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TRIBOCHEMISTRY - KYOTO , September 2 nd – 4 th , 2009 —Kyoto, Japan
Tribochemistryby
Quantum Mechanics
Thomas Prevenslik
Discovery Bay, Hong Kong, China
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TRIBOCHEMISTRY - KYOTO , September 2 nd – 4 th , 2009 —Kyoto, Japan
Background About 600 BC, the Greeks found rubbing amber rods
with a cloth attracted feathers.
Electrons rubbed off?
Einstein showed electromagnetic and not mechanical energy may remove electrons from atoms.
Electrons are more tightly bound to atoms than atoms are bound to each other. Rubbing is likely to only
produce neutral clusters of atoms2
TRIBOCHEMISTRY - KYOTO , September 2 nd – 4 th , 2009 —Kyoto, Japan
Hypothesis
Static electricity observed for over 2000 years cannot be reconciled unless the clusters of
atoms produced by rubbing somehow produce electromagnetic radiation that by the photoelectric effect charges the surroundings.
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neutral
TRIBOCHEMISTRY - KYOTO , September 2 nd – 4 th , 2009 —Kyoto, Japan
Purpose
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Show Tribochemistry by QM is the photolytic enhancement of chemical reactions by QED
induced EM radiation induced in NPs that form upon the rubbing of surfaces
QM = Quantum Mechanics QED = Quantum Electro Dynamics NPs = Nanoparticles
TRIBOCHEMISTRY - KYOTO , September 2 nd – 4 th , 2009 —Kyoto, Japan
QED induced EM radiationClassically, heat is conserved by
an increase in temperature.
But at the nanoscale, QM forbids heat to be conserved by an increase in temperature
because specific heat vanishes.
QED allows heat to be conserved at the nanoscale by the emission of
nonthermal EM radiation5
TRIBOCHEMISTRY - KYOTO , September 2 nd – 4 th , 2009 —Kyoto, Japan
QM Restrictions
cf Dn2 r Dn2hcE
rP
QM induces the creation of photons of wavelength by supplying EM energy to a box
with walls separated upon /2. For a spherical NP of diameter D having refractive index nr > 1:
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QM restricts the heat content of atoms depending on temperature and EM confinement given by
the Einstein-Hopf relation
TRIBOCHEMISTRY - KYOTO , September 2 nd – 4 th , 2009 —Kyoto, Japan
NPs have Zero Heat Content
0.00001
0.0001
0.001
0.01
0.1
1 10 100 1000
Wavelength - - microns
Pla
nck
Ene
rgy
- E -
eV
1
kThcexp
hc
E
7NPs
0.0258 eV
TRIBOCHEMISTRY - KYOTO , September 2 nd – 4 th , 2009 —Kyoto, Japan
Specific heat vanishes in NPs
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0.001
0.01
0.1
1
10
0 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000
NP Diameter - D - microns
Dim
ensi
onle
ss S
peci
fic H
eat
C*
EMEmission
Temp Increase
5 micronsNPs
2
2
1kThcexp
kThcexp
kThc
*C
TRIBOCHEMISTRY - KYOTO , September 2 nd – 4 th , 2009 —Kyoto, Japan
QED radiation in NPs
• • • Specific Heat Vanishes
No Temperature change
VUVEmission = 2Dnr
Joule Heat
Laser/Solar/Supernova Photons
Molecular Collisions
ResidualThermal kT Energy
NP
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TRIBOCHEMISTRY - KYOTO , September 2 nd – 4 th , 2009 —Kyoto, Japan
Tribochemistry
VUVRadiation
e
+
NP
Substrate
Sliding
N
e
e+
+
10Substrate
Sliding
N
TRIBOCHEMISTRY - KYOTO , September 2 nd – 4 th , 2009 —Kyoto, Japan
Transient /Steady Charging
Transient
VUVRadiation
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Steady
SolventMolecules
TRIBOCHEMISTRY - KYOTO , September 2 nd – 4 th , 2009 —Kyoto, Japan
Transient Charging
kTD2
kT3D6
U33
Total kT Energy
Yehc
DnDkTYeEUYeNq r
3
PP
Charge
For D < 50 nm and nr< 2, EP > 6 eV Y < 0.1
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U < 30 fJ / NP
q < 0.5 fC / NP
TRIBOCHEMISTRY - KYOTO , September 2 nd – 4 th , 2009 —Kyoto, Japan
Transient Charging At D =45 nm, peak Ne ~ 3000 at WF ~ 6 eV
