Tres Acciones en Santiago de Chile, Santiago de Chile, Ediciones Universidad Diego Portales, 2012

7/21/2019 Tres Acciones en Santiago de Chile, Santiago de Chile, Ediciones Universidad Diego Portales, 2012

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Eas hnuetas

82= trhlhdhnar`s p`ruhgas

Eh trhoph

Shgtkhja Sk`rrh

3 Hcckag`s `g

Shgtkhja n` Cbke`


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@NKCKAG@S

PGK]@\SKNHN NK@JA VA\ HE@S

Eas hnuetas82= trhlhdhnar`s p`ruhgasEh trhoph

Shgtkhja Sk`rrh

3 Hcckag`s `g

Shgtkhja n` Cbke`


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Shgtkhja Sk`rrh

r`s hcckag`s `g Shgtkhja n` Cbke`

Shgtkhja Sk`rrh,


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@NKCKAG@S

PGK]@\SKNHN NK@JA VA\ HE@S

Eas hnuetas82= trhlhdhnar`s p`ruhgasEh trhoph

Shgtkhja Sk`rrh

3 Hcckag`s `g

Shgtkhja n` Cbke`


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Shgtkhja Sk`rrh=


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r`s Hcckag`s g Shgtkhja n` Cbke` :

Ohrca Scatkgk@e eujhr n`e r`y.V`rc`pckg y r`ehckg n`cehs`s `g Shgtkhja Sk`rrh

Jukee`roa Ohcbuch

Mlueh skg oarhe`dh

Eas hnuetas

82= trhlhdhnar`s p`ruhgas

Eh trhoph

gnkc` 2

83


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Shgtkhja Sk`rrh2

^kòpa n` trhlhda y tkòpa n` vknh

Coa p`gshr ehs marohs n` trhlhda qu`Shgtkhja Sk`rrh cagtkguho`gt` r`pr`s`gth gsu prctkch hrtstkch1 Xu skjgkch oastrhrplekcho`gt` è trhlhda, ga caoa ugh

oht`rkhekzhckg n` ug pranucta skga caoa ehchphcknhn j`grkch n` pranuckr1 Xu skjgkch`xpag`r `g ug ousà eh mu`rzh-trhlhda thecaoa `s, `s n`ckr, caoa pat`gckh purh, caoamhcuenhn nkspagkle` h s`r kgvaeucrhnh `g ehprhxks pranuctkvh y hs s`r caoprhnh y v`gnknhhe oksoa tkòpa, n` kjuhe ohg`rh qu` cuhequk`ratrh o`rchgch1

Ehs vknhs buohghs y eas cu`rpas qu`, n`sn`è 8;;2, r`pe`thg cagcr`tho`gt` ehs alrhs n`

Sk`rrh `stg ròug`rhnhs phrh oastrhrs` caoasud`tas kghctkvas (caoa pat`gckh kgn`t`rokghnhp`ra chphz n` chnh paskle` n`t`rokghckg) ah trhvs n` cuhequk`rh n` ehs pr`sthckag`s n`trhlhda nkhrkhs, ga `sp`cchs. Kgceusa4 cuhgtaos `sths hctkvknhn`s ehlarhe`s s` r`nuzchghe `smu`rza ogkoa y s` òpalr`zchg n` chnhcagt`gkna oht`rkhe y utkeknhn, os r`suethgchrhct`rkzhnhs oarheo`gt`9 ok`gtrhs os`quvachs, os s` r`vèhg skjgas thgjkle`sn` sao`tkok`gta he pan`r y n` sud`ckg heo`rchna. Skòpr` s` trhth n` pr`sthckag`s n`

trhlhda he eokt`, `g ehs cuhe`s s` ee`vh he`xtròa eh lhs` oksoh n` eh rèhckg chpktheksthn` pranucckg4 eh nkm`r`gckh `gtr` trhlhda r`hey eh mu`rzh-trhlhda. @g `st s`gtkna, ga bhyr`pr`s`gthckg o`dar qu` eh hcckg r`hekzhnh`g eh jhe`rhHcc`sa Hn` Ckunhn n` Oxkcanè


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r`s Hcckag`s g Shgtkhja n` Cbke` ;

ohjr`l`s y sulshbhrkhgas g Lhrcèagh,trhlhdhnar`s krhqu`s `g Eagnr`s, chsths nèas kgtachle`s `g Gu`vh Nèbk, trhlhdhnar`so`xkchgas `g Eas gjè`s, oud`r`s o`gnkjhs`g Luchr`st, v`gn`nar`s holuehgt`s ke`jhe`scbkgas `g Kthekh, kgokjrhgt`s p`ruhgas `g

Cbke`4 tanas kgnkvknuas alekjhnas h trhlhdhr skggkgjugh apartugknhn n` è`cckg, p`rsaghs quèa gkca qu` tk`g`g phrh v`gn`r `s su prapkatkòpa, qu` eh saeh prapk`nhn qu` pas``g `seh mu`rzh-trhlhda, kgs`phrhle` n` su kgo`nkhth`xkst`gckh carpr`h.

Skg òlhrja, eh pu`sth `g `sc`gh nè

chpktheksoa par phrt` n` Shgtkhja Sk`rrhga t`rokgh hqu. Sk hs mu`rh cagrohrhgu`vho`gt` qu` è chpktheksoa arjhgkzh

è tkòpa nè trhlhda, caoa ugh v`rskghctuhekzhnh y xtròh, p`ra nrhotkcho`gt`vhckhnh n` tanhs hquèehs rèhckag`s qu`mugnhlhg su prapka vhear `g eh oan`rgknhn.Sk`rrh ga s` ekokth `g r`nuckr eh nkm`r`gckh`gtr` trhlhda y mu`rzh-trhlhda caoa oht`rkhr`pr`s`gthnh skga bhc` n` `sth oksoh nkvkskgug prkgckpka n` r`pr`s`gthckg. Ga r`pr`s`gthsaeho`gt` ehs cagnkckag`s n` trhlhda n` ughsack`nhn `g ug n`t`rokghna gkvè n` n`shrraeeachpktheksth skga qu` bhc` hrt` n` `sths oksohscagnkckag`s. @g `st` s`gtkna o` phr`c` qu`

tanhs ehs crtkchs n` cagtrhnkcckg nkrkjknhsh eh alrh n` Sk`rrh sag è r`suethna n` ughkgcaopr`gskg, y, he oksoa tkòpa, è n` ughvaeugthn qu` ga hc`pth eh `vkn`gckh n` ehtrhgsmarohckg sackhe `g cursa.

@e `sphcka n` eh r`pr`s`gthckg nè trhlhdas` vuèv`, `g eh alrh n` Sk`rrh, ug o`chgksoacaope`da qu` ga n`dh gkgjg eujhr h eh

`xt`rkarknhn cag r`sp`ta h ehs rèhckag`s nèo`rchna `g ehs cuhe`s chnh uga, caoa `g ug`gjrhghd`, r`trhgsokt h atras eas `m`ctas n` easpan`r`s sumrknas. Pg `sphcka qu`, `g n`gktkvh,ga hnokt` ug hmu`rh.

N`sn` `sth p`rsp`ctkvh, Cue`s rèhckag`spranuctkvhs y r`c`ptkvhs s` n`shrraeehg n`gtran` ug cagt`xta caoa è hrt`1, Cue `s è phpèqu` s` kopag` he hutar y cue `s eh paskckg nè`sp`cthnar1. Sk è `sphcka nè hrt` s` cagskn`rh,

par su `sc`gckh, è olkta prkvke`jkhna n` ehshctkvknhn`s è`jknhs, y nè tkòpa ekl`rhna nè

Ohrca Scatkgk

n`t`rokgksoa nè trhlhda, `g Sk`rrh, he cagtrhrka,s` cagvk`rt` cagcr`tho`gt` `g ug t`rr`ga n`rèhckag`s n` `xpeathckg y hcuouehckg, `g ècuhe eh chpturh nè tkòpa n` eh vknh, `s n`ckr,n` ea qu` cr`h gav`nhn, par phrt` nè pan`r gabhc` os qu` r`pranuckr ehs rèhckag`s paetkchs

qu` s` `gcu`gtrhg `g è olkta nè trhlhda.

