1

mama avTandil giorgobianimama avTandil giorgobianimama avTandil giorgobianimama avTandil giorgobianimama avTandil giorgobiani

f u s t e b if u s t e b if u s t e b if u s t e b if u s t e b i

qarTuli samxedro-saeklesioqarTuli samxedro-saeklesioqarTuli samxedro-saeklesioqarTuli samxedro-saeklesioqarTuli samxedro-saeklesio

raindTa ordeniraindTa ordeniraindTa ordeniraindTa ordeniraindTa ordeni

(dakarguli tradiciebis ZiebaSi)(dakarguli tradiciebis ZiebaSi)(dakarguli tradiciebis ZiebaSi)(dakarguli tradiciebis ZiebaSi)(dakarguli tradiciebis ZiebaSi)

TbilisiTbilisiTbilisiTbilisiTbilisi

2010 w.2010 w.2010 w.2010 w.2010 w.

2

wigni eZRvneba zemo sazanosa da futieTiswigni eZRvneba zemo sazanosa da futieTiswigni eZRvneba zemo sazanosa da futieTiswigni eZRvneba zemo sazanosa da futieTiswigni eZRvneba zemo sazanosa da futieTissaeklesio ajanyebis bolo da tragikulisaeklesio ajanyebis bolo da tragikulisaeklesio ajanyebis bolo da tragikulisaeklesio ajanyebis bolo da tragikulisaeklesio ajanyebis bolo da tragikuli

brZolebis 190-e wlisTavsbrZolebis 190-e wlisTavsbrZolebis 190-e wlisTavsbrZolebis 190-e wlisTavsbrZolebis 190-e wlisTavs

futieTi fustis raindTa uZvelesi mTavari forposti iyo dasavleT

saqarTvelos mTianeTSi. futielebis meomar toms xSirad axsenebs bibliis

Zveli aRTqma. futi _ bibliuri noes SviliSvili iyo TumalTan da

mosxTan erTad. protoqarTvelTa saxeli, futieli, Zveli aRTqmis garda

gvxvdeba Zvel egvi ptur, xeTur da bolos Zvel berZnul wyaroebSi, es

ukanaskneli maT moixseniebs fu(s)telebis saxeliT. isini qristianebi

arian wm. andria pirvelwodebulis droidan. kolxeTSi argonavtebis

Semosvlis epoqaSi, roca gabatonebuli iyo mzis Tayvaniscema, am religiis

kanonikiT, futieTi, sixamTis ,,naeklesiaviT~, kolxTa qveynis umTavres

sakulto centrs warmoadgenda. aq iyo umaRlesi qalRvTaebis futis

(fasianes) taZari, sadac mTavari qurumi iyo TviT mzis Svilis _ mefe

aietis, grZneuli qaliSvili medea, visi daxmrebiTac berZnebma moitaces

meliToneobis codnis wigni efuti anu ,,oqros sawmisi~.

fu(s)telTa Teogeografiuli mxare raWa-leCxum-svaneTi qristianobis

gavrcelebis Semdgomac inarCunebs Zvel funqcias da gareSe mtrebis

Semosevebis dros saeklesio-samonastro qonebis dacva-gadarCenaze zrunavs

dasavleT saqarTvelos mTaSi gaxizvniT.

1819-1820 wlebis saeklesio ajanyebis dros fu(s)tis raindTa

gmiruli TavganwirviT svaneTSi gaixizna 280 jorkidebuli saeklesio

ganZi.

1820 wlis 30 maiss sof. zemo sazanoSi (ist. skande) ganZis

gadatanas Seewira 700 fusti raindi. xolo 1820 wlis 3 ivniss sof.

futieTSi _ 2000 fusti raindi.

fustis raindTa nakvalevi ,,Tamar mefis gzis~ saxeliTac iwodeba

xalxSi. igi iwyeba zemo imereTSi, sof. zemo sazanoSi, gaivlis saCxeres da

mTavrdeba svaneTSi, mestia-ecerSi.

gaecaniT da imogzaureT samxedro - saeklesio raindTa, fustelTa,

arqaul da daviwyebul samyaroSi.

3

S e s a v a l iS e s a v a l iS e s a v a l iS e s a v a l iS e s a v a l i

XIX saukunis dasawyisSi rusulma imperiam gadmolaxa

kavkasionis mTavari qedi da misma sazRvrebma amierkavkasiaSi

gadmoinacvla. ruseTis Semosvlas da gabatonebas saqarTveloSi

sxvadasxvagvarad afaseben dRemde. ra Tqma unda, ruseTTan

saqarTvelos daaxloebaSi iyo dadebiTi momentebic, romelTa

ugulebelyofa ar SeiZleba, magram amas aqvs sxva uaryofiTi

mxareebic, romelTa swori gaazreba da warmoCena aucilebelia

Cveni erovnuli saxelmwifos srulfasovani aRdgenisa da

ganviTarebisaTvis. miT umetes, rom ruseTisken Cveni ltolvis

erT-erT umTavres faqtorad miCneulia ,,erTmorwmuneoba~. ruseTis

imperiis dampyrobluri da qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis

TviTgadarCenis interesebis konfliqtma dasawyisSive iCina Tavi.

es konfliqti aisaxa im mravalricxovan ajanyebebsa Tu

SeTqmulebebSi, romlebic TiTqmis orasi wlis ganmavlobaSi

periodulad iCenda Tavs saqarTvelos sxvadasxva mxareebSi. Cvens

mizans ar warmoadgens am movlenebis dawvrilebiT ganxilva, Cven

SevexebiT mxolod imas, rac exeba qarTuli eklesiis

damoukideblobis mospobas ruseTis imperiis mier.

samwuxarod, ruseTis imperiis mier saqarTvelos

dapyrobisTanave iCina Tavi iman, rasac manamade verc erTi

dampyrobeli ver axerxebda. imperiam daundoblad daiwyo qarTuli

saxelmwifos damoukideblobis manamde xelSeuxebeli burjis,

qarTuli marTlmadidebeli eklesiis ganadgureba. ruseTma gaauqma

qarTuli marTlmadidebeli eklesiis avtokefalia, daiwyo eparqiaTa

gamsxvileba, sasuliero pirTa didi nawili daiTxova, eklesia-

monastrebis umravlesoba daxura, amasTan xeli mihyo saeklesio

qonebis urcxvad Zarcvas, iseT Zarcvas, romlis msgavss TviT

mahmadiani dampyroblebic ar kadrulobdnen. yvelaze damRupveli

ki is iyo, rom Zirfesvianad amoiRo erovnul, marTlmadideblur

4

cnobierebaze agebuli mravalsaukunovani saRvTismetyvelo,

Teosofiuri saeklesio swavleba. riTac imperiam sabolood gangmira

qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis damoukidebeli sulieri sxeuli,

romelic ruseTis modernizebulma sabWoTa imperiam memkvidreobiT

miiRo, magram isev sarkofagSi datova. sabWoTa uSiSroebis

organoebi flobdnen eklesiaze zemoqmedebis yvela sadaves. sabWoTa

imperiam memkvidreobiT miRebuli qarTveli eris sulieri genocidis

damRupveli movlena aramc Tu Searbila, kidev ufro gaamkacra.

eklesiis dakompleqteba zneobrivad, moralurad da sulierad

daavadebuli sasuliero pirebiT uSiSroebis samsaxurebis umTavres

sazrunavs warmoadgenda. saRvTismetyvelo Teosofiuri bazis gareSe

darCenili eklesia oraswlovanma reJimma ritualebis dawesebulebad

Camoayaliba. arsebobis aseTi forma sruliad miuRebeli da ucxo

iyo rogorc qarTuli erovnuli marTlmadidebeli eklesiisaTvis,

ise qarTveli xalxisTvisac. uaxlesi istoriis periodSi qarTuli

eklesia, romelic sulieri genocidis oraswlovani daavadebiT

iyo Sepyrobili, ver aRmoCnda saqarTveloSi ganviTarebuli

movlenebis, eris interesebis Tanaziari. aseTi mavne memkvidreobisagan

Tavis daRwevis erovnuli programa moiTxovs Semdegs:

1) unda vcnoT da vaRiaroT 1819-1820 wlebis saeklesio ajanyeba

da fustis samxedro-saeklesio gmiruli, mravalaTaswlovani

tradicia.

2)qarTul eklesiaSi unda aRdges saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi

Camoyalibebuli erovnuli marTlmadidebluri saRvTismetyvelo,

Teosofiuri swavleba.

3) Seswavlili da gamomzeurebuli unda iqnes xalxuri

marTlmadidebluri tradiciebi, gansakuTrebiT ki svanuri

qristianuli fenomeni.

5

sur.1.sur.1.sur.1.sur.1.sur.1. svanurma yofam dRemde moitana fustis samxedro-saeklesio tradicia. am fotoze, romelic eqvTimeTayaiSvilma gadaiRo, warmodgenili arian kala-gulas

taZris SeiaraRebuli mcvelebi.

am sasicocxlo mniSvnelobis erovnuli programis aRsrulebis

mizans wlebis ganmavlobaSi emsaxureba sof. futieTSi arsebuli

saprezidento daTvaliereba _ festivalis laureati, fustelTa

skola _ muzeumi.

sur.2. sur.2. sur.2. sur.2. sur.2. fustelTa skola-muzeumSi daculia, fustisaTaswlovani tradiciis amsaxveli masalebi da 1819-

1820 wlebis saeklesio ajanyebis gmirTa memoriali.

6

miuxedavad warmoudgenlad didi devnisa, SeWirvebisa da

winaaRmdegobebisa, fustelTa skola _ muzeumi mTel Tavis

SesaZleblobebs axmars qarTveli eris cnobierebaSi orasi wlis

win amoZirkvuli erovnuli marTlmadidebluri Rirebulebebis

aRdgenas, romelTa Soris uZvirfases margalitad brwyinavs fustoba

(iakob axuSvili, qarTuli gvar-saxelebi t.VII, Tb. 2007w., gv.719-720).

2009 wlis 20 ivliss, saparlamento gamosvlis dros,

saqarTvelos prezidentma, batonma mixeil saakaSvilma, amxila

,,yalbi marTlmadidebloba~ _ rogorc rusuli imperiis gadmonaSTi,

oraswlovani erovnul-ganmaTvisuflebeli moZraobis istoriaSi.

batoni prezidenti pirvelia, vinc qarTveli eris oraswlovani

sulieri genocidis urCxuls Seurigebeli brZola gamoucxada;

riTac mogviwoda da gagviZRva saxelmwifs sulieri

damoukideblobis aRdgenisaken, aseT viTarebaSi eris cnobierebaSi

fustobis tradiciis aRdgenas udidesi da fasdaudebeli

mniSvneloba aqvs erovnuli marTlmadidebluri ideologiis

CamoyalibebaSi da aRdgenaSi.

sur.3.sur.3.sur.3.sur.3.sur.3. 1819-1820 wlebis saeklesio ajanyebisa dafustobis tradiciis gamomzeureba aucilebelia orasi

wlis win amoZirkvuli erovnuli eklesiis aRsadgenad.

7

fustebifustebifustebifustebifustebi

vecadoT, TviT am terminis warmoSobisa da arsis Sesaxeb

SemovitanoT naTeli.

jer kidev cnobilma norvegielma enaTmecnierma ,

qarTvelologma da kavkasiologma, profesorma hans foqtma

(1903_1986) mecnieruli gamokvlevebis safuZvelze berZnuli

,,fazisi~ Seusatyvisa megrul ,,futs~. Semdgom es aRmoCena

gaiziares sxva mecnierebmac, maT Soris qarTvelma mkvlevarebmac:

s. janaSiam (Sromebi, t.III, gv. 131_135;) g. meliqiSvilma (#1 gv.8-

9); r. gordezianma ,,argonavtebi~, gamomcemloba ,,logosi~ Tb.

1999w. gv.100) o. lorTqifaniZem ,,argonavtika da Zveli kolxeTi~

gamomcemloba ,,sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, Tb. 1986 w., gv. 104), axalgazrda

qarTvelma mkvlevarma gia kvaSilavam festosis TiTqmis oTxi

aTasi wlis winandeli diskos B_21-e naxat-niSani gaSifra, rogorc

RvTaeba ,,futi~ (fazisis akademiis Sromebi, Jurnali ,,cotneideli~

t.II gv.76-82).

sur.4. sur.4. sur.4. sur.4. sur.4. mkvlevar gia kvaSilavas mier wakiTxuli

festoris diskos B-21 ujra. aRniSnuli naxat-niSani

aRniSnavs RvTaeba futs.

8

vinaidan kolxebs fasianelebsac uwodebs Zveli berZnuli

wyaroebi, dgindeba, rom Zveli berZnebis mier aRwerili qalRmerT

fasianes (nana-kibales) kolxur metyvelebaSi unda rqmeoda futi.

amas isic adasturebs, rom megrul metyvelebaSi dRemde qalaq

foTs megrelebi futs uwodeben (s. janaSia. Sromebi t.III gv. 31-

135). miT umetes, rom am fuZidan aRmocenebuli toponimebi

istoriul kolxeTSi, pontodan kavkasiis qedamde, yvelgan gvxvdeba.

Wanur-lazurSi: ofute-ezo; imereTSi: sofeli fuTi, futuri Wala;

futura; sofel ubisaSi _ futuri tye; sofel kvereTSi _

futuri koJi; sofel cxomareTSi _ futuri qedi; guriaSi sofel

leseSi _ futuri Rele; leCxumSi: sofeli ofitara (saq. ssr

toponimika. Tb. 1987w. t.I). svaneTSi TiTqmis yvela sofelSia

fu(s)tis salocavi (T. mibCuani. dasavleT saqarTvelos mTielTa

eTnogenezisis, gansaxlebisa da kulturis istoriidan, Tb., 1989w.);

raWaSi _ sofeli futieTi (e. gabliani, Zveli da axali svaneTi,

Tb., 1925w.); aWaraSi _ sofeli furtio, Suaxevis raionSi furtio

_ mTa sxalTis maxloblad. (saq. ssr geografiuli saxelebis

orTografiuli leqsikoni, Tb., 1982w.). dasavleT saqarTvelos

barSi farTod ixmareboda RvTis wignis (berZ. biblia) aRmniSvneli

termini _ efuti (k. gamsaxurdia, ,,didostat konstantines marjvena~,

Tb., 1990w. gv.384). kolxTa ZirZvel samkvidroSi, afxazeTSic,

daafiqsira s. yauxCiSvilma fustis arseboba (misiamanTa tomi

Tsu, Sromebi., t. I, 1936w.). istoriuli kolxeTis farglebs

gareT, qarTlSic, aris dadasturebuli msgavsi toponimebi. mag.

sofeli futrevi, sofeli fitareTi (masalebi saq. istoriuli

geografiisa da toponimikisaTvis, wigni I, Tb. 1964 w.). ierusalimSi

V-VI saukuneebis erT-erTi saflavis warweraze ikiTxeba: ,,ese

samarxi ioane furtaveli episkoposisa qarTvelisa~. k. gamsaxurdiam

xevsureTSic daafiqsira xatis msaxuris aRmniSvneli termini

fulti (k. gamsaxurdia, ,,didostat konstantines marjvena~, Tb.,

1990w., gv.388).

9

Zvel berZnul wyaroebSi (I_VII s.s.) moixseniebian kolxi

mTielebi fu(s)telebi, romelnic wminda andria pirvelwodebuls

mouqcevia qristianobaze (s. yauxCiSvili, ,,georgika~, t. VI, Tb.,

1941 w., gv. 43).

sur.5.sur.5.sur.5.sur.5.sur.5. Zveli berZnuli wyaroebi fustebis (raWa-leCxum-svaneTis) mxareSi qristianobis gamavrceleblad wminda

mociqul andria pirvelwodebuls asaxeleben.

fu(s)tas cixeSi iyo maqsime aRmsareblis TanamoRvawe wminda

anastasi apokrisiadi (s. yauxCiSvili ,,georgika~, t. VI, Tb., 1941w.,

gv.43) es fu(s)tas cixe unda iyos mogvianebiT, XI saukunidan,

cnobili kvaracixe. sadac mogvianebiT berZnuli kirie, kvirie

(ufali) Caenacvla kolxur uflis aRmniSvnel sityvas fu(s)ts.

miT umetes, rom am cixis maxloblad mdebareobs sofel sxvavis

sasoflo sabWoSi Semavali sofeli futieTi. (gaz. ,,raeo~ #6

(41-42)_1998 w. gv. 18-19 da sxva).

10

sur.6.sur.6.sur.6.sur.6.sur.6. antikur wyaroebSi moxsenebuli fustas cixe,sadac wminda maqsime aRmsareblis TanamoRvawe anastasi

apokrisiadi iyo, mogvianebiT naxsenebi kvaracixe unda iyos.

udavod, kolxuri qalRmerTis aRmniSvnelia eTnomimi

fu(s)telni, romelic mogvianebiT berZnulis gavleniT Ta_kiried

(Takveri) Camoyalibda. (gazeTi ,,Cakrulo~ #3, 2003 wel, gv. 5-

6. ,,qiziyi da raWa~). am SemTxvevaSi igive moxda, rac kvarcixis

toponimSi. mxolod uflis aRmniSvnel berZnul termins kiries

daemata ,,Ta~ _ mdedri RvTaebis aRmniSvneli simbolo. Ta, Ti

rom mdedrobiTobis niSania, amas istorikosi ivane javaxiSvilic

aRniSnavs (,,qarTveli eris istoria~, t. I, Tb., 1960 w., gv. 80). aq

Tavs iCens is faqti, rom mze mdedr RvTaebad iTvleboda, amas

kolxTa sataZro olqi, Takveric, asaxavs.

sur. 7.sur. 7.sur. 7.sur. 7.sur. 7. kolxeTsa da iberiaSi, astralurireligiis kanonikis mixedviT daarsebuli taZrebis

(saxate) mamulebi.

11

ase rom, berZnul wyaroebSi naxsenebi fu(s)telebi gansax-

lebuli unda yofiliyvnen dasavleT saqarTvelos didi kavkasionis

mTianeTSi, dRevandeli kodoris xeobidan zemo imereTamde, es

fu(s)tas mxare moicavda mTlianad raWa-leCxum-svaneTis teri-

torias. warmarTul xanaSi mzisa da mTvaris Tayvaniscema upirveles

rangSi hyavdaT ayvanili qarTvelTa winaprebs, am mzis da mTvaris

warmarTul taZrebs, ra Tqma unda, fustelebi icavdnen, magram

raRac periodSi, rogorc igrZnoba, raWa-leCxumi (Takveri) mzis

qalRvTaebis sataZro olqad Camoyalibda, xolo svaneTi mTvaris

mamri RvTaebis suvenis sataZro olqad. is, rom mze da mTvare

mdedri da mamri RvTaebebi iyo qarTvelTa winaprebisaTvis, kargad

Cans kolxTa am uZveles leqsSi, romelic samegreloSia Cawerili:

mzea dedaCemi,

mTvare mamaCemi,

da wvril-wvrili varskvlavebi,

da-Zmebia Cemi.

warmarTobis epoqaSi taZarTa mcvelebis funqciis matarebelni

dasavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTis mkvidrni, igive raWa-leCxum-

svaneTis anu Takver-suvaneTisa, igive fu(s)telni, am sarwmunoebriv

statuss Semdgom qristianobis xanaSic inarCuneben, Tu rodidan,

amas Semdgom SevexebiT. axla kvlav mivubrundeT fu(s)tis terminis

warmoSobis sakiTxs. fuTi, futi-nisli kvamls, Rrubels, xeSi

sicarieles aRniSnavs gurul da imerul dialeqtebSi (i.

gigineiSvili, v. Tofuria, i. qavTraZe ,,qarTuli dialeqtologia~,

tI. 1961w.) Rrublis, kvamlis, nislis sveti, Zvel da axal aRTqmaSi

Ceulebriv, uflis anu fustis gamocxadebis simboloa (mag.,

,,gamosvla~ 14-19, 20, 34-5). qristianuli moZRvrebac (mag., wminda

andria kriteli) futs anu nisls, Rrubels RvTismSoblis

simbolod miiCnevs. agreTve xis futuros mkvidri futkaric

RvTis mwerad iyo miCneuli Zvel xalxebSi (,,rekmnehf lhtdytuj

12

tubgnf~ moskovi, 1976w, gv.74). mkvlevari daviT kldiaSvili 325w-

s Catarebuli pirveli saeklesio krebis monawile stratofiles

Sesaxeb wers: ,,am krebis SemorCenili laTinuri nusxis mixedviT

igi aris futioneli, xolo siriuli nusxis mixedviT de-fut-

unta.~ (gaz. ,,kviraZali #9, 2006w, gv. 4, ,,fustebi _ qarTuli

siwmindeebis mcvelebi~). amiT erTxel kidev mtkicdeba is, rom

kolxebis winare eTnotoponimi futielebia. amrigad, Zveli berZnebis

mier aRweril qalRmerT fasianes (nana/rea-kiballe), erqva futi,

saidanac miRebulia efuti (berZ. biblia) diofute, furtio, fulti,

ofitare, fitareTi, fusti, misi kerpebi idga da pativs scemdnen

yvela kolxur dasaxlebul punqtSi da ojaxSi. ezo karmidamo,

sadac qalRmerT futis (fasianes) Tayvanismcemlebi cxovrobdnen,

ara marto Tavis samkvidrod, aramed am RvTaebis sameufodac

miiCnevdnen. amitom kolxTa uZvelesi Sto, Wan-lazebi ezos ofutes,

diofutesac uwodeben. svanurad dio gogos aRniSnavs, amitom

SeiZleba dio-fute gogoRvTaebas, anu qalRvTaebasac niSnavdes.

mecnieruli daskvnebiT, fasiane mzis RvTaebad aris aRiarebuli

(,,saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi~, t. I, Tb., 1970 w., gv. 677-

680). aqedan gamomdinare, igive arsi aqvs, bunebrivia, futis kolxur

RvTaebasac. CrdiloeT kavkasiis mosazRvre tomebi, kolx mTielebs,

raWvelebs da svanebs dRemde ,,ebzes~, (s. rexviaSvili, gaz. ,,raeo~,

#3, 2008 w., gv. 19 ,,qarTvel da Crdilokavkasiel mTielTa

Zmobis tradiciebi~). rogorc ivane javaxiSvilma daadgina, am

termins isini ukavSireben mzisa da, saerTod, mnaTobTa dasaxelebas

(iv. javaxiSvili, qarTveli eris istoria~, t. I, Tb., 1960 w., gv

128-129). aqedan unda vivaraudoT, rom astralur RvTaebaTa

Tayvanismcemel kolxebs anu futebs maTi mezoblebi amis gamo

dRemde ,,ebzeebs~ uwodeben. agreTve amis gamo Zveli wyaroebi

kolx fasianelebs futielebadac moixsenieben. rogorc

mecnierulad mtkicdeba, protoqarTvelTa saxeli futieli

(fasianeli), efuTSi, anu bibliis Zvel aRTqmaSi, moxseniebuli

13

noes SviliSvilis, eTnarq futis saxelidan unda modiodes (dabadeba

10-6). Zvel egvi ptur wyaroebSi moixseneba fu(n)tis, anu

,,RmerTebis qveyana~, saidanac egviptelebs brinjao SemohqondaT.

(,,rekmnehf lhtdytuj tubgnf~, moskovi, 1976w, gv. 92).

sur. 8.sur. 8.sur. 8.sur. 8.sur. 8. es Zvelegvipturi kalendari ikiTxeba marjvnidanmarcxniv. mis dasawyisSia kurdReli, romelic amomavalimzis simboloa mzis religiaSi. aRsaniSnavia, rom svanu-rad kurdRels ‘mraWav~ ewodeba, rac mzis am uZvelesi

religiis gadmonaSTi unda iyos.

