The Beginnings of Industrialization!

Origins in Britain• Agricultural Revolution paves way• Mid 1700s• Land ownership / enclosures• Technological advancements in farming and less

people involved in ownership leads to more people available for factory work…woohoo!!!

• Rotating crops– Rotate wheat, turnips, barley, etc. to regenerate

nutrients in soil

Why Did Ind. Rev. begin in Britain?• Natural Resources– Water and water, mainly

• Expanded economy – advanced banks

• Political stability• Factors of production

existed– Land, labor, capital, wealth

Spinning Shuttle – 1733

Spinning Jenny – 1764

Water Frame – 1769

Spinning Mule – 1779

Cotton Gin – 1793

Transportation Improvements• Watt’s Steam

Engine• Robert Fulton– Steam ship ‘ The

Clermont’• John McAdam– Macadam roads

(turnpike)• And

eventually….RR

The railroad transforms everything

RR Development• Steam driven locomotives• First developed – 1804, first RR line – 1821• First RR line in world – 1829 (Liverpool to

Manchester) “The Rocket” – 24mph• First RR line in Chicago – 1837 (Galena line, but only

to Oak Park…)• Changes in British life: spurred industrial growth,

created many jobs, encouraged Brits to take distant jobs

Urbanization• 1800s – population shifting towards cities• 1800 – 1850 – number of European cities with

more than 100,000 people rises from 22 to 47• London is largest city in world by 1830 (over

Beijing) between 1800 and 1900, London grows from 1.3 million to 6.6 million people

Living Conditions• No sanitation codes• Garbage piles in

streets• Overcrowded• Lack of police• Illness and cholera

spread• 1842 – avg. lifespan in

London – 17 years– avg. lifespan in rural

Britain – 38 years

Manchester England – mid 1800s

Working Conditions• 14 hours per day, 6 days per week• Injuries, dangerous• Avg. miner’s lifespan – 10 years shorter

Social Classes in Britain• Growing middle class– Business owners/managers move up in society to

equal of nobility• Working Class– Factory workers– Luddites – group of angry workers who attacked

factories, believed machines put them out of business

Positive Results of Ind. Rev. • Created jobs• Contributed to wealth of some nations• Fostered technological progress and belief in

prosperity• Any others we can think of?

CAPITALISM• Factors of production privately

owned• Laissez Faire– French for ‘let do’ – no

interference from gov’t• Adam Smith– 1776 – Wealth of Nations• Law of self interest• Law of competition• Law of supply/demand

CAPITALISM• Thomas Malthus– An Essay on Principles of Population 1798– Population increases faster than food production –

therefore most people will always be poor• David Ricardo– Principles of Political Economy and Taxation 1817– Believed permanent group would always be poor

Both thinkers opposed government intervention to assist poor.

Utilitarianism• Jeremy Benthem – late 1700s– People should judge ideas and gov’t based off their utility

(usefulness) – Gov’t should allow individuals to pursue their own

advantage without interference• John Stuart Mill – 1800s– Unregulated capitalism would deprive workers– Wanted more equal distribution of wealth

• Robert Owen– British factory owner who tried to create a utopia

SOCIALISM• Factors of production owned by public and

operate for welfare of all. • Any examples of socialism in modern United

States?

COMMUNISM• Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels

(Germans)• 1848 – Communist Manifesto• Battle between Bourgeoisie and

Proletariat • Workers will overthrow owners• Gov’t will wither away and cease to

exist• No private property• Led to 20th Century revolutions

(Russia, Cuba, China)

Karl Marx