@g r`suo`g, eh gu`vh caeagkzhckg nèchpktheksoa n`spehzh è `d`rckcka nè pan`rn`sn` è tkòpa nè trhlhda bhsth è tkòpan` eh vknh caoa the, phrh n`ckrea caoa OhurkzkaEhzzhrhta.8Ga s` trhth `gtagc`s n` luschr ehsustrhcckg nè `sphcka nè hrt` n` eh `cagaoh

n` o`rchna, gk thopaca n` r`kvkgnkchr ughkopaskle` y supu`sth ekl`rthn, skga os lk`gn` prhctkchrea caoa ug gu`va t`rr`ga n`

cagmragthckg y gmr`gthok`gta paetkca.

@e nuheksoa `gtr` è ald`ta y eh p`rc`pckg nèsud`ta qu` eh `sttkch oan`rgh bh kgt`gthnasup`rhr h trhvs n` eh cagtkguh pu`sth `gnkscuskg n` ehs ohg`rhs n` ehs cagnkckag`sp`rc`ptkvhs caoa n` ehs prhxks `xpasktkvhs(n`sn` èr`hnyohn he okgkoheksoa, kgceuy`gnaeh `sttkch rèhckaghe) vuèv` bay, `g è trhlhdan` Shgtkhja Sk`rrh, n`spravksth n` ugh hc`pckgo`thmskch a kn`heksth. He cagtrhrka, ehs phr`dhsapr`sar-aprkokna, hokja-`gòkja, kgceukna-

`xceukna, phr`c`g taohr ugh gu`vh c`gtrheknhnn`gtra n` su alrh.

[ sk `gtagc`s, kgt`gtrhoas p`gshr qu` hqu,`g `sth jrhg pu`sth `g `sc`gh nè trhlhda, ehrèhckg p`rc`ptkvh `gtr` `sp`cthnar y ald`taals`rvhna s` bh n`gktkvho`gt` trhgsmarohna`g ugh rèhckg n` cehs` r`gavhnh1

Eh mragt`rh sttkch

Oastrhr eh apaskckg caoa `s, n`dhr `xpeathr ehcagtrhnkcckg, ga ee`jhr h gkgjugh cagceuskg

skg taohr paskckg, p`ra sk alekjhr è `sp`cthnarh taohr ugh, `s, phrh Shgtkhja Sk`rrh, eh thr`hnè hrtksth. Vr`cksho`gt` parqu` è `sp`cthnargugch `s hlstrhcta a gùtrhe, ea qu` r`pr`s`gthga `s saeho`gt` è plekca nè hrt` skga ughn`t`rokghnh cehs` sackhe. Ga `s chsuhe qu`,

n`gtra n` su alrh, he `sp`cthnar s` e` bhyhhtrklukna ug phpè thg `xpeckta y mugckaghe.


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Shgtkhja Sk`rrh86

Caoa hroh è oksoa Sk`rrh4 @s lhsthgtàlvka qu` è hrtksth bhc` hrt`, `s ugh thutaeajh,p`ra tanhvh r`sueth g`c`shrkh su `xpekckthckg.@sa `s parqu`, supu`stho`gt`, è hrtksth sear`hekzh oanèas, p`ra su hctkvknhn prkgckphe `spranuckr hrt` y è hrt` `s ug ald`ta n` euda, `s ug

ald`ta qu` `st hsackhna cag eh r`pr`s`gthckgn` ug jrupa sackhe, he ehna n` atras ald`tas quèh sack`nhn g`c`skth y r`quk`r . @sh sack`nhnga `s eh sack`nhn `gt`rh, `s è `strhta sup`rkar,eehooaseh `gtagc`s, eh cehs` os mhvar`cknh, ehqu` amr`c` òpeà.

Var `sth rhzg è `sphcka `xpasktkva `g Sk`rrh

skòpr` `s nale`, ohrchna par ug cagmgs`gskle` qu` n`t`rokgh nas r`hs `sphckhe`s4nas ougnas, nkstkgths rèhckag`s n` pan`r y

pranucckg, nas tkpaeajhs n` okrhnh. ^he caoaphrh Ohrx, è chpktheksth y è alr`ra, `sthlhguga `g mr`gt` nè atra `g è kgt`rcholka n` ehso`rchgchs caoa caoprhnar y v`gn`nar, gè `sphcka `xpasktkva n` Sk`rrh s` `gmr`gthg`sp`cthnar y hctar-trhlhdhnar. Sk t n`l`soastrhr ugh p`rsagh hgt` atrh, nkc` è hrtksth,tk`g`g qu` s`r ouy nkm`r`gt`s4 `s g`c`shrka qu``xksth ugh nkm`r`gckh susthgckhe `gtr` qukg `sphrt` nè plekca y h qukg t` `sts nkrkjk`gna4uga `st hee phrh trhlhdhr y è atra phrh phshrsu tkòpa eklr`. Eas jrupas n` p`rsaghs qu`

nhg eh `sphenh he `sp`cthnar hs caoa eas quòkrhg nkr`ctho`gt` he plekca, sag ug `dòpean` caoa eh mragt`rh `st cagstktuknh par okrhnhsy cu`rpas. @e plekca r`pr s`gth- nkc` Sk`rrh-ug jrupa sackhe cuyhs chrhct`rstkchs s` pag`g`g prko`r pehga, ug jrupa qu` ga tk`g` qu`caophrtkr è `sc`ghrka cag atras. @g trhlhdasnagn` hphr`c`g jrupas sackhe`s hd`gas heougna nè hrt`, hee trhta n` `gmr`gthreas cag

è plekca ekjhna he hrt`. Var `dòpea, `g>=0p`rsaghs ròug`rhnhs, ugh ouetktun n` alr`rasmu`rag pu`stas chrh h chrh cag sus d`m`s,j`gt` n` nkstkgth `xtrhcckg sackhe. N` `stòana è trhlhda cagskstk `g eh cagmragthckg

n` nas jrupas cag kgt`r`s`s y oatkvhckag`srhnkcheo`gt` apu`sths.

Eh mragt`rh qu` s`phrh è `sp`cthnar n` suald`ta s` bhc` os thgjkle` hg h trhvs n` ehacuethckg n` eas cu`rpas n`gtra n` chdhs n`

chrtg, n`gtra n` ehs ohe`ths n` eas hutaovke`s,n`gtra n` chdhs-hsk`gtas n` ohn`rh bhsth ee`jhr

h ugh `gmhtkzhckg ohyar cag è hezhok`gta n`v`rnhn`ras ouras caoa `g è chsa n` eh ourheehn` ehnrkeea qu` nkvknh è phskeea nè VS8 OaOH`g Gu`vh [ari, a è chsa nè phlèeg `sphae`g eh Lk`ghe n` ]`g`ckh nè


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r`s Hcckag`s g Shgtkhja n` Cbke` 88

`sphae, ga bhy ugh pu`sth `g `sc`gh n` ehcrtkch kgstktuckaghe cuhgta os, eh n` ehs marohsn` eh lkapaetkch n` gu`strhs nòacrhckhscagtòparg`hs.

