete developing concepts. The answer will enable us to reveal the inner logic of 20th century humanitarian thought. Rusudan Pipia

“Strong Word” in Ioane Minchkhi’s Poetry

Ioane minchkhi is a Georgian Orthodox classical poet. His artistic thought is a special phenomenon in the medieval himnography heritage. In his chants the poet raised quite well-known and processed many times Christian motives and realize them emotionally. Himnography poetry has a great importance in the medieval cultural heritage. The universal theme of these chants is a poetric attempt of ecstatic access with the highest light, e. i. deity. Artists with a special light and glory are in elesiastic writing whose influence on the Georgian literature are noticable up to date.

Ioane Minchkhi in accordance with tradition approved in himnography, appeals many times to Christ as “God’s word”. As we said , in his poetry “word” was called to the Lord almost forty times and it is interesting how the poet’s originality of this face is expressed while using it many times. When the poet according to the Bible apply this face, he like an “architect” of the word, put such deep sense and emotion in every context that the listener is obsessed with a great inspiration. Perfectance characterized for a great artist is shown in every line of Ioane Minchkhi.

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Ramaz Kurdadze

Pragmatic Aspect of Sign System while Borrowing Some Slang in the Georgian Language

Pragmatic aspect of semiotics in fact covers syntactic and semantic

aspects and it is extremely important to consider them while studying lexical part of a language. This aspect gains particular importance while discussing slang vocabulary. The attitude of a sign user towards the sign itself explains the emergence of slang as well as its borrowing from various languages.

It is a well-known fact that an important part of the Georgian slang vocabulary is a borrowed vocabulary. Most of the borrowing words come from the Russian language, namely Russian slang. Some of them are really transparent and are easily connectable to Russian. However, the identification of some Russian slang requires special research.

Russian vocabulary borrowings in the Georgian slang was remarkable earlier too. As it turns out even bigger part of slang vocabulary originates from the Russian language background. It is natural that their identification will continue in the future too.

The article deals with the origin of the following units: Brat (Brother, form of addressing), Gauprava (Turned it legal), Daupadiezda (Waited at the main entrance), Mosachkave (Lazy), Putanka (Prostitute), Specom (Especially), Tasaoba (Walking), Tusaoba (To be with out any business and have a joke) etc.

Irakli Tskhvediani

James Joyce’s Ulysses: Mythos and Structure

The purpose of this essay is to explore James Joyce’s “mythical method” as manifested in his mock-heroic epic “Ulysses” which seems by no means an easy task.

Mythos united with in-depth micro- psychology and symbolic leitmotifs, which can be traced back to Wagner's musical drama, became an instrument of material organization in modernist novel in general and in “Ulysses” in particular, on its way of classical forms transformation and detachment from the traditional 19th century realism. The social-historical approach determined the structure of the 19th century novel to a large degree. Attempts to go beyond its rigid framework or above its level could not but shatter this structure. Unavoidably the empirical life material, social material as it is, became more spontaneous and unorganized, which was compensated by the action becoming internal (inside monologues, stream of consciousness, subconscious complexes) and symbolic, even mythologically so. Myth being totally symbolic, turned out to be a convenient language for description of eternal models (archetypes) of personal and social behavior, certain existential laws of social and natural cosmos indistinctly apparent against the background of empiric context and historical changes; the whole empirical material in “Ulysses” is organized according to the Homeric model of Odysseus myth; mythos developed into an

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instrument of the structural analysis of the narrative, rid of social-historic and space-time aspects, focusing upon revealing in-depth the metaphorically eternal generalized contents. Considered in this light, “Ulysses” is a “mythical” novel.

Joyce’s highly selective and conscious use of myth is determined by the tendency of combining non-homogenous associations, since the need for myth emerges when the writer decides to create a parody synthesis of several different plots and mythological motifs, several diverse imagery layers within the frames of a single artistic whole. One of the most important poetic functions of the myth is making this synthesis possible.

Thus, mythos in “Ulysses” should be viewed as basis for the whole construction, as a fundamental device bringing together all the elements and transforming them into an ordered system. Using the mythical motif of “Father-Son relationship” in “Ulysses” as a “bone structure” of the novel enables Joyce to introduce into the texture of his work non-homogenous mythical and literary allusions and parallels. This mythical motif, permeating the whole artistic structure of the novel, transforms them into an ordered aesthetic whole. Even the plot associations devoid of external mythical traits (Shakespearean allusions and parallels, for instance) can be viewed as an indispensable element of the mythical structure of the novel. Thus, all allusions and parallels are, directly or indirectly, in an immediate or more remote way, subordinated to the basic mythical pattern, which is meant in the last analysis to act as a guiding principle towards which everything converges – establishing order in the characters’ random associations and universalizing values.

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სემიოტიკა #8

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