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Technology for Waste Management/Infrastructure – Pune (2006)
Extract from the report “Strategic Action Plan for Integrated Solid Waste Management Plan,
Pune (Volume I)”
1.1 Existing management of Municipal Solid Waste
1.1.1 Segregation
Following the directives by the Supreme Court and in accordance with the Municipal Solid Waste
Management Rules (2000), the PMC has partially implemented solid waste segregation system for dry
and wet waste in the city. In order to enforce segregation of MSW PMC has directed all the residents
to segregate the wastes generated in households into WHITE and GREEN containers/buckets to be
designated for DRY and WET waste respectively. Household and commercial waste is segregated as
dry and wet waste.
At the city level 35 % of the total waste generated is segregated. The percentage of segregation varies
amongst the wards Dhole Patil Road and Yerwada showing high percentage of segregation. The
segregation at household level in each ward is shown in Figure 12
ugh segregation of waste at source is highly recommended, performance observed in the city is
medium. Some of the significant difficulties in implementation of the segregation are as follows:
• Level of Awareness: There is a low level of awareness amongst the people about the benefits
of segregation. This has resulted in poor implementation of segregation at source levels.
• Lack in Infrastructure: In some of the wards the waste collecting systems are deficient in
terms of infrastructure needed to collect and store segregated wastes. This leads to a
disinterest amongst citizens to segregate waste.
• Existing Policies: Most of the waste segregated gets collected through informal sectors such
as rag-pickers and waste collectors. There is a gap in the formal sector as regards the collection
of sorted waste. In order to improve the extent of segregation a public awareness mission was
launched by PMC. The details of this mission i.e. the Chakachak Mission are given in Box 2.
Box 2: Creating awareness and Promoting Segregation through “ChakaChak Mission”
Realizing the significance of segregation, the PMC has launched an awareness raising campaign
called as the “ChakaChak Mission”. This mission, with the active participation of schools,
launches awareness drives in order to educate the denizens about the importance and steps of
segregation. Groups comprising of 4-10 students are formed and are advised to involve their
families in cleaning and beautifying the surroundings. These groups nock-named “ChakaChak
Technology for Waste Management/Infrastructure –
Pune (India)
Technology for Waste Management/Infrastructure – Pune (2006)
Extract from the report “Strategic Action Plan for Integrated Solid Waste Management Plan,
Pune (Volume I)”
Tolis” meet once a week and plan their work with inputs from the Ward Medical Officers of the
PMC. In order to further propagate this mission, a short documentary film has been made by
noted film director Sai Paranjpe. This film along with the drives has created significant awareness.
Zero waste days are observed on 1st January, 26th January, 15th August and Gudi Padwa
(Maharashtrian New Year day)
The impact caused by this mission can be shown in Figure 13. The level of segregation has
considerably improved in the areas where such promotional programmes were conducted.
Technology for Waste Management/Infrastructure – Pune (2006)
Extract from the report “Strategic Action Plan for Integrated Solid Waste Management Plan, Pune (Volume I)”
Figure 12: Ward wise Status of Segregation of Waste (%)1
1 As provided in Environmental Status Report for Pune 2006
Technology for Waste Management/Infrastructure – Pune (2006)
Extract from the report “Strategic Action Plan for Integrated Solid Waste Management Plan,
Pune (Volume I)”
Figure 13: Percentage Segregation and Chakachak Index
Hotel waste is segregated into three different categories as, bio-degradable waste, non-biodegradable
but recyclable waste and non-recyclable waste. The percentage of waste segregation at various
sources in Pune is explained in Figure 14. Commercial establishments like hotels, wedding halls etc
contribute to waste segregation more than the residential units. Almost 80 % hotels are practicing
segregation. Slums contribute the least.
Figure 14: Waste segregation at Various Sources of MSW Generation2
In areas where mixed waste is generated at the generators level, the segregation and separation is
predominantly done by rag pickers. The rag pickers segregate waste at various levels/ stages like at
door step collection, at Ghanta Trucks, community bins and also at disposal site. The extent of waste
collected by the rag-pickers at different levels can be shown in Figure 15.