Oucbhs v`c`s, `g è trhlhda n` Sk`rrh, è cagmg

s` `gcu`gtrh r`pr`s`gthna tholkg cag ug eokt`durnkca, caoa ugh mragt`rh paetkch r`he qu`pehgt`h ugh cagmragthckg `gtr` phs`s rkcasy oavkok`gtas okjrhtarkas `g è tkòpa n` ehjealhekzhckg. (


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Shgtkhja Sk`rrh8=0 trhlhdhnar`spr`chrkas o`xkchgas nè Ousà \uga hohya,sk ehs >36 oud`r`s p`ruhghs `g eh Jhe`rh VhgcbaMk`rra n` Ekoh bhlhg `sthna `xpu`stas heplekca the caoa `rhg -puras cu`rpas-, sk ehs3;= oud`r`s ruohghs `g è Ousà Ghckaghe n`

Hrt` Cagtòpargà n` Luchr st bhlhg `sthnakgvkthnhs h o`gnkjhr, g Cbke` eas trhlhdhnar`sp`ruhgas hsuohg è phpè n` `sp`cthnar`s.@gtagc`s qukg okrh y qukg `s okrhna `g `sth`sc`gh1 Xukg `s eh vctkoh n` eh trhoph `g

`sth hcckg phrh 83 `sp`cthnar`s y 82= hctar`s1Eas `sp`cthnar`s cbke`gas qu` s` `gcu`gtrhgals`rvhnas y duzjhnas1 Eas p`ruhgas qu``stg nkspu`stas h hctuhr caoa `sp`cthnar`s hehs rn`g`s n` ug nkr`ctar y cag ugh o`nkacr`r`caop`gsh n` :.666 p`sas1 @e oksoa hrtksth

qu` r`ckth è phpè nè pan`r hc`pthgna ughmhesh `ghd`ghckg p`rsaghe pr`v`gtkvh caoa

n`m`gsh cagtrh eh r`kchckg sackhe kopu`sth1H trhvs n` ugh r`n n` okrhnhs, eh trhoph gabhc` ghnh os qu` nòastrhr eh chn`gh n`hgthjagksoas sackhe`s n` cehs`. Eh trhophn` Sk`rrh `s ug t`htra n`gtra nè t`htra. @s ughr`pr`s`gthckg phrhndkch n` eh r`pr`s`gthckg

nè pan`r cagtòpargà. Pgh jrhg EhsO`gkghs n` gu`stras tkòpas.

^\HNPCCKG N@ @PJ@GKH L@\^@E

8 Ohurkzka Ehzzhrhta,Ehvara Kooht`rkhe . Maro`nk vkth ` pranuzkag` nk sajj`ttkvkt, Aolr` Cart`,

]`ragh,8;;:9 Vhaea ]krga, Jrhoohtkch nèeh

oaetktunkg`, N`rkv`Hpprank, \aoh,


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Mlueh skgoarhe`dh

Jukee`roa Ohcbuch

rhlhdhnar`s pr`chrkas

Nùnarh n` eas nkmusas kgudas pray`cthnaspar ck`rta nkscursa `sttkca n` arkj`gpastokgkoheksth `g eh hc`pckg p`rv`rtknh nètrokga, eh alrh n` Shgtkhja Sk`rrh juhrnh su

r`gnkok`gta vksuhe `g ugh ashnh y pravachtkvhcagc`pckg nè e`gjuhd` hrtstkca. @xkoknh n` ehsr`strkcckag`s prapkhs n` eh hutac`gsurh, nksthgt`nè punar òhghna par ugh tkch al`nk`gt` ysuoksh r`sp`cta n` ea qu` n`lk`rh cagstktukrugh t`gthtkvh `sttkch mugnhnh `g ugh alekjhnhkohj`g n` ea paetkcho`gt` carr`cta, sutrhy`ctarkh n` alrh ga bh n`dhna n` `xbklkr ugh

`grjkch y n`shhgt` kgt`rrajhckg `g rèhckg hn`t`rokghnas supu`stas hxkaejkcas y vksuhe`squ` s`phrhrhg ea tkca n` ea `sttkca, ea hrtstkca

n` ea oarhe.

Vhrh hejugas `schgnheash a cgkch, phrhatras ecknh a cagt`sththrkh, ea ck`rta `s quèh phrtkcuehr gackg nè hrt` amr`cknh par ehalrh n` Sk`rrh s` `gcu`gtrh cagv`gk`gtò`gt`susp`gnknh `gtr` eh saev`gckh n` su prapu`sthvksuhe y ea r`pracbhle` n` sus r`m`r`gckhssè`cckaghnhs, eh ohyarh `gchrghnhs `geh n`spkhnhnh y n`s`gmr`ghnh `xbklkckgn` n`t`rokghnas skjgas checuehnho`gt`n`paskthnas salr` eas cu`rpas cagcr`tas

(prastktuths, kgokjrhgt`s, vhjhlugnas u atrasphrkhs sackhe`s) n` quk`g`s bhg phn`cknaeas rkjar`s kjgaokgkasas n` eh `xpeathckg,eh oks`rkh, eh kgnkj`gckh y eh buokeehckg `gtrokgas sackhe`s y `cagokcas.

@xpu`sth n` ohg`rh j`g`rhe he v`dho`g y ehsuokskg, eh `xp`rk`gckh eokt` phn`cknh parnkcbas cu`rpas eh ohyarh kn`gtkchnas caoa

trhlhdhnar`s pr`chrkas s` `gcagtrhrh,`g `st` chsa, `xhc`rlhnh (phrh hquèeaskgt`r`shnas `g r`shethr sus o`ras hsp`ctasr`punkhle`s `g trokgas oarhe`s) par ughkopnkch ` kgn`c`gt` jrhtkchckg `cagokch

nkrkjknh `g nkr`cta l`g`cka nè skstòh hrtstkca(a nè jac` p`rv`rsa nè prapka hrtksth, `xthskhnahgt` eh buokeehckg n` sus oanèas cagtrhthnas).@g `st` s`gtkna, eas rnktas n` ghturhe`zhp`cugkhrkh `gohschrhnas a cagv`gk`gtò`gt`chouhnas lhda ugh checuehnh hctktun n`

kgcarr`cckg paetkch phr`ck`rhg h eh ehrjhs`r os skjgkchtkvas qu` ehs supu`sths

Eas hrtksths pastoan`rgas

sag chrkchturhs n` hrtksths,

pu`s bhc`g nè hrtksth

phrt` n` eh ouetktun,

ugh p`rsagh catknkhghcag ug trhlhda catknkhga.

Naghen Iuspkt

Jukee`roa Ohcbuch


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Shgtkhja Sk`rrh8>

kgt`gckag`s crtkchs qu` mugnho`gthrhg ehshphr`gt`s kgt`rpèhckag`s ee`vhnhs h chla parSk`rrh r`sp`cta n` ehs kg`quknhn`s ` kgmhokhsp`rc`ptkle`s `g è hctuhe skstòh chpktheksth hgkvè jealhe.

Mr`gt` h `sth cehs` n` sasp`cbh, è oksoahrtksth ga bh c`dhna n` hnv`rtkrgas r`sp`ctanè `sprktu qu` hgkohrh è s`gtkna n` su alrh4skg n`sn`hr sus hsp`ctas cagt`sththrkas ahctkvksths, ea n`ckskva phr`ck`rh r`sknkr s`jgea ohgkm`sthna par Sk`rrh `g eh ap`rhckg`sttkch n` quk`g skopeò`gt` s` cagt`gthcag bhc`r hrt`. S` trhth, `g `st` pugta, n` ugh

pasturh ga `x`gth n` ugh pehuskle` r`puesh `gtrokgas tkcas. Eas eokt`s nè hrt`, he oao`gtan` s`r salr`phshnas par è usa y hlusa nè

naear hd`ga, yh ga panrhg phrh sus os mrràsr`trhctar s- cagthr cag eh o`rh kopugknhnatarjhnh par eh o`nkhckg `sttkch. @g ck`rtaoana eas eokt`s nè hrt` s`rhg o`gas `xt`gsasqu` eas atarjhnas par eh r`heknhn `g sus gkvè`sn` crun`zh os kgmhohgt`s. @g `st` chsa, èpèkjra cagskst` `g ugh r`hrohckg p`rv`rshn` ugh cr`ck`gt` kgn`gkckg shenhnh `gtr`è nkscursa nè hrt` y è nkscursa `cagokca.Mr`gt` h `sth ckrcugsthgckh, eh alrh n` Sk`rrhs` gutr` n` eh sasp`cbh r`suethgt` n` suhphr`gt` ckgksoa cagtrhctuhe phrh sthle`c`r

ugh sheunhle` y r`gavhnh crtkch he skstòhchpktheksth, n`shhgna h ehs r`hctkvhs marohsatrarh hsackhnhs h ugh hctktun n` ohe`sthrcueturhe, hs caoa h eas nksthgckhok`gtasmarohe`s y `sttkcas kn`gtkchnas cag è purksoaoan`rgksth n` kgspkrhckg jr``gl`rjkhgh(`g è s`gtkna n` shevhjuhrnhr eh pur`zh n` ehmaroh hgt` eh hrrò`tknh nè kgmhohgtìktscbprapkckhna par eh cueturh n` ohshs).

