(Thank you, Sue Pojer). We believe in God, and the revelation given to us, and to Abraham, Isma'il,...
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Transcript of (Thank you, Sue Pojer). We believe in God, and the revelation given to us, and to Abraham, Isma'il,...
(Thank you, Sue Pojer)
• We believe in God, and the revelation given to us, and to Abraham, Isma'il, Isaac, Jacob, and the Tribes, and that given to Moses and Jesus, and that given to (all) prophets from their Lord: We make no difference between one and another of them: And we bow to Allah (in Islam). (2:136).
• The second verse says: We believe in Allah, and in what has been revealed to us and what was revealed to Abraham, Isma'il, Isaac, Jacob, and the Tribes, and in (the Books) given to Moses, Jesus, and the prophets, from their Lord: We make no distinction between one and another among them, and to Allah do we bow our will (in Islam). (3:84).
IslamAn Abrahamic Religion
IslamAn Abrahamic Religion
Muslims are strict monotheists.
They believe in the Judeo- Christian God (Allah)
Muslims believe that the Torah and the Bible, like the Qur’an, is part of the word of God.
“People of the Book”
Abraham’s GenealogyAbraham’s Genealogy
ABRAHAMABRAHAM SARAHSARAHHAGARHAGAR
IsaacIsaac
EsauEsauJacobJacob
12 Tribes of Israel
12 Tribes of Israel
Ishmael
Ishmael
12 Arabian Tribes
12 Arabian Tribes
The Prophetic Tradition
The Prophetic Tradition
Adam
Noah
Abraham
Moses
Jesus
Muhammad
The Origins of the Qur’an
The Origins of the Qur’an Muhammad received his first
revelation from the angel Gabriel in the Cave of Hira in 610.
622 Hijrah Muhammed fled Mecca for Medina. * The beginning of the Muslim calendar (1 A.H.)
Muhammad’s revelations were compiled into the Qur’an by 650, soon after his death (632) –.
The Qur’anThe Qur’an Muslims believe it contains the word of God.
114 suras (chapters).
In the name of Allah, the compassionate, the merciful.
Written in Arabic.
The Dar al-IslamThe Dar al-Islam
11 22 33 44 55
The ummaThe
umma
1. The Shahada1. The Shahada The testimony.
The declaration of faith:
There is no god except God, and Muhammad is HisMessenger [or Prophet].
There is no god except God, and Muhammad is HisMessenger [or Prophet].
2. The Salat2. The Salat
The prayers performed 5 times a day: * dawn * noon * late afternoon * sunset * before going to bed
Wash before praying.
Face Mecca and use a prayer rug.
22
The call to prayer by the muezzin in the minaret.
Pray in the mosque on Friday.
3. The Zakat3. The Zakat
Almsgiving (charitable donations).
Muslims believe that all things belong to God.
Zakat means both “purification” and “growth.”
4. The Sawm4. The Sawm Fasting during the holy month of Ramadan.
Considered a method of self- purification.
No eating or drinking from sunrise to sunset during Ramadan.
Eid al fitr – end of Ramadan celebration
5. The Hajj5. The Hajj The pilgrimage to Mecca.
To be done at least once in a Muslim’s lifetime, if possible.
2-3 million Muslims make the pilgrimage every year.
The Kaaba
5. The Hajj5. The Hajj reinforces the concept of equality among all believers – the umma
The MosqueThe Mosque
The Muslim place of worship.
The Dome of the Rock Mosque in
Jerusalem
The Dome of the Rock Mosque in
Jerusalem
Mount Moriah Rockwhere Muhammad ascended into heaven.
Other Traditional
Islamic Practices
Other Traditional
Islamic Practices Shari’a body of Islamic law to regulate daily life - derived from the Quran and the Hadith
No alcohol or pork.
No gambling.
kind speech & actions
Essential Question:Essential Question:
Why was Islam able to spread so quickly and
convert so many to the new religion?
The Spread of IslamThe Spread of Islam Easy to adopt.
No priesthood.
Teaches equality.
Non-Muslims, who were “Peoples of the Book,” were allowed religious freedom; just paid a military tax.
Easily “portable” nomads & trade routes; not necess. culture specific
Jihad (“Holy War”) for inner purity
Islamic Caliphates and States
Muhammad’s death 632• Caliph= “successor to the
Prophet”• 1) Abu Bakr • 2) Umar (began conquest of
Syria, Egypt, Sassanid Empire)• 3) Uthman – (assassinated;
assassins chose Ali as new successor –Civil war 656-680
• Muhammad = Khadija
Fatimah = Ali (assassinated)• Hassan (poisoned)
• Husayn (assassinated)at: Battle of Karbala (in Iraq)
• To Shi’a Islam, only descendants of Muhammad are true successors (imam) 10-day mourning period held every Muharram
• Twelvers & Hidden Imam
Split over successor=• Sunni• No single
person can define true belief; accepted political caliphates
• Shia• Only heir of
Muhammad –• 12th imam –
Hidden Imam – will return (& a little later, Jesus) to rule and judge
• 1000 yrs justice
Damascus - capital
Umayyad Caliphate 661-750
Founded by Uthman kinsman
Frankish Kingdom
Eastern Roman/ Byzantine Empire
Umayyad Caliphate “Dar al Islam”
Battle of Tours 732
• 750 – Abbasid Caliphate – Overthrew last Umayyad (although one fled to Spain and established a caliphate there- Cordoba)
• Begins the Golden Age• Conversion to Islam • 945 – smaller Abbasid Empire
becomes Shiite ruled: Iran & Iraq
Abbasid Caliphate 750
New capital –
Baghdad
Umayyad Spain
Abbasid Caliphate and Umayyad Spain – Islamic Golden Age 750-1000
Islamic golden age• “The ink of the scholar is more
holy than the blood of martyrs.”• Classical works preserved• Papermaking adopted• Philosophers• Environmental treatises, esp. on
pollution• Hospitals – a variety• Medical knowledge & advancements
• Mathematical & scientific writings (surpass total # of classical writings)
• Globalization of trade & cultural diffusion
• Adoption of Indian number system• Business & contractual law practices• Chemistry, physics, psychology,
Algebra• Libraries (with lending) and emphasis
on education
• Page from algebra treatise of Persian Muslim Muhammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī
Fatimid dynasty- Shi’a
Cairo
• Seljuk Turks – nomadic invaders– triggered urban decline & attacks on Byz Emp
• Some unity re-established: Saladin; involved in the Crusades
• Mamluks – Turkish slaves established an empire that halted the Mongols ca. 1250
Salah - al – din /Saladin
-recaptured Jerusalem from the
European Crusaders
Seljuk Turks
Mamluk sultanate - (1250–1517)
Resisted being conquered by The Mongols13th century