2 As per data obtained from PMC
Technology for Waste Management/Infrastructure – Pune (2006)
Extract from the report “Strategic Action Plan for Integrated Solid Waste Management Plan,
Pune (Volume I)”
Figure 15: Waste Collected by Rag-pickers at Various Levels of MSW Management
System3
From the total waste generated 1093 tons per day in Pune, 30tons is collected by rag pickers, 95
tones is unattended waste and 968 tons is lifted by vehicles4. Thus the waste collection efficiency
calculated is 88%. In order to promote segregation another method adopted by the PMC is to
strengthen the rag-pickers.
In order to promote the segregation and sorting of waste, PMC has adopted the policy of
institutionalizing rag-pickers. The number of rag pickers registered with the PMC working at various
points of waste management is shown presented in Table 4.
Table 4: Ward-Wise Status of Rag-pickers5
Waste pickers at the level of
S.No. Ward Office Containers
Residence (Societies)
Commercial
1 Aundh - 66 40
2 Ghole Road - 70 25
3 Warje Karvenagar 33 45 -
4 Karve Road 18 52 -
5 Dhole Patil Road 10 47 30
6 Hadapsar 76 31 6
7 Sangamwadi - 200 20
8 Yerwada - 160 40
9 Kasaba Peth 15 62 4
10 Vishrambagwada 41 74 19
11 Bhavani Peth 33 153 2
12 Tilak Road 92 34 15
3 Report on Economic Aspects of Informal Sector Activities in Solid Waste Management, Draft City Report for Pune, Kagad Kaach Patra Kashtakari Panchayat,
Waste. Prepared and Financed by GTZ
4 Report on Solid waste Management - HUDCO 5 Report on Solid Waste Generation and Collection in Pune: A Situation Analysis prepared by Kagad Kaach Patra Kashtakari Panchayat
Technology for Waste Management/Infrastructure – Pune (2006)
Extract from the report “Strategic Action Plan for Integrated Solid Waste Management Plan,
Pune (Volume I)”
Waste pickers at the level of
S.No. Ward Office Containers
Residence (Societies)
Commercial
13 Sahakarnagar 37 80 8
14 Bibvewadi 33 153 2
Total 388 1227 211
Another significant organization working towards the upliftment of the rag-pickers is the Kagad Kaach
Patra Kashtakari Panhayat (KKPKP). The organizational structure and the mode of operation of this
organization are described in Box 3.
Box 3: Empowering Rag-Pickers: Kagad Kaach Patra Kashtakari Panchayat6
Kagad Kaach Patra Kashtakari Panchayat (KKPKP) is an organization striving hard for the benefits of
the rag-pickers. This organization is a registered trade union with 5200 registered members
working to represent collective identity and interests of the scrap collectors. Founded a decade
ago, this organization functions on the principles of “Collective Ownership”, “Participation” and
“Empowerment”. This organization has undertaken several problems such as:
• Addressing the individual grievances of the rag-pickers
• Creating platforms for social and cultural renewal
• Market interventions in scrap trade
• Lobbying for legislative protection
• Developing institutional mechanisms for social security
• Fighting for seeking state assistance in claiming Medical Insurances
• Promoting Education and safe-guarding human health
• Prevention of child labour
3.1.2 Collection and Transportation
The Municipal Solid Waste consists of Household waste, Waste from Hotels and restaurants, garden
waste as well as street sweepings. Solid waste collection is done in 1 to 3 shifts using different types
of vehicles. The daily generation of MSW is around 1100 MT.