@gt`gn`r eh crtkch rhnkche nè skstòh chpktheksthhlarnhnh par Sk`rrh, supag` caopr`gn`r ughphrtkcuehr cagc`pckg nè e`gjuhd` `sttkcalhshnh `g eh davkheknhn y mragtheknhn h gkvè

marohe y `xpr`skva9 kopekch `gt`gn`r eas rk`sjas`gthlehnas `gtr` è e`gjuhd` nè hrt` y eas skjgasòhghnas par è cagt`xta sackhe (hsuok`gnaè pèkjra n` cagv`rtkr nkcbh mragtheknhn `g ughkg`vkthle` hpu`sth vksuhe n` ghturhe`zh kopnkch,alsc`gh y praokscuh h gkvè oarhe).

Ekl`rhnh n` ehs cahcckag`s nè r`s`gtkok`gtasackhe y cueturhe y n` ehs ekokthckag`s marohe`s

`g oht`rkhs vksuhe`s, eh gkch pasklkeknhn n`hmragthr ug nkscursa crtkca r`sp`cta n` easskjgas kgmho`s pray`cthnas par è skstòhchpktheksth phr`ck`rh prav`gkr n` ugh ck`rthcehs` n` apckg `sttkch r`hekzhnh `g cagck`gckhnè pèkjra qu` supag` ugh nupekchckg n` eas

prac`sas hcathnas par è oksoa. Pgh pasturhcrtkch r`sp`cta nè skstòh o`gckaghna,supag` è pèkjra n` oko`tkzhrs`, kgceusacagmugnkrs`, cag sus skjgas os kjgaokgkasas yn`spr`ckhle`s. Nhna qu` su trhlhda bh `scrktaVkehr ]keeèh Ohschr suè` s`r pr`s`gthna yp`rcklkna caoa ugh crtkch he chpktheksoa, h suv`z, tholkg suè` s`r crktkchna par ekokthrs`

h eh r`pranucckg n` eas otanas n` stètkoa. V`gsòas, he r`sp`cta, `g ugh parckgskjgkchtkvh n` quk`g`s bhg s`rvkna n` oanèa

h ea ehrja n` su alrh4 `g su ohyarh cagtrhthnhsphrh eh `d`cuckg n` ug trhlhda thg kgtke caoan`sjhsthgt`, thg kghg` caoa n`jrhnhgt`. @egkca cagsuèa hqu r`sknkrh `g ugh jrhtkchckg`cagokch amr`cknh par n`lhda nè shehrkaogkoa a, `g hejugas chsas, par ugh nasksn` nrajh (@e chgshgcka, `sh nrajh, `scrklk\aehgn Lhrtb`s).

Pg `dòpea èacu`gt` n` `sth `scehvksth rèhckgcagtrhctuhe `s paskle` n` s`r cagsththnh `g sutrhlhda tktuehna V`rsagh nkck`gna ugh mrhs`,

`d`cuthna è ha


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nè okgkohe cag ehs `xphgskag`s carparhe`s nècagc`ptuheksoa ekjhna h eh p`rmarohgc` a h ehshcckag`s n` hrt`, `xphgnkgnas` h v`c`s he hrt`carparhe n` ghturhe`zh cruè a n`spkhnhnh.

@g è gaolr` nè hrt`

Skg òlhrja, è sumrkok`gta y phn`ckok`gtan` eas oanèas y r`m`r`gckhs utkekzhnas par èe`gjuhd` `sttkca ga sag `xceuskvas nè hrt`cagtòpargà9 s` ròagthg h eas caok`gzasn` eh bkstarkh n` eh pkgturh y eh `scueturh9 ròkt`gh ehs cruènhn`s prapkhs n` eas prkoktkvas a

hrchkcas rktuhe`s èhlarhnas par è sud`ta caghgt`rkarknhn h eh chphcknhn n` r`pr`s`gthrjurhtkvho`gt` eh r`heknhn. Hgt`s n` eh bkstarkh

n` eh kohj`g s` `gcu`gtrh eh bkstarkh n` ehcruènhn. Ea t`htrhe pr`c`n` h su r`pr`s`gthckgvksuhe, skòpr` qu` s` ea cagcklh n`sn` ughp`rsp`ctkvh gk`tzscbkhgh y eu`ja hrthunkhgh.@g caope`th pr`sckgn`gckh n` ehs ceskchso`nkhckag`s oarhe`s y `sttkchs (eh trhnkckgcueturhe `g acckn`gt` s` mugnho`gthrh `g èprkvke`jka n` ugh chpthckg ptkca-oarhe nèh vknh, gas `gs` Gk`tzscb`), `st` t`htraga n`l`rh t`g`r eh os ogkoh pk`nhn heh barh n` hmragthr ehs turlue`gckhs n` ehr`heknhn (`g phrtkcuehr `g skgtagh cag ck`rths

kgt`rpr`thckag`s gk`tzscbkhghs rèhtkvhs h p`gshrè e`gjuhd` `sttkca caoa gkca magna paskle`h eh barh n` cagc`lkr è ougna caoa ug t`htrar`v`stkna n` eas pan`r`s kopu`stas par eh ejkchnè suà4 s`jukr sahgna h p`shr n` shl`rqu` s` su`h). ânas eas has, `g è gaolr`n` eas rktuhe`s rèkjkasas n` chrct`r shcrkckhey ohrtkrkhe (pr s`gt` `g ehs r ekjkag`s crkstkhghs,ousueohg`s, lunksths, `tc.), ehs sack`nhn`s

`xarckzhg su n`sà n` cagtraehr a hpehchr ehvkae`gckh. @g `stas rktuhe`s, è `sp`ctcuea n` ehshgjr` n`rrhohnh ga r`sueth nkscarnhgt` cagsus ohgkm`sthckag`s cckaghe`s `g trokgasckgòhtajrcas (n`sn` Vk`r Vhaea Vhsaekgk

bhsth è ckg`jarà mr`hin` Jàrj` \ao`ra aNhra Hrj`gta).

Skg òlhrja, `sth pasklkeknhn n` `xpkhckgchtrtkch r`sueth kghnokskle` `g è hrt`. Heo`gas, `g sus marohs trhnkckaghe`s (sheva

qu` s`hg r`pr`s`gthnhs n` ohg`rh cckaghe).Eh vkhlkeknhn n` cagtrhrkhr nkcbhs ekokthckag`s

marohe`s y oarhe`s, bh skna heja qu` bhnkstkgjukna ug s`ctar koparthgt` nè hrtèkjhna hebhpp`gkgj, caoa è ohgkm`sthna parehs crunhs hcckag`s n` eas hrtksths vk`g`s`sn` eas has =6 y :69 p`ra tholkg `g hquèehst`gn`gckhs r`cagackle`s eu`ja n` eh b`jòagh

nè okgkoheksoa y è cagc`ptuheksoa trhnkckaghe,prkgckpheo`gt` g ehs v`rtk`gt`sougnhghsap`rv`rtknhsn` eas oksoas (cagsknr`s`, `g `st`chsa, eh gackg n` okgkoheksoa p`rv`rtkna n`J`rhrna Oasqu`rh).