consistent with q = eNe = 0.5 fC
At D = 7 nm, EP ~ 48 eV and Ne ~ 10
At D ~ 0.3 nm, EP ~ 1 keV and Ne < 1
1 keV electrons not possible in transient charging
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TRIBOCHEMISTRY - KYOTO , September 2 nd – 4 th , 2009 —Kyoto, Japan
Transient Charging
0.1
1
10
100
1000
10000
0.1 1 10 100 1000
NP Diameter D - nm
Plan
ck E
nerg
y E P
- eV
1
10
100
1000
10000
100000
Num
ber E
lect
rons
- N
e
WF
1 keVnr = 2
48 eV
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D = .3 nm1 keV, Ne < 1
D =7 nm48 eV, Ne ~ 10
D =45 nm6 eV, Ne ~ 3000
TRIBOCHEMISTRY - KYOTO , September 2 nd – 4 th , 2009 —Kyoto, Japan
Steady Charging
avag2
C N/MWm,mkTpPD
32Q
Collision Power
CP
P Qdt
dNE Photolysis Power
YemkT
EpPD
32Ye
dtdNI
P
2P
Current
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For D < 50 nm and nr ~ 2, EP > 6 eV Y < 0.1 MW of PFPE ~ 2000 and p = 1 at D = 50 nm
QC = 4.6 nW I = 75 pA
TRIBOCHEMISTRY - KYOTO , September 2 nd – 4 th , 2009 —Kyoto, Japan
Steady Charging
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0.001
0.01
0.1
1
10
0.1 1 10 100
NP Diameter - D - nm
NP
Pow
er -
Q C -
nW
0.1
1
10
100
NP
Cur
rent
- I -
pA.
.
PFPEp = 1nr = 2
I
QC
QC = 4.6 nW
I = 75 pA
TRIBOCHEMISTRY - KYOTO , September 2 nd – 4 th , 2009 —Kyoto, Japan
Steady ChargingAt D = 45 nm, the rate dNe/dt ~ 4x108 /s
per NP is consistent with 109 /s data
At D = 0.3 nm and EP = 1 keV, dNe/dt ~ 100 /s
1 keV electrons produced in steady charging
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TRIBOCHEMISTRY - KYOTO , September 2 nd – 4 th , 2009 —Kyoto, Japan
Steady Charging
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1
10
100
1000
10000
0.1 1 10 100
NP Diameter D - nm
Plan
ck E
nerg
y E P
- eV
1.E+00
1.E+02
1.E+04
1.E+06
1.E+08
1.E+10
QED
Ele
ctro
n R
ate,
s -1
PFPEp = 1nr = 2
1 keV
WF
D =45 nm6 eV, 108 / s
D = .3 nm1 keV, 100/ s
TRIBOCHEMISTRY - KYOTO , September 2 nd – 4 th , 2009 —Kyoto, Japan
Tribomicroplasma
Tribochemistry by a tribomicroplasma comprised of electrons balanced by positive charged ions is consistent with the photolytic process driven by QED induced EM radiation
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TRIBOCHEMISTRY - KYOTO , September 2 nd – 4 th , 2009 —Kyoto, Japan
ConclusionsTribochemistry may be considered photochemistry under QED induced EM radiation at VUV levels from
NPs that form upon rubbing surfaces.
Charge is produced at the instant NPs form in rubbing
Current is produced after the NPs form during collisions of surrounding solute molecules
Circumstantial evidence of QED induced radiation everywhere, but need direct evidence 20
TRIBOCHEMISTRY - KYOTO , September 2 nd – 4 th , 2009 —Kyoto, Japan
Extensions Einstein’s Static Universe
Redshift in NPs means Universe is not expanding and dark energy does not exist.
NP induced DNA damageSolute collisions with NPs initiate Cancer from steady VUV induced DNA damage
Gecko walking on walls and ceilingsSpatulae under index of refraction EM confinement produce electrostatic attraction
Unification of Static ElectricityRubbing of surfaces produces NPs that charge the surroundings.
Nanocatalysts and Chemiluminescence Gold NPs added to chemical reactants in solution enhance chemical reactions
X-rays from peeling Scotch TapeNPs that form as adhesive tears accumulates charge that at breakdown produces x-rays
Casimir forceEM confinement of BB thermal radiation in gap between parallel plates produces attraction
ThermophonesProduce sound in thin films without changing film temperature 21
TRIBOCHEMISTRY - KYOTO , September 2 nd – 4 th , 2009 —Kyoto, Japan
Questions & Papers Email: nanoqed@gmail.com
http://www.nanoqed.orgor
http://www.nanoqed.net
This talk from paper “Tribochemistry”, 2009
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