Zvel aRTqmaSi moxseniebuli noes STamomavlebi Tubali da

mosxi mkvlevarebs qarTvelTa eTnarqebad miaCniaT (episkoposi

anania jafariZe, ,,qarTvelTa winaprebis istoria adamidan iesomde~,

gv.31-55) iqve maT gverdiT moxsiniebul futebze ki mecnierebi

dRemde duman (esaia 66-19). saxel fu(s)ts icnobs ara marto

zemoT xsenebuli wyaroebidan, aramed g. meliqiSvilis gamokvleviT,

xeTuri samyaroc (g. meliqiSvili, vdn #1, 1965w., st. 8-9)

14

amrigad, termini fu(s)ti, romelic dRemde Semoinaxa dasavleT

saqarTvelos mTianeTma, unda momdinareobdes qarTvelTa uZvelesi

winaprebis mzis qalRvTaebis kultidan _ futidan. igi kavSirSia

bibliuri noes SviliSvilis eTnarq futTanac, romelmac saTave

daudo uZveles droSi religiuri codnis matarebel da Semnaxvel

protoqarTvelTa, qurumTa Stos futielebs, imave fu(s)telebs.

am ukanasknelTa monaTvla qristianul mrwamsze ukavSirdeba wminda

andria pirvelwodebulis mRvaweobas. maTi warmomadgeneli unda

yofiliyo 325 wels pirvel saeklesio krebaze damswre episkoposi

stratofile, romelic laTinuri da siriuli werilobiTi Zeglebis

mixedviT ixsenieba rogorc futioneli. TiTqmis oTxi aTasi wlis

winandeli festosis diskoze warmodgenilia mzis RvTaebis, futis,

aRmniSvneli naxat-niSani. aRsaniSnavia, rom dasavleT saqarTvelos

mTianeTis yofaSi dRemde arsebobs fu(s)tis sruli qristianuli

kanonikiT nagebi taZrebi, romelebic sameba-sulTmofenobis arss

asaxavs. am naxat-niSanze, romelic Sesrulebulia oTxi aTasi

wlis win, gamoxatulia samkuTxedic, romelic qristianul kanonikaSi

samebis niSania. faqtia isic, rom istoriuli kolxeTis dRevandeli

mkvidrebi RvTis wigns, anu biblias, efuts uwodeben.

fu(s)tis samxedro-sarwmunoebrivi kulturis saxiT

kolxeTis kavkasionis mTianeTSi Cven saqme gvaqvs uZvelesi winare

qristianuli sarwmunoebrivi kulturis qristianul kulturasTan

Tvisobrivad Serwymisa da ganviTarebis unikalur movlenasTan,

romelic asaxavs sarwmunoebrivi istoriuli ciklis ganviTarebas

uZvelesi xanidan dRemde da romelmac Tavis wiaRSi Semoinaxa

erovnuli qristianuli kulturis dacvisa da gadarCenis

srulyofili, mravalaTaswlovani samxedro-sarwmunoebrivi

kultura.

15

fustelTa TeogeografiulifustelTa TeogeografiulifustelTa TeogeografiulifustelTa TeogeografiulifustelTa Teogeografiuliareali _ kolxeTis didiareali _ kolxeTis didiareali _ kolxeTis didiareali _ kolxeTis didiareali _ kolxeTis didi

kavkasionis mTianeTikavkasionis mTianeTikavkasionis mTianeTikavkasionis mTianeTikavkasionis mTianeTi

Teodosi gangrelisa da epifane konstantinopolelis cnobiT,

fu(s)telebi saxloben kolxeTis CrdiloeTiT didi kavkasionis

mTianeTSi. isini andria pirvelwodebuls mouqcevia qristianobaze,

(,,georgika~, t.VI, Tb., 1941w., gv.43).

rogorc cnobilia, istoriuli procesebis zegavleniT xalxTa

gansaxlebis areali cvlilebebs ganicdis, magram im funqcialuri

arsiT, romelic saerTo qarTuli saxelmwifos winaSe hqonda

kolxeTis didi kavkasionis mTianeTis mosaxleobas, fu(s)telTa

Teogeografiuli arealis gansazRvra emTxveva raWa-leCxum-svaneTis

teritorias. bunebrivma garemom, romliTac daajildova es mxare

RmerTma, marTlac, brwyinvale SesaZleblobebs iZleoda erovnuli

sulieri kulturuli faseulobebis saimedod gadamalvisaTvis.

kavkasionis mTavari wyalgamyofi qedi, romelic iSviaT bunebriv

zRudes warmoadgens, raWa-svaneTis teritoriaze arsad ar Camodis

maradiuli Tovlis xazs qvemoT. arc erTi gadasasvleli 3000

metrze dabali ar aris. mwvervalTa simaRle 5000 metrs

uaxlovdeba da zogan kidevac aWarbebs. uxvi naleqis gamo kavksionis

es monakveTi yvelaze mZlavri da uwyveti myinvarTa wyebiT aris

warmodgenili. aq gadasvla mxolod zafxulSia SesaZlebeli da

isic didi alpinisturi _ teqnikuri SesaZleblobebis mqone

adamianebisaTvis. maRali gverdiTi kavkasionis qedebi TiTqmis

SeuRwevads xdida am Teogeografiul areals. egrisis, kodoris,

svaneTis, leCxumis, Soda-kedelas, dvaleTis da raWis qedebis

sistema unikalur Teogeografiul sacavs warmoadgenda. rogorc

Cans, es regioni uZvelesi droidan asrulebda religiur

faseulobaTa sacavis rols. mecnierebs dadgenili aqvT, rom

warmarTobis drosac saqarTvelo erTiani warmrTuli religiis

16

mimdevari iyo. ,,qarTvelnic, rogorc noes SviliSvilTagan

warmomdgarni, ar iyvnen moklebulni kerpT msaxurebas. Zvelis

droidgan igini dasaxldnen araratis da kavkasionis mTebs Sua,

daiwyes meurneoba, muSakoba da Tayvanis cema mravalTa RmerTTa.~

(m. janaSvili ,,saqarTvelos saeklesio istoria~, tfilisi, 1886

w., gv. 12). ,,argonavtebis~ epoqis kolxeTi mzis anu futis

qalRvTaebas ganadidebda. (ap. rodoseli, ,,argonavtika~, Tb., 1975

w.). argonavtTa Semosvlas Zv. w. aR-is XIV saukunes ukavSireben

mkvlevarebi (a. uruSaZe ,,Zveli kolxeTi argonavtebis TqmulebaSi~,

Tb., 1964 w.). kolxi medeas Ralatma maT saSualeba misca fustTa

dacvis qveS myofi efuti anu ,,oqros sawmisi~ moepovebinaT.

Zv.w. aR-is I saukunis bolos straboni iberiaSi mTvaris

kultis upirvelesobaze gvaZlevs cnobas. (iv. javaxiSvili,

,,qarTveli eris istoria~, t. I, 1960 w., gv. 50-52). Zvel samyaroSi

mzisa da mTvaris Tayvanismcemlebs Soris pirvelobis gamo xSirad

iyo Sexla-Semoxla da am mxriv arc Cveni qveyana iqneboda

gamonaklisi. amis aSkara kvali ikveTeba fustelTa Teogeografiul

arealSic. Tumca aq isic aris yuradsaRebi, rom es mxare Tavisze

dakisrebul funqcias _ sakulto obieqtebis dacvas _ maSinac

pirnaTlad asrulebda. istoriulad fu(s)telebi saqarTvelos

istoriul sinamdvileSi imave funqcias asruleben, rasac Zveli

aRTqmaSi aRwerili levianebi. isini icavdnen sakulto taZrebs

warmarTobis dros, xolo qristianobis gavrcelebis Semdeg eklesia-

monastrebs (gaz. ,,mrevli~, #7, 2001w., ,,fustebi~; Jurnali ,,lazares

aRdgineba~, #XVI, gv.15-18).

Zvel xalxebSi Cveulebrivi movlena iyo Teotoponomis da

eTnotoponimis damTxveva. xalxi im RvTaebis saxeliT gamoxatavda

Tavis erovnul dasaxelebas, romel RvTaebasac aRiarebda. mzis

RvTaeba futis Tayvanismcemel protoqarTvelebs futielebad

ixsenebs Zveli aRTqma: ,,quSis qveyana gamagrebda da usazRvro

egvifte, futi da libielni giWerdnen mxars~ (naum winaswar-

17

metyveli 3-9); ,,sparsi, ludi da futi iyvnen Sens laSqarSi _

omis kacebi; fars da muzarads SenTan kidebdnen, isini giqmnidnen

didebas~ (ezekieli, 27-10); ,,amxedrdiT cxenebze, gaqandiT etlebo,

dae gamovidnen quSi da futi, faris mpyrobelni da lidielebi

mSvildis momzidvelni~ (ieremia 46-9). rogorc mtkicdeba, Zveli

aRTqmis mixedviT, levianebic futielTagan iReben siwmindeTa

dacvis madls. vinaidan leviani aronis Ze eliazari Txoulobs

futielis erT-erT asuls, saidanac uflebamosilebiT gvevlinebian

levianTa mamamTavarni TavianTi sagvareulobis mixedviT: ,,iTxova

eliazarma, aaronis Zem, colad futielis erT-erTi asuli da

uSva qalma finxasi. eseni arian levianTa mamamTavarni Tav-Tavis

sagvareulobis mixedviT.~ (,,gamosvla~ 6-25). Zveli aRTqmis mixedviT,

col-qmroba SesaZlebeli iyo mxolod erTi Stos Camomavlebs

Soris. rogorc Cans, am SemTxvevaSi fu(s)telTa danaTesavebis

mTavari motivi is iyo, rom levianebs sruluflebiani funqcia

SeeZinaT siwmindeTa dacvis saqmeSi. mxolod amis Semdeg iReben

levianebi uflis samsaxurSi Cadgomis madls. ,,gamoyavi levianebi

israelTagan, raTa Cemi iyvnen levianebi~ (ricxvni, 8-14). ,,Caabare

levianebs mowmobis savane mTeli misi mowyobilobiT, yvelafriTurT,

rac mas ekuTvnis. mas moemsaxuron da savanis irgvliv daibanakon~

(ricxvni 1-50). aqve unda gavixsenoT vaxuSti batoniSvilis

versia svaneTis etimologiis Sesaxeb. igi svaneTs, swored, savanesTn

aigivebs. vaxuSti pirdapir ESeniSnavs svaneTis sofel eceris

Sesaxeb, rom am sofels evaleboda saqarTvelos umTavresi sulieri

centris, mcxeTis sveticxovlis dacva (v. batoniSvili ,,aRwerai

samefosi saqarTvelosi~).aqve unda gavixsenoT erTi Zveli termini

,,arian qarTli~. am termins mecnierebi dRes imiT xsnian, rom

arian-sparseTis Zveli dasaxleba aris da es niSnavs ,,sparseTis

_ saqarTveloso.~ arada, sulxan-sabas leqsikoni pirdapir gveubneba:

,,arili~ _ dasalagebeli siwmindeTao~ (leqsikoni, Tb. 1991 w. gv.

64). lomis karieli _ ierusalimis mTavar sawmindarsac ewodeboda.

18

guriaSi aris wminda giorgis mTa, romelsac ,,lomis karieli~

ewodeba, romelic warsulSi fu(s)telTa erT-erTi forposti

unda yofiliyo guria-aWaris mxareSi.

amrigad, sxvadasxva religiebis arsebobis pirobebSi fu(s)tis

ZiriTadma funqciam uZvelesi droidan dRemde moaRwia. Zveli

aRTqmis zemoT moxsenebuli futielebi 4000-ze meti wlis win

igulisxmebian. dRes es cocxlad mxolod kolxeTis kavkasionis

mTianeTSi dasturdeba (Jurnali ,,cotneideli~, t.II, Tbilisi-

fazisi, 2005-2008 w.w., gv.58-64).

fustelTa Teografiuli arealis erT-erT umniSvnelovanes

istoriul obieqts warmoadgens xvamlis mTa. xvamlis mTis

miudgomel kldeebSi gamokveTili iyo samalavebi, sadac saerTo

saxelmwifoebrivi saSiSroebis dros xdeboda ganZis da sxva

Zvirfaseulobis gadamalva.

sur. 9.sur. 9.sur. 9.sur. 9.sur. 9. aseTi tipis koSki wm. giorgis arss asaxavda.

19

sur. 10.sur. 10.sur. 10.sur. 10.sur. 10. xvamlis mTa warmoadgenda fustelTadacvis obieqts, vinaidan iq iyo saqarTvelos

saxelmwifos ganZTsacavi.

xvamlis mTis wverze dRemde dgas patara bazilikuri wminda

giorgis saxelobis eklesia, sadac yoveli suliwmindis mofenis

wina dRes, an sulTaobas _ micvalebulTa moxsenebis am mniSvnelovan

Jams, aRiniSneba xvamlobis dResaswauli _ sadac mTeli raWa-

leCxumi da svaneTi iyrida Tavs.

es dResaswauli gamoZaxilia fustelTa uZvelesi tradiciisa,

sadac maT pativsacemad, imarTeboda didi saxalxo dReoba; am

dReobaze rogorc wminda meomarTa xsovnas ekadreba, Zvel droSi

imarTeboda samxedro TamaSebi da Sejibri.

svaneTis soflebisTvis, dRes SemorCenili tradiciiT, fustoba

_ aRniSnavda im dros, roca xdeboda rotacia, anu meomarTa erTi

wyebis meoreTi Secvla. rogorc ukve zemoTac iTqva, svanur

20

sur. 11.sur. 11.sur. 11.sur. 11.sur. 11. xvamlis wminda giorgi dRemde

warmoadgens, fustelTa mosaxseniebel taZars.

qristianul yofaSi fu(s)ti sameba-suliwmindismofenobis

arsiT damkvidrda qristianobis Semosvlis Semdeg. rotaciis ganrigi

iTvaliswinebda sasoflo-sameurneo saqmianobis cikls da mTebSi

gzebze usafrTxo gadaadgilebis dros. amitom svaneTis qvemo

soflebSi fustobas aRniSnavdnen gazafxulis bolos, zafxulis

dasawyisSi, amis mere rotaciis grafiki nel nela micocavda

zemo soflebisaken da rogorc wesi, yvelaze gvian aRiniSneboda

umaRles dasaxlebul soflebSi. am Zveli sarotacio grafikis

mixedviT, igi yvelaze bolos sof. uSgulSi agvistos pirvel

kviras aRiniSneba. fustobis sarotacio dReebis garda, fustis,

anu samebis taZarSi aRiniSneboda misi ZiriTadi dResaaswaulic

_ suliwmindis mofena da sameboba. magaliTad, sainteresoa isic,

rom uSgulis fustis (samebis) taZarSi dRemde aRiniSneba Rvinobis

(oqtomberi) Tvis yovel pirvel orSabaTs Rvinoba doStiS (Rvinis

21

dResaswauli), sadac Zvelad TeTri mozvriTa da cxenebze

akidebuli RviniT savse calebiT uSgulis fustis (samebis) taZars

stumrobdnen raWvelebi. TiTqmis orasi wlis win Sewyvetili es

tradicia kvlav ganaxlda am bolo wlebSi, Tumca cxenebis nacvlad

avtomobilebiTa da cxenze akidebuli xaris tyavisagan Sekerili

saRvine calebis nacvlad, plastmasis WurWliT. ras vizamT, aseTia

epoqis koreqtivebi.

sur.12.sur.12.sur.12.sur.12.sur.12. uSgulis fustis (samebis) taZarSi Rvinis

dResaswaulze (Rvinoba doSTiSis) momavali quTaisis

,,fustTa~ axalgazrduli sazogadoebis wevrebi.

ar aris dasamali is, rom eris konsolidaciis uebari

saSualeba fustobis uZvelesi tradiciis gaxsenebaSic mdgomareobs.

magram arc imaze unda davxuWoT Tvalebi, rom qarTveli eris

jansaRi gziT svlasac hyavs Tavisi faruli mtrebi, romelebic

fusts anu samebas qilikiT ,,pusta-pustad~ aRiqvamen.

22

fu(s)tebi ucxourfu(s)tebi ucxourfu(s)tebi ucxourfu(s)tebi ucxourfu(s)tebi ucxourwerilobiT wyaroebSiwerilobiT wyaroebSiwerilobiT wyaroebSiwerilobiT wyaroebSiwerilobiT wyaroebSi

rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, fu(s)tebis xseneba gvxvdeba Zvel

berZnul wyaroebSi I-VII s.s.-Si. es wyaroebi axseneben ,,fustas

mxares~, ,,fustas xalxs~, ,,fustas cixes~. mkvlevari goCa

guguSvilis azriT: ,,fusti didi RvTaebaa svanurSi, didi RmerTi,

wmindas sinonimia. kavkasiis xalxTagan mxolod svaneTSia

SemorCenili da dRemde arsebobs fustas saxelobis eklesiebi~.

(Jurn. ,,ornati~, nikorwmindis eparqiis gamocema, #1, 2003 w.,

gv.60). aseve SeiZleba iTqvas, rom RvTismSoblis, anu svanurad

lamarias, taZrebi mxolod svaneTSia; aseve jgragi (sv. wm. giorgi),

Taringazal, rac svanurad mTavarangelozs aRniSnavs, da svanuri

fusti, rac qarTulSi Seesabameba samebas, anu umaRles dogmats

qristianuli sarwmunoebisa. termini fusteli gamoxatavs saeklesio

siwmindeTa damcveli raindis arssac. avtori amasTan iZleva

istoriuli realobis amsaxvel cnobasac: ,,adgilobrivi mosaxleobis

informaciiT, Tanamedrove raWis da svaneTis mTianeTis garkveul

nawils erqva swored fusta, fusteTi, iq mcxovreb xalxs ki

fustelebi. raWaSi mdebare Tanamedrove sofel futieTs didi

xnis istoria aqvs, aq aRmoCenilia qristes Sobamde Zv. w. I

aTaswleulis brinjaos balTa. mravali ucxoeli mogzauri da

mkvlevari saintereso cnobebs gvawvdis mis Sesaxeb, mag., germaneli

giuldenStedti, grafinia uvarova da sxva~. (Jurnali ,,ornanti~,

nikorwmindis eparqiis gamocema, #1, 2003 w., gv.60). amrigad

berZnul wyaroebSi moxsenebuli fusta, eWvs gareSea, asaxavs

dasavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTis, raWa-leCxum-svaneTis, mkvidrTa

funqciur datvirTvas, romelic fustelis SinaarsSi ido da

gamoixateboda saeklesio siwmindeTa dacvis funqciaSi. vinc Rrmad

Cawvdeba da gaicnobs sof. futieTis istoriul funqcias, amaSi

igi TvalnaTliv darwmundeba.

23

sur. 13.sur. 13.sur. 13.sur. 13.sur. 13. ase gamoiyurebodnen sofel futieTis

mkvidrni XX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi.

sur.14.sur.14.sur.14.sur.14.sur.14. fustelTa nostalgia Zveli didebis gaxse-nebiT

gamoixateba sof. futieTis dRevandel mkvidrebSi.

24

sur.15.sur.15.sur.15.sur.15.sur.15. aseTi iyo fustelTa mTavari forpostis

sof. futieTis mkvidrTa tradiciuli samosi.

25

berZnulis garda, Cven vxvdebiT Zv. w. XVI s. Zvel egviptur

papirusSi moxsenebul fu(n)tis, anu ,,RmerTebis qveyanas~, saidanac

egvi ptelebsAbrinjao SemohqondaT. ucxoel mecnierTa varaudiT,

es qveyana dRevandel somalSi unda yofiliyo. (,,rekmnehf

lhtdytuj tubgnf~, moskovi 1976 w., gv. 92; Zveli aRmosavleTis

xelovneba, v. afanasieva, e. lukoniani, n. pomerenceva Tb. 1986w.

gv.356). sad iyo fu(n)tis, futis, fu(s)tis anu ,,RmerTebis

qveyana~? kolxeTis didi kavkasionis mTianeTi anu fustelTa

mxare umdidresia brinjaos samTo-metalurgiuli kerebiT. am

mxriv gamorCeulia rionis zemo weli, sadac aRmoCenilia 100-

mde maRaro da metalurgiuli kera brinjaos warmoebisaTvis.

(saqarTvelos istoriiis narkvevebi, Tb. 1970 w., gv. 278-282).

mecnierTa daskvniT, aqauri grandiozuli masStabis samTomado

kera produqcias awvdida: balkaneTis, egeosisa da maxlobeli

aRmosavleTis qveynebs, maT Soris egviptesac. garda amisa arsebobs

Zv.w. XXs. Zvelegvi pturi papirusi, romelic daculia

sankt_peterburgis ermitaJis sacavSi. masSi moTxrobilia

,,xomaldis daRupvas gadarCenili kacis ambavi~ (,,rekmnehf

lhtdytuj tubgnf~, moskovi, 1976 w., gv.102). am papirusSic

moTxrobilia kolxeTis kavkasionis mTianeTSi arsebuli brinjaos

maRaroebSi faraonis moxelis mogzauroba. amrigad, Zvelegvi pturi

wyaroebi jer kidev ,,argonavtebis~ gamoCenamde ramodenime saukuniT

adre ixseneben fu(n)tis anu ,,RmerTebis qveyanas~. romelic

fiqsirdeba fustelTa Teogeografiul arealSi _ kolxeTis didi

kavkasionis mTianeTSi.

26

sur. 16.sur. 16.sur. 16.sur. 16.sur. 16. Zv.w. aR-is XX saukunis papirusSiaRwerilia futis qveyanasa da egviptes Soris

urTierTobis faqti.

maT Semdeg kolxeTs estumrnen berZeni ,,argonavtebi~. maT

mier ,,oqros sawmisis~ motacebis berZnul istoriebSi fu(s)tebi

arian moxseniebuli, tavrebis saxeliT. (a. uruSaZe ,,Zveli kolxeTi

argonavtebis TqmulebebSi~, Tb., 1964w., gv.392). vinaidan mzis

RvTaebaTa taZrebSi mTeli dRis ganmavlobaSi qurumTa ritualebi

mimdinareobda, maTi samxedro dacva mxolod RamiT iyo aucilebeli

(l. WilaSvili, ,,nekresis uZvelesi qarTuli warwerebi da qarTuli

damwerlobis istoriis sakiTxebi~, Tb., 2004w., gv.73). Ramis samxedro

darajs sulxan-sabas leqsikonis mixedviT tala ewodeba.