Carr`spagnk`gt` h ea qu` Bhe Mast`r bhn`gaokghna caoa r`heksoa trhuotkca,

`sth cagc`pckg ougnhgh y p`rv`rtknh nèokgkoheksoa y è cagc`ptuheksoa kgvach ughcarraskg n` eas mugnho`gtas keuskagksths

b`r`nhnas nè t`htra ceskca. @g `st` s`gtkna,eh alrh n` Sk`rrh panrh s`r e`nh, s`jgChreas Dkog`z, caoa ug t`htra skg plekca`g è qu` tanas s`rhoas hctar`s, caoa`g èbhpp`gkgj, nagn` ga bhy hctar`s gk`sp`cthnar`s4 sea t`htra. @sth phrtkcuehrnkeuckg s` `gcagtrhrh h cagtrhpèa n` ck`rthsb`r`nhnhs hgkohnv`rskag`s sttkchs n`ghturhe`zh oan`rgksth, `g è s`gtkna qu` ehmug`sth kgtraokskg n` ea t`htrhe kopekchrh ughcarraskg n` eas ckok`gtas `sthle`cknas par ease`gjuhd`s n` eh pkgturh y eh `scueturh. @st` tòar

`g rèhckg he chrct`r p`rv`rsa amr`ckna parea t`htrhe, bh t`gkna bkstrkcho`gt` su oxkohshgckg g ck`rths pr`scrkpckag`s purksthscaoa ehs kopu`sths par hutar`s caoa OkcbhèMrk`n h eh barh n` r`phrhr `g eas n`t`rkarasr`jkaghe`s phn`cknas par ehs hrt`s skgjuehr`s`g l`g`cka n` eh nurhckg n` eh `xp`rk`gckhamr`cknh par è nkscursa okgkoheksth kgkckhna `geh nchnh n` eas =6.

@g è chsa pugtuhe n` eh alrh n` Sk`rrh, `stht`htrheknhn n`sthchrh eh kgo`nkht`z n` ughpu`sth `g `sc`gh ga `x`gth n` r`saghgckhs n`ghturhe`zh ohrtkrkhe y schtaejkch (kn`gtkchna

cag eas thtuhd`s, ehs ohsturlhckag`s y eas`xcrò`gtas)4 mr`gt` h eh n`shphrkckg nèhs o`nkhckag`s kopu`sths par è e`gjuhd``sttkca `g sus hc`pckag`s ceskchs (okotkchs)y oan`rgksths (hlstrhcths), `sth p`cuekhrcagc`pckg nè hrt` t`gnrh `g eh sarnh y crunh

oht`rkheknhn n` su pr`s`gckh `scgkch sususthgckh os carraskvh9 supagnrh eh hguehckg

Jukee`roa Ohcbuch


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Shgtkhja Sk`rrh8=

n` eas mugnho`gtas ceskcas nè jg`ra t`htrhe,`g hnèhgt` b`jòagkzhna par eh cagthokghgt`krrupckg n` ehs hrt`s vksuhe`s r`pr`s`gthnhspar ehs holk`gthckag`s pastoan`rghs n` eap`rmarotkca y cagc`ptuhe.

@xkoknh n` eas nksthgckhok`gtas atrarh`structurhnas `gtr` è `sphcka n` r`pr`-s`gthckg y su r`c`pckg, `gtr` `sc`gh ycagt`xta, sth carraskvh cagc`pckg `sttkchkgvaeucrhrh eh skjuk`gt` kgt`rrajhgt`, the cuhebh skna cagskjghnh par Dkog`z4 S`jukrhsk`gna t`htra cuhgna yh ga bhy ghnh os qu`t`htra1 @sth n`shphrkckg nè t`htra, hek`gth par

atrh phrt` eh hphrkckg n` ea qu` `g trokgashrthunkhgas s` panrh n`gaokghr caoa pu`sth`g `sc`gh (`g `st` chsa n` hcu`rna h eas

eokt`s caggathnas par eh alrh n` Sk`rrh `geh hc`pckg o`rchgtke nè trokga).

Skg òlhrja, `sth n`stòpehnh cagc`pckgnè e`gjuhd` `sttkca ga jhrhgtkzhrh ughkgj`guh kgvachckg cagnuc`gt` h p`roktkr èkgjr`sa n` eh prapkh vknh `g eh r`pr`s`gthckghrtstkch. @g `st` chsa, r`suethg kgnkm`r`gt`sehs kgvachckag`s òhghnhs par eh vknh `g susnko`gskag`s catknkhghs, hm`ctkvhs, prkvhnhs alkajrchs9 hqu ea n`ckskva phr`ck`rh cagskstkr`g è n`vèhok`gta rhnkche, cagcr`ta y mragthe

n`spr`gnkna nè olkta ehlarhe buohga `gsus hc`pckag`s os n`jrhnhgt`s y pr`chrkhs,cagc`lkna vksuheo`gt` caoa ugh `sp`ck` n`r`hnyohn n`spadhna n` tanh trhgsjurhckgekgjstkch a gackaghe. Pg t`htra skg t`htra`qukvhe` h ug trhlhda skg trhlhda4 Hee ga `st èkgnkvknua kgskst` Dkog`z skga è trhlhdhnarcagvachna par è r`cehoa nè prapka Sk`rrh qu`kgvkth h phrtkckphr `g sus hcckag`s t`htrhe`s

h tana hquè trhlhdhnar qu` `st nkspu`sta htrhlhdhr `g èehs (...) Sk`rrh ga cagvach h ghnk``g sus pk`zhs os rhnkche`s parqu` s`h helhke,è`ctrkcksth, magthg`ra a o`cgkca skga parqu``st nkspu`sta h trhlhdhr.

@sth hlstrhcckg n` eh jurh nè trhlhda y nètrhlhdhnar (n` cehrh prac`n`gckh ohrxkhgh`g rèhckg he tpkca n` eh peusvheh), gacagstktuy` ugh ap`rhckg `xceuskvh n` ehsrèhckag`s ehlarhe`s prapkhs nè skjea RKR9

pu`n` p`rm`ctho`gt` keustrhr ehs hctuhe`scagnkckag`s `cagokchs pray`cthnhs `g è

ohrca n` eas cr`ck`gt`s `m`ctas ohrchnas parè m`go`ga n` eh jealhekzhckg. @g trokgasnè n`shrraeea n` ehs mu`rzhs pranuctkvhs,`s paskle` r`cagac`r, g hquèeas cagt`xtasjàjrcas y `cagokcas nè pehg`th, ehsup`rpaskckg n` nkstkgtas skstòhs ehlarhe`s

y t`cgaejkcas. Ea pròan`rga cagvkv` cagea oan`rga, ehs t`cgaeajhs prkohrkhs cagehs s`cugnhrkhs y t`rckhrkhs. Eh bkstarkh n` ehsn`skjuhenhn`s `cagokchs y sackhe`s `xc`n` èohrca `structurhna par eas eokt`s qu` nkvkn`gea c`gtrhekzhna n` ea p`rkmrkca. Eas skjgasn` eh n`skjuhenhn y eh palr`zh s` `gcu`gtrhg`sphrcknas n` ohg`rh jealhe.