Primary Collection of Waste
6 Organising the Unorganised: A Case Study of the Kagad Kach Patra Kashtakari Panchayat (Trade Union of Waste-pickers)
Technology for Waste Management/Infrastructure – Pune (2006)
Extract from the report “Strategic Action Plan for Integrated Solid Waste Management Plan,
Pune (Volume I)”
Waste from Households and commercial premises
The waste from households and commercial premises is primarily collected through community
collection bins. The collection bins of various capacities are placed at designated locations. Door to
door collection has also been introduced in all wards with the help of Ghanta Gadis7, cycle rickshaws
and wheel barrows. Collection through cycle rickshaws and wheel barrows are offered to the areas
which are not easily accessible to Ghanta Gadis. PMC has employed this system with the involvement
of some NGOs like Kagad Kach Patra Kashtakari Panchayat (KKPKP), Disha Foundation, Utkarsha
Foundation, Abhiyan Foundation, Bhagatsingh Brigade etc. These informal sector players are
working at the level of collection of waste and in recycling sector primarily. While some of these
vehicles are operated by PMC workers the others are operated by PMC authorized rag pickers
working for the NGOs. About 60 % of the city is being covered by door step collection of waste.
The door-to-door collection is done by various types of vehicles such as:
• Wheel Barrows
• Cycle Rickshaws
• Ghanta Gadis(vehicles with bells) The actual findings of the observations made during the
survey are explained in Box 4.
Box 4: Actual Collection System Using Ghanta-Gadis
In order to assess the operational efficiency of the Ghanta-Gadis, using real-time data, a survey was
conducted in the Ghole Road ward. Two out of the six observed Ghanta-Gadis have separate
containers for dry and wet waste. Rag-pickers segregate the waste at the Ghanta-Gadis. The following
key observations regarding the operation of Ghanta-Gadis have been made during the survey:
• Although there are separate containers available for dry and wet wastes, actually, mixed
waste enters in both the containers. As per the PMC personnel managing the ghanta-gadis, this
trend has been a result of the inclusion of rag-pickers at that level. The segregation of waste
undertaken by rag-pickers, has supposedly led to a reduction in the source-level segregation.
• The containers put up on the ghanta-gadis are of the same size. However, it is advisable that
the containers collecting wet waste should be larger in size, taking into consideration the fact
that the wet waste is produced in larger quantities than the dry waste.
• As per the perception study, conducted for the denizens of the Ghole Road ward, people are
aware and happy about the door-to-door collection system of waste collection. Also the
timings of the waste collection are preferable.
• Some of the ghanta-gadis are also deployed for collecting bio-degradable waste.
Apart from the vehicles employed for collecting Municipal Solid Waste, separate vehicles are
employed by PMC for the collection of Hotel Waste. As per the survey details, conducted for Ghole
Road ward, the hotels store their organic waste in green biodegradable bags whereas black bags are
7 Vehicles with bells
Technology for Waste Management/Infrastructure – Pune (2006)
Extract from the report “Strategic Action Plan for Integrated Solid Waste Management Plan,
Pune (Volume I)”
used for dumping the card-board as well as the paper waste which are eventually collected through
Hotel gadis. Some hotel owners dispose off their waste through jute bags.
Secondary Collection of Waste
This includes the waste collection from community bins. This is fully mechanized, and vehicles are
allocated for this purpose. The waste lifted from bins is transported to the nearest Transfer Station.
Generally, Compactors and Dumper Placers are used for this purpose.
Tertiary Collection of Waste
The waste is lifted from the Transfer Station and transported to the Disposal Site at Urali Devachi.
The Bulk Refuse Carriers are being employed for this purpose.
The transportation system for different types of waste from various sources to the disposal sites in
Pune are as shown in Figure 16.
Houses
Ghanta-trucksWheel barrowsCycle Rickshaws
Bins
Compactors Dumper Placers
Transfer Stations
Bulk Refuse Carrier
Landfill
HotelsCommercial Units
Hotel Trucks
Houses
Ghanta-trucksWheel barrowsCycle Rickshaws
Bins
Compactors Dumper Placers
Transfer Stations
Bulk Refuse Carrier
Landfill
HotelsCommercial Units
Hotel Trucks
Figure 16: Typical Waste Collection System in Pune
Table 5 shows the infrastructure available with PMC for transportation of waste. The vehicles used
for the transportation of solid waste are managed by the transport department of PMC in
coordination with the Health & SWM dept of PMC. Table 5 shows the various vehicles used by
PMC for vehicle transportation and waste collection.