(,,leqsikoni~ Tb., 1991w., t.I, gv.197). aqedan gamomdinare, berZenTa

27

mier dasaxelebuli Ramis samxedro dacva _ tavrebi, talebi anu

igive fu(s)tebi unda yofiliyvnen. es sarwmunoa, rdgan rogorc

vxedavT, am periodamde gacilebiT adre fu(s)tebs ixsenebs zemoT

ukve naxsenebi Zvelegvipturi da xeTuri wyaroebi. argonavtebis

poemaSive gvxvdeba aseTi faqti: kunZul kretas mcvelia spilenZis

goliaTi talosi. (ap. rodoseli, ,,argonavtika~,Tb. 1975w.,

gv.201-202).

fu(s)telTa samxedro-sarwmunoebrivi saidumlo ordenis

Sesaxeb cnobebs gvawvdis XVII saukunis mogzauri italieli

don qristoforo de kasteli. romelic wers, rom dasavleT

saqarTvelos CrdiloeT mxares (fustelTa Teogeografiuli

areali): ,,mravali eklesiaa, romelic mdidaria wmida uamravi

relikviebiT. im dros, roca qristianebi oms awarmoebdnen

mahmadianebTan, mTebSi wamoiRes relikviebi, raTa ar gaenadgurebinaT

isini~ (b. giorgaZe, ,,don qristoforo de kasteli. cnobebi da

albomi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb~, Tb., 1977w.) sainteresoa, rom

fu(s)telTa saidumlo ordens kasteli ,,ianis~, ,,ioanis~ uwodebs.

rogorc Cans, da asec unda yofiliyo, kastelis, rogorc ucxoels,

bolomde ar gaumxiles fustis samxedro-sarwmunoebrivi ordenis

yvela saidumlo. magram kastelma, albaT, SeamCnia am odrenis

wevrebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli gvarTa daboloebani, romelic svanur

gvarebs dRemde aqvT. riTac man gaakeTa daskvna ,,ianis~ da ,,ioanis~

saeklesio siwmindeTa mcvel kastaze, romelic sinamdvileSi fustis

tradicias emsaxureboda. kasteli imasac gvamcnobs, rom ,,maTi

iaraRia Subi, xmali, mSvild-isari da sxva. marjvena xelSi xmali

uWiravT, marcxenaSi vercxlis jvari, romlis didi Tayvanismcemelni

arian~ (gv.156).

28

sur. 17.sur. 17.sur. 17.sur. 17.sur. 17. italieli mogzauris, kastelis, albomSidafiqsirebulia fustis samxedro-saeklesio

raindis tipaJi.

kasteli fustelTa mxares aseTi terminiTac aRniSnavs:

,,mosjete Cimenesjerad wodebuli~ (gv. 154).

gaecnen ra aRmosavleT qristianul tradiciebs, evropelma

jvarosnebma 1119 wels ierusalimSi, im adgilas, sadac solomonis

taZari idga, daaarses tamplierTa ordeni (tamplieri _ frang.

metaZreebi), romlis mizani iyo eklesia-monastrebisa da momlocvel-

Ta dacva (akaki gelovani, ,,religiur terminTa leqsikoni~, Tb.,

1990w., gv.182). rogorc Cans evropelma raindebma mTlianad gadai-

Res fustelTa mravalaTaswlovani gamocdilebis amsaxveli

ritualebic.

raindad kurTxevis kandidati Rames aTevda samrekloSi,

eswreboda wirvas diliT, ziarebis Semdgom mas episkoposi welze

29

Semoartyamda satitule maxvils, romelsac evropaSi fustaki

ewodeboda (ala iastrebickaia, ,,XI_XIII s.s. dasavleTi evropa~

Tb., 1981 w., gv. 128). aRsaniSnavia, rom vadajvrian maxvils, romelsac

evropa fustakiT icnobda, saqarTvelos mTaSi franguls uwodebdnen.

sur. 18.sur. 18.sur. 18.sur. 18.sur. 18. evropel tamplierTa ordenis daarseba

fustelTa tradiciasTan amJRavnebs kavSirs.

amrigad, Zveli aRTqmis, Zveli egviptis, xeTebis, Zvel

berZenTa werilobiTi Zeglebi fustis samxedro-sarwmunoebrivi

tradiciis Sesaxeb mniSvnelovan da damajerebel cnobebs gvawvdian.

amasTan evropel tamplierTa ordenis SeqmnaSic ikveTeba

aRmosavleTis qristianuli Sedevris, fustobis gavlena.

30

futieTi _ fustelTafutieTi _ fustelTafutieTi _ fustelTafutieTi _ fustelTafutieTi _ fustelTa

garnizoni, romelic icavdagarnizoni, romelic icavdagarnizoni, romelic icavdagarnizoni, romelic icavdagarnizoni, romelic icavda

uZvelesi kolxeTis umTavresuZvelesi kolxeTis umTavresuZvelesi kolxeTis umTavresuZvelesi kolxeTis umTavresuZvelesi kolxeTis umTavres

sakulto centrssakulto centrssakulto centrssakulto centrssakulto centrs

qristianobis Semosvlamde qarTvelTa winaprebi astraluri

religiis: mzis, mTvaris, varskvlavTa Tayvanismcemelni iyvnen.

arqeologiuri da Zveli werilobiTi wyaroebi mtkiced adastureben

Cveni winaprebis astraluri religiis mimdevrobas.

apolon rodoselis ,,argonavtika~ erT-erTi Zvirfasi wyaroa

imisa, rom im droSi kolxeTSi mzis Tayvaniscemis kulti batonobda.

(ap.rodoseli, argonavtika. Tb. 1975 w.) TviT mefe aietic mzis

qalRvTaebis futis (fasianes) Svilad iTvleboda. xolo misi

grZneuli qaliSvili medea, kolxTa umTavresi mzis anu futis

umaRlesi qurumi iyo.

astraluri religiis mTavari Tavisebureba is iyo, rom

qveynis ukiduresi aRmosavluri provincia cxaddeboda mzis RvTaebis

sameufod. amis damamtkicebel cnobas gvawvdis berZeni mogzauri

straboni, roca aRwers I saukunis warmarTul iberias. strabonis

cnobiT, iberiis mTavari sataZro olqi iyo iberiasa da albaneTs

Soris arsebuli yvelaze aRmosavluri provincia kambeCovani anu

qiziyi. (strabonis geografia. XI, IV, VIIs. yauxCiSvilis gamocema,

Tb., 1975w., gv.134-135).

mzis TayvanismcemelTa meore umTavresi kanoniT, sataZro

olqis zustad Sua nawilSi igeboda qveynis umTavresi sakulto

taZari. Tu davakvirdebiT qiziyis geografiul maxasiaTeblebs

amaSi advilad davrwmundebiT. qiziyis aRmosavleTi mijna,

31

xornabujis anu WoeTis cixea, xolo dasavluri mijna Wotoris

uReltexili. zustad am or geografiul wertilTa SemaerTebeli

monakveTis SuaSi mdebareobs bude, anu dRevandeli bodbe. aqve

unda gaviTvaliswinoT pirvel qristian moRvaweTa wesCveulebac.

isini yovelTvis cdilobdnen, pirvel rigSi eRvawaT qveynis umTavres

sakulto centrSi. Tu centrSi daangrevdnen warmarTobas,

periferiebSi is ukve iolad iZleoda. aseTi swori strategiis

gamoa, rom wminda nino bodbeSia (Zvel budeSi) gansvenebuli (iv.

SaiSmelaSvili, ,,qiziyi~ Tb., 1973w.) da ara, vTqvaT, mcxeTaSi,

romelic iyo qveynis politikuri da administraciuli centri,

romlis Sesaxebac memeatiane ambobs: ,,sadac mefeni mefoben da

RmerTni _ RmerTobeno.~

bunebrivia, msgavsi religiuri kanoniT cxovrobda aietis,

anu ,,argonavtebis~, epoqis kolxeTic. ris gamoc kolxeTis sataZro

olqi iyo Takveri, anu raWa-leCxumi, romlis Sesaxeb zemoTac

gvqonda saubari. Takveris ukiduresi aRmosavleTis geografiuli

wertilia mdinare jojoris saTaveSi mdebare mwvervali mzekara

xolo ukiduresi dasavleTisa _ cageris (cagaris) maxloblad

mdebare jonoulis saTaveSi mdebare mwvervali cekuri (svanurad:

cis kari), am or ukidures wertils Sua mdebareobs sof. futieTi

(ar dagvaviwydes, futi _ mzis qalRvTaeba da protoqarTvelTa

Zveli dasaxelebac), romlis pirdapir, xixamTis masivze, dRemde

aris SemorCenili uZvelesi mzis (futis) taZris naSTebi, romelsac

xalxi: xixamTis ,,naeklesiavs~ uwodebs. am adgils, sadac es

uZvelesi, warmarTuli mzis taZris nangrevebia, yafaric ewodeba,

yafari, sulxan-sabas ganmartebiT, aRmarTuls niSnavs. (leqsikoni,

Tb., 1991w., t.II). rac Seexeba xixamTas, isic mzis TayvaniscemasTan

32

aris dakavSirebuli. sulxan-sabas ganmartebiT, xirxali ewodeba

gamyof zRudes or mosazRvre obieqts Soris. am SemTxvevaSi,

mzis TayvanismcemelTa kanonikiT, cis gumbaTis aRmavali da

daRmavali kamarebis gamyofs. cis gumbaTze mzis birTvis

gadaadgilebas, mzis TayvanismcemelTa warmodgeniT, funagoria

(skarabei) axdenda, romelic jer aRma miagorebda mzis gavarvarebul

birTvs, xirxalamde, Semdeg ki _ daRma.

Zvel egvipteSi gabatonebuli mzis kosmogenuri debulebebi

kavSirs amJRavnebs raWa-leCxumis uZveles, mzis religiis

debulebebTan. Zvel egvipteSi arsebobda mzis religiis mTavari

sakulto qalaqi oni. (dabadeba 41-45,50; 46-20). germane

gobejiSvilis mier warmoebuli arqeologiuri gaTxrebis dros

raWaSi aRmoCenilia ramdenime aTeulamde egvipturdamwerlobebiani

funagorias (skarabeis) figurebi. (g. gobejiSvili, ,,arqeologiuri

gaTxrebi sabWoTaA saqarTveloSi~, Tb., 1952w., gv.104). arqeologi

g. gobejiSvili wers: ,,romeli gziT moxvda CvenSi egvipturi

nivTebi _ xmeleTis Tu sazRvao gziT? ufro safiqrebelia, rom

am ukanaskneliT~. es aRmoCenebi dakavSirebulia im soflis

dasaxelebasTan, romlis saxeli emTxveva Zvelegvipturi miwis

RmerTis Rebis saxels. dilis amomaval mzes egvi pteSi _ amoni

ewodeboda, SuadRis mzes, romelic funagorias xirxalze ahyavda

_ ra, xolo saRamos Camaval mzes _ atoni. berZnebi kolxeTis

mTebis im mkvidrebs, romelic rionis zemo dinebaSi cxovrobdnen,

amarantebadac. (amon-ra-aton) moixsenieben. (ap. rodoseli,

,,argonavtika~, Tb., 1975w., gv.91,208). aSkaraa es saxelwodeba

kavSirs amJRavnebs Zvelegvi ptur mzis Teologiur debulebasTan.

amitomac, rogorc zemoT ukve iTqva, aq mdebare fu(n)tis, brinjaos

33

madniT mdidar kolxTa sataZro olqs, egvi ptelebi ,,RmerTebis

qveyanasac~ uwodeben. argonavtebis epoqis kolxeTSi mzis mTavari

sakulto centris arsebobas xixamTis masivze da mis maxloblad

sof. futieTis arsebobas mzis TayvanismcemelTa Teologiuri

kanonebi gansazRvravs. mzis TayvanismcemelTa es Teologiuri

debulebebi onis qurumTa mier iqmneboda da maTi usityvod

miReba mzis anu futis RvTaebis TayvanismcemelTa mier aucilebeli

iyo. rogorc zemoT ukve iTqva, berZnebis mier ,,oqros sawmisis~

motaceba swored xixamTa-futieTis mzis umTavresi taZridan

moxda. is tavrebi, romlebic berZnul werilobiT wyaroebSi arian

moxsenebuli, warmoadgenen fustelebs, romlebic am sakulto

centrSi, futieTSi saxlobdnen da warmoadgendnen garnizons,

romelsac kolxTa am mTavari sakulto centris dacva evaleboda.

berZnul wyaroebSi kolxTa sulier dedaqalaqad ixseneba si-

bari-si. xixamTis mzis taZris naSTebi amJamad mdebareobs futieTTan

teritoriulad yvelaze ufro axlo mdebare sofelTan, romelsac

bari ewodeba. sityva bari, sulxan-sabas ganmartebiT, mzis uSreti

energiis aRmniSvnelia da ara geografiuli terminia barisa, amasve

gamoxatavs sityva baraqa, rac uSret energias, anu ulev sikeTes

ukavSirdeba. mze ki, mzis TayvanismcemelTa warmodgeniT, swored

rom, uSreti da ulevi, baraqiani energiis gansaxiereba iyo.

amgvarad, dasavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTis Teogeografiuli

toponimebi xixamTa, futieTi, bari, mravalZali, warmoadgens uZvelesi,

argonavtebis droindel kolxeTis mzis religis sakulto centrs,

saidanac argovantebma moitaces ,,oqros sawmisi~, anu brinjaos

teqnologiis codnis wigni. efuti, futieTi, fu(s)tieTi ki is

dasaxlebuli punqtia, romelsac am sakulto taZris RamiT samxedro

dacva evaleboda, anu sulxan-sabas ganmartebiT rom vTqvaT, talebis

Tu tavrebis funqcias asrulebda.

34

bavrayi _ fustis raindTabavrayi _ fustis raindTabavrayi _ fustis raindTabavrayi _ fustis raindTabavrayi _ fustis raindTa

sawinamZRvro droSebisawinamZRvro droSebisawinamZRvro droSebisawinamZRvro droSebisawinamZRvro droSebi

rogorc cnobilia, Zveli msoflios xalxebi droSebs da

emblemebs uZvelesi droidan iyenebdnen. Zveli aRTqmidan (ricxvni,

2-34) cnobilia droSebis arsebobis faqtebi. Zvel xalxebSi

droSa udidesi pativiscemiT sargeblobda da RvTaebriobis

matarebeli iyo. magaliTad, Zveli egvi ptelebi RmerTs droSis

saxis ieroglifiT aRniSnavdnen.

warsulSi saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxeebs qristianobasTan

sxvadasxva damokidebuleba hqondaT. samwuxarod, gabatonebuli

iyo azri, rom mTa qristianobis moZule da uarmyofeli iyo.

aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTis es maxasiaTebeli zogad

formulad Camoyalibda mecnierul azrovnebaSic, ris gamoc es

mcdari Sexeduleba kolxeTis didi kavkasionis Teogeografiul

arealizec gavrcelda. arada, am zonaSi mdebare saqarTvelos

yvelaze maRalmTiani kuTxe, svaneTi iyo is mxare, romelmac

pirvelive saukunidan gaicno qristianoba, mtkiced Seisisxlxorca

igi da bolomde misi erTguli darCa. rusuli imperiis batonobis

dros, oraswlovani sulieri genocidis pirobebSi mxolod svaneTma

gadaarCina erovnuli marTlmadidebluri Rirebulebebi da

cnobiereba.

amitom svanuri qristianuli fenomenis Seswavlas da

gamomzeurebas dRes fasdaudebeli mniSvneloba aqvs saqarTvelos

saxelmwifoebriobis sulieri sikvdilis mdgomareobidan gamoyvanis

saqmeSi.

fustel raindTa umTavresi sabrZolo-sawinamZRvro droSa

,,lemi~ inaxeboda zemo svaneTSi, mestiis Temis sofel setis

wminda giorgis eklesiaSi. mis grZel tars Camocmuli hqonda

oqroTi movarayebuli vercxlis Subi. Subis erT mxares TaviT

fexebamde gamosaxulia latalis wminda iona da uRviris

35

mTavarangelozi, xolo meore mxares _ TaviT fexebamde setis

wminda didmowame giorgi. amasTanave masze aris cxrametstriqoniani

asomTavruli warwera, romelSic moxsenebulia ,,lemi~ da ,,bednieri

svaneTis erToblivi xevi~. TviTon droSa Sekerilia yviTeli

(Calisferi) abreSumis qsovilisagan, misi forma zoomorfulia,

cxovelis saerTo sigrZe, kudis CaTvliT, 2 metri da 24 santimetria.

Tavze dakerebuli aqvs yurebi, Sublze vercxlisferi ori jvari,

aseTive jvrebi aqvs torebzec. piri, yba, kbilebi da ena vercxlisgan

iyo damzadebuli. piri daRebuli hqonda da Sig Casmuli iyo

vercxlis wiTlad SeRebili ena da kbilebi. roca droSa uZravadaa,

igi bunze uformo naWrad kidia, moZraobis dros ki haeriT ivseba,

ibereba da lomis moyvanilobas iRebs. gadmocemiT irkveva, rom

Zvelad droSa ise iyo mowyobili, rom moZraobisa da qaris

dabervis Sedegad lomi Rrialis xmasac gamoscemda. es

SesaZlebelia, vinaidan romaeli istorikosis, arianes (II saukune)

cnobiT, skviTebsac hqoniaT iseTi droSebi, romlebic frialis

dros xmebs gamoscemdnen, riTac mowinaaRmdeges Tavzars scemdnen

da cxenebs ufrTxobdnen.

mkvlevarebis nawili miiCnevs, rom amgvari droSa

barbarosebisagan gadmoiRes svanebma, kerZod CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi

mcxovrebi sarmatebisagan. (salome gurCiani, gaz. ,,svaneTi~, #4(12)-

1998w., gv.4, ,,lom~-svanTa zoomorfuli droSa~). droSis dafuZnebis

aseTi versia gulubryviloa. droSa iyo saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi

Camoyalibebuli sazogadoebis msoflmxedvelobis gamovlineba da

ase martivi mibaZviT misi gadmoReba ar xdeboda, miT umetes, rom

,,lemi~ gajerebulia qristianuli niuansebiT, rac CrdiloeT

kavkasiidan mis Semotanas gamoricxavs. aq isic aris gasaTvalis-

winebeli, rom Zvel droSi, emblemebis Seqmnas safuZvlad yovelTvis

mtkice sarwmunoebrivi mrwamsi edo. amgvar mcdar mosazrebas

ganapirobebs kidev erTi samwuxaro faqti, romelic zemoT vaxseneT:

vinaidan svanebi mTis xalxia, isinic sxva mTielebis msgavsad

36

aucileblad warmarTebi unda iyvnen da ar iTvaliswineben swored

yvelaze niSandoblivs _ svanur qristianul fenomens.

bibliis teqstebidan cnobilia, rom israelis erT-erT Stos,

beniaminelebs, cisferi lomis gamosaxulebiani droSa hqondaT.

lomis gamosaxulebiani droSebi xSiri iyo sxvadasxva xalxebSi,

maT Soris evropaSic. am SemTxvevaSi Cven unda gaviTvaliswinoT

qarTvelTa gansakuTrebuli damokidebuleba sarwmunoebis mimarT.

prokofi kesareli jer kidev VI saukuneSi werda: ,,CemTvis cnobil

erTa Soris yvelaze erTguli qristianebi iberielebi ariano~.

droSa ,,lemis~, anu lomis, warmoSobis umTavres safuZvlad

unda vivaraudoT is istoriuli funqcia, romelic dasavleT

saqarTvelos mTianeTs qarTuli erTiani saxelmwifos winaSe hqonda

fustobis saxiT, rac mdgomareobda gareSe mtris Semosevis dros

saeklesio-samonastro kompleqsebis dacvaSi. amis gamo raWa-

leCxum-svaneTi unda ganvixiloT rogorc fustelTa Teogeog-

rafiuli areali da sarwmunoebrivi kulturis didi erovnuli

muzeumi.

sur. 19. sur. 19. sur. 19. sur. 19. sur. 19. droSa ,,lemi~ qristian fustelTa

sawinamZRvro bavrayi.

37

unda aRvniSnoT, rom lomi, rogorc cnobilia, qristianul

msoflmxedvelobaSi Semdegi datvirTvis matarebeli iyo: rogorc

arqimandrit rafaelis (karelini) erT-erT qadagebaSi vkiTxulobT,

ierusalimSi idga samsxverplo, romelsac ,,mogizgize loms~, anu

arils ,,RvTis loms~, uwodebdnen. am saxeliT winaswarmetyvelebi

xSirad ixseneben ierusalims, romlis emblema lomi iyo. rogorc

vxedavT, ierusalimis RvTis mTavar samsxverplos arili, anu

,,RvTis lomi~, ewodeboda. amasTan TviT wminda qalaqis emblemac

lomia. Zvel wyaroebSi moixsenieba arian-qarTli, zogi am termins

sparseTis Zvel saxelTan akavSirebs, e.i. sparseTis _ saqarTveloTi

xsnian. magram, Tu gavixsenebT zemoT moyvanil prokofi kesarielis

sityvebs da qarTvelTa qristianuli rwmenisadmi erTgulebas, aq

ufro ,,RvTis lomi _ saqarTvelo~ unda igulisxmebodes da ara

sparseTis _ saqarTvelo. Tu asea, saqarTvelos sxva dampyrobnic

axsovs da ratom ar icnobs istoria aseT terminebs: selCukTa-

saqarTvelo, monRolTa-saqarTvelo, rusTa saqarTvelo da sxva.

aq qarTveli eris oraswlovani sulieri genocidis mavne gavlenac

unda davinaxoT. unda gavixsenoT, rom TviT qristec lomis

saxiT aris warmodgenili ,,gamocxadebaSi~: ,,nu stiri, gaimarjva

lomma, iudas tomidan, daviTis fesvidan, raTa gaixsnas wigni da

misi Svidi beWedi~ (gamocxadeba 5-5).

fustelTa Teogeografiuli zonis umTavres karibWes

warmoadgenda, istoriuli fu(s)tas cixe, mogvianebiT kiriescixe

anu kvaracixe. am cixis mTavar koSks ,,lomis koSki~ ewodeboda.

fustis raindTa gadaadgilebis da bazirebis obieqtebi

saqarTvelos teritoriis sxvadasxva kuTxeebSi dRes kidev SemorCa.

magaliTad, fuTi-ilemi imereTSi, ,,lomis karielis~ wm. giorgis

mTa guriaSi, ,,ilma jvari~ kaxeTSi ierusalimis metoqe sofelSi

_ kisisxevSi da sxva. Tu gaviazrebT fu(s)telTa funqcias da

damsaxurebas qarTuli eklesiis winaSe, sulac ar aris sakvirveli,

rom ,,lemis~ arsSi zemoT ukve aRniSnuli ,,RvTis lomis~ simbolika

38

davinaxoT. aq igulisxmeba RvTisadmi, anu qristianobisadmi, lomiviT

Zlieri erTgulebis gamoxatva. miT umetes, rom ,,lems~ sxeulze

amoqarguli aqvs jvrebi, rac mis udavo qristianul simbolikas

asaxavs es droSa wm. giorgis taZarSi iyo dabrZanebuli da misi

taZris bunikic qristiani wmindanebiTa da saTanado qristianuli

teqstebiT aris Semkuli. droSa ,,lemi~ warmoadgens qristian-

meomar raindTa TavdroSas, anu bavrays, misi warmoSobac da

funqciac Zirfesvianad aris dakavSirebuli fustelTa

Teogeografiul funqciasTan. dRes Cvens azrovnebas uWirs Tavi

daaRwios oraswlovani sulieri genocidis mavne fsiqologiur

gavlenas. amis gamo xSirad WeSmarit Rirebulebas saTanadod

veRar aRviqvamT. ,,ise ki nu ganvsjiT, rogorc geCvenebaT, aramed

marTali msjavriT gansajeT~, gvaswavlis wminda werili.

dasadgenia, Tu ra droidan gaxda ,,lemi~ fustis raindTa

sawinamZRvro bavrayi (droSa)? rogorc zemoT ukve aRvniSneT

fu(s)tobis tradicias Zalian Zveli fesvebi aqvs. is TiTqmis

religiis dabadebasTan erTad gaCenili Cans. is Tavis funqcias

qristianobis damkvidrebamde didi xniT adre asrulebda. (magaliTad,

ras akeTebda is argonavtebis epoqaSi, amasac zemoT SevexeT).

ivane javaxiSvili qarTvelebis winaprebs warmarTobidanve erTiani

religiuri mrwamsis matarebel xalxad miiCnevda. bunebrivia, erTiani

warmarTuli mrwamsis mqone qarTvelebSic, arsebobda sakulto

taZrebis mtrisgan dacvis aucilebloba, rasac rogorc tavrebis

istoriidan davinaxeT, kidevac asrulebdnen fustis raindebi. aq

ibadeba meore kiTxvac: ra droidan iwyeba fustelTa qristianuli

Rvawli da rodis Sewyda maT mier warmarTuli taZrebis dacva?

e.i. gvainteresebs, rodis gaxda da rodidan dafuZnda qristianuli

sawinamZRvro bavrayi (droSa) ,,lemi~? aseve gasarkvevia, ra emblema,

anu droSa, hqondaT fustel raindebs qristianobamde? am rTul

kiTxvebze pasuxi isev svaneTis sinamdvileSi unda vipovoT. cnoilia

meore svanuri droSa, lurji feris, romelzec mwvane mTebis

39

fonze TeTri daTvia gamosaxuli. es svaneTSi qristianobamde

arsebuli fustelTa droSa unda iyos. TeTri daTvi mTvaris

warmarTuli RvTaebis, suvenis _ sinis, totema Cans. daTvi rom

mTvaris totemaa, amis mtkicebis safuZvels gvaZlevs is, rom

svanurSi da megrulSi daTvi mTvare da orSabaTi, romelic mTvaris

dRed iTvleba, saerTo fuZis mqone sityvebiT gamoiTqmis. svanurad:

daTvi _ daSTv, mTvare _ doST, orSabaTi _ doSTiS; megrulad:

daTvi _ TunTi, mTvare _ TuTa, orSabaTi _ TuTaSxa. ase rom,

fustelTa winare qristianul droSaze Cven gvaqvs mTvaris

warmarTuli kultis simbolika, romlis damajerebel arsebobasac

warmarTul samyaroSi xazs usvams ivane javaxiSvilic

(iv.javaxiSvili, ,,qarTveli eris istoria~, t.I., 1960w., gv.50-52).