Os hee n` tanh nèkokthckg jàjrch,`cagokch y sackhe, eh alrh n` Sk`rrh s`

`gmachrh h n`sthchr ehs kg`quknhn`s n`hquèeas qu`, s`jg Dkog`z, s` `gcagtrhrhg`xceuknas phrh skòpr` y skg hphr`gt` rò`nkanè o`rchna ehlarhe nè t`rc`r ougna, easòkjrhgt`s n` `s` t`rc`r ougna `g è prko`ra,eas n`sòpe`hnas n` ehrjh nurhckg y `g j`g`rhetanas eas qu` `stg sao`tknas `g tanhs phrt`s hug rjko`g n` trhlhdas tòparhe`s ` kg`sthle`s,r`hekzhnas par mu`rh a he ohrj`g n` ehs jrhgn`smlrkchs, n` eas skgnkchtas y n` ehs e`jksehckag`sehlarhe`s `sthle`cknhs `g su nh par eh sack`nhnmarnksth phrh mhvar`c`r h `stas etkoas.

Caoa het`rghtkvh h eh ohqukghrkh marnksth sus-t`gthnh `g ugh o`chgkzhckg nè trhlhda hcarn`h eh pranucckg kgnustrkhe (y qu` `g su oao`gtamu` hcehohnh par Hgtagka Jrhosck), nagn` kgceu-sa eh phskg s`xuhe s` cagskn`rhlh ug `xc`saqu` n`l` s`r `xpueshna nè skstòh rhckaghe nèh ckvkekzhckg kgnustrkhe hvhgzhnh, kgcagjru`gt`cag è arn`g, eh `xhctktun y eh pr`ckskg (V`-

t`r Zee`g), eas trhlhdhnar`s y sus pranuctassè`cckaghnas par Sk`rrh yh ga nkspagnrhg sk-quk`rh n` ehs jrhtkchckag`s atarjhnhs par ughc`gtrhekzhnh `strht`jkh n` cagtrae n` ghturhe`zhphgptkch (`gchokghnh h sulekohr eas `pksankas

n` susp`gskg lhshnas `g eh `stup`mhcckg y èmr`g`s y qu` kgceuh eh `spash qu` `sp`rhlh `gchsh, cagv`rtknh `g atrh pk`zh p`rohg`gt` n` ehoqukgh)9 thopaca pas``rhg eh jhrhgth atar-jhnh par ug trhlhda r`p`tktkva y o`cgkca (cageh cagskjuk`gt` pasklkeknhn n` phrhekzhr eh ejkch

kgb`r`gt` h eh r`pranucckg o`chgkzhnh prapkhnè trhlhda kgnustrkhe).


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r`s Hcckag`s g Shgtkhja n` Cbke` 8:

@g trokgas n` eh ejkch nè trhlhda r`jknh parehs hctuhe`s cagnkckag`s ehlarhe`s kopu`sthspar è chpktheksoa ouetkghckaghe, eh ehlarn`shrraeehnh par quk`g`s s` `gcu`gtrhgohrjkghnas n` su kgscrkpckg y e`jktkohckgmarohe y ehlarhe supagnrh ga sea eh rathckg

p`rohg`gt` n` sus kgt`jrhgt`s par eas osnkstkgtas òpeàs y par eas os kgsektassktkas n` trhlhda cagceuy` Dkog`z skgatholkg par ug `sthna caophrtkna n`pr`chrk`nhn xkst`gckhe, vkthe, hphr`gt` ar`heo`gt` krr`nuctkle`.

@g cagtrhnkcckg cag ck`rths tàrhs

pasmarnksths, Mhvka Chvheeucck bh sast`gkna qu``st` tkpa n` nkscursa gas pr`s`gth ug ougnaqu` s` bheeh tanhvh pe`gho`gt` kgo`rsa `g

ug skstòh n`ckoaggkca, nè o`chgksoan` `xpeathckg kopeckta `g tanh hctkvknhnehlarhe, n` eh rèhckg pskcaejkch lskch qu`s` `sthle`c` `gtr` eh vctkoh y è v`rnuja.@g ug s`gtkna os chggkca, ròktkrh h ehnkhectkch b`jèkhgh nè hoa y nè `scehva.Eh oan`rgknhn skju` sk`gna ugh cht`jarhpr`s`gt`, os hee n` sus pr`das kopu`staspar eh oanh bkstarkcksth. @sth pravachtkvhkn`gtkchckg cag ehs b`r`nhnhs marohs nèchpktheksoa `g su mhs` kgnustrkhe, tk`g` è orktan` cagtrhrkhr ugh supu`sth kohj`g baoajg`h

nè m`go`ga n` eh jealhekzhckg. @e skstòh`cagokca `scrkl` Chvheeucck qu` ShgtkhjaSk`rrh `xpearh `s ouy èò`gthe9 `g è magna`s `st` tholkg okgkoheksth, pu`s s` lhsh `geh skope` r`trkluckg h p`rsaghs h cholka nùgh pr`sthckg n` su trhlhda. Eh ejkch nèhrt` v`gnrh hqu h `xhc`rlhr eh kgutkeknhn n` ugtrhlhda os hee n` tana arn`g rhckaghe9 eh gkchr`m`r`gckh h eh utkeknhn prapkh nè ougna nè

trhlhda prav`gnrh nè otana, rkjurasho`gtòkgkoheksth, kopeò`gthna par Sk`rrh p`ra hcagnkckg n` r`s`rvhrs` è n`r`cba sal`rhgahe jac` y he pehc`r. Eh kgutkeknhn nè trhlhdacakgckn` p`rm`ctho`gt` cag eh kgutkeknhn n` eh

jrhtkchckg `sttkch9 `g è magna s` gutr` nèh mtke `xp`rk`gckh ehlarhe n` hquèeas palr`sn`sjrhckhnas nkspu`stas h chsk tana4 he n`dhrs`thtuhr ugh eg`h `g eh `sphenh, he ohsturlhrs`hgt` ugh cohrh n` vknà, he sast`g`r ugphrheè`pp`na nurhgt` barhs, h e`vhgthr

hsk`gtas, h kgtranuckr lrhzas par ugh hl`rturhprhctkchnh `g eh phr`n.

Oarhe`dh hgtknknctkch

@ophr`gthnh cag è hsc`tksoa, hugqu``g su v`rskg p`rv`rtknh, nè okgkoheksoacagc`ptuheksth n` eas =6 y :6 (]keeèh bhn`sthchna, `g `st` s`gtkna, qu` Ehs matajrhmhs

y eas vknàs qu` nacuo`gthg su alrh skòpr`sag `g lehgca y g`jra, eh tkpajrhmh quùsh skòpr` `s bèvtkch y eh `structurh nèttuea y ehs n`scrkpckag`s n` ehs alrhs `stbaoaj`g`kzhnh), y cagck`gt` n` ugh kgcurhle`hm`cckg n` n`snkcbh oarhe (Skjougn Mrùn)pravachnh par è n`rruol` n` eas mugnho`gtasqu` r`juehlhg è nkscursa `sttkca n` arkj`g

ceskca, ugh e`cturh sup`rckhe panrh vkgcuehr ehalrh n` Sk`rrh cag ehs `sttkchs pasoan`rghsn` eh paspranucckg y rèhckaghe, tàrkzhnhs

par Gkcaehs Laurrkhun. Skg òlhrja, `gSk`rrh ga `xkst` eh os ogkoh r`n`gckg n`chrct`r cuepash9 ga `xkst` gkgjugh cehs` n`cagc`skg buohgksth. ^hopaca eh os ròathkn`gtkchckg cag n`t`rokghnhs xpr`skag`sokgkoheksths ohrchnhs par e r`ghok`gtamarohe, a, hophrhnhs `g è n`sarn`g n` ck`rthshpraxkohckag`s praokscuhs prapkhs n` ug tkpan` hrt` `g `sthna jhsàsa ([v`s Okcbhun).Ghnh os e`das n` Sk`rrh `scrkl` Mhlkaeh^hsch qu` ehs kn`hs chsk kgj`guhs tàrkzhnhspar Laurrkhun4 eh hrohckg n` qu` è hrt`

amr`c` b`rrhok`gths phrh v`r è ougna n`maroh nkm`r`gt`, eh kn`h n` qu` è hrt` pu`n`cholkhr ga sea eh p`rc`pckg n` eh r`heknhn,skga eh r`heknhn `g s, p`roktk`gna cr`hrgu`vhs marohs n` sackhlkeknhn y amr`ck`gnahet`rghtkvhs h eas oanèas naokghgt`s, caoaè chpktheksoa hctuhe.