Technology for Waste Management/Infrastructure – Pune (2006)
Extract from the report “Strategic Action Plan for Integrated Solid Waste Management Plan,
Pune (Volume I)”
Table 5 Type of PMC Vehicles for Waste Collection and Transportation8
Sr. No
Type No. OEM, vehicle model Nos. Capacity
Tata 709 81 3.8 m3 01.
Dumper Placer
93 Ashok Leyland Cargo 759
12 3.8 m3
Tata – City Cleaner (Single Axel)
12 12 m3
Eicher With Hopper (Double Axel)
4 20 m3 02. Compactor 34
Tata - With Hopper (Double Axel)
18 14 m3
03. Hotel Gadi 51 Tata 51 6 m3
Eicher 15 4.5 m3 04. Ghanta Gadi 25
Tata 10 6 m3
Tata (Double Axel) 36 30 m3
Ashok Leyland (Double Axel)
10 05. BRC 66
Single Axel* 16 20 m3
Tata 05 06. Refuse Truck 09
Ashok Leyland 04 6 m3
07. Wheel Barrows
1208
- - -
08 Cycle Rickshaws
136 - - -
The ward-wise allocation of vehicles for waste collection is provided in Table 6.
Table 3.6 Ward-wise Allocation of Waste Collection Vehicles9
Ward Shift DP BRC Hotel Gadi
Compactor Ghanta Gadi
Tipper Total
Morning 3 3 2 1 6 15
Afternoon 3 3 1 7 Aundh
Night 1 1
Morning 4 3 3 1 4 15
Afternoon 3 3 1 7 Ghole Road
Night 0
Morning 3 3 1 1 5 13 Afternoon 1 1 Karve Road
Night 1 1 Morning 3 4 1 1 3 12 Afternoon 0 Warje
Night 0
8 Data obtained from PMC
9 As per data obtained from the Vehicle Depot In charge from PMC.
Technology for Waste Management/Infrastructure – Pune (2006)
Extract from the report “Strategic Action Plan for Integrated Solid Waste Management Plan,
Pune (Volume I)”
Ward Shift DP BRC Hotel Gadi
Compactor Ghanta Gadi
Tipper Total
Morning 3 4 1 5 2 15 Afternoon 0 Yerwada
Night 0
Morning 3 4 1 1 4 1 14
Afternoon 0 Sangam wadi
Night 0
Morning 3 3 2 1 3 12
Afternoon 0 Dhole Patil
Night 1 1
Morning 6 1 1 3 11
Afternoon 3 1 4 Vishrambag wada
Night 2 2
Morning 6 1 1 6 14
Afternoon 3 3 Kasba Peth
Night 0
Morning 7 1 6 14
Afternoon 3 3 Bhavani Peth
Night 1 1
Morning 6 1 1 4 12 Afternoon 1 1 Tilak Road
Night 0 Morning 6 1 2 6 15
Afternoon 1 1 Bibwe Wadi
Night 0 Morning 3 1 2 4 10
Afternoon 2 2 4 Hadapsar
Night 1 1
Morning 3 1 1 3 8 Afternoon 1 1 Sahkarnagar
Night 0 Morning 7 7 Afternoon 0 Katraj Ramp
Night 0 Morning 9 9
Afternoon 4 4 Hadapsar Ramp
Night 2 2 Mandai 1 1 Charat 2 2 Round 1 1
Total 75 52 22 23 67 6 245
Technology for Waste Management/Infrastructure – Pune (2006)
Extract from the report “Strategic Action Plan for Integrated Solid Waste Management Plan,
Pune (Volume I)”
MSW Collection in Community Containers
The container bins for collection of waste are placed at designated locations in the streets and along
the roads across the city. The containers are of different sizes as indicated below:
Containers handled by dumper placers - 3.8 cu.m.
Containers handled by compactor vehicles - 2.2 cu.m., 1.1 cu.m. and 1.5 cu.m.