Tumca momavlis saqmea imis garkveva, rodis moxda mTvaris RvTaebis,

suvenis, mzis RvTaebaze win dayeneba, radgan rogorc zemoT arvniSneT,

argonavtebis epoqaSi upiratesi mzis kultia.

sur 20. sur 20. sur 20. sur 20. sur 20. warmarT fustelTa sawinamZRvro

bavrayi ,,daSTv~.

40

rac Seexeba qristianobas, dasavleT saqarTvelos mosaxleoba

mas I saukunidan icnobs wminda andria pirvelwodebulis

moRvaweobis wyalobiT. (,,georgika~, t.IV, Tb., 1941w., gv.38,57),

magram gasarkvevia, rodis moxda qristianobis oficialur religiad

aRiareba fustelTa Teogeografiul mxareSi, saqarTveloSi vaxtang

gorgaslis moRvaweobam Zireulad gardaqmna da ganamtkica saero

da sasuliero struqturebi. am didma reformatorma mefem Seqmna

damoukidebeli qarTuli marTlmadidebeli eklesiis struqtura,

daaarsa saepiskoposoebi. aseT viTarebaSi bunebrivia, dadgeboda

im droisaTvis yvelaze ufro strategiuli obieqtebis, qristianuli

taZrebis samxedro dacvis sakiTxic. safiqrebelia, rom swored

vaxtang gorgaslis dros unda momxdariyo fustelTa Zveli

warmarTuli droSis Canacvleba qristianuli ,,lemiT~. im epoqis

zogierT taZarSi dRemde Semonaxulia daTvis gamosaxulebiani

simbolika fustelTa Teogeografiul mxareSi, magaliTad, zemo

krixis eklesiis kankelze da raWis agaris wm. giorgis eklesiis

trapezis qvis sayrdenze. mZlavri saxelmwifo da religiuri

reformebis wyalobiT warmarT fustelTa funqcia Seicvala

qristian fustelTa funqciiT, rasac Tan sdevs fustelTa

sawinamZRvro droSis Secvlac. mTavris warmarT TayvanismcemelTa

droSas enacvleba qristianuli simbolikiT datvirTuli ,,lemis~

droSa. amgvarad, qristesi da ierusalimis simbolo _ lomi,

xdeba fustel raindTa droSa. SesaZloa, fustelTa Teogeografiul

mxareSi qristianoba oficialuri religia yofiliyo ufro adrec,

magaliTad, wminda ninos Semosvlamde. vinaidan, mTels dasavleT

saqarTveloSi, sofel sxvavaSi, sadac mdebareobs istoriuli

fustascixe anu momdevno xnis kvaracixe arsebobs wminda ninos

41

taZris naSTebi. magram mainc xazi unda gaesvas imas, rom ZiriTadi

reformebi qristianul cxovrebaSi mainc vaxtang gorgaslis dros

moxda.

fustelTa Teogeografiuli regioni, romelic dasavleT

saqarTvelos didi kavkasionis mTianeTs moicavs, istoriulad

yovelTvis svanebiT dasaxlebul teritorias warmoadgenda. es

regioni warmarTobidan moyolebuli da Semdgom qristianobis

epoqaSi wamyvan funqcias asrulebda religiuri obieqtebis dacvaSi.

erTiani qarTuli saxelmwifos periodidan sagulisxmoa erTi

istoriuli faqti, romelic Seiswavla da gamoamzeura mecnierma,

istorikosma, profesorma geronti gasvianma. arsebobs Zveli sabuTi,

romlis mixedviTac droSa ,,lemis~ mepatroned, anu ,,melomed~,

dasaxelebulia bendan vaxtangiani. rogorc am sabuTiT irkveva,

mas ,,melomed~ arCeva sagvareulo memkvidreobiT hrgebia. gvari

vaxtangianis geneziss udavod mivyavarT vaxtang gorgasalTan.

cnobilia, rom saqarTvelos saxelmwifo droSas ,,vaxtangians~

da ,,gorgaslians~ uwodeben. sagulisxmoa vaxtang gorgasalze

xalxSi dRemde Semonaxuli Tqmuleba:

,,vaxtang mefe RmerTs uyvarda,

cidan Semoesma reka,

myinvarwverze fexi Sedga,

ialbuzma iwyo dreka~.

mTaTa momdrek mefes, qristianuli avtokefaluri eklesiis

damfuZnebelsa da eklesiuri da saxelmwifoebrivi cxovrebis

did reformators unda ukavSirdebodes fustis warmarTuli

samxedro ordenis qristianul poziciaze gadayvana. swored mis

dros unda momxdariyo daTvis gamosaxulebiani warmarTuli droSis

42

,,lemis~ qristianuli droSiT Secvla. amasve amtkicebs profesor

geronti gasvianis gamokvlevebic, romelTa Tanaxmad, ,,melomeoba~,

anu ,,lemis~ medroSeoba, svanuri dokumenturi wyaroebiT,

vaxtangianTa gvaris memkvidreobiTi kuTvnileba yofila. vaxtang

gorgaslis mefobis periods unda davukavSiroT fustis, anu

sameba-suliwmindis mofenis, marTlmadidebluri taZrebis aSeneba,

Zveli warmarTuli umaRlesi RvTaebis _ fustis (mzis) taZrebis

fuZeze. e.i. fustobis warmarTulidan qristianul funqciaze

gadasvlis periodad unda miviCnioT V saukunis meore naxevari,

mefe vaxtang gorgaslis mefobis xana. miT umetes, rom vaxtang

gorgaslis cxovrebis aRweraSi aRniSnulia misi Zlevamosili

laSqroba dasavleT saqarTveloSic da yvela cixis dapyroba.

juanSeris mier vaxtangis xelqveiT erisTavTa CamoTvlisas egrisis

garda dasaxelebuli arian fustelTa Teogeografiul kuTxeSi

Semavali svaneTisa da Takveris (raWa-leCxumis) erisTavebic.

amis safuZvelze SeiZleba gakeTdes daskvna, rom vaxtang gorgasals

mtkiced hqonda fexi mokidebuli dasavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTSic

da misi saeklesio Tu saxelmwifo reformebi am mxareSic iseve

mtkiced gatardeboda, rogorc yvelgan.

43

fustelTa samxedrofustelTa samxedrofustelTa samxedrofustelTa samxedrofustelTa samxedro-----organizaciuliorganizaciuliorganizaciuliorganizaciuliorganizaciuli

sistmis moSla erTiani qarTuli sa-sistmis moSla erTiani qarTuli sa-sistmis moSla erTiani qarTuli sa-sistmis moSla erTiani qarTuli sa-sistmis moSla erTiani qarTuli sa-

xelmwifos darRvevis gamo _ 1503 wlisxelmwifos darRvevis gamo _ 1503 wlisxelmwifos darRvevis gamo _ 1503 wlisxelmwifos darRvevis gamo _ 1503 wlisxelmwifos darRvevis gamo _ 1503 wlis

imerTa mefis aleqsandre IIimerTa mefis aleqsandre IIimerTa mefis aleqsandre IIimerTa mefis aleqsandre IIimerTa mefis aleqsandre II

,,sasisxlo sigeli~,,sasisxlo sigeli~,,sasisxlo sigeli~,,sasisxlo sigeli~,,sasisxlo sigeli~

,,did arian saqmeni RmrTisani, gamosaZiebel

arian yovelsa Sina nebani misni.~

/fsalmuni daviTisa 110_2/

fustebis kulturuli memkvidreobis SeswavlisaTvis

mniSvnelovania erTi istoriuli sabuTi, es aris imerTa mefis

aleqsandre II 1503 wlis sigeli.

qarTuli istoriografia am sabuTs icnobs meore saxeliTac

,,svanTa da feodal jafariZeTa sasisxlo sigeli~. es sabuTi

mari broses aRmoCenilad iTvleba da Semdeg garemoebebs asaxavs:

raWis feodalebs jafariZeebs, mkacr blokadaSi mouqceviaT svanebi,

rasac svanebsa da jafariZeebs Soris dausrulebeli SfoTi da

sisxlis Rvra gamouwvevia. amas mohyolia jafariZeTa mkvlelobac.

(s.kakabaZe, ,,svanebi XV saukuneSi~. ,,aRwerilobani da masalebi

saqarTvelos istoriisaTvis~ wigni I, 1914 w., gv. 126-131). mecnierTa

nawilma es SemTxveva SecdomiT daukavSira saqarTvelos mefes

aleqsandre dids. amis gamo, am sigelis gacemis TariRad didxans

mcdarad 1432 weli miaCndaT. es Secdoma Semdgom iv. javaxiSvilma

aRmoaCina da daadgina, rom es sabuTi ukavSirdeba imerTa mefes

aleqsandre II, romelic 1484-1510 wlebSi mefobda. amasTan sabuTis

gacemis TariRic dazustda da 1503 wliT daTariRda. am sabuTidan

irkveva, rom aleqsandres samefo karis SuamdgomlobiT svanebs

jafariZeTaTvis sisxlis safasurad gadauciaT cxeniswylis xeobis

zemo welis teritoria (laSxeTi) da rionis zemo welis

teritoria, romelic moicavs dRevandeli raWis soflebs Rebs,

Wiorasa da glolas.

44

sur 21. sur 21. sur 21. sur 21. sur 21. aseTi tipis cixe-saxls raWaSi duroianisaxli ewodeba. 1930-ian wlebSi sof. RebSi aseTi

tipis 50-mde nageboba aRricxa cnobilma eTnografma

sergi makalaTiam.

samwuxarod, dRemde am tragikuli movlenis mecnieruli

kvlevisas, ar iTvaliswineben imdroindel sagareo movlenebs, ris

Sedegadac am istoriuli movlenis Sesaxeb mcdari daskvnebia

gamotanili. am garemoebam damangrevlad imoqmeda fustelTa mrval-

aTaswlovan samxedro-organizaciul da saxelmwifoebriv sistemaze.

dRemde ucnobi am unikaluri samxedro-sarwmunoebrivi kulturuli

memkvidreobis srulyofilad SeswavlisaTvis saWiroa obieqturi

saRvTismetyvelo da mecnieruli gamokvleva. oraswlovani sulieri

genocidis Sedegebis aRmofxvra dRevandeli damoukidebeli da

demokratiuli saxelmwifos aRmSeneblobis sasicocxlo interesebs

warmoadgens. amitom piruTvneli istoria unda gaxdes swori

gzis maCvenebeli yoveli movlenis axsnis dros.

45

am istoriis dokumentis gaanalizebisas unda gaviTvaliswinoT

is garemoebebi, romlebSic aRmoCnda saqarTvelo XV saukuneSi.

am periodSi daemxo bizantiis imperia, aRmoCenil iqna amerika,

ramac evropas interesi daukarga aRmosavleTis mimarT. aRmosavleT

qristianobis ukiduresi bastioni _ saqarTvelo, martodmarto

darCa mahmadianur garemocvaSi. XV saukuneSi mZlavri gareSe

Zalebis gavleniT samefo-samTavroebad daSlili saqarTvelo

mahmadianuri garemocvis mtkice alyaSi aRmoCnda: samxreTidan

irani da TurqeTi, CrdiloeTidan maTi mokavSireebi saSamxlo da

yirimis saxano. Sav zRvas erTpirovnulad akontrolebda TurqeTi.

yovelive aman saqarTvelos evropasTan yovelgvari kavSiris

saSualeba mouspo. gare samyarosgan izolaciaSi myofi saqarTvelos

erTaderT imeds kavkasionis qedis CrdiloeTSi yabardo anu

CerqezeTi warmoadgenda, romelic dasavleTidan yirimis saxanos,

xolo aRmosavleTidan saSamxlos marwuxebSi iyo moqceuli.

saerTo mtris garemocvaSi myofi qarTveli da yabardoeli

xelisufalni gamosavals am droisTvis sakmaod momZlavrebul

ruseTis saxelmwifoSi xedavdnen. ruseTis gaZlierebuli

saxelmwifo am periodSi Tergze cixes agebs da yabardos uSualo

mosazRvre xdeba. alyaSi myof saqarTvelos uCndeba misi garRvevis

Sansi yabardos gavliT. yabardo pirveli iyo kavkasieli xalxebidan,

vinc im epoqaSi ruseTTan SeerTebis aqti gaaforma. saqarTvelos

daqucmacebuli samefo-samTavroebis xelisufalni aqtiur kavSirs

amyareben yabardosTan, rogorc gare samyarosTan kavSiris erTaderT

saSualebasTan. yabardos anu CerqezeTis uSualo qarTulma

mezobelma, svaneTma, uaRresad mniSvnelovani strategiuli funqcia

SeiZina. rogorc 1503 wlis ,,sasisxlo sigelidanac~ kargad Cans,

svanebi mWidro urTierTobaSi arian kaxeTis samefosTan. (s.

makalaTia, ,,mTis raWa~, Tb., 1978w.) daqucmacebuli saqarTvelos

samefo-samTavroebs Soris kaxeTis samefo yvelaze dawinaurebuli

iyo rogorc ekonomikurad, ise politikurad. kaxeTis samefo

46

pirveli iyo saqarTvelos samefo-samTavroebs Soris, romelmac

oficialuri di plomatiuri urTierToba daamyara ruseTis

saxelmwifosTan. 1483 wels moskovSi Cavida kaxeTis mefis

aleqsandre I elCoba, romelSic Sediodnen narimani, damiane da

Saqeli xozemarumi. 1492 wels moskovs ewvia kaxeTis samefos

meore elCoba. XVI saukuneSi kaxeTsa da saSamxlos Soris

arsebulma daZabulma viTarebam kaxeTis mefe levani aiZula

dakavSireboda Samxalis mowinaaRmdege yabardos, anu CerqezeTs.

urTierTobis gasamtkiceblad man colad moiyvana yabardos mTavris

qaliSvili. XVI saukuneSi man aRadgina politikuri kavSirebi

ruseTTan. kaxeTis ganapira cixeebSi Cayenebul iqna rus meTofeTa

razmebi, magram iranisa da osmaleTis zewoliT es jari

1572 wels ruseTma ukan gaiwvia. saSamxlosTan gamwvavebuli

urTierTobis gamo kaxeTs gza gadaeketa Tergisa da astraxanis

mimarTulebiT. 1585 wels kaxeTSi Camovida ruseTis elCi rusin

danilovi. sapasuxod kaxeTidan gaigzavna elCoba ioakime mRvdlis

meTaurobiT, romelic kaxeTis samefos ruseTis mfarvelobaSi

miRebas iTxovda. amas mohyva rusTa elCobis Camosvla rodion

birkinis meTaurobiT. 1587 wlis 28 seqtembers xeli moewera

,,ficis wigns~, romliTac kaxeTis samefom ruseTis qveSevrdomad

aRiara Tavi, xolo ruseTma ikisra kaxeTis dacva yvela gareSe

mtrisagan. am faqtma ufro gaaZliera iran-osmaleTisa da maTi

mokavSire CrdiloeT kavkasielebis saaalyo marwuxebi saqarTveloze.

aseT viTarebaSi gasagebia, ra mniSvneloba mieniWa yabardosa da

mis mosazRvre svaneTs gare samyarosTan urTierTobaSi.

saqarTvelos yvela samefo-samTavro cdilobda imereTis samefos

kuTvnil yabardoSi gadasasvlel am karibWeze Tavisi gavlenis

mopovebas. rogorc am sigelidan irkveva, svaneTs yvelaze mWidro

urTierToba kaxeTis samefosTan hqonda. ramac imereTis samefo

karis savsebiT samarTliani guliswyroma gamoiwvia. Tavisufali

svaneTi imereTis samefo karis interesebis gauTvaliswineblad,

47

iyenebda Seqmnil mdgomareobas, rac 1503 wlis ,,sasisxlo

sigelidanac~ naTlad gamosWvivis, romelSic aRwerilia svaneTsa

da kaxeTs Soris mWidro urTierToba. es diplomatiuri Secdoma

iyo, romelmac sabolood gaamwvava urTierToba Tavisufal svaneTsa

da imereTis kars Soris.

imereTis mefe aleqsandre II romlis samefoSic Sedioda

svaneTi, Tavis uerTgules da upirveles moxeleebs, raWa-leCxumis

feodalebs jafariZeebs, farulad uWerda mxars svanTa blokadaSi.

am dapirispirebis mTavar mizezad dRemde mcdarad miCneulia

jafariZeTa feodalur-teritoriuli ambiciebi. gavixsenoT nugzar

aragvis erisTavis istoria. mefe Teimurazma Tavis siZes sicocxlis

fasad dausva fSav-xevsureTis dapatronebis survili. aleqsandre

mefis uerTgulesi vazirebi, jafariZeebi, am aqcias misive faruli

mxardaWeriT axorcielebdnen. bunebrivia, mefe aleqsandre

ukmayofilo iqneboda, rom misi samefos qveSevrdomni, svanebi, mas

angariSs ar uwevdnen da misgan damoukideblad urTierTobas

amyarebdnen sxva samefo-samTavrosTan, anu mis kontrols ar

eqvemdebareboda misi qveSevrdomi, saqarTvelos gare samyarosTan

damakavSirebeli erTaderTi da umTavresi sagzao arteria, romelic

rion-cxeniswylis saTaveebsa da kavkasionis qedis gadasasvlelebs

moicavda. am garemoebiT unda aixsnas konfliqtis warmoSobis

umTavresi mizezi. aleqsandre mefe, am Svidwliani konfliqtis

faruli Tanamzraxveli, TviTonve gvevlineba mTavar mosamarTle-

momrigeblad da saqmesac ise warmarTavs, rogorc sakuTari

interesebi karnaxobs. am movlenis gaSuqebas meore Secdomac

axlavs. mkvlevarebi varaudoben, rom mosaxleoba, romelic iq

saxlobda 1503 wlis ,,sasisxlo sigelis~ dadebis Semdeg aiyara

da svaneTSi gadasaxlda, rac zerele mecnieruli kvleviT

gamowveuli uzustobaa an ganzrax sicrue, romlis mizania

fustelTa uZvelesi samxedro-sarwmunoebrivi kulturis dafarva-

tabuireba. unda vivaraudoT, rom es yovelive erovnul

48

saxelmwifoebrivi sulis, arakeTilmosurne farul ZalTa

interesebSi unda yofiliyo, radgan am istoriuli procesebis

swori mecnieruli interpretaciisTvis saWiro masalebi rTuli

misakvlevi ar iyo. mecnierulad dadasturebulia, rom svaneTSi

am dros miwaze kerZo sakuTrebis ganviTarebis gamo Tavisufali

miwebi aRar iyo (g. jalabaZe, ,,memindvreoba svaneTSi~, Tb., 1970w.).

aseT viTarebaSi miuRebelia imis mtkiceba, rom svaneTi aseTi

didi raodenobis damatebiT mosaxleobas Seikedlebda rion-

cxeniswylis zemo welidan. garda amisa, ,,sasisxlo sigelis~

Tanaxmad, es mosaxleoba jafariZeTa xelSi gadadioda, ase rom

maTi iqidan TviTneburi ayra da umiwawylo ltolvilobaSi

gadasaxleba gamoricxulad unda CaiTvalos. amas ar dauSvebda

ara marto imdroindeli feodaluri, aramed saxalxo samarTalic

ki. am uaRresad mniSvnelovani strategiuli gadasasvlelebis

myarad Semomtkicebis mizniT imereTis samefo kari am

teritoriebidan, rogorc Cans, deportacias ukeTebs adgilobriv

svanur mosaxleobas qvemo raWaSi da leCxumSi da maT magivrad

asaxlebs Tavis erTgul, ufro saimedo mosaxleobas. aqve isic

unda aRiniSnos, rom XV saukuneSi saqarTvelom dakarga teritoriis

erTi mesamedi samxreT saqarTvelos saxiT, romelic qarTuli

saxelmwifoebriobis da kulturis fundamenturi kera iyo. es

teritoria TurqTa xelSi gadavida. iqidan ltolvili qarTuli

mosaxleoba moawyda saqarTvelos Siga regionebs da maT Soris

raWa-leCxumsac. aseT pirobebSi imereTis samefo karis, rion-

cxeniswylis xeobaSi Sesasaxlebeli erTguli mosaxleobis

problema, TavisTavad cxadia, ar eqneboda. sainteresoa, rom imereTis

samefoSi Semavali Tavisufali svaneTis teritoria garkveul

periodSi niqozis saepiskoposos ekuTvnoda. ram gamoiwvia gelaTis

sakaTalikoso taxtis iurisdiqciis SeWra mcxeTis sakaTalikosoSi?

erTi ram cxadia, iq moxvda ltolvili an sxva mosaxleoba,

romelic mcxeTis sakaTalikosos samwyso iyo. garda amisa, rogorc

49

davinaxeT, qarTl-kaxeTis mefeTa interesebSic Sedis gare

samyarosTan erTaderT damakavSirebel teritoriaze gavlenis

mopoveba. rogorc Cans, isinic cdilobdnen iq fexis mokidebas,

rasac asabuTebs 1503 wlis sigelSi iseTi aznauriSvilebis

moxseneba TavianTi mravalricxovani ymebiT, rogorebic arian

xoxagiZe, areSiZe, gagaSvili da sxv. svanebis diplomatiurma

Secdomam, sxva samefo-samTavroTa mcdelobam, TavianTi gavlenis

qveS moeqciaT imereTis samefoSi Semavali Tavisufali svaneTis

strategiuli mniSvnelobis karibWis teritoria, imereTis samefo

kari, savsebiT logikurad, iZulebuli gaxada, moemoqmedebina is,

rac kargad aris asaxuli 1503 wlis imerTa mefis aleqsandre II

mier gacemul “svanTa da jafariZeTa sasisxlo sigelSi” asaxuli.