Nksthgt` h eas ohgnhtas `sttkcas ckmrhnas `g

è gmhsks `g eh cagvkv`gckh, eas kgt`rcholkasa ehs caehlarhckag`s (Bhe Mast`r), eh crun`zhpr`s`gt` `g è trhlhda n` Sk`rrh r`sueth`xpekchle` h phrtkr n` ugh sal`rhgh pasturhr`sp`cta n` ea ald`tkvho`gt` r`pracbhle` qu`

mugnho`gthrh su nkscursa `sttkca. Ghnh o`gasrèhckaghe qu` r`p`tkr, n` ohg`rh carparheo`gt`buokeehgt`, eas phn`ckok`gtas xp`rko`gthnaspar è cu`rpa kgnkvknuhe y cae`ctkva `g susohgkm`sthckag`s o`gas cagspkcuhs `g trokgassackhe`s y `cagokcas (`g tana chsa, ehs

jrhtkchckag`s `cagokchs phjhnhs par Sk`rrhh sus trhlhdhnar`s pr`chrkas ga r`suethg

Jukee`roa Ohcbuch


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19/256

r`s Hcckag`s g Shgtkhja n` Cbke` 8;

@g skgtagh cag ugh trhy`ctarkh n` alrh ohrchnhpar ea qu` s` panrh vkgcuehr h ugh hctuhekzhnhcagc`pckg n` ck`rths r`trkchs b`r`nhnhs nèt`htra lhrraca (y r`gavhnh `g eh n`shphrkckgn` eh hutarh `g l`g`cka n` ug cagc`ptaoht`rkheksth n` eh pu`sth `g `sc`gh, nagn`

eas prathjagksths s`rhg hqu eas hctar`s y eas`sp`cthnar`s), eas nas trhlhdas pr`s`gthnasskouetg`ho`gt` par Sk`rrh `g Shgtkhja n` Cbke`(`g nkckòlr` nè


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Shgtkhja Sk`rrh trhlhdhnar`s p`ruhgas,eas cuhe`s r`cklk`rag chnh uga :.666 p`sascbke`gas (ugas 80 nehr`s), suohnh h ughcaehckg r`phrtknh ok`gtrhs s` n`shrraeehlhugh s`rk` matajrch y eh hcckg r`sp`ctkvh. @e`gchrja mu` holkjua `g trokgas d`rrqukcas4cagc`lknas kgkckheo`gt` caoa trhlhdhnar`shctkvas h ea ehrja n` eh hcckg, ehs 82> p`rsaghs

cagtrhthnhs tuvk`rag è `xceuskva prkvke`jka n`s`r `sp`cthnar`s-hctar s he s`r ulkchnhs `gphrt` n` ehs luthchs qu` caopag`g è t`htranè r`ckgta. Mu`rag, `g sgt`sks, kopèknas hs`r he oksoa tkòpa hctar`s y `sp`cthnar`s.Hctar`s y `sp`cthnar`s n` qu1. Ghnh osy ghnh o`gas qu` n` eh pr s`gckh (`g vkva y`g nkr`cta) n` 83 cagacknhs p`rsagheknhn`sekjhnhs he o`nka cueturhe y paetkca nè phs

(n`sthcgnas`, `gtr` atras, è Vr`skn`gt` n` ehCohrh n` Nkputhnas, Vhtrkcka Zhei`r Vrk`ta, èOkgkstra S`cr`thrka J`g`rhe n` eh Vr`skn`gckh,Das Hgtagka ]k`rh-Jheea, è Okgkstra n` N`m`gsh,Das Jak y è Vròka Ghckaghe n` Ekt`rhturh,

\he Turkth).

@g `st` chsa, eas `sp`cthnar`s-hctar`s mu`ragthgta eas trhlhdhnar`s cagtrhthnas caoaehs p`rsagheknhn`s kgvkthnhs (hguegnas`,pravksarkho`gt , sus nkm`r`gckhs sackhe`s4

p`rv`rskg cckaghe nè hrt`)9 holas, `g `st`chsa, s` vk`rag sao`tknas h ugh checuehnh

cagmragthckg mskch ` knàejkch9 eas prko`ras,alekjhnas h cuopekr ug cagtrhta p`cugkhrkaga nkstkgta he amr`ckna par è o`rchna eache `gtrokgas ehlarhe`s9 eas s`jugnas, `g cholka,skg os r`strkcckag`s qu` eh n`t`rokghnh pareh curkasknhn a eh `xp`cthckg prapkh n` ugh

nòhgnh surjknh n` ug cagc`pta het`rghtkvanè nkscursa `sttkca.

S`phrhnas par ugh krr`cagckekhle` mragt`rh`sthle`cknh `gtr` eh g`c`sknhn y eh jrhtuknhn,holas `sp`cthnar`s-hctar`s mu`ragkgt`gckagheo`gt` nkvknknas n` hcu`rna h suulkchckg sackhe pr`vkho`gt` sthle`cknh9

eas prko`ras, h caophr`c`r caoa o`rasals`rvhnar`s phskvas (nkstrkluknas n` ohg`rhohskvh, baoajg`h `g trokgas jàotrkcas)9

eas s`jugnas, h su v`z, pròugknas n` ehjhrhgth atarjhnh par su kn`gtkchckgkgnkvknuhe (n` hcu`rna h eh skgjuehrknhn n`su rhgja cueturhe, sackhe y paetkca)9 mr`gt`h eh caophcth nkstrkluckg `sphckhe n` easprko`ras, eas s`jugnas pas`hg eh mhcuethnn` s`r cagvachnas n` hcu`rna h su arn`gn` koparthgckh d`rrqukch paetkch y sackhe(eas os koparthgt`s prko`ra, eas o`gaskoparthgt`s n`spus). @g cagtrhnkcckg h ehphskvknhn n` eas prko`ras (eas 82> p`ruhgas),eas s`jugnas (ehs 83 p`rsagheknhn`s cbke`ghs)

mu`rag cags`cutkvho`gt` kgjr`shgna eu`ja n``sp`rhr pr`vkho`gt` su turga `g ugh hgt`sheha sheh n` `sp`rh pr`chrkho`gt` `qukphnh htrhvs n` ug ehrja y `str`cba phskeea, oart`ckgaa kgsuck`gtò`gt` keuokghna, phr`ckna h ehspravksarkhs kgsthehckag`s n` ohn`rh `xkst`gt`snurhgt` ehs cagstrucckag`s n` ghturhe`zhkgoalkekhrkh. Nkcba hcc`sa a phskeea pas`hnas chokgas4 uga alekjhtarka n` `gtrhnh y

uga alekjhtarka n` sheknh. @e prko`ra cagnuchnkr`ctho`gt` h ug culcuea sò`dhgt` h ughchlkgh tè`mgkch, matajrch a h ugh chs`th n`s`jurknhn, è cuhe s` `gcagtrhlh nkspu`sta nòhg`rh mragthe h eas 82> trhlhdhnar`s p`ruhgas

(eas cuhe`s bhlhg skna pr`vkho`gt` hnk`strhnas`g arn`g h pray`cthr ugh hctktun n` kgnkm`r`gckhga `x`gth n` n`shma y n`spr`cka)9 è s`jugna,`g cholka, cagnuch eu`ja n` qu` bulk`s` sknacehusurhna è hcc`sa n` `gtrhnh y n`spus n`bhl`r s`rvkna n` hgt`sheh he prkoktkva phskeea

qu` n`sòlachlh `g è culcuea nagn` eas 83kgvkthnas mu`rag cags`cutkvho`gt` cagmragthnas


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r`s Hcckag`s g Shgtkhja n` Cbke` p`ruhgas- h ugh chee` he`nhh her`ckgta, nagn` past`rkaro`gt` ug vkjkehgt`prac`nh h n`vaev`r ehs eehv`s n` eas hutaovke`sy h hjrhn`c`r su pr s`gckh.

