(Thank you, Sue Pojer)

• We believe in God, and the revelation given to us, and to Abraham, Isma'il, Isaac, Jacob, and the Tribes, and that given to Moses and Jesus, and that given to (all) prophets from their Lord: We make no difference between one and another of them: And we bow to Allah (in Islam). (2:136).

• The second verse says: We believe in Allah, and in what has been revealed to us and what was revealed to Abraham, Isma'il, Isaac, Jacob, and the Tribes, and in (the Books) given to Moses, Jesus, and the prophets, from their Lord: We make no distinction between one and another among them, and to Allah do we bow our will (in Islam). (3:84).

IslamAn Abrahamic Religion

IslamAn Abrahamic Religion

Muslims are strict monotheists.

They believe in the Judeo- Christian God (Allah)

Muslims believe that the Torah and the Bible, like the Qur’an, is part of the word of God.

“People of the Book”

Abraham’s GenealogyAbraham’s Genealogy

ABRAHAMABRAHAM SARAHSARAHHAGARHAGAR

IsaacIsaac

EsauEsauJacobJacob

12 Tribes of Israel

12 Tribes of Israel

Ishmael

Ishmael

12 Arabian Tribes

12 Arabian Tribes

The Prophetic Tradition

The Prophetic Tradition

Adam

Noah

Abraham

Moses

Jesus

Muhammad

The Origins of the Qur’an

The Origins of the Qur’an Muhammad received his first

revelation from the angel Gabriel in the Cave of Hira in 610.

622 Hijrah Muhammed fled Mecca for Medina. * The beginning of the Muslim calendar (1 A.H.)

Muhammad’s revelations were compiled into the Qur’an by 650, soon after his death (632) –.

The Qur’anThe Qur’an Muslims believe it contains the word of God.

114 suras (chapters).

In the name of Allah, the compassionate, the merciful.

Written in Arabic.

The Dar al-IslamThe Dar al-Islam

11 22 33 44 55

The ummaThe

umma

1. The Shahada1. The Shahada The testimony.

The declaration of faith:

There is no god except God, and Muhammad is HisMessenger [or Prophet].

There is no god except God, and Muhammad is HisMessenger [or Prophet].

2. The Salat2. The Salat

The prayers performed 5 times a day: * dawn * noon * late afternoon * sunset * before going to bed

Wash before praying.

Face Mecca and use a prayer rug.

22

The call to prayer by the muezzin in the minaret.

Pray in the mosque on Friday.

3. The Zakat3. The Zakat

Almsgiving (charitable donations).

Muslims believe that all things belong to God.

Zakat means both “purification” and “growth.”

4. The Sawm4. The Sawm Fasting during the holy month of Ramadan.

Considered a method of self- purification.

No eating or drinking from sunrise to sunset during Ramadan.

Eid al fitr – end of Ramadan celebration

5. The Hajj5. The Hajj The pilgrimage to Mecca.

To be done at least once in a Muslim’s lifetime, if possible.

2-3 million Muslims make the pilgrimage every year.

The Kaaba

5. The Hajj5. The Hajj reinforces the concept of equality among all believers – the umma

The MosqueThe Mosque

The Muslim place of worship.

The Dome of the Rock Mosque in

Jerusalem

The Dome of the Rock Mosque in

Jerusalem

Mount Moriah Rockwhere Muhammad ascended into heaven.

Other Traditional

Islamic Practices

Other Traditional

Islamic Practices Shari’a body of Islamic law to regulate daily life - derived from the Quran and the Hadith

No alcohol or pork.

No gambling.

kind speech & actions

Essential Question:Essential Question:

Why was Islam able to spread so quickly and

convert so many to the new religion?

The Spread of IslamThe Spread of Islam Easy to adopt.

No priesthood.

Teaches equality.

Non-Muslims, who were “Peoples of the Book,” were allowed religious freedom; just paid a military tax.

Easily “portable” nomads & trade routes; not necess. culture specific

Jihad (“Holy War”) for inner purity

Islamic Caliphates and States

Muhammad’s death 632• Caliph= “successor to the

Prophet”• 1) Abu Bakr • 2) Umar (began conquest of

Syria, Egypt, Sassanid Empire)• 3) Uthman – (assassinated;

assassins chose Ali as new successor –Civil war 656-680

• Muhammad = Khadija

Fatimah = Ali (assassinated)• Hassan (poisoned)

• Husayn (assassinated)at: Battle of Karbala (in Iraq)

• To Shi’a Islam, only descendants of Muhammad are true successors (imam) 10-day mourning period held every Muharram

• Twelvers & Hidden Imam

Split over successor=• Sunni• No single

person can define true belief; accepted political caliphates

• Shia• Only heir of

Muhammad –• 12th imam –

Hidden Imam – will return (& a little later, Jesus) to rule and judge

• 1000 yrs justice

Damascus - capital

Umayyad Caliphate 661-750

Founded by Uthman kinsman

Frankish Kingdom

Eastern Roman/ Byzantine Empire

Umayyad Caliphate “Dar al Islam”

Battle of Tours 732

• 750 – Abbasid Caliphate – Overthrew last Umayyad (although one fled to Spain and established a caliphate there- Cordoba)

• Begins the Golden Age• Conversion to Islam • 945 – smaller Abbasid Empire

becomes Shiite ruled: Iran & Iraq

Abbasid Caliphate 750

New capital –

Baghdad

Umayyad Spain

Abbasid Caliphate and Umayyad Spain – Islamic Golden Age 750-1000

Islamic golden age• “The ink of the scholar is more

holy than the blood of martyrs.”• Classical works preserved• Papermaking adopted• Philosophers• Environmental treatises, esp. on

pollution• Hospitals – a variety• Medical knowledge & advancements

• Mathematical & scientific writings (surpass total # of classical writings)

• Globalization of trade & cultural diffusion

• Adoption of Indian number system• Business & contractual law practices• Chemistry, physics, psychology,

Algebra• Libraries (with lending) and emphasis

on education

• Page from algebra treatise of Persian Muslim Muhammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī

Fatimid dynasty- Shi’a

Cairo

• Seljuk Turks – nomadic invaders– triggered urban decline & attacks on Byz Emp

• Some unity re-established: Saladin; involved in the Crusades

• Mamluks – Turkish slaves established an empire that halted the Mongols ca. 1250

Salah - al – din /Saladin

-recaptured Jerusalem from the

European Crusaders

Seljuk Turks

Mamluk sultanate - (1250–1517)

Resisted being conquered by The Mongols13th century