As per the actual survey carried out for Ghole Road, the condition of the containers was found to be
a major cause of concern. In addition to the fact that most of the containers are in a dilapidated
broken condition, most of them are also open and hence cause nuisance in terms of odour, and
disease vectors that thrive in the accessible waste. Also the vehicles carrying the waste are not
covered thereby spreading the waste during transportation. The ward-wise allocation of different
capacity containers in each ward is indicated in Figure 17.
Figure 17: Waste Collection Containers in Pune10
With the increase in door to door collection system the numbers of containers in Pune have
significantly reduced. The Figure 18 demonstrates the reduction in number of containers in various
wards.
10 As per data obtained from PMC
Technology for Waste Management/Infrastructure – Pune (2006)
Extract from the report “Strategic Action Plan for Integrated Solid Waste Management Plan,
Pune (Volume I)”
Figure 18: Reduction in Number of Containers from Jan 2005- June 200611
Actual Collection Efficiency
As a part of the extensive survey conducted for Ghole Road ward, in order to assess the real-time
data, observations were made at 18 bin locations. Single day observations were made at each of these
locations capturing the different collection timings. The observations were made at representative
locations covering different socio-economic groups. The summary of the observations made at these
locations have been shown in Figures 19-22. The Figure 22 which depicts the overall change in the
waste collection scenario over the timings over the day reveals the poor mechanism as well as the ad
hoc methods followed by PMC officials during data collection. Most of the 18 locations observed
showed increase or no change in the bin capacity, thereby suggesting the poor collection efficiency.
Waste from Bulk Generators
There is separate collection system employed by PMC for the collection of waste from Bulk
Generators like Hotels and restaurants, Wedding halls. Around 2300 premises are catered by this
collection facility. Hotels are required to segregate the waste at source and store in Green and Black
bags. The food waste is collected in Biodegradable plastic bags. Around 250 MT of food waste is
collected from these premises daily from the whole of the city.
The bulk generators of waste also include vegetable markets. However there is no separate system
presently working for separate collection of the waste from vegetable markets with one exception.
The waste from Mahatma Phule Mandai, the largest market yard of Pune, is being collected separately.
The solid waste generated from fish, mutton market, chicken shops and slaughter house are collected
separately to some extent, and however no formal system is in place all over the city. The dead
animals are collected by private contractor and disposed off in the caracas utilization plant at Urali
Devachi.
11 IBID
Technology for Waste Management/Infrastructure – Pune (2006)
Extract from the report “Strategic Action Plan for Integrated Solid Waste Management Plan, Pune (Volume I)”
Figure 19: Observations at Ghole Road at 9 am
Technology for Waste Management/Infrastructure – Pune (2006)
Extract from the report “Strategic Action Plan for Integrated Solid Waste Management Plan, Pune (Volume I)”
Figure 20: Observations at Ghole Road Ward at 1 pm
Technology for Waste Management/Infrastructure – Pune (2006)
Extract from the report “Strategic Action Plan for Integrated Solid Waste Management Plan, Pune (Volume I)”
Figure 21: Observations at the Ghole Road Ward at 5 pm
Technology for Waste Management/Infrastructure – Pune (2006)
Extract from the report “Strategic Action Plan for Integrated Solid Waste Management Plan, Pune (Volume I)”
Figure 22: Overall comparisons at Ghole Road
Technology for Waste Management/Infrastructure – Pune (2006)
Extract from the report “Strategic Action Plan for Integrated Solid Waste Management Plan,
Pune (Volume I)”
3.1.3 Decentralized Treatment
There are various facilities set up for processing of wet waste at community level. These processing
methods predominantly include both Vermi-culture and Biogas generation practices. It is estimated
that about 12 tones of waste are being treated by these options throughout the city. The reported
number of vermi-culture pits varies from 8 to about 250 in different wards, while about 16 Biogas
plants are operating in the city of Pune for the treatment of wet waste.