@sth cuknhnh y prajrhohnh pu`sth `g

`sc`gh, s`heh ugh crksks r`sp`cta n` ea qu`,`g trokgas t`htrhe`s, s` kn`gtkch cag ehpaskckg prkvke`jkhnh nè `sp`cthnar. @g `st`chsa, ga bhlrh `g `strkcta rkjar gk hctar`s gk`sp`cthnar`s (sheva sus nkm`r`gckhs sackhe`s`xkst`gt`s os hee n` `sth phrtkcuehr pu`sth`g `sc`gh). @sta s` n`l` h ug b`cba thgskope` caoa `dòpehr h gkvè n` ehs nkvkskag`s

d`rrqukchs `gthlehnhs `gtr` è e`gjuhd` `sttkcay sackhe4 thgta eas p`ruhgas caoa eas cbke`gass` vk`rag `g eh ckrcugsthgckh n` kgt`rpr`thr

ug phpè skg s`r, `g rkjar, hctar`s9 holassea s`rhg `sp`cthnar`s n` ugh trhohp`rm`ctho`gt` r`cagackle` os hee n` easeokt`s kopu`stas par eh pu`sth `g `sc`ght`htrhe, e`jktkohnh `g `st` chsa par ehspat`sthn`s n` ug hutar cagv`gk`gtò`gt`hus`gt`, è cuhe s` `gcagtrhrh prat`jknapar è pan`r n` eh okrhnh phgptkch (a caoabh skna s`hehna par B. H. Chstkeea, lhda ehokrhnh n` hejuk`g sktuhna `g eh paskckgprkvke`jkhnh nè kgtrusa).

Hquè qu` okrh skg s`r vksta, hquèeas qu`sag okrhnas skg pan`r vksuhekzhr quk`g okrh,nkstkgju` eh prkvke`jkhnh sal`rhgh nè hrt`n`sn` sus arj`g`s prkoktkvas bhsth bay.Eh r`pr`s`gthckg sttkch surj` pr`cksho`gt`n` ehs pat`sthn`s sal`rhghs n` quk`g okrhjurhtkvho`gt` eh r`heknhn. @g `st` pugta,koparth paca sk `sth okrhnh s` `xpr`sh `g ehkeuskg nè e`gjuhd` jurhtkva a `g eh chrgheknhn

nè e`gjuhd` p`rmarotkca. Eh cckg `sttkchsalr`phsh sus o`nkhckag`s ekgjstkchs.Bkstrkcho`gt` è e`gjuhd` nè hrt` bh skna ehokrhnh ohekckash n` ug hutar qu` bh ckmrhnasus kgt`r`s`s ghrrhtkvas y vksuhe`s `g arn`g

h `sthle`c`r ugh cehs` n` `spurkh rèhckgcagtrhctuhe gthlehnh gtr` eh r`pr`s`gthckg yeh r`heknhn. Ea `sttkca supag`, `g `st` s`gtkna,eh okrhnh kgtrush n` ug `sp`cthnar u als`rvhnarn`spkhnhna. ^k`g` qu` v`r `s`gckheo`gt` cagugh p`rv`rsh rèhckg p`rc`ptkvh shenhnh par

è n`schrghna du`ja amr`ckna par eh kggkthnupekchckg n` ehs okrhnhs.

Skg òlhrja, `st` pan`r n` eh okrhnh ga `shqu jrhtukta9 kopekch ug g`c`shrka hpr`gnkzhd`hvhehna par eh `xp`rk`gckh9 supag` ehhpr`b`gskg hugqu` s`h skòpr` phrckhe` kgcaope`th n` n`t`rokghnas skjgas`cagokcas, sackhe`s, paetkcas y cueturhe`s

pray`cthnas par eas cagt`xtas `sp`ccas qu`skrv`g n` oht`rkh prkoh phrh eh oht`rkhekzhckgn` chnh alrh. @stas skjgas r`suethg thg jealhe`scaoa phrtkcuehr`s. @xpekckthr eas etkoas, ga`s heja qu` pu`nh s`r ee`vhna h chla n`snèh skope` cagrohckg n` ck`rths kn`hspr`cagc`lknhs r`sp`cta n` ehs kg`quknhn`shch`cknhs `g ehs zaghs ougnkhe`s hsackhnhs

h eh p`rkm`rkh (nagn` bhlrh qu` kgceukr h Cbke`).@sta s` `gcu`gtrh p`rm`ctho`gt` phekhna `gehs ckthnhs alrhs n` Sk`rrh. Holhs bhg skna

(o` cagsth) è pranucta n` ugh `xp`rk`gckhcagcr`th, y par thgta g`c`shrkh, r`sp`cta nèh hut`gtkcknhn n` ehs r`m`r`gckhs sackhe`s y`cagokchs heunknhs. Skg ugh kn`h `sttkchpr`cagc`lknh, nkcbas skjgas n` eh n`skjuhenhnhphr`ck`rag pranucta n` ug thgtà kgck`rta,hctkvhna par è r`carrkna nkhrka par ck`rtass`ctar`s urlhgas n` eh chpkthe, phrtkcuehro`gtèas ee`vhna h chla `g su c`gtra bkstrkca (y cuya`pkc`gtra os r`shethgt` s` `gcagtrhrh `g ehszaghs p`rko`trhe`s hcathnhs par eh Vehzh n`Hrohs, kgvhnknh par ugh cuhgtkash ohsh n`

kgokjrhgt`s p`ruhgas).

\`sp`cta n` Eh rhoph, Ohrca Scatkgk s`pr`jugth ea skjuk`gt`4 Xukg okrh y qukg `sokrhna `g `sth pu`sth `g `sc`gh1 Xukg chy`g eh trhoph `g `sth hcckg n` 83 `sp`cthnar`sy 82> hctar`s1 Eas `sp`cthnar`s cbke`gas qu`s` skgtk`rag als`rvhnas y `gdukckhnas1 Easp`ruhgas nkspu`stas h s`r `sp`cthnar`s lhda

è ohgna nè nkr`ctar par eh os`rh suoh n`:666 p`sas1 @e oksoa hrtksth, qu` du`jh nèehna nè pan`r, hc`pthgna ug mhesa hekg`hok`gtacaoa n`m`gsh cagtrh eh oht`rkhekzhckg sackhekopu`sths1. H trhvs n` ugh s`rk`

n` cagskn`rhckag`s Eh ^rhoph ga bhcàtrh cash qu` vaev`r vkskle` eh chn`gh n`hgthjagksoa n` cehs`. Eh rhoph n` Sk`rrh`s ug t`htra `g è t`htra. @s ugh phrhnadher`pr`s`gthckg n` eh r`pr`s`gthckg nè pan`rcagtòpargà. Pgh jrhg Ehs O`gkghs n`

gu`stra tkòpa.

Jukee`roa Ohcbuch


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82= ^rhlhdhnar`sV`ruhgas

Ohtuchgh 866, Shgtkhja n` Cbke`.Nkck`olr` n`


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Vkgturhs, `xpaskckg skouetg`h `g Jhe`rh

@grkqu` Ju`rr`ra y Sheh n` Hrt` Vlekca

Skqu`kras, Ckunhn n` Oxkca, Oxkca.


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Shgtkhja n` Cbke`

^`xtas

Jukee`roa Ohcbuch,Ohrca Scatkgk

Tres Acciones en Santiago de Chile, Santiago de Chile, Ediciones Universidad Diego Portales, 2012

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