XV saukuneSi saerTo qarTuli saxelmwifos daSlam gaaZliera

feodaluri Sida dapirispirebani, rasac ewireboda saerTo qarTuli

saxelmwifos sasicocxlo interesebi. mefe mTavarTa separatistul-

feodaluri ambiciebi ulmoblad angrevda saerTo saxelmwi-

foebriobis arsebobisaTvis saWiro erovnul Rirebulebebs. rTuli

sagareo pirobebiT gamowveulma Sida socialur-politikurma

rRvevam saerTo saxelmwifoebrivi interesebis damcveli fustobis

samxedro-sarwmunoebriv mravalsaukunovan organizaciul sistemas

Seutia da moSala. XV saukunidan fustis saidumlo samxedro-

organizaciuli sistema, romelic saqarTveloSi da mis sazRvrebs

gareT mdebare eklesia-monastrebis damcveli iyo, am funqcias

eTiSeba. am tradiciis centrSi mdgomi svaneTi ara marto kargavs

am saxelmwifoebriv-saeklesio funqcias, aramed eqspansiis

msxverplic xdeba, riTac mniSvnelovnad zaraldeba fustobis

mravalaTaswlovani erovnuli da kulturuli memkvidreoba. am

periodidan SeiniSneba calkeul samefo-samTavroebSi avtonomiuri

fustobas mimsgavsebuli sistemebis Seqmnis mcdeloba, rac Tavisi

winamorbedis aCrdilsac ar warmoadgenen. am istoriulma procesebma

ganapiroba is, rom svanurma yofam dRemde moitana fustobis

50

Sinaarsi, magram misi daniSnuleba mexsierebaSi TandaTan Sesustda.

samagierod raWaSi, sofelma futieTma, romelic am tradiciis

erT-erTi mTavari forposti iyo, eTnografiul mexsierebaSi mkafiod

Semoinaxa fustobis daniSnuleba, magram miiviwya Sinaarsi. am

mniSvnelovani erovnuli da kulturuli Rirebulebebis

srulyofilad aRdgena swored futieTisa da svaneTis

saRvTismetyvelo eTnografiuli sinTeziT xdeba SesaZlebeli. es

naTlad gviCvenebs, Tu ra mniSvneloba aqvs erisa da zogadad

xalxTa konsolidaciisaTvis warsulis kulturuli memkvidreobis

swor gacnobierebas. 1503 wlis `sasisxlo sigelis~ dadebis

Semdgom sadavo teritoriidan deportirebuli giorgobianebis

gvaris moxvedram sofel futieTSi ganapiroba is, rom fustobis

daniSnulebis maxsovroba raWaSi ufro sicocxlisunariani

aRmoCnda, vidre, vTqvaT, svaneTSi. gelaTis monastris 1578 wlis

erTi sabuTi, romelic sakaTalikoso Rirsebis mqone saeklesio

sofel futieTs exeba, mniSvnelovan wyaros warmoadgens fustelTa

istoriasTan dakavSirebuli movlenebis gasarkvevad, romlebic

ganviTarda erTiani qarTuli saxelmwifos daSlis Semdgom. vinaidan

es ordeni ̀ graalis mcvelTa~ samxedro-sarwmunoebrivi saidumlo

organizacia iyo, masze dokumenturi werilobiTi wyaroebi arc

SeiZleboda Seqmniliyo. am movlenis kvlevisas gvmarTebs Rrmad

dakvirveba, istoriul wyaroebSi asaxuli movlenis namdvili,

dafaruli Sinaarsis amosacnobad. amis nimuSebs warmoadgens

1503 da 1578 wlebis zemoT xsenebuli ori sabuTi.

mecnieruli gamoZieba imisa, Tu ra bedi ewia rion-cxeniswylis

zemo welis mosaxleobas ‘sasisxlo sigelis~ gaformebis Semdgom,

uaRresad mniSvnelovania qarTuli sulieri kulturis Sedevris,

fustobis, srulyofili SeswavlisaTvis. iqidan gamomdinare, rom

svaneTi yovelTvis warmoadgenda erTiani qarTuli saxelmwifos

sulieri kulturis zesaidumlo sacavs, am funqciis moSliT

erovnul mexsierebas garkveulwilad waerTva SesaZlebloba, sruli

51

warmodgena iqonios misTvis sasicocxlo mniSvnelobis mqone

istoriaze. cnobilma mecnierma eqvTime TayaiSvilma sofel Rebis

macxovris eklesiis jvarcmis erT-erT Wedur xatze, romelic

mixeil boWoriZem mogvianebiT quTaisis saxelmwifo muzeums

gadasca, waikiTxa: ,,qriste mogviWedinebia Cven giorgobianebsa

daegresa, kilsa da nikolsa, samunosa, cxazosa, seqosa dRegrZelobiT

vnebiTa. amin ufalo.~ xolo xatis Sua adgilze eqvTimem waikiTxa

Semdegi: ,,macxovaro gaumarjve Rebis xevsa. amin. ufalo RmerTo

da macxovaro, gaumarjve giorgisa, daviTsa da SiaoSsa; amin.

ufalo RmerTo.~ xati TariRdeba ara ugvianes XV saukunisa (e.

TayaiSvili, ‘raWaSi arqeologiuri mogzauroba~, 1919-1920w.w.,

gv.15), rac win uswrebs svanTa da jafariZeTa 1503 wlis sigels.

am xatze CamoTvlil saxelebSi moxsenebuli arian miqaelis da

Sios Camomavlebi. 1990 wlis 3 ivniss qarTulma sazogadoebam,

ruseTis imperiis batonobis periodSi pirvelad farTod aRniSna

gmiruli saeklesio ajanyebis 170 wlisTavi, romelic farTod

gaSuqda sainformacio saSualebebiT. am dros giorgobianebis

zemoT aRniSnuli sagvareulo xatis asli mobrZanebul iqna

sofel futieTSi. amJamad es xati daculia fustelTa skola-

muzeumSi. am xatTan erTad madlierma gvarma mxatvar irina

razmaZis mier Sesrulebuli eqvTime TayaiSvilis xatic miuZRvna

sofel futieTis sameba-suliwmindis, anu fustobis, dResaswauls.

maSin jer kidev ar iyo eqvTime RvTiskaci wmindanad Seracxuli.

irina razmaZis jer kidev 1990 wels dawerili xati pirvelia

sadac eqvTime RvTiskaci wmindanad gamoisaxa. mxatvarma wminda

eqvTime am xatze gamosaxa Zveli koSkebiT damSvenebuli Rebis

fonze. giorgobianebis sagvareulos es uwmindesi reliqvia,

jvarcmis xati, wm. eqvTime RvTiskacis xati, fasdaudebelia ara

marto imitom, rom igi gvaris siwmindea, aramed imiTac, rom Cven

naTeli warmodgena gveqmneba fustelTa sulier kulturul

memkvidreobaze. am xatebis aslis miReba, romelic dawera

52

1990 wels, SeuZlia yvela msurvels sofel futieTSi arsebuli

fustelTa skola-muzeumisagan da wignis avtorisagan. ra ziani

moutana feodaluri separatizmiT gamowveulma ngrevam, romelic

asaxulia 1503 wlis aleqsandre mefis sigelSi, fustis samxedro,

saxelmwifoebriv, erovnul tradicias, imiT vigrZnobT, rom 1819-

1820 w.w. saeklesio ajanyebis dros istoriuli svaneTis am

teritoriaze mcxovrebma Rebis, Wiorisa da glolis mosaxleobam

kategoriuli uari Tqva rusebis winaaRmdeg gamosvlaze. (n. maxaraZe,

,,1819-1820w.w. imereTis ajanyeba~. rusul enaze 1942w. gv.81.) es

imis momaswavebelia, rom feodaluri separatizmiT gamowveulma

SuRlma istoriuli svaneTis regionSi 1503 wlis ‘sasisxlo

sigelis~ gaformebis Semdeg Zirfesvianad amoZirkva fustobis

samxedro-sarwmunoebrivi cnobiereba.

amgvarad irkveva, rom giorgobianebi, imdroindeli Rebis

ZiriTadi gvari, romlebic TavianT salocavs avedrebdnen Tavis

samkvidro Rebis xevis gamarjvebas, zemoT naxseneb 1578 wliT

daTariRebul sabuTSi, moxsenebuli arian rogorc futieTSi

gadmosaxlebuli, gadmoxvewili, ucxoobaSi myofni. (,,qarTuli

samarTlis Zeglebi~, i. doliZe. 1870, Tb. t.III gv.309) am sabuTiT

dasturdeba, rom 1503 wlis sigelis gacemis Semdgom rion-

cxeniswylis zemo welidan marTlac momxdara mosaxleobis

deportireba am teritoriis saimedod Semomtkicebis mizniT. am

versiis siswores asabuTebs xalxuri Tqmulebebic. 1930 wels

90 wlis Rebeli markoz gobejiSvilisagan folkloristebma

aseTi cnoba Caiweres: ,,svaneTis mTavarma dadeSqelianma gogriWi

da giorgi misca sisxlSi, Rebelebo is ar gegonosye, rom Tqveni

iyos aqaobao~ (S. ZiZiguri. ‘qarTuli dialeqtologiuri masalebi~,

Tb., 1974w., gv.191) amasve adasturebs egnate gablianic: ,,vinme

giorgi svanma Rebidan moitaca Rebis xevis mTavari siwminde,

didi jvari, da svaneTSi gadaitana~ (e. gabliani. ,,Zveli da axali

svaneTi~, Tb., 1921w.) am cnobis mixedviT giorgis qmedebaSi imis

mcdeloba Cans, rom gvar-xevis mTavari sakulto simbolos

dabrunebiT isev daibrunon uwindeli teritoria da fustis

53

tradiciiT kuTvnili Rirseba. giorgobianebis gvaris moxseneba

raWa-leCxumis werilobiT ZeglebSi XVI saukunis dasawyisidan

iwyeba. (‘pirTa anotirebuli leqsikoni~, 1991w.,Tb.,T.I gv.663-

665). rac udavod amtkicebs imas, rom 1503 wlis ‘sasisxlo

sigelis~ gaformebis Semdeg mefe aleqsandre II samoxeleo

samsaxurma ganaxorciela mosaxleobis deportacia am mxridan.

amis Semdgom giorgobianebi saxloben raWa-leCxumis Semdeg

soflebSi: bari, futieTi, ximSi, patara oni, Txmori, RadiSi, gorisubani,

lacoria, RviriSi, surmuSi, spaTagori.

saxeli giorgoba, adreuli qristianuli xanis xalxur yofaSi

gavrcelebuli unda yofiliyo. erT Zvel saeklesio sabuTSi

moxsenebulia vinme giorgoba baxtaZe. giorgi, rogorc cnobilia,

berZnulad miwaT Semoqmeds niSnavs. amas exmianeba saxeli Rebi.

aseve erqva jer kidev qristianobamde cnobil warmarTul miwis

RvTaebas. erTi XVIII saukunis erT-erT dokumentSi gvxvdeba

vinme ivane RebaZe manTxojis mcxovrebi (s. kakabaZe, ,,saistorio

krebuli~, wigni I, gv.39). rogorc Cans religiuri msoflmxedve-

lobis ganviTarebis raRac etapze miwaTmoqmedis aRmniSvnel

uZveles termins _ Rebs Caenacvla berZnuli warmoSobis giorgoba.

Rebis toponimsa da giorgobianebis gvaris anTrotoponims Soris

aseTi kavSiri, asabuTebs imas, rom Cveni erovnuli sulieri kultura

Tavisi sawyisebidan dRemde viTardeboda mwyobri kanonzomieri

aRmavali xaziT, sadac kargad Cans warmarTobidan umtkivneulo

gadasvla qristianobaSi da misi Semdgomi ganviTareba. warmarTuli

miwaTmoqmedebis RmerTi Rebi da qristianuli miwaTmoqmedi giorgoba

erTi da imave arsis mqone Teonimebia. ris gamoc qristianul

yofaSi damkvidrda anTrotoponimi giorgoba. svaneTi am mxriv

warmoadgens erovnuli saRvTismetyvelo saganZuris unikalur

sacavs, romelSic dRemde daculia erovnuli sulieri kulturis

fasdaudebeli informacia. fustelTa skola-muzeumis mizania

Seiswavlos da eris cnobierebas daubrunos es sulieri codna.

amiT SevZlebT gamovasworoT eris oraswlovani sulieri genocidis

Sedegebi.

54

rion-cxeniswylis saTaveebi saqarTvelosaTvis mahmadianuri

garemocvis garRvevisaTvis erTaderTi saSualeba iyo am kritikul

droSi. am gziT Camodis da brundeba ruseTis didi elCoba 1652-

1653 wlebSi ivlievisa da toloCanovis meTaurobiT; ruseTSi

midis vaxtang VI Tavisi mravalricxovani amaliT; midi-modis

besik gabaSvili da sxva qarTul-rusuli elCoba moskovSi; gadmodis

ruseTis elCi sokolovi saqarTveloSi; solomon II elCoba

ruseTSi; ase midi-modis samegrelos mTavris elCoba ruseTSi; am

gziT amgzavrebs ruseTSi Teimuraz I Tavis mcirewlovan SviliSvils,

erekle I, dediTurT ruseTis mefis karze aRsazrdelad. erekle

I rusuli dokumentebi icnobs, rogorc david nikalaeviCs, xolo

iranuli _ rogorc nazarali xans. es is pirovnebaa, vinc petre

I namdvil mamad iTvleba. am gziT waabrZanes ruseTis elCebma

qeTevan wamebulis wminda nawilebi moskovs. am gziT urTierToben

kaxeTis mefeni yabardo-CerqezeTTan, am gzis saWiroebam ganapiroba

kaxeTisa da svaneTis mWidro urTierToba im periodSi.

es faqtebi naTlad gviCvenebs, rom raoden SezRuduli

unda yofiliyo qarTuli samefo-samTavroebis gare samyarosTan

damakavSirebeli sagzao-sakomunikacio qseli, radgan centraluri

kavkasionis yinulovani sauReltexilo gzebi aseTi maRali rangis

diplomatiuri urTierTobebisaTvis uvargisi iyo. kavkasionis arc

erTi uReltexili 3000 metreze dabla ar aris: maCxafari anu

SariTaus gadasasvleli_ 3407 m, geziTau _ 3435 m, Rebivceki _

3463 m. karagomi anu gurZivceki _ 3346 m. yvela es uReltexili

alpinisturia, amiT Cven sruli warmodgena gveqmneba imaze, Tu

rogor blokadaSi iyo saqarTvelo da ra didi strategiuli

mniSvneloba SeiZina svaneTis am teritoriam mocemul istoriul

periodSi. erTi ram faqtia, rion-cxeniswylis zemo weli im

droSi gare samyarosTan erTaderTi damakavSirebeli geografiuli

kvanZi xdeba. qarTuli samefo-samTavroebis dainteresebam svaneTis

sauReltexilo gzebiT, bunebrivia, daZaba svaneTis urTierToba

imereTis samefo karTan, romelsac svaneTi samarTlianad miaCnda

Tavisi samefos nawilad an, ufro sworad, amis pretenzia yvelaze

55

metad hqonda. miT umetes Tavisufal svaneTze, romelic, rogorc

1503 wlis ,,sasisxlo sigelidanac~ Cans, im dros enguris zemo

welis garda rion-cxeniswylis saTaveebsac moicavda. es teritoria

ki imereTis samefos iurisdiqciaSi Sedioda yovelTvis.

ar iqneboda urigo, Tu gavarkvevdiT, ras niSnavda es

Tavisufleba. dRemde misi arsi mcdarad aris axsnili feodaluri-

patronymuri TvalsazrisiT. qarTuli sulieri cxovrebis moSlis

gamo bevr yofiT kulturul movlenas mcdari axsna moeZebna.

ramac safuZveli daudo qarTveli eris sulier gadagvarebas.

erTi ram udavoa, svaneTi, gansakuTrebiT ki Tavisufali svaneTi,

yovelTvis iyo qarTuli sulieri kulturis zesaidumlo sacavi.

rogorc dRemde moRweuli fustis samxedro-sarwmunoebrivi

kulturuli memkvidreobis Seswavlam aCvena, statusi ,,Tavisufali~

am mxares religiuri movaleobis gamo unda mieRo jer kidev

qristianobamdel xanaSi, vinaidan, mkacrad dadgenili religiuri

kanonebiT, zeciuri meufis kuTvnil xalxze miwier meufeebs xeli

ar hqondaT. msgavs damokidebulebas vxedavT bibliaSic: levis

STamomavalTaTvis miniWebul privilegiebSi. levianebsa da

fu(s)tielebs identuri funqciebi hqondaT. am movlenis Sesaxeb

saubaria Zvel aRTqmaSi (gamosvla 6-25). qarTul sinamdvileSi

svaneTis garda sxvaganac gvxvdeba am faqtis gamovlinebis magaliTi:

I saukunis mogzauris, strabonis, cnobiT, ubatono qiziyi sataZro

anu uflis kuTvnilebas warmoadgenda. qiziys es statusi

qristianobis periodSic mtkiced SerCa. ufro metic, am statusma

ganapiroba masze gadmosuli gansakuTrebuli madli: qiziySi, sofel

bodbeSi wminda ninom moRvaweobis bolo wlebi gaatara da

samudamodac ganisvena. 1503 wlis sigeli asaxavs degradaciis

gzaze damdgar daqucmacebul feodalur qarTul saxelmwifos,

romelSic gaformda fustis samxedro-sarwmunobrivi movaleobis

gauqmeba erTiani qarTuli saxelmwifos daSlis gamo. radgan

qarTvel mefe-mTavrebs saerTo saxelmwifoebriv interesebze maRla

feodalur-separatistuli interesebi hqondaT dayenebuli. aman

seriozulad daazarala fustis samxedro, organizaciuli da

56

saxelmwifoebrivi sistema, romelic uzrunvelyofda maT

gadaadgilebas qveynis SigniT da mis farglebs gareT mdebare

saeklesio-samonastoro kompleqsebSi. fustelTa gadaadgile-

bisaTvis saWiro sabaziso forpostebis qseli moiSala, Tumca

maTi kvali dRemde SeiniSneba imereTSi _ sazano (Zveli skande),

fuTi-ilemi, qarTlSi _ winarexi, guriaSi _ lomiskarielis mTa.

aWaraSi _ futrevi sxalTis maxloblad, kaxeTSi _ kisisxevi,

ilmajvari da sxva. am obieqtebis naSTTa mokvleva momavlis

saqmea. miyenebuli zianis miuxedavad kidev erTxel am uZvelesma

samxedro-organizaciulma sistemam Tavisi movaleoba brwyinvaled

Seasrula 1819-1820 wlebis saeklesio ajanyebis dros, roca

zemo svaneTSi 1820 wlis 3 ivnisis futieTis tragikuli brZolis

Semdeg gaixizna qarTuli eklesiis wminda ganZi.

amerikis aRmoCenam evropis interesebi mTlianad Seabruna

dasavleTisaken. bizantiis dacemam SeuzRudavi gaxada mahmadianuri

qveynebis agresia saqarTvelos mimarT. dasustebuli saqarTvelo

XV saukunidan mahmadianuri qveynebis agresiis Sedegad daqucmacda

da calkeul samefo-samTavroebad danawevrebuli mtrul alyaSi

moeqca. gare samyarosTan damakavSirebel erTaderT gzad

erTmorwmune ruseTTan mosazRvre yabardo anu CerqezeTi daisaxa.

svaneTis yabardoSi gasasvlelad qarTvel mefe-mTavarTa interesTa

sferoSi rion-cxeniswylis saTaveebi eqceva. imereTis samefo

kari, aleqsandre II faruli TanadgomiT, jafariZeebis meSveobiT

zRudavs mis samefoSi Semaval svaneTs. mediatoris rolSi gamosuli

mefe rion-cxeniswylis saTaveebs arTmevs svaneTs da am

strategiuli karibWis erTxel da samudamod Semomtkicebis mizniT

axdens svanTa deportacias raWa-leCxumSi, sanacvlod iq Tavis

erTgul mosaxleobas amkvidrebs. aseTia is obieqturi istoriuli

wanamZRvrebi, ramac warmoSva svanTa da jafariZeTa 1503 wlis

,,sasisxlo sigelSi~ asaxuli garemoebebi. ramac saboloo jamSi,

erTiani qarTuli saxelmwifos daSlis fonze fustis samxedro-

organizaciuli sistemis funqciis gauqmeba gamoiwvia, erTiani

qarTuli saxelmwifos daSlis Semdeg.

57

koSkuri kultura-rogorckoSkuri kultura-rogorckoSkuri kultura-rogorckoSkuri kultura-rogorckoSkuri kultura-rogorc

fu(s)tielTa titulisfu(s)tielTa titulisfu(s)tielTa titulisfu(s)tielTa titulisfu(s)tielTa titulis

gamoxatulebagamoxatulebagamoxatulebagamoxatulebagamoxatulebaA

svanuri muryvamis (koSkis) tipis nagebobebis gavrcelebis

zona warsulSi moicavda mTel fustelTa Teogeografiul arials

raWa-leCxumsa da svaneTs. mas vxvdebiT kavkasionis gadaRmac, iq,

sadac warsulSi qarTvelebi saxlobdnen. am tipis nagebobebs

dRemde mxolod TavdacviTi da sabrZolo TvalsazrisiT ganixilaven,

xolo rac Seexeba mis umTavres da umniSvnelovanes sulier

maxasiaTebels, romelic xalxur Rrma sarwmunoeriv Sinaarss

Seicavs, dRemde TiTqmis ucnobia. (a. qaldani, ,,centraluri

kavkasionis koSkuri kultura, Tb., 1990w.).

koSkuri kulturis mkvlevarTa daskvniT da xalxuri

TqmulebebiT, svanuri tipis koSkebi ZiriTadad XI-XII saukuneebSia

aSenebuli. es epoqa ki qarTuli saxelmwifos Zlierebis zenitia.

erTiani, Zlieri, centralizebuli qristianuli qarTuli

saxelmwifo mtkiced iyo daculi rogorc gareSe mtrebis, ise

Sina aSlilobisagan. koSkebis ase masobrivad agebas im epoqaSi

TavdacviTi da sabrZolo Sinaarsi TiTqmis arHhqonda. koSkebis

Seneba im momentSi ganpirobebuli iyo sulierad Rrmad

ganviTarebuli sazogadoebis yofiTi moTxovnilebiTa da

qristianuli azrovnebis maRali doniT. upirvelesad Cven aq

unda davinaxoT imdroindel yofa-cxovrebaSi adamianis sulieri,

qristianuli inteleqtis aRmavloba, romlis materialur

gamoxatulebad iqca uaRresad ganaTlebul sarwmunoebriv

safuZvelze koSkuri kulturis yofaSi danergva da ganviTareba.

gavixsenoT saxareba: ,,kaci vinme iyo saxlisa ufali, romelman

daasxa venaxi, da zRude gare mosdva mas, da hqmna mas Sina

sawnaxeli, da aRaSena godoli da misca igi moqmedTa qveynisaTa.~

58

(maTe 21-33). wm. gabrieli (qiqoZe) ase ganmartavs koSkis anu

godolis arss: ,,igi moaswavebs yovelTa maT xorcielTa da

sulierTa sikeTeTa, mSvidobasa, simdidresa. rjulsa, madlsa,

romliTa RmerTman SezRuda da Seamko qveyana (gabriel episkoposi

t.2. gv.190-191). im droisTvis koSki uflis erTgulebis, uflis

Tayvaniscemis, gandidebis da misken siyvaruliT miswrafebis

simboloa. aq ufro sainteresoa is, rom koSkis aSenebis pativi

da ufleba aqvs mxolod mas, vinc aris fustis laSqris, anu

uflis (wm. samebis) laSqris wevri, e.i. saeklesio obieqtebis

samxedro-sarwmunoebrivi ordenis wevri, rasac fusteli ewodeba.

misi mimsgavsebuli movlena berZnul ,,ikonomosSi~ ido. rogorc

didi mecnieri iv. javaxiSvili ganmartavs: ,,samonastro wesdebis

Tanaxmad, ikonomosi monastris mTeli sameurneo nawilisa da

dawesebulebaTa gamged iTvleboda.~ Tumca saxelovani mecnieri

iqve dasZens: ,,gabmiT dalagebuli cnobebi ikonomosis ufleba-

movaleobis Sesaxeb arsad mogvepoveba.~ Tumca arsebuli wyaroebis

safuZvelze mecniers erTi sagulisxmo daskvna gamoaqvs:

,,ikonomosad bermonazvnis daniSvna sastikad akrZaluli iyo da

am Tanamdebobaze mxolod eriskacebis arCeva SeiZleboda.~ (iv.

javaxiSvili TqmulebaTa VII t. gv.48-50). istoriuli, yofiTi

mdgomareobidan gamomdinare, CvenSi miRebuli fustis funqcia

ufro samxedro, dacvis Sinaarsis matarebeli iyo. rogorc irkveva,

,,ikonomosi~ berZnuli terminia da saxlis gamges anu

saxlTuxucess niSnavs. XV saukunis Semdeg erTiani qarTuli

saxelmwifos daqucmacebis gamo fustelTa Teogeografiuli mxare

(raWa-leCxum-svaneTi) gamoeTiSa am saerTo erovnul-

saxelmwifoebriv saqmes. rogorc Cans, am periodidan calkeuli

samefo-samTavroebi da eparqiebi iZulebuli xdebian, am tradiciaSi

adgilobrivi mosaxleoba CarTon. amis damajerebeli dasturia

qarTlSi, winarexSi (kaspis r-ni) papua maRalaZis koSki. es koSki

tipuri svanuri gubandis anu raWuli duroiani saxlis tipzea

59

nagebi. koSkis mTavar fasadze, meore sarTulis doneze, Casmulia

firuzisferi qva wm. giorgis reliefuri gamosaxulebiT. aseve

samxreT-aRmosavleT fasadze, SedarebiT patara agurisfer qvaze

gamosaxulia wm. giorgi, romelic gveleSaps Trgunavs. warweris

mixedviT, es koSki sveticxovlis saxlTuxucess, (ikonomoss) anu

fustel rainds papua maRalaiZes augia 1679 wels (,,saqarTvelos

istoriisa da kulturis ZeglTa aRweriloba~, t.5, Tb., 1990w., gv.

214-218).

sur. 22.sur. 22.sur. 22.sur. 22.sur. 22. sveticxovlis saxlTuxucesis papuamaRalaiZis koSki sof. winarexSi (qarTli),

agebulia 1679 wels.

arada, erTiani saqarTvelos dros, rogorc zeviT ukve vaxseneT,

sveticxovlis dacvis pativi svaneTis sofel ecers hqonia, ris

Sesaxebac vaxuSti bagrationi wers. am SemTxvevaSi CvenTvis

60

mTavari imis dasabuTebaa rom svanuri tipis koSkuri nagebobani

namdvilad gamoxataven im didsa da sapasuxismgeblo pativs, romelic

fustelTa samxedro-saeklesio samsaxurSi ido. oraswlovani

sulieri genocidis gadasaxedidan, rodesac bevri Zvirfasi

sarwmunoebrivi tradicia moiSala da daviwyebas mieca, Zneli

aRsaqmeli xdeba bevri marTlmadidebluri zne-Cveuleba. bulgareTSi,

petriwonis monastris XI saukunis erT freskaze gamosaxulia

fusteli raindi. freskaze gamosaxulia koSki, romlis qveS marjvena

xelze dayrdnobiT wamowolilia Suaxnis kaci. es kaci

SaravandediT mosili wmindanebis garemocvaSia warmodgenili.

koSkis Tavidan am kacs mze dahnaTis (mze muryvamis anu koSkis

simboloa. aq es ar aris sakvirveli, petriwis monasteri xom

RvTismSoblis miZinebis saxelobisaa), mis TavTan aris berZnuli

warwera ,,madliT misiT.~ am freskaze warmodgenilia aRniSnuli

samonastro kompleqsis, Tanamedrove eniT rom vTqvaT, ,,dacvis

ufrosi~ (saxlTuxucesi, ikonomosi) anu fustelTa gvardiis

ufrosi. koSki, fusteli raindis titulis maCvenebelia (gavixsenoT

zemoT naxsenebi sveticxovlis saxlTuxucesi papua maRalaZe).

misi mxar-TeZoze wamowolili figura simSvidis, saimedoobis

maCvenebelia, rac ,,madliT misiT~ uzrunvelyofili dacvis xarisxze

miuTiTebs. imdroindel yofaSi xSiri sagareo da saSinao

SinaaSlilobebis dros monastris saimedo da myudro cxovrebis

uzrunvelyofas gadamwyveti mniSvneloba hqonda, rac kidevac

brwyinvaled aisaxa am freskaze. sayuradReboa rom petriwonis

monastris erT-erTi xelnaweri svaneTSi moxvda, aSkarad Cans,

rom dasavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTis, fustelTa Teogeografiuli

mxare, qveynis gareT arsebuli samonastro kompleqsebis dacvasac

eweoda da maT Soris iseT uSoresi obieqtisac, rogoric iyo

bulgareTSi mdebare es monasteri.

fustelTa Teogeografiul regionSi koSkis ti pebis

gansxvavebas mivyevarT im daskvnamde, rom koSkis tipi gansazRvravda

61

fusteli raindis funqciur adgils eklesia-monastrebis samxedro

dacvis rTul sistemaSi.

svanurad koSkis saxeli _ muryvami _sicocxlis xea, qveynis

zecasTan makavSirebeli kibea; es kargad vlindeba qarTul xalxur

leqsikaSi, magaliTad, qarTl-kaxur dialeqtSi murqani xes aRniSnavs

(qarT. xalxuri poezia Tb. 1988 w. t.X gv.156 gv.542). aseve

raWaSi maRal xes (alvis xes), koSki-xesac uwodeben (S. ZiZiguri

qarTuli dialeqturi Ziebani. Tb. 1970w. gv.219). muryvami xalxur

cnobierebaSi zecisken aRmarTuli kibea, romelic ufalTan

gvakavSirebs. RvTismSoblis daujdomelSi RvTismSobeli zecasTan

makavSirebeli kibea: ,,gixaroden hoi, dedofalo, soflisa

salxinebelo, da qveyniT zecad amaRlebulo kibeo~ _ koSki, anu

muryvami, swored miwis da zecis SemaerTebeli kibea, romlis

simboloc deda-RvTismSobelia. (Jur. ,,xelovneba~ #2 1993w.

gv.80-86 ,,raWuli duroiani saxli~). es movlena xalxur sarw-

munoebriv azrovnebas dRemde axasiaTebs fustelTa Teogeografiul

mxareSi. raWaSi, sofel RebSi, koSki-salocavi ,,dedaRvTisas~ saxiT

da leCxumSi sofel TaborSi koSki eklesiis saxiT.

sur 23.sur 23.sur 23.sur 23.sur 23. raWaSi, sofel RebSi SemorCenili koSki-

salocavi ,,deda RvTisa~.

62

koSkze, anu muryvamze, midgmuli maCubi (sacxovrisi),

RvTismSoblis mkerdze mityupebul Cvil macxovars ganasaxierebs.

marCbivi-tyupia saxarebiseulad; svanur leqsikas es termini

saxarebidan SemorCenia. koSki-RvTismSobeli, maCubi-mis mkerdze

mityupebuli Cvili macxovari. raWaSi sof. Rebis erT-erT Zvel

ubans sadac Zvelad bevri koSki idga, tyubi ewodeboda. (l.

fruiZe ,,iq sadac ibadeba rioni~, Tb. 1990 w. gv.83). aqve sainteresoa

isic, rom ivane javaxiSvili eyrdnoba ra sulxan-sabas leqsikons,

am termins ase ganmartavs: tyubi zogadi saxeli iyo da marto

erT budeSi oris mdgomarebis gamomxatvelia, anu sabas sityviT

,,orTa erTsa budesa Sina ewodeba tyubi~ (iv. javaxiSvili t. X

gv.397). Rebi, rogorc cnobilia, svanTa namosaxlia. aq termini

,,tyubi~ maCubis (marCbivis) Semcvlelad Cans. ase mSvenivrad

cxovrebiseul yofaSi gadatana RvTismSoblisa da macxovris

arsisa, mxolod sulierad maRalganviTarebul sazogadoebas SeeZlo

(gaz. ,,lileo,, #6 (25)-2003w. gv.3-4).

sur 24.sur 24.sur 24.sur 24.sur 24. svanuri muryvamis (koSki), maCubiT(sacxovrisi) ganasaxierebs RvTismSobels

Cvili ufliT.

63

meore tipis koSki, romelsac fustelTa Teogeografiul

mxareSi vxvdebiT, aris gubandi anu raWaSi duroiani saxli.

aseTi tipis nageboba wm. giorgis simbolos matarebelia, oTxi

sarTuliT. mTvaris samyofel meoTxe cas Wirana ewodeba (sulxan-

saba leqsikoni t.II gv. 403, gv. 323) mTvare rom wminda giorgis

simboloa, amas iv. javaxiSvilic amtkicebs (qarTveli eris istoria

1928 w., t. I. gv.46). koSkTa Sesaxeb me bevri publikaciebi maqvs

da maT dawvrilebiT aRweras aq aRar Sevudgebi. (gazeTi ,,raeo~

Tebervali~, 2000w. gv. 16-17; gaz. ,,raeo~ #6 (25)-2003w. gv.3-4;

Jurn. ,,xelovneba~ #2-1993 w. gv. 80-86).

sur 25.sur 25.sur 25.sur 25.sur 25. fustelTa yofaSi koSkis zeda sarTuli

sakurTxevlis rangSi iyo ayvanili.

koSkuri kulturis Soreuli fesvebi jer kidev maxlobeliaRmosavleTis xalxebSi iCenda Tavs, rogorc religiuri msofl-mxedvelobis gamovlineba (z. kiknaZe, ,,Sua mdinaruli miTologia~,Tb., 1979w., gv. 115).

kolxeTSi koSkuri nagebobebis religiasTan kavSirs aSkaradasabuTebs Zvel berZnul wyaroebSi aRwerili mosinikuri koSkurinagebobebic. qsenofontes cnobiT, mosinikebis xis koSkebi warmarTmosinik qurumTa samyofels warmoadgenda. (saqarTvelos istoriis

narkvevebi, t.I gv. 420).

64

sur .26 .sur .26 .sur .26 .sur .26 .sur .26 . uZ v eles b erZ nulwyaroebSi aRwerilia mosinikurikoSki kolxeTSi (rekonstruqciagela gamyreliZisa). aRniSnuli xiskoSkebi analogiuria svanurimuryvam-maCubisa.

sur. 27.sur. 27.sur. 27.sur. 27.sur. 27. am suraTebze warmodgenilia uZvelesikolxuri xis koSkebiani dasaxlebebi; maT sabrZo-

losTan erTad sarwmunoebrivi daniSnuleba hqondaT.

65

qristianul yofaSi es tradicia gagrZelda mesvete berebis

yofaSic. (S. amiranaSvili, ,,damiane~, Tb., 1980w., gv.9)

yovelive zemoT Tqmuli gvarwmunebs imaSi, rom fustelTa

Teogeografiul mxareSi, koSkuri kultura ganuyoflad aris

dakavSirebuli marTlmadideblur yofiT cnobierebasTan. warsulSi

fustel raindTa titulis gamoxatvis erT-erT umTavres formas

koSkuri nagebobebis zemoT aRniSnuli tipebi warmoadgendnen,

rasac safuZveli winare qristianul epoqaSi hqonda. aseTi

marTmadidebluri tradiciebis gamomzeureba mtkice safuZvels

uqmnis erovnuli marTlmadidebluri eklesiis aRdgenas da

qarTveli eris oraswlovani sulieri genocidis damRupveli

movlenis aRmofxvras.

fustelTa xalxurifustelTa xalxurifustelTa xalxurifustelTa xalxurifustelTa xalxuritradiciebitradiciebitradiciebitradiciebitradiciebi

rogorc zemoT ukve aRvniSneT, fu(s)ti momdinareobs

uZvelesi mzis Tayvaniscemis epoqidan, kolxTa umaRlesi qalRvTaebis

futis arsidan. svanuri qristianuli fenomenis Tavisebureba is

aris, rom saqarTvelos yvelaze maRalmTian mxareSi qristianobas

noyieri niadagi daxvda, ramac ganapiroba qristianobamde bevri

kulturuli memkvidreobis, qristianobis mier ise Sesisxlxorceba

da ganviTareba, rom masSi Zveli warmarTobis naSTebi TiTqmis

SeumCnevelia. kolxTa uZvelesi warmarTuli mzis umaRlesi RvTaeba,

futi, aq qristianuli umaRlesi dogmatis fu(s)tSi, anu samebis

arsSi, gardaisaxa. saqarTvelos sxva maRalmTiani regionebiviT aq

qristianobas ara Tu winaaRmdegoba, mwyobri, zeaRmavali, ganviTarebis

uwyveti kvali naTlad atyvia. uZvelesi sulieri kulturuli

66

Rirebulebebi qristianobas ki ar wauSlia, ise bunebrivad mourgia,

iseTi srulyofileba miucia, rom Tu ara TviT RvTis gangeba, amas

adamiani ver SeZlebda. albaT, marTlac, RmerTs sWirdeboda es

mxare, rom adamianebisTvis Zveli da axali aRTqmis burjebze

mtkice xidi gaedo.

fu(s)tis, anu samebis, Sesaxeb Cvens mecnierebsa da

sasuliero pirebsac, samwuxarod, jerovani warmodgena ar aqvT.

amis mizezi oraswlovani sulieri genocidis movlenaa (1. gazeTi

,,saqarTvelo XXI-e~ #3 2009 w. gv.19; ,,cerkovni bunt~-i aTvlis

wertili, saidanac ruseTis imperiam saqarTvelos sulieri ganocidi

daiwyo. 2. gazeTi ,,ambrolauris moambe~ #9-10, 2008 w. gv.2

,,rusuli agresiis yvelaze mZime memkvidreoba-qarTveli eris

sulieri genocidi). saerTod svaneTi is mxarea saqarTvelosi,

romelmac oazisiviT Semoinaxa erovnuli marTlmadidebluri

tradiciebi. svanurma yofam qristianul kanonikaSi fusti samebis

simbolod gardasaxa, garda amisa, mas hqonda agreTve meore,

istoriulad Camoyalibebuli erovnul-saxelmwifoebrivi funqcia

_ saeklesio-samonastro obieqtebisa da maTi qonebis dacva da

gadarCena mtris xelyofisagan. svaneTma es funqcia pirnaTlad

Seasrula. aq calke unda ganvixiloT, rom fusti svanurSi aris

qristianuli sarwmunoebis uzenaesi dogmati _ sameba, umaRlesi,

gonebisTvis miuwvdomeli uflis arsis amsaxveli termini. is

ganasaxierebs sameba-sulTmofenobis arss. Tumca mas Tavisi Sinaarsi

hqonda qristianobamdel epoqaSic, rogorc futielTa (kolxTa)

umaRles mzis RvTaebas. saRvTismetyvelo evoluciis es cikli

naTlad asaxavs im fasdaudebel sulier-kulturul memkvidreobas,

rac qarTvelTa mravalaTaswlovan istoriaSi aisaxa. imperiis

mier movlenili sulieri genocidi ki aseT erovnul Rirebulebas

cecxliTa da maxviliT ebrZoda da spobda. im donemdec ki

davediT, rom umaRlesi rangis sasuliero ierarqi fusts, anu

sameba-suliwmindas, sajarod gmobs. ufro metic, mas amis mere

67

sinodi mitropolitis xarisxSi amaRlebs. ruis-urbnisis krebis

istoriuli magaliTi asabuTebs, rom eris sulieri genocidisagan

Tavis daRwevas, xelisuflebisa da xalxis mxridan, ruis-urbnisis

krebis msgavsi RonisZieba sWirdeba.

fustis dResaswauls emTxveoda, rotaciis periodi. yvela

soflisTvis is individualuri iyo. rogorc cnobili mkvlevari

g. gasviani aRniSnavs, is iwyeboda qvemo soflebSi gazafxulis

bolos da mTavrdeboda zemo soflebSi gvian zafxulSi. fustis

dResaswaulis rituali micvalebulTa moxsenebiT iwyeboda, Semdeg

modioda samxedro-sportuli TamaSobaTa cikli, sul bolos ki

trapezi da lxini imarTeboda da samxedro sportuli sanaxaobebiT

mTavrdeboda.

fustis raindTa uZveles dResaswaulad unda miviCnioT

,,huliSis~ dResaswauli. es dReoba petre-pavlobis marxvas erTi

kviriT uswrebs win da mas sxvadasxva sazogadoebebSi sxvadasxva

xangrZlivobiT (1-5 dRemde) dResaswauloben. masSi Zvelad, rogorc

Cans, fustelTa mTeli Teogeografiuli mxare monawileobda.

magram XV saukuneSi, erTiani saqarTvelos daSlisa da 1503

wlis svanTa da jafariZeTa sasisxlo sigelis Semdgom, igi mxolod

balszemour svanur dResaswaulad iqca. termini ,,huliSi~ unda

modiodes ,,hunidan~, rac, sulxan-sabas ganmartebiT, ,,keTilad

xednil cxens~ niSnavs. micvalebulTa pativsacemad cxenebiT

jiriTi xevsureTSic ician da mas ,,cxenni~ ewodeba. ,,huliSic~

gmirulad daRupuli fustis raindebis xsovnisadmi miZRvnili

ritualis samxedro-sportuli doRi unda yofiliyo. miT umetes

am dResaswaulze aucileblad gamodis fustelTa mTavari droSa

anu bavrayi ,,lemi~.

uSgulSi, fustis (samebis) taZarSi, Rvinobis (oqtomberi)

Tvis pirveli orSabaTi ,,Rvinoba doSTiS~ (Rvinis orSabaTiT)

idResaswauleboda. Tu CavTvliT, rom fustis taZris mTavari

dResaswaulebi iyo: pirveli fustoba (dRe, roca xdeboda saeklesio

68

jarebis rotacia) meore _ suliwmindis mofena-sameboba, mesame _

Rvinoba doSTiS; meoTxe _ Soba, mexuTe _ aRdgoma. am dResaswaulebs

Soris Cven ganvixilavT Rvinis dResaswauls, vimsjelebT ra sofel

uSgulis magaliTze, igive unda vigulisxmoT svaneTis sxva

soflebSic, sadac fustis (samebis) taZrebi idga. yvela am

SemTxvevaSi Rvinis pativiscema da sadResaswaulo rangSi ayvana

dakavSirebulia qristes sisxlis pativiscemasTan, im sisxlisa,

romelic CvenTvis daanTxia qveynis mxsnelma ufalma-macxovarma.

svaneTSi da, saerTod, dasavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTSi ludi ar

icodnen, vinaidan igi warmarTuli kerpebis sasmelad iTvleboda

da qristianul yofaSi misi moxmareba sastikad ikrZaleboda.

adre aq, rogorcMmTel saqarTveloSi, arayic ar iyo farTo

moxmarebis sasmeli. aryis moxmarebis gavrceleba saqarTveloSi

rusTa Semosvlis Semdeg daiwyo. Rvinisa da vazis kulturasTan

svanTa damokidebulebis brwyinvale sabuTia 1503 wliT

daTariRebuli svanTa da jafariZeTa sasisxlo sigeli. Sua

saukuneebis periodSi raWis mflobel feodal jafariZeTa mtrobis

Sedegad svaneTi mkacr blokadaSi aRmoCnda. am mtrobis gamo

svaneTma dakarga teritoriis mniSvnelovani nawili da gadaixada

didi kontribucia raWis feodal jafariZeTa sasargeblod.

mniSvnelovania, rom es dokumenti ase iwyeba: ,,Svids weliwads

asre viyveniT, rome sruliad svaneTis qveyanasa saziarebels veRar

viSovebdiTo.....~ e.i. Rvino, romelic svaneTs garedan Semohqonda

rogorc qristianuli yofis aucilebeli elementi, veRar SeutaniaT

jafariZeTa mtrobis gamo, ris Sedegad 7 weli mTeli svaneTi

uziarebeli iyo. rogorc am dokumentidan irkveva, qristianuli

cxovrebis wesis Rrmad pativismcemeli svanebisTvis umTavresi

satkivari is iyo, rom jafariZeTa blokadis gamo saziarebeli

Rvinis uqonlobam moSala umTavresi qristianuli rituali.

svaneTis Rvinis dResaswaulis magaliTi naTlad metyvelebs imaze,

Tu rogori qristianuli wesebiT cxovrobda qarTveli xalxi da

69

ra rols TamaSobda qarTveli xalxis yofiTi tradiciebis Casaxva-

ganviTarebaSi imdroindeli qarTuli marTlmadidebluri eklesia.

,,Todrakelis Zlevas~ _ am xalxur rituals, analogi moeZebneba

svaneTSi, laSTxveris mTavarangelozis da uSgulis macxovris

taZris gare kedlebis freskebze. am freskebze warmodgenilia

amiran darjelanis da bay-bay devis brZola.

sur. 28. sur. 28. sur. 28. sur. 28. sur. 28. laSTxveri, wm. mTavarangelozTa eklesia.CrdiloeTis fasadis freska: amiran darjelani

ebrZvis baybay devs.

sur. 29.sur. 29.sur. 29.sur. 29.sur. 29. fustelTa skola-muzeumis erT-erTi ba-taluri scena. amiran darjelani da misi Tanamebr-Zolebi ebrZvian borotebis simbolos _ baybay devs.

70

am samxedro-sarwmunoebrivi ritualis daniSnuleba iyo,

fustis raindTa fsiqologiuri samxedro momzadeba. isini

SemarTebulni da uSiSarni unda yofiliyvnen nebismier borot

da uZlevel ZalasTan brZolaSi. am rituals atarebdnen fustelTa

uZvelesi da umTavresi forpostis sof. futieTis mkvidrebi. igi

tardeboda soflis mTavari dResaswaulis suliwmindis mofenis

(meergase dRis) dResaswaulis meore dRes, e.i. samebobis anu

fustobis dRes. soflis mcxovreblebi aRmarTavdnen Tivisagan

damzadebul bay-bay devs, misi simaRle zogjer 10 metrsac ki

aRemateboda. Semdeg am devis irgvliv Tavs iyrida mTeli sofeli.

mas windawin SurduliT qvebis tyorcnas uwyebdnen, meSurduleebi

cdilobdnen, misTvis SublSi gaertyaT qva. aRniSnuli qmedeba

Wabuki daviTisa da goliaTis brZolis, Zveli aRTqmis istoriis

mibaZva iyo. vinaidan meSurduleebi yovelTvis soflis WabukTa

wridan iyvnen, masSi ufrosi Taobis warmomadgenlebi ar

monawileobdnen. am ritualis Semdgom winaswar gamorCeuli

uxucesi cecxlian isars styorcnida bay-bay devs. pirvel isarze

ase daiZaxebda: ,,aseT kupris cecxlSi daiwvas (isars kuprSi

avlebdnen) Cveni sarwmunoebisa da qveynis mteri~; mas xalxi

,,aminiT~ upasuxebda. meore isarze _ ,,ase daiwvas kupris cecxlSi

eklesiis qonebis xelmyofeli~; xalxi kvlav amins SesZaxebda.

momdevno isrebzec uaryofiT personaJebs Trgunavdnen. amis Semdgom

Tivis devs cecxli uCndeboda. kacebi cecxlmodebul devis irgvliv

,,amiranis ferxuls~ abamdnen, ferxuli safexurebianic scodniaT.

Zvelad, rogorc amboben, 7 sarTuliani ferxulis Cabmis SemTxvevac

yofila.

marTalia ,,Todrakelis Zleva~ ZiriTadad samebobas anu

fustobas icodnen, magram gansakuTrebul SemTxvevaSi mas sxva

drosac marTavdnen, roca qveyanas gareSe mtris saxiT gansacdeli

daatydeboda Tavs. magaliTad, pirveli msoflio omis monawileni

sofel futieTidan am ritualiT gaucilebia sofels.

71

rogorc Cans aRniSnuli rituali uZvelesi samxedro-

fsiqologiuri momzadebis sulier-mistikuri meTodia. Cans. sityva

,,Todrakeli~, sulxan-sabas ganmartebiT, ,,utifrad borotis

moqmeds~ niSnavs. am SemTxvevaSi saqme gvaqvs mtris borotmoqmedebis

ZlevasTan. am Zlevis da mtris sastikad damarcxebis maCvenebelia

isic, rom bolos ukve Camwvar devs gamarjvebis omaxiani SeZaxilebiT

axtebodnen zevidan.

sur.30.sur.30.sur.30.sur.30.sur.30. ,,Todrakelis Zlevis~ rituali sakaTa-

likoso Rirsebis mqone saeklesio sofel futieTSi.

sakacebo _ es iyo sofel futieTSi mamakacTa TavSesayreli

adgili. zogadad saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxeSi, warsulSi

cnobili iyo soflis mcxovrebTa TavSesayreli, anu soflis

sazogadoebriv-saxalxo mmarTvelobis formebi, magaliTad,

xevsureTSi safexno; TuSeTSi saanjamo; xevSi eroba; lazeTSi

oRinRale; svaneTSi lanyavi da lalxori; raWaSi sanaxSo (r.

xaraZe, al. robaqiZe, mTiuleTis sofeli Zvelad. Tb. 1965 weli).

72

sakacebo sofel futieTSi soflis centrSi mdebareobda.

gza-Saris orive mxares Zvelad mowyobili iyo skamebi. sadac

sxdebodnen soflis uxucesi mamakacebi. dasxdoma skamebze

ZvelTaganve asakis mixedviT xdeboda. centrSi mdebare skamebi

ufrosi asakis warmomadgenlebs eTmobodaT, xolo ganapira nakleb

xnovanebs. TiToeul maTgans, rogorc wesi, xelSi rkinis bunikiani

xeljoxebi, mujirebi, epyraT. mujira ise rogorc saojaxo

saufroso skami _ sakarcxuli, aq mxcovani adamianis titulis

maCvenebeli iyo. amiT unda avxsnaT albaT isic, rom sakacoboze

uxucesebi mujiris gareSe ar midiodnen. sakacebo warmoadgenda

sakrebulo-saTaTbiros (parlamentis msgavss). aq ixileboda da

wydeboda soflis yvela mimdinare sakiTxi. aq miRebuli

gadawyvetilebebis Sesruleba soflis TiToeuli mcxovrebisaTvis

savaldebulo iyo. sakacebos gadawyvetilebis Sesrulebas

Tvalyurs adevnebda, e.w. ,,Zalovani struqtura~ _ xelosnebi.

xelosnebad sakacebo irCevda jan-Ronian axalgazrda kacebs, maTi

movaleoba iyo Tvalyuri edevnebinaT da sisruleSi moeyvanaT

sakacebos gadawyvetilebebi. sofel futieTis yofis fesvebi unda

veZeboT mefe aietis droindeli kolxTa umTavresi salocavis

mzis (futis) istoriidan. rodesac mefe aietma Seityo ,,oqros

sawmisis~ da medeas gatacebis ambavi, man kolxebi saTaTbirod

Seyara. es saTaTbiro, ar aris gamoricxuli, dRevandelamde

moRweuli sakacebo iyos. mTaSi uZvelesi mzis (futis) taZris

maxloblad dResac arsebobs ezokrebis toponimi. ezokreba

ewodeboda sayovelTao-saxalxo TaTbirs, roca qveyanaSi gansakuTrebuli

ram xdeboda. ezokrebaze ikribeboda beri da jeeli, qali da kaci, didi

da patara. ,,oqros sawmisis~ gatacebis eqo, ezokrebis zurgis saxeliT

cnobili toponimi dRemde arsebobs uZvelesi mzis (futis) taZris

gverdiT. rogorc utyvi mowme am Soreuli istoriuli movlenisa.

(gazeTi ,,raeo~ aprili 1996 w. sakacebo).

xoCala kaci _ ase iwodeboda sofel futieTSi, kargi

vaJkaci, kaci janRoniani, moxerxebuli, kargi cxenosani, kargi

meomruli TvisebebiT dajildoebuli. am sapatio saxelis mqone

pirovneba, akaki grigolis Ze arCvaZe, dResac cxovrobs sofelSi.

axla igi 80 welze meti xnisaa, man es wodeba WabukobaSi daimsaxura.

73

,,fustis raindTa nakvalevi~,,fustis raindTa nakvalevi~,,fustis raindTa nakvalevi~,,fustis raindTa nakvalevi~,,fustis raindTa nakvalevi~

da 1819-1820 wlebisda 1819-1820 wlebisda 1819-1820 wlebisda 1819-1820 wlebisda 1819-1820 wlebis

saeklesio ajanyeba saeklesio ajanyeba saeklesio ajanyeba saeklesio ajanyeba saeklesio ajanyeba

qarTuli marTlmadidebeli eklesiis avtokefaliis gauqmebam,

freskebis gadaRebvam, saeklesio qonebisa da siwmindeebis xelyofam,

eklesia-monastrebis didi nawilis gauqmebam da Rirseuli sasuliero

pirebis gandevnam, eparqiebis gauqmebam da gamsxvilebam, rac mTavaria

qarTuli erovnuli saRvTismetyvelo mecnierul-filosofiuri

swavlebis Zirfesvianma mospobam safuZveli daudo qarTveli eris

sulier genocids. am arnaxulma, erovnuli sulisTvis

momakvdinebelma movlenam warmoSva 1819-1820 wlebis saeklesio

ajanyeba (,,cerkovni bunt~). qarTuli erovnuli sulieri

Rirebulebebis damcveli samxedro-saekleso ordeni ,,fustebi~

imTaviTve am sisxlismRvreli ajanyebis avangardSi aRmoCndnen.

1820 wlis gazafxulze ruseTis imperiis sadamsjelo samxedro

SenaerTebi gadamwyvet ieriSze gadavidnen, vinaidan fustelma

raindebma saidumlod didZali saeklesio ganZi Seagroves da

Cveuli gziT, svaneTisken, daZres gadasamalad. (Jurnali ,,arsenali~

#4, 2008 w. gv. 12-14 ,,tabu dadebuli samxedro kulturuli

memkvidreoba~; Jurnali ,,arsenali~ #6 2008 w. ,,futieTis brZola~).

pirveli Setakeba 1820 wlis 30 maiss moxda imereTSi, sofel

zemo sazanosTan, (istoriuli skandes cixis maxloblad). aq

dRemde arsebobs am movlenis utyvi mowme ,,damwvari eklesia~.

oTxi dRis Semdeg, 1820 wlis 3 ivniss, fexdafex adevnebul

rusTa jars fustelTa mxedrobam gmiruli brZola gaumarTa

raWaSi, fustelTa uZveles forpostTan, sofel futieTTan. es

sofeli uxsovari droidan fustelTa garnizons warmoadgenda

74

da, garda siwmindeTa evakuaciis funqciisa, uZveles droSi mis

maxloblad mdebare xixamTis masivze arsebuli uZvelis mzis

(futis) taZris, kolxTa umTavresi sakulto obieqtis dacvac

evalebodaT. (gazeTi ,,axali ganaTleba~ 22-28 marti 2007 w.

,,sad iyo uZvelesi kolxeTis sulieri centri~). saRvTismetyvelo-

samecniero mtkicebulebiT da xalxuri TqmulebebiTac, argonavtebma

,,oqros sawmisi~ swored aqedan gaitaces.

sur.31. sur.31. sur.31. sur.31. sur.31. saeklesio ajanyebis gmirebma am uZvelesifustelTa marSrutiT gaxiznes 280 jorze akide-

buli saeklesio qoneba zemo imereTidan zemo

svaneTSi.

1819-1820 w.w. saeklesio ajanyebis istoriasa da fustelTa

gmirul Rvawls orasi wlis ganmavlobaSi umkacresi tabu edo.

uaxlesi istoriis manZilze pirvelad 1990 wlis 3 ivniss sofel

futieTSi aRiniSna am tragikuli ajanyebis 170 wliTavi, 2000

wels ki _ 180 wlisTavi.

75

sur.32.sur.32.sur.32.sur.32.sur.32. 1990 wels futieTSi pirvelad aRiniSna

saeklesio ajanyebis 170 wlisTavi.

orsave SemTxvevaSi xelisuflebisa da sazogadoebis mxridan

aqtivoba didi iyo. (gazeTi ,,komunisti~ 27 aprili 1990 w. gv.2.

,,sicocxle Tavisufleba erTia). rac Seexeba eklesias, man am

movlenis xmauriT aRniSvnas orsave SemTxvevaSi dumiliT upasuxa.

(gazeTi ,,saqarTvelo XXI-e~ #3, 2009w. gv.19 ,,cerkovni bunt~-

aTvlis wertili, saidanac ruseTis imperiam saqarTvelos sulieri

genocidi daiwyo; gazeTi ,,ambrolauris moambe~ #9-10, 2008w.

gv.2 ~rusuli agresiis yvelaze mZime memkvidreoba _ qarTveli

eris sulieri genocidi~; gazeTi ~axali ganaTleba~ #18(317),

2006w. ,,vin moxsnis oraswlovan tabus futieTis tragikul

brZolas~. eklesiis mxridan es tabu kidev 18 weli gagrZelda!

2008 wels dekemberSi sandro axmetelis Teatrma warmoadgina

guram qarTveliSvilis mier ,,cerkovni buntis~ istoriul Temaze

76

Seqmnili piesa. batoni gurami amis Sesaxeb Jurnal ,,gzaSi~

werda: ,,Cvens sazogadoebaSi rom warsulis totaluri

ucodinarobaa, es faqtia, samwuxarod, Zalian kargma qarTvelebmac

ki bevri ram ar ician. am piesaSi aRwerili epoqa TviTon rusebma

gansakuTrebulad miCqmales, radgan swored maTi istoriis

samarcxvino furcelia, rogor moeqcnen qarTvel marTlmadideblur

eklesias~. piesis damdgmeli reJisori giorgi SulutaSvili ase

axasiaTebs am ajanyebis istoriul periods: ,,am amboxis winapiroba

iyo ruseTis egzarxosis gadawyvetileba, aRewera saqarTvelos

saeklesio ganZi, gaetana da fulad eqcia. es is periodia, rodesac

saqarTvelos aRarc samefo taxti aqvs da aRarc kaTalikosi

hyavs. erTobisaken mowodebis ufleba ki mxolod mefes aqvs.

maSin erTiani xdeba glexic, Tavadic da aznauric. es iyo

saqarTvelos istoriaSi erTaderTi SemTxveva, rodesac dampyroblis

winaaRmdeg omi eklesiam gamoacxada. amas mitropolitebi _

dosiTeos quTaTeli da eqvTime gaenaTeli xelmZRvanelobdnen.

qarTvelebma moaxerxes 280 joris sapalne oqro-vercxlis svaneTSi

gadamalva, magram es Zalian Zvirad daujdaT. marto bolo brZolaSi

futieTTan 2000-ze meti raWveli, imereli da mTeli dasavleT

saqarTvelos warmomadgeneli daiRupa. es iyo usastikesi xocva-

Jleta. saqarTveloSi am faqtis Sesaxeb Zalian cotam icis,

arada es aris daaxloebiT Samqoris da basianis brZolebis dari

magaliTi. komunistebma istoriidan es furceli amogvixies, radgan

sinamdvileSi, sabWoTa imperiac xom rusuli imperiis gagrZeleba

iyo! mas CvenTvis unda Seeqmna iluzia, TiTqos es saerTo saxalxo

ajanyeba mxolod patara bunti iyo. sxvaTa Soris 30-ian wlebSi

eqvTime TayaiSvili buenos-airesSi werda papavebs, rogorme sandro

axmetelisaTvis miewvdinaT xma, rom am ajanyebis Temaze speqtakli

daedga~ (Jurnali ,,gza~ #51(445)-2009w. gv.26-28).

77

sur. 33. sur. 33. sur. 33. sur. 33. sur. 33. fustelTa skola-muzeumSi warmodgenilia1819-1920 ww.-is saeklesio ajanyebis droindeli

sabrZolo iaraRi.

am tragikuli istoriis scenaze gadmotana did miRwevad

unda CaiTvalos, vinaidan amiT iwyeba qarTveli eris oraswlovani

sulieri genocidis yinulis dnoba. Tumca fustelTa

mravalaTaswlovani fasdaudebeli erovnuli kulturuli

memkvidreoba jer kidev saTanadod ver aris warmodgenili piesaSi.

aq mainc kidev Zalumad igrZnoba oraswlovani sulieri genocidis

marwuxebSi moqceuli dRevandeli qarTuli eklesiis gavlena. es

marwuxebi jer kidev zRudavs da gzas uxSobs erovnuli

marTlmadidebluri cnobierebis gaRviZebas. erovnuli marTlma-

didebluri tradiciebis miRma bevri unikaluri erovnuli sulier-

kulturuli Rirebulebaa. aseTTa Soris aris fustobis

ZvelTaZveli gmiruli samxedro-saeklesio tradicia. fu(s)tis

tradicias, amas Zveli aRTqmac gvidasturebs, bibliuri noes

78

SviliSvilis eTnarq futisgan eyreba safuZveli protoqarTvelTa

samyaroSi (esaia 66-19). daviT aRmaSeneblis epoqaSi qarTvel

graalis mcvelTa anu fu(s)telTa samxedro-saeklesio tipikons

gaecnen evropeli jvarosnebi da 1119 wels ierusalimSi mibaZviT

Seqmnes fu(s)telTa msgavsi tamplierTa ordeni. es ordeni rom

qarTvel fu(s)telTa mibaZviT Seiqmna, amis Tqmis safuZvels gvaZlevs

is, rom evropel rainds kurTxevis bolos, gadaecemoda satitule

maxvili, romelsac evropaSi ,,fustaki~ ewodeboda. (ala

iastrebickaia. ,,XI-XIII s.s-is dasavleTi evropa~. Tb. 1981w.

gv.128). sxvaTa Soris, isic saTqmelia, rom saqarTvelos mTaSic

igive tipis vadajvrian orlesul maxvils ,,franguli~ ewodeboda.

rogorc cnobilia, saqarTveloSi ,,frangi~ _ kaTolikobasac

aRniSnavda. amrigad es faqti damajereblad asabuTebs, rom qarTvel

da evropel qristianebs daviT aRmaSeneblis epoqaSi mWidro

kontaqtebi hqondaT. rusulma imperiulma interesebma qarTveli

eris maxsovrobidan ganzraxulad amoZirkva fustobis uZvelesi

samxedro-saeklesio memkvidreobac 1819-1820 wlebis saeklesio

ajanyebasTan erTad. oraswlovas sulier genocids oazisiviT

gadaurCa mxolod svanuri qristianuli fenomeni.

Zvel droSi, omianobis dros saeklesio siwmindeTa

gadarCenis mizniT, gaxizvnis valdebuleba dasavleT saqarTvelos

mTianeTis mcxovrebTa tradicia iyo. am mxriv svanebma gamorCeulad

erTgulad SeinarCunes es fasdaudebeli erovnuli tradicia.

rusulma imperiam kargad icoda, Tu ra Zlieri iyo svanuri

qristianuli fenomeni, amitom es SesaniSnavi mxare TiTqmis oras

weliwads iyo mokveTili erovnul qristianul samyaros, raTa

rogorme daemuxruWebinaT qarTveli eris sulieri cxovrebis

79

gaRviZebis procesi da Cvens erSi safuZvelSive CaeklaT sulieri

damoukideblobis aRdgenis SesaZlebloba.

2003 wels, saeklesio ajanyebis Semdeg pirvelad,

1-7 agvistos moewyo grandiozuli momlocvelobiTi laSqroba

saCxeridan-mestiamde im uwmindesi da uZvelesi gziT, romelzedac

fustis raindebma TavianTi bolo vali moixades saeklesio ajanyebis

dros. am laSqrobaSi sul 120 momlocveli monawilerobda, maT

Soris 70 samxedro piri. igive gza ganmeorebiT gaiares 2005

wlis agvistoSi sasazRvro departamentis samxedroebma. amis

Semdeg am wminda gzaze gavla TiTqmis tradiciad iqca samxedro

da saero piligrimebisaTvis. yoveli eqpediciis dros Cvens

cnobierebas emateba meti da meti codna fustelTa samxedro-

saeklesio Rvawlis Sesaxeb. bolo eqspediciis dros mopovebul

iqna metad mniSvnelovani informacia fustis mxedarTa sagzao-

savele yofis Sesaxeb. sof. futieTSi aRmovaCineT 365-fuTiani

qvevri (5840 litri tevadobis), romelic futieTSi bazirebis

dros svaneTidan wamosul fustelTa mxedrobas sasmeliT

umaspinZldeboda. gadmocemiT davadgineT, rom TiToeuli mebroli

dRe-RameSi or Careqa Rvinos iRebda, rac daaxloebiT 1,5 litrs

udris. dazustda Tamar mefis saxelTan dakavSirebuli toponimebis

zusti mdebareoba WiSkaras uReltexilis midamoebSi. eqspediciam

gamoikvlia toponimebi, romlebic kavSirSia fustelTa tradiciul

gzasTan. raWidan svaneTisken gadasasvlel monakveTze dasturdeba

didi samonastro kompleqsis, soxasteris arseboba, aris informacia

rom aq arsebobda wminda mefis Tamaris saxelze agebuli taZari.

xolo zed uReltexilze SemorCenilia e.w. ,,Tamaris qva~ (,,Tamari

baC~) romelic TiTqmis samsarTuliani saxlis simaRlisaa da

rogorc Cans, mis ZirSi mowyobili iyo Ramis saTevebi fustis

mxedrebis mimosvlis dros. iqve aris cxenze akidebuli bargis

80

Sesasworebeli ori qvis koridori. monaxulebul iqna ,,qalaqolis~

uZvelesi nangrevebi, sadac xdeboda qvemo svaneTSi gadasuli

fustis raindebis bazireba. 1820 wlis futieTis tragikuli

brZolis Semdeg qalaqoli iyo pirveli svanuri dasaxleba, sadac

280 jorze akidebuli saeklesio siwmindeebi iqna mitanili. sofeli

sxvava da iq mdebare kvaracixe Camket karibWes warmoadgenda

fustelTa mTavar gzaze, romelic iwyeba saCxereSi da mTavrdeba

mestiaSi (149km). sainteresoa sofel sxvavaSi cnobili mkvlevaris

kondakovis mier dafiqsirebuli ,,mefeTa sasaxlis~ da ,,erisTavTa

sasaxlis~ adgilmdebarebis dadgenac.

dRes am istoriuli wminda gzis Seswavla-aTvisebis

mniSvnelovan centrs warmoadgens sof. futieTSi arsebuli

saprezidento daTvaliereba festivalis laureati fustelTa

skola-muzeumi. es muzeumi 1819-1820 wlebis saeklesio ajanyebis

gmirTa memorial-muzeumic aris.

sur.sur.sur.sur.sur. 3434343434. qarTuli eklesiis Tavdadebuli qomagi da

mxardamWeri, erovnebiT rusi nikoloz durnovi.

81

fustel-tamplierTa kavSirebi,fustel-tamplierTa kavSirebi,fustel-tamplierTa kavSirebi,fustel-tamplierTa kavSirebi,fustel-tamplierTa kavSirebi,

uZvelesi fesvebi evropuli dauZvelesi fesvebi evropuli dauZvelesi fesvebi evropuli dauZvelesi fesvebi evropuli dauZvelesi fesvebi evropuli da

qarTuli qristianuli samyarosqarTuli qristianuli samyarosqarTuli qristianuli samyarosqarTuli qristianuli samyarosqarTuli qristianuli samyaros

urTierTobis istoriaSiurTierTobis istoriaSiurTierTobis istoriaSiurTierTobis istoriaSiurTierTobis istoriaSi

Tavis droze zviad gamsaxurdiam mecnierul gamokvlevebSi

gamorCeuli adgili dauTmo qarTul-evropuli qristianuli

urTierTobis istoriis sakiTxebs. amasTan man gansakuTrebuli

yuradReba gaamaxvila tamplierebis sakiTxze: ,,tamplieroba iyo

moZraoba, romelmac gaaerTiana dasavluri da aRmosavluri sibrZne,

dasavluri da aRmosavluri iniciacia. tamplieroba marto

dasavleTis sakuTreba ar aris. Cven gvaqvs monacemebi umWidroesi

kavSirebisa qarTvel raindebsa da tamplierebs Soris~ (z. gamsa-

xurdia, saqarTvelos sulieri misia. Tb. 1990w. gv.26).

am periodSi evropeli jvarosnebi, rogorc Cans, mWidro

kavSirs amyareben aRmosavluri qristianuli bastionis damcvel

qarTvelebTan. im saerTo miznis misaRwevad, romelsac uflis

saflavis ganTavisufleba edo safuZvlad, es ori samyaro erTmaneTs

mWidrod daukavSirda. sakramentumi, romelic am epoqaSi Caisaxa

evropel da qarTvel qristianebs Soris, Semdgomma istoriulma

garemoebebma daviwyebis bindiT dafara. es unikaluri sakramentumi

dRes, marTlac, moiTxovs Zireul mecnierul-saRvTismetyvelo

Seswavlas da kvleva-Ziebas, vinaidan igi aSkarad asabuTebs im

saerTo arqauli fundamentis arsebobas, romelzec idgnen

kaTolikuri da marTlmadidebluri samyaroebi gardasul epoqaSi.

miT umetes dRes, roca CvenSi arseboben Zalebi, romelTac

dasavlur civilizaciasTan Cveni integracia mizanSeuwonlad

82

miaCniaT. amas xSirad safuZvlad udeben ,,marTlmadideblobis~

faqtors, romelic ZiriTadad Cveni yofili mepatrone-imperiasTan

Tanacxovrebis gavleniTac aixsneba. unda aRiniSnos is istoriuli

realoba, rac qarTuli erovnuli marTlmadidebluri cnobierebis

eklesias daatyda Tavs rusuli imperiis wyalobiT. 1819-1820w.w.

saeklesio ajanyebis CaxSobis Semdeg, rusulma imperiam safuZveli

daudo yvelaze did damRupvel movlenas _ qarTveli eris sulier

genocids, romlis damRupveli zemoqmedebisTvs dRemde ver

dagviRwevia Tavi, me araerTxel gamovTqvi Cemi mosazreba am mavne

movlenisagan Tavis daRwevis mizniT gasatarebeli RonisZiebebis

Sesaxeb; romelTa Sesaxeb am wignis Sesaval nawilSic aris

saubari.

z. gamsaxurdias Tavis droze gamoTqmuli mecnieruli

varaudebi misaRebia. mas samarTlianad miaCnda volfram fon

eSenbaxis parcifali graalis moZraobis simbolod. graalis

moZraobis fuZemdeblebad ki, am SemTxvevaSi, fustel tamplierTa

qarTul-evropuli samxedro-saeklesio qristianuli ordenebi

ikveTebian. am orma ordenma warsulSi saTave daudo aRmosavlur

da dasavluri sibrZnis Serwymas da ganviTarebas, romelic

garkveuli istoriuli movlenebis gamo srul daviwyebas mieca.

am daviwyebis fardis gadaweva dRevandel epoqas arguna ufalma.

am istoriis cnobierebaSi dabruneba gzas gauxsnis, ganamtkicebs

da ganaviTarebs Cvens Semdgom urTierTobebs, rac Tavis droze

arsebobda saqarTvelos da dasavleT qristianul samyaros Soris.

rogorc zemoT ukve iTqva, 1119 wels jvarosanTa mefe bolduini

idumal Camovida mefe daviT aRmaSenebelTan samxedro daxmarebis

saTxovnelad. man es daxmareba miiRo. am daxmarebis Sedegia is,

83

rom evropelma jvarosnebma qarTuli samxedro-saeklesio saidumlo

raindTa ordenis sruli asli gadaiRes da Seqmnes tamplierTa

samxedro-saeklesio raindTa ordeni. ala iastrebickaias avtorobiT

gamocemul wignSi zustad aris aRwerili samxedro-saeklesio

raindis kurTxevis ceremoniali, rac fustis raindTa tipikoniT

iyo miRebuli: ,,mTeli Rame kurTxevis win rainds samrekloSi

unda gaeTia, gamTeniisas Tavisi iaraRi sakurTxevelze unda daewyo,

RmerTisaTvis mieZRvna da wirvis mosmenis Semdeg ziarebuliyo.

zogierT SemTxvevaSi kurTxevis ZiriTad elements-xmlis welze

Semortymas-raindi ki aRar aRasrulebda, aramed episkoposi.

kurTxevis ritualSi udides rols TamaSobda ferisa da sagnebis

simbolika. rainds tilos an abreSumis TeTr perangs acmevdnen

misi umwikvlobis simbolod, zemodan ki alisfer siuroks, niSans

sisxlisas, romelic eklesiis saxeliT unda daeRvara. Sosi

yavisferi ecva, rameTu kaci miwas unda dabruneboda; qamari

TeTri ekeTa, ,,welis siwmindis~ dasturad; xmlis tari jvriT

iyo damSvenebuli, orlesuli piri ki im simtkicisa da erTgulebis

simbolod iTvleboda, romelic rainds sustis Zlierisagan da

Raribis mdidrisagan dacvisas unda gamoemJRavnebina~ (ala

iastrebickaia. ,,XI-XIII s.s.-is dasavleTi evropa~, Tb., 1981w.,

gv.127). aq gansakuTrebiT unda aRiniSnos, rom satitule iaraRis

simbolo, romelic kurTxevis ceremonials agvirgvinebda, fustakad

(fustuca) iwodeboda (igive naSromi gv. 128). tamplieris satitule

maxvils evropaSi Tu fustaki ewodeboda (gavixsenoT zemoT

naTqvami, Zvel aRTqmaSi da Zvel aRmosavleTSi protoqarTvelTa

Zveli saxeli futieli), saqarTvelos mTaSi igive vadajvrian

orlesul maxvils franguli ewodeboda. xom ar aris aqac im

84

uZvelesi qristianul-rainduli kavSirebis kvali? am azrs momavali

kvlevebi gaarkvevs da gaaRrmavebs.

tamplierTa da fustelTa urTierTobis gardasuli

istoriis Semdgomi Seswavla da gamomzeureba warmoaCens im

dafarul fesvebs, romelic arsebobda qarTvel da evropel

qristianebs Soris Soreul warsulSi. evropel tamplierTa

istoriiT dainteresebuli sazogadoebebi aucileblad unda

daumegobrdnen qarTvel fustelTa istoriiT dainteresebul

sazogadoebebs. amiT Cven safuZvels CavuyriT da ganvamtkicebT

progresuli integraciis safuZvlebis ganviTarebas Cvens Soris.

Cvens qristianul istorias amiT eZebneba saerTo Tanacxovrebis

ZvelisZveli fesvebi, rac ase saWiroa dRes Cveni momavali

urTierTobis ganviTarebisaTvis. rogorc Sevityve, student-

axalgazrdaTa jgufma, giorgi cinaZis iniciativiT, saqarTveloSi

ukve daafuZna ,,fustelTa sazogadoeba~. am axalgazrdul

organizacias gaaCnia droSa ,,lemi~, gerbi da himni. imedia, es

axalgazrdebi megobrobis xels male CamoarTmeven evropel

tamplierTa sazogadoebebs da momavalSi saerTo ZalisxmeviT

ecdebian gaaRrmavin is codna, romelic naTels mohfens tamplierTa

da fustel raindTa uZveles, CvenTvis jer kidev ucnob istoriebs.

SesaZloa, amas gulisxmobda zviad gamsaxurdia Tavis gamokvlevebSi,

roca ambobda: ,,Cven gvaqvs monacemebi umWidroesi kavSirebisa

qarTvel raindebsa da tamplierebs Soris~.

85

risTvis dasWirda stalinsrisTvis dasWirda stalinsrisTvis dasWirda stalinsrisTvis dasWirda stalinsrisTvis dasWirda stalins

fustel raindTa ukanaskneli didifustel raindTa ukanaskneli didifustel raindTa ukanaskneli didifustel raindTa ukanaskneli didifustel raindTa ukanaskneli didi

sabrZolo epopeis, 1819-1820 wlebissabrZolo epopeis, 1819-1820 wlebissabrZolo epopeis, 1819-1820 wlebissabrZolo epopeis, 1819-1820 wlebissabrZolo epopeis, 1819-1820 wlebis

saeklesio ajanyebis istoriasaeklesio ajanyebis istoriasaeklesio ajanyebis istoriasaeklesio ajanyebis istoriasaeklesio ajanyebis istoria

1942 welia didi samamulo omi kritikul fazaSi Sevida.

faSizmi da komunizmi samkvdro-sasicocxlod iyo Serkinebuli.

miuxedavad imisa, rom hitleris elviseburi omis gegma CaiSala,

germanel faSistTa upiratesoba aSkara iyo. mteri Seuferxeblad

moiwevda qveynis siRrmisaken. mTavroba kuibiSevSi gaixizna. TviT

stalini moskovSi, kremlSi darCa. aseT viTarebaSi stalini xSirad

iZaxebda berias sxvadasxva sapasuxismgeblo davalebebisaTvis.

erTxel erT-erTi aseTi gamoZaxebis dros, beladma berias daavala,

moeZebna Sesabamisi kvalifikaciis mecnieri, raTa SeeswavlaT 1819-

1820 wlebis saeklesio ajanyebis istoria.

lavrenti beriam kargad icoda beladis xasiaTi, magram am

SemTxvevaSi, roca qveyana yofna-aryofnis gardauvali safrTxis

winaSe idga, ver aexsna stalinis es survili. ukvirda, risTvis

sWirdeboda stalins saukuneze meti xnis win saqarTveloSi

momxdari es istoriuli movlena da amas sasuliero seminariis

studentis morig axirebad miiCnevda. miT umetes, rom am ambavs

win uswrebda misive brZanebiT yazanis RvTismSoblis xatiT moskovis

frontis xazis Semovla sasuliero pirebis mier.

berias moadgiles, gogliZes, uSualod daevala stalinis

am davalebis Sesruleba. saqarTvelos istoriis institutis niWier

da erudirebul mecnier-TanamSromels, n. b. maxaraZes, daevala

mokle droSi Seeqmna es naSromi. amisTvis mas saSualeba eZleoda

86

Seuferxeblad esargebla yvela arqiviT Tu sacaviT, maT Soris,

alyaSi myof leningradSic ki.

rusul arqivebSi daculi istoriografiuli masalebi am

ajanyebas icnobda rogorc 1819-1820 wlebis saeklesio ajanyebas,

(,,cerkovni bunt~), magram beladis survili iyo, am ajanyebas

,,1819-1820 wlebis imereTis ajanyeba~ darqmeoda. daTqmul vadaSi

rusul enaze Sesrulebuli naSromi beriam gogliZis TanxlebiT

stalins warudgina. stalinma naSromi gadafurcla da gogliZes

mimarTa qarTulad: ,,Tqven raWidan xarT, me raWvelebis siZe

viyavi. iq xSirad mixdeboda yofna da kargad vicnob bevr maT

zne-Cveulebas. aba miTxariT, ratom ityvian raWaSi, roca kaci

magidas miujdeba, ra futieTeliviT Sorsa zixaro.~ gogliZes

amaze upasuxia: ,,es ki gamigonia, magram amis mizezi namdvilad ar

vicio.~ maSin sasuliero seminariis yofil students TviTon

auxsnia maTTvis: ,,Zvelad saqarTveloSi arsebobda saeklesio

siwmindeebisa da qonebis damcveli da gadamnaxveli raindTa

jari, romelTa umTavres movaleobas mtris Semosevebis dros

saeklesio qonebis da saeklesio-samonastro personalis usafrTxo

adgilebSi evakuacia Seadgenda. eseni ZiriTadad dasavleT

saqarTvelos mTianeTs, raWa-leCxum-svaneTis mkvidrni iyvnen da

fustelebi ewodebodaT. svanur yofaSi es tradicia dRemde

cocxlobs. am tradiciis erT-erTi mTavari forposti warsulSi

raWaSi sofeli futieTi iyo. fustelTa sabrZolo ganawesi

moiTxovda mudamJam meomrul mzadyofnas. ai, swored amitom

SemorCaT sof. futieTis mkvidrT es zne-Cveuleba~.

SemdgomSi gogliZes igive kiTxva dausvams sof. futieTis

mkvidris lavrenti svanisaTvis, romelic wignis palatis narkomatSi

muSaobda da gogliZis naTesavi iyo. ra Tqma unda, lavrenti

svansac futieTelebis am zne-Cveulebaze veraferi uTqvams. maSin

uambnia gogliZes stalinis mier misTvis moTxrobili istoria

futieTelebis am zne-Cveulebis Sesaxeb.

87

Tavisi maxasiaTeblebiT, funqciiT da arsiT fustis raindTa

(RvTis lomTa) es gamZle da sicocxlisunariani uZvelesi manqana

zustad iqna kopirebuli da gamoyenebuli didi samamulo omis

periodSi sabWoTa saevakuacio sistemis mier. swored am uZvelesi

sistemis analogiiT sabWoTa kavSiris evropuli nawilidan

umsxviles samrewvelo kompleqsebs personalTan erTad xiznavdnen

urals gadaRma cimbirSi, ramac gadmwyveti roli iTamaSa sabWoTa

armiis Zlevamosil gamarjvebaSi. rogorc irkveva, stalinma kargad

icoda fustobis svanuri tradiciis istoriuli funqciis misi

moqmedebis meqanizmisa da tragikuli dasasrulis Sesaxeb,

dawvrilebiT flobda informacias 1819-1820 wlebis saeklesio

ajanyebis detalebzec, magram am informaciis gamJRavneba

sazogadoebis winaSe dauSveblad miaCnda sabWoTa-rusuli

imperiuli interesebidan gamomdinare. es iyo ZiriTadi mizezi,

rom es naSromic, 1819-1820 wlebis saeklesio ajanyebisa da

fustobis istoriac yovelTvis mkacrad tabudadebuli iyo. aravin

icoda isic, Tu ratom ar amJRavnebdnen am gmiruli da oraswlovani

erovnul-gamanTavisuflebel moZraobaSi sworupovari masStabis

ajanyebis gamomwvev namdvil mizezebs. tabu edo am didi istoriuli

movlenis warmarTvel fustis ZvelisZvel qarTul samxedro-

saeklesio tradiciasac. gasaidumloebuli iyo sazanos da fustis

tragikuli da gmiruli brZolebis ambavi. aravin icoda isic, Tu

ratom da ra gziT xvdeboda svaneTSi auracxeli saeklesio

siwminde saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxeebidan da qveynis gareT

mdebare eklesia monastrebidan. maT Soris gaugebari iyo, Tu

rogor moxvda svaneTSi xelnawerebi bulgareTSi mdebare

petriwonis qarTuli monastridan.

dRes ukve dadga dro oraswlovani umkacres tabudadebul

fustobis tradiciasa da futieTis da zemo sazanos tragikul

brZolebs dRis Suqi moefinos, droa Cvenma xalxma, marTlmorwmune

erovnuli marTlmadidebluri cnobierebis mqone mrevlma da

xelisuflebamac, mondomebiT iRvawos am tragikuli istoriis

dRis sinaTleze gamosatanad.

88

svanuri qristianuli fenomeni,svanuri qristianuli fenomeni,svanuri qristianuli fenomeni,svanuri qristianuli fenomeni,svanuri qristianuli fenomeni,

misi roli erovnuli marTl-misi roli erovnuli marTl-misi roli erovnuli marTl-misi roli erovnuli marTl-misi roli erovnuli marTl-

madidebluri cnobierebismadidebluri cnobierebismadidebluri cnobierebismadidebluri cnobierebismadidebluri cnobierebis

gadarCenaSigadarCenaSigadarCenaSigadarCenaSigadarCenaSi

qarTveli eris oraswlovani, sulieri genocidis aRmofxvris

saqmeSi, svanuri qristianuli fenomenis da 1819-1820 wlebis

saeklesio ajanyebis gmirTa Rvawli Seufasebelia. dRes arnaxulad

uWirs qarTvel xalxs. amis umTavresi mizezi ki sulieri

Rirebulebebis dakargvaa. qarTulma marTladidebelma istoriulma

yofam Seqmna eris uaRresad jansaRi da sicocxlisunariani sxeuli,

romelic 1819-1820 wlebis saeklesio ajanyebis marcxTan erTad

dasamarda.

sur.35.sur.35.sur.35.sur.35.sur.35. ajanyebulebs kazakTa regularuli

nawilebi daupirispirdnen.

erovnuli marTlmadidebluri cnobierebis ukanasknel da

mtkice bastions _ svaneTs am mxriv wamyvani funqcia akisria

dRes. svaneTi Tavisi myarad Camoyalibebuli qarTveli xalxis

sulieri saganZuris dacvisa da gadarCenis istoriuli funqciiT,

89

bolomde erTguli darCa Tavisi movaleobisa. is, rac svanuria,

zogadqarTulia, Cveni erovnuli sakuTrebaa.

svaneTis roli da funqcia, rogorc Cans, kargad icoda im

Zalam, romelmac qarTveli eris sulier genocids daudo safuZveli.

amitom mTeli Zalisxmeva mimarTulia iqiT, rom ar moxdes svanuri

qristianuli fenomenis gavrceleba qarTul sivrceSi, radgan es

gamoiwevs saqarTvelos sulier aRorZinebas da mis mkvdreTiT

aRdgomas. svaneTis daqucmaceba administraciulad Tu sulierad,

misi istoriuli maxasiaTeblebis yalbad warmodgena, emsaxureba

imas, rom qarTvelma xalxma mocemul etapze ver miagnos

TviTgadarCenis swor gzas.

Tu Cvens istorias gadavxedavT, Znelbedobis Jams

saqarTvelos romelime mxare iRebda avangardis funqcias. ase

magaliTad, Sah-abasis Semosevebis dros avangardul poziciaSi

Cadga kaxeTi, arabTa Semosevebis dros _ imereTi, monRolTa

batonobis dros _ cotne dadiani da samegrelo, raRac etapze

tao-klarjeTi da sxva. dRes ki, roca Cveni yofna-aryofnis dRe

dadga, umTavresia sulieri erovnuli faseulebebis aRdgena. aq

ki svaneTma unda ikisros avangardis roli. ,,.... da nu geSiniaT

misi, vinc xorciT klavs, geSinodeT misi, vinc suliT klavs,~ _

gvaswavlis wminda werili. svaneTis roli qarTuli

marTmadidebluri eklesiis cxovrebaSi sworupovaria. svanebi

qristianobas gaecnen I saukuneSi. igi Rrmad SeiTvises da dRemde

moitanes yvela im niSan-TvisebiT, rac erovnul marTlmadideblur

yofas axasiaTebs. mas sxva maRalmTiani kuTxeebis msgavsad mtruli

brZola ar gamoucxadebia qristianobasTan, piriqiT, igi Rrmad da

SemoqmedebiTad Seisisxlxorca, ganaviTara yvela im niSniT, rac

zogadqarTul marTmadideblur yofas axasiaTebda. bolSevikebis

batonobis pirobebSic ki svanuri eklesiebi xelSeuxebeli da

90

Seuryvneli darCa, didi saeklesio locva-ziarebebi xalxis mier

ukve mRvdlebis gareSe aResruleboda. svaneTis sulieri

cxovrebisaTvis niSandoblivia is, rom mas ar gauwyvetia uZvelesi

maxlobeli aRmosavleTis civilizaciis akvnad cnobil kulturebTan

memkvidreobiTi kavSiri. aq qristes moZRvrebas sisxlxorceulad

Seerwya am uZvelesi civilizaciebis WeSmaritebebic. noes epoqis

arqeologiuri eqsponatebi inaxeba mestiis mxareTmcodneobis

muzeumSi. aman ganapiroba, rom andria pirvelwodebulisa da

simon kananelis SemosvlisTanave I saukuneSi svaneTis didi nawili

moeqca qristianobaze da qristianuli funqcia miiRo yovelivem,

rac qristianuli Teologis SesabamisobaSi movida. amiT svaneTma

SeinarCuna ara marto uZvelesi materialuri, aramed sulieri

memkvidreobiToba da umaRlesi rangis sarwmunoebis,

marTlmadidebluri qristianobis xarisxSi aiyvana igi. amitomac

dafuZnda aq mzis uZveles salocavebze fu(s)tze, qristianobis

umTavresi dogmatis samebis anu fu(s)tis salocavebi.

mteri gvitevs daxvewili meTodebiT , , , y albi

marTmadideblobis~ niRabs amofarebuli, rogorc es batonma

prezidentma gamoaaSkarava. 2009 wlis 20 ivniss parlamentSi

gamosvlis dros. amitomac aris, rom Cveni eris arakeTilmosurneTa

wyalobiT, svaneTis qristianuli fenomenis Sesaxeb Cvenma

sazogadoebam araferi icis. svaneTi sarwmunoebis TvalsazrisiT

yovelTvis gaigivebuli iyo sxva maRal mTianeTis kuTxeebTan,

rogorc qristianobis mteri da warmarTobis motrfiale. svaneTi

xelovnurad aris izolirebuli mtkice gamyofi kedliT saerTo

qarTul qristianul sivrcidan. svaneTidan mcire informaciac

Tu gamoaRwevda, moxdeboda erovnuli marTlmadidebluri

cnobierebis aRdgena da saqarTvelos sulieri gacocxleba, es

91

kargad uwyodnen sulieri geocidis avtorebma, visac Cveni damoneba,

dabeCaveba hqonda Cafiqrebuli.

niSandoblivia, rom Zalian cotaa svanuri warmomavlobis

mRvdelmsaxuri, arada svaneTSi dRemde xeluxleblad aris daculi

da Semonaxuli bevri taZari, romelic elodeba Rirseul mRvdelsa

da wirva-locvas. svaneTi, romelmac unikaluri freskebi, xatebi,

oTxTavi, sagaloblebi, ferxuli da mravali sarwmunoebrivi saunje

Semoinaxa, TiTqmis upatronod aris mitovebuli. arada Tu

sulierebas veZebT, is jer kidev uxvad aris daculi da Semonaxuli.

Tu qarTvel marTlmadidebel sazogadoebas surs Tavi daaRwios

oraswlovan sulier genocids, man sworad unda gaacnobieros

svaneTis qristianuli fenomeni qarTul marTlmadidebluri

cxovrebis istoriaSi. sakiTxavia, ratom moxvda svaneTSi amdeni

siwminde? ratom ebrZvian fustobis tradicias, ,,pusta-pustebi~?

ratom adevs tabu 1819-1820 wlebis saeklesio ajanyebis movlenebs

da gmirebs? ratom Semoinaxa svaneTma bolomde daurbeveli taZrebi?

ratom ar aris qristiaobis winaSe aseTi damsaxurebis mqone

kuTxidan qarTuli eklesiis ierarqiaSi svanuri qristianuli

fenomenis matarebeli pirovnebebi? ratom cdiloben svaneTis

istoriuli funqciis damalvas? ras niSnavda sasvano gadasaxadi,

romelic arsebobda qristianul saqarTveloSi? ratom evalebodaT

fustobis madliT svanebs ara marto saqarTveloSi, aramed mis

gareT mdebare eklesia-monastrebis dacva? ratom dainteresda

stalini 1819-1820 wlebis saeklesio ajanyebis istoriiT? ra

arsiT da funqciiT Sendeboda svanuri koSkebi, iyo Tu ara masSi

Cadebuli qristianuli msoflmxedveloba? ra daniSnuleba hqonda

dRemde moRweul saeklesio droSas anu bavrays ,,lems~? vis da

ratom ar surs samzeoze gamovitanoT erovnuli marTlmadidebluri

cnobiereba, anu svanuri qristianuli fenomeni? ratom ar gvinda

92

aRsdges erovnuli saRvTismetyvelo Teosofiuri tradiciuli

codna. Tu Cven gvsurs Tavi davaRwioT oraswlovan sulier

genocids, swored am kiTxvebs unda gavceT pasuxi da

vixelmZRvaneloT am pasuxebiT. ,,mtroba nu geqneba gulSi Seni

moZmisadmi, amxile Seni axlobeli da codva ar iqneba Senze~

(levianni 19-17).

93

s a r C e v is a r C e v is a r C e v is a r C e v is a r C e v i

Sesavali ............................................................................................ 3

fustebi ............................................................................................. 7

fustelTa Teogeografiuli areali _

kolxeTis didi kavkasionis mTianeTi .................................... 15

fu(s)tebi ucxour werilobiT wyaroebSi .......................... 22

futieTi _ fustelTa garnizoni, romelic icxavda

uZvelesi kolxeTis umTavres sakulto centrs ............... 30

bavrayi _ fustis raindTa sawinamZRvro droSebi ........... 34

fustelTa samxedro-organizaciuli sistmis moSlaerTiani qarTuli saxelmwifos darRvevis gamo _1503 wlis imerTa mefis aleqsandre II

,,sasisxlo sigeli~ ..................................................................... 43

koSkuri kultura-rogorc fu(s)tielTa

titulis gamoxatuleba ............................................................. 57

fustelTa xalxuri tradiciebi ........................................... 65

,,fustis raindTa nakvalevi~ da 1819-1820 wlebis

saeklesio ajanyeba ....................................................................... 73

fustel-templierTa kavSirebi, uZvelesi fesvebievropuli da qarTuli qristianuli samyaros

urTierTobis istoriaSi ............................................................ 81

risTvis dasWirda stalins fustel raindTaukanaskneli didi sabrZolo epopeis, 1819-1820 wlebis

saeklesio ajanyebis istoria ................................................... 85

svanuri qristianuli fenomeni, misi roli erovnuli

marTlmadidebluri cnobierebis gadarCenaSi ...................... 88

94

© saavtoro ufleba daculia - 2010w.

mama avTandil giorgobianimama avTandil giorgobianimama avTandil giorgobianimama avTandil giorgobianimama avTandil giorgobiani

fustebifustebifustebifustebifustebi