Post on 27-Dec-2015
Ch 23-5 Quiz Five “Great” Powers
Principles guiding the convention Metternich wants to go
Balance of power A new map of Europe Congress System Kings restored to power
Accomplishments of the congress (creation of Germanic Confederation, etc.)
19th Century Political Spectrum (Conservative or Liberal)
How the Congress of Vienna tried to create peace and stability in Europe
Stuff to Review: 23-5 TCN, section 23-5 in book, Europe After the Congress of Vienna map and questions, Congress of Vienna visual organizer, and 19th Century Political Spectrum worksheet
Review? Nationalists: people who believe that
people of a single “nationality” should unite under a single government
Goal of Nationalists? Create a NATION-STATE Bonds that create a nation-state? Nationality,
Language, Culture, Religion, History, and Territory
MAIN IDEA
The force of nationalism contributed to the formation of two new nations (Germany and Italy) and a new political order in Europe.
Italy up to 1815 Italian Peninsula had not been unified since the fall
of the Roman Empire. In 1815: Austria rules Italian provinces of Venetia and
Lombardy in North Spain rules Kingdom of Two Sicilies
Most spoke the same language, but the peninsula divided into competing states (each with its own government)
Napoleon had invaded Italy United many states under one government Unification did not last Congress of Vienna split these states back up
Desire for Unification
Groups in several Italian states began to push the idea of a unified Italian state
Italian unification seen as being against Austrian Empire Most powerful force against unification Metternich stated that the word Italy was “purely
a geographic expression”
Pope opposd to Italian unification
Differences on what Italy would be: confederation under pope? Republic? Kingdom?
Italian Nationalist Leaders
Count Cavour (The “Head”)
Giuseppi Garibaldi (The “Sword”)
Giuseppi Mazzini (The “Heart”)
King Victor Emmanuel II
Giuseppi Mazzini(1805 – 1872)
The “Heart”
1832: forms Young Italy Nationalist group Fight for unification of
Italian states through popular uprising
Attracts people to the cause of Italian unification
Works for a democratic republic
Giuseppi Garibaldi(1807-1882)
The “Sword”
Met Mazzini in 1833
Joined Young Italy
Failed insurrection, flees to Brazil in 1834
Participates in Brazilian movement for independence
Back to Italy in 1849, flees to US and then UK
Count Camillo di Cavour
(1810-1861) The “Mind”
Wealthy aristocrat
Journalist for Il Risorgimento
Favors an expanded Piedmont
Became Prime Minister of Piedmont on 4 November 1852
Victor Emmanuel II
(1820-1878) Became king of
Sardinia-Piedmont in 1849
Gave Camillo di Cavour the title of Prime Minister
Became symbol of the Italian Risorgimento
Steps to Italian Unification
#1: Mazzini develops his Italian unification ideology; failed attempts at revolting (1830s, 1840s)
#2: Cavour & Napoleon III Meet at Plombières, 1858
#3: Austro-Sardinian War, 1859
#4: Austro-Prussian War, 1866
#5: Garibaldi & His “Red Shirts” Unite with Cavour
#6: French Troops Leave Rome, 1870
Italy is unified!
Pact of Plombières
Summer of 1858 Cavour and Napoleon
III sign secret agreement
What is in the agreement? Joint war against
Austria Piedmont gain
Austrian territories in Italy (Lombardy and Venetia), as well as Duchies of Parma and Modena
France gets Savoy and Nice
Austro-Sardinian War of 1859
War started by Austrians after Piedmontese begin mobilizing an army Ultimatum to Piedmont:
Demobilize army of Austria will fight
Piedmont won’t demobilize, Austria declares WAR
France intervenes on Piedmont’s side
Short war, significant battles Battle of Magenta Battle of Solferino
Results of War of 1859
Austrians pushed out of Lombardy; forces march into Venetia
Italian patriots in Tuscany, Modena, and Parma overthrew Austrian rulers and asked to be annexed to kingdom of Sardinia Napoleon III signs armistice with Austria
Armistice agreement: Sardinia receives Lombardy Austria keeps Venetia, returns to power in Tuscany,
Modena, and Parma Napoleon III gets Nice and Savoy (even though he
had only partially delivered on deal)
Plebiscites held in Parma, Modena, and
Tuscany vote the Austrian empire to join the Sardinian
kingdom
By 1860, four states remain:
1) Sardinia-Piedmont, (2) Venetia, (3) Papal States, and (4) Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
Garibaldi and the “Red Shirts” Unite
with Cavour Garibaldi invades
Sicily and takes control of island
Garibaldi moves to mainland Takes Naples (capital
of Two Sicilies) Calls for help from
Sardinia-Piedmont
Combined army defeats army of Two Sicilies
French Troops Leave Rome, 1870 French troops stationed in Rome to support the pope
Garibaldi demands that Italian state attack Rome; Italy refuses
Garibaldi + 2,000 volunteers move on Rome; stopped by Italian troops
Agreement – French troops will leave by 1866…but they return
Outbreak of Franco-Prusian War French troops leave Italy takes Rome after French defeat Pope withdraws Rome becomes capital of Italy