სსიპ დმანისის მუნიციპალიტეტის სოფ.განთიადის საჯარო სკოლა

ქადეშის ბრძოლა

მუვათალი II — ხეთების მეფე, მურსილი II-ის ძე. ჩვენმდე მოაღწია ხეთურ ენაზე შედგენილმა ვრცელმა ხელშეკრულებამ, რომელიც მუვათლიმ დადო მცირე აზიის სამხრეთ-დასვლეთში მდებარე ხეთების ვასალური ქვეყნის - ვილუსას - მმართველ ალექსანდუსთან. მუვათალი ცდილობდა ხეთების პოლიტიკური გავლენის შენარჩუნებას ჩრდილოეთ სირიის სამთავროებზე. ამ მიზნით იგი კადეშთნ შეებრძოლაეგვიპტელების ლაშქარს, რომელსაც რამსეს II მეთაურობდა (ძვ. წ. 1312). ბრძოლამ წარმატება ვერცერთ მხარეს ვერ მოუტანა, ხეთები კვლვინდებურად ბატონობდნენ ჩრდილოეთ სირიაში.

კადეშის ბრძოლა ძვ.წ. 1274წ.

მეთაურები

ეგვიპტე ხეთები

ეგვიპტის იმპერია - ფარაონი რამზეს II

ხეთების იმპერია - მეფე მუვათალი II

არმიაეგვიპტე ხეთები

20.000  men(half engaged)16,000 infantry

2,000 chariots4,000 men

ეგვიპტელების არმია შედგებოდა 4 დივიზიისგან, თითოეულში იყო 5.000 ჯარისკაცი 500 ეტლით. ცნობილია ამ "დივიზიების" სახელებიც, რომლებიც ეგვიპტური ღმერთების მიხედვით ერქვათ:

I. ამონ - იდგა რამზესის პირად დაცვასთან ერთად ძირითად ბანაკში.II. რა - მიემართებოდა ამონის უკან. ამ დივიზიაში იყვნენ ფარაონის შვილები. III. პტაჰ - მიყვებოდა უკან რას.IV სეტ - არმიის არიერგარდი. რეზერვი.

- Somewhere between 23,000–50,000 menSomewhere between 15,000–40,000 infantry(not engaged)

Somewhere between 2,500–3,700 chariotsSomewhere between

9,000–11,100 men

ბრძოლის პირველი ეტაპი The Hittite army of 37,000 footsoldiers and 3500 chariots was hiding behind the tell of Kadesh, but Ramses believed false rumors that his enemy was still near Haleb. After beating what he thought was the truth out of two captured Hittites, he held a council of war and the vizier in a chariot and a rider on horseback were dispatched south to hasten the progress of the Ptah division.     While the Amen division was setting up camp, 2500 Hittite chariots attacked the marching Re division in two waves. The other two Egyptian divisions were still on the far side of the river Orontes (Arnath) near the town of Sabtuna.     G.Cavillier casts doubts on the possibility of the Hittite army being able to hide from the view of the Egyptians and ford the Orontes in sufficient numbers in a very short time to be able to mount a surprise attack. [1] - but if they were stationed on the western bank of the river they did not have to cross the Orontes itself but only the small brook el Mukadiyeh, being stationed on the fields between the river and the town

ბრძოლის მეორე ეტაპი

 The Hittites dispersed the Amen division and began pillaging the Egyptian camp. The Pharaoh, fighting among his body guard with his back to the river, looked lost.

ბრძოლის მესამე ეტაპი  At this time, a force referred to as nearin arrived, surprising the pilfering Hittites, and drove them out of the camp. Their identity is the subject of debate. At times they are equated with sDm-aS (Sedjemash), which accords well with the meaning of Ugaritic n'rm. According to this interpretation they were camp-followers: servants, grooms and others. Others see them as recruits coming from Amurru.     Muwatalli sent an additional 1000 chariots led by the kings of Aleppo and Karkhemish, two of his own brothers and many allied princes, but kept most of his infantry to himself on the far side of the river.

დასკვნითი ეტაპი

  Ramses reorganized his forces and the Hittites escaped being surrounded by the Egyptians by retreating towards Kadesh.     After receiving a message from Muwatalli, Ramses decided to retreat. According to the Egyptians, the "wretched, vanquished chief of Hatti" pleaded with the pharaoh

    The route through the Biqa'a valley being considered too risky, it was decided to take the route east of it, through Upe in the region of Damascus.    The battle of Kadesh should perhaps not be called a battle in the strictest sense of the word, but rather a large-scale skirmish preceding the decisive encounter which in the end never took place. Nevertheless, Muwatalli was able to rob his opponent of the initiative and eliminated about a third of his troops.     The failure of Ramses' campaign was a result of his tactical mistakes. He did not send enough scouts to explore the countryside sufficiently, the divisions were separated by up to 15 kms from each other and there was no adequate protection of the flanks. Still, the king blamed his troops

  This attack on the army and his leaders was the beginning of the gradual distancing process between army and king, who relied more and more on Amen and his priesthood. Since the reign of Horemheb, who had appointed a general to succeed him, the army command had played a decisive role in foreign policy decisions. Ramses II reasserted the royal power in this domain and brought about a rapprochement between Egypt and Hatti which culminated in the signing of a peace treaty.    Ramses described the campaign as a splendid victory, while in reality Kadesh remained in Hittite hands, Amurru fell to the Hittites and the Egyptian losses were substantial

Reconstruction of battle scene picture(Source: University of Quebec website)  The fortified town of Kadesh is in the top left corner, protected by arms of the Orontes. The Hittites are attacking from the left bank of the Orontes and Ramses is mounting a counterattack. Most of the action here seems to be between Egyptian chariotry and Hittite foot soldiers, when in reality the Hittites fought mainly with their chariots.

The running borderlands conflicts were finally concluded some fifteen years after the Battle of Kadesh by an official peace treaty in 1258 BC, in the 21st year of Ramesses II's reign, with Hattusili III, the new king of the Hittites. The treaty that was established was inscribed on a silver tablet, of which a clay copy survived in the Hittite capital of Hattusa, in modern Turkey, and is on display at the Istanbul Archaeology Museum. An enlarged replica of the Kadesh agreement hangs on a wall at the headquarters of the United Nations, as the earliest international peace treaty known to historians. Its text, in the Hittite version, appears in the links below. An Egyptian version survives on a papyrus.

The Kadesh peace agreement—on display at the Istanbul Archaeology Museum—is believed to be the earliest example of any written international agreement of any kind

ტესტები 1. რომელ სახელმწიფოებს შორის მოხდა

კადეშის ბრძოლა და როდის? 2. დაასახელეთ კადეშის ბრძოლის მიზეზი: 3. დაასახელეთ კადეშის ბრძოლის

მეთაურები: 4. როგორი იყო ძალთა თანაფარდობა? 5. რატომ ეწოდა დიდი საეტლო ბრძოლა? 6. როგორ წარიმართა ბრძოლა? 7. რა შედეგით დასრულდა? 8. სად ინახება საზავო ხელშეკრულების

ორიგინალი? 9. სად ინახება საზავო ხელშეკრულების ასლი?