The PMC promotes the use of vermi-composting at community levels by introducing the need for
having a vermi-composting pit for newly developing areas. The Development Control Regulations of
the Pune area have a requirement for provision of vermi-composting pits in order to obtain the No
Objection Certificate (NOC) from the Health Department of PMC.
In Pune, lot of initiatives has been taken at household as well as society level for wet waste
processing. Vermicomposting is a predominant way that many societies have followed to take care of
the wet waste generated in their premises. It is also implemented at various religious places where
large amount of biodegradable waste gets collected daily. It is also implemented at some schools. Bio-
methanation projects have also been implemented at some places. Around 45 tones of the daily wet
waste treatment capacity exists in the city as per the available records. However the actual quantity of
treatment of wet waste is reported to be about 12 tones only by these decentralized waste processing
efforts. The ward wise capacity of wet waste treatment is presented in Figure 23.
In number of facilities, Sahakarnagar ward show the highest number of operational vermicomposting
pits while Yerwada ward shows the highest number of working bio-methanation plants.
Technology for Waste Management/Infrastructure – Pune (2006)
Extract from the report “Strategic Action Plan for Integrated Solid Waste Management Plan, Pune (Volume I)”
Figure 23: Installed Capacity of Decentralized Waste Treatment per Ward12
12 As per data obtained from PMC
Technology for Waste Management/Infrastructure – Pune (2006)
Extract from the report “Strategic Action Plan for Integrated Solid Waste Management Plan,
Pune (Volume I)”
Although the numbers of vermi-composting plants are high the operational number is very low.
There is no information on the capacities and efficiencies of these plants. Some of the major
constraints in successful implementation of decentralized treatment plants can be enlisted as below:
• Space Constraints: The decentralized treatments require space and hence are not applicable
at individual house-hold levels. These treatment facilities can be successfully implemented at
society-level, road level or community levels in common plots or at transfer stations. With this
constraint in view the PMC has invited for Expression of Interest statements from various
technology providers to set up a pilot biogas plant of 50MT capacity at the Transfer station.
There are nine transfer stations in the city of Pune. Out of the nine transfer stations two are
categorized as large and seven are categorized as small. Two of these transfer stations are non
functional due to various reasons.
• Odour Problems: The decentralized treatment primarily treats the wet, bio-degradable waste
and hence the collection of such wastes in the neighbourhood creates odour problems.
• Disease Vectors: There are issues of rodents, flies and other disease vectors that thrive on
the wet waste.
• Technology Constraints: There is an absence of technological know-how and process
standardization with respect to decentralized treatment. The process are largely empirical and
are based on thumb-rules and not exact science. Also for the proper maintenance of the set-up
plant there is a need for training a special cadre of man-power.
• Weak Markets: The products resulting from decentralized treatment plants such as biogas
and manure do not have a market potential. Owing to the lack of demand lesser number of
people are getting into this field.
• Policies: In spite of the mention for the provision of the vermi-composting pits in the
Development Control Regulation, the actual implementation will occur only if there are other
policies to support. In order to make concepts such as City Farming a success the
requirements for the same should be factored into the construction practices. E.g. the water-
proofing, slope design of the terraces should be made taking into consideration the city
farming or terrace gardening concept. The various technologies existing in Pune are described
in Box 5.
Box 5: Decentralized treatment Methods in Pune
Significant work related to decentralized treatment is being done in Pune. Vermi-composting and
biogas plants are the major options being looked at with regards to decentralized options for
treating waste. Organizations such as Ennora, Mailhem and Excel industries are involved with the
waste treatment business along with volunteers such as Latatai Shrikhande and Jyoti Shah.
INORA involves the use of earthworm technology to convert waste into wormi-compost. The
experts suggest that the vermin-composting plants are viable only if the generation capacities are
Technology for Waste Management/Infrastructure – Pune (2006)
Extract from the report “Strategic Action Plan for Integrated Solid Waste Management Plan,
Pune (Volume I)”
Box 5: Decentralized treatment Methods in Pune
greater than 20t/month. One of the major reasons for failure of vermin-composting plants was
pointed out to be the casual approach of handling such plants. A sound technical training is
therefore a pre-requisite for effective working of the plants. The land requirements for treatment
plant are around 2100 sq.m. Mailhem specializes in state- of the art bio-methanation techniques to
generate biogas from various types of bio-degradable organic solid waste. Excel industries have
developed an organic waste convertor which produces Celrich, a rich source of organic matter
generated primarily from animal, canteen and agro waste. This soil enricher is capable of
enhancing the yields, optimizing fertilizer usage and ensuring sustainability in agriculture. The use
of Bio-sanitizer and EM (Effective Micro-organism) solutions for waste treatment are also being
used.
3.1.4 Disposal
The waste is collected from all the collection points and brought to the ramps of the transfer stations
by Dumper placers. Some recovery of recyclables by formal and informal sector also takes place at
transfer stations. Two of the transfer stations have weighing facility and one of them has
computerized system for records. The waste from the transfer stations is sent to the disposal site by
Compactors and Bulk Refuse Carriers.
The PMC is disposing off the MSW collected at an abandoned stone quarry of around 163 acres at
Urali Devachi which is located 20 km away from the city. A part of the disposal site was remediated
with liner system. The waste dumped is spread using bulldozers and EM (Effective Micro organism)
solution is sprayed over the waste at disposal site to enhance degradation of the biodegradable waste
disposed. At the disposal site rag pickers also work to retrieve resources from the waste. The waste
disposed at the site by the BRCs is spread by using bull dozers and excavators. There are 2 to 3 bull
dozers and 2 excavators used at the site on a routine basis. A part of the degraded waste from the
disposal site is reported to be mined and taken by the farmers as soil conditioners for farm
applications. However no report of their quality was available.
The improper management of solid waste significantly affects health of the waste workers as well as
citizens. It also has a remarkable impact on the Environment. However there is no study done to
show the specific impact except the study of environmental factors near the disposal site.
The Figure 24 shows the location of the disposal sites as well as the Transfer Stations in Pune.
Considering the health hazards related to landfills there have been problems in acquiring new landfill
sites. For most of the cases, Public Information Litigation (PILs) have been filed on the basis of the
NIMBY (Not In My Backyard) concept.
Technology for Waste Management/Infrastructure – Pune (2006)
Extract from the report “Strategic Action Plan for Integrated Solid Waste Management Plan,
Pune (Volume I)”
Figure 24: Location of the Existing and Proposed Disposal Sites and Transfer Stations13
Realizing the increasing pressures on the landfill and the difficulties in acquiring new sites, an Excel
model has been developed in order to model the flow of waste in various wards and capture the
quantum of waste being dumped at the landfill.
An illustrative example of the developed Excel model for the wards has been attached in Annexure
2. Although at present the data is fluid and based on certain assumptions, it definitely helps in
speculating the possible scenarios and arrive at corrective strategies. Figure 25 shows the Landfill
and the sorting of waste at the disposal sites.
13
Technology for Waste Management/Infrastructure – Pune (2006)
Extract from the report “Strategic Action Plan for Integrated Solid Waste Management Plan,
Pune (Volume I)”
Figure 25: Sorting of Waste at Disposal (Landfill) Sites
3.2 Existing Management of BMW
Bio-medical waste has attracted the attention of environmental activists and civic administrators in
the recent times. Segregation of BMW is crucial and so are collection transportation, treatment and
disposal. All these aspects of biomedical waste management in Pune are discussed below. A typical
flow chart of the existing BMW management is shown in Figure 26.
Technology for Waste Management/Infrastructure – Pune (2006)
Extract from the report “Strategic Action Plan for Integrated Solid Waste Management Plan,
Pune (Volume I)”
Figure 26: Typical Flow Diagram of BMW Management
A common collection and treatment facility has been put up by the PMC and is being managed by an
approved service provider. This BMW service provider offers services to the Health Care Facilities
(HCFs) on a chargeable basis for collection and treatment of the BMW. Two larger HCFs operate
their own treatment faculties.
3.2.1 Segregation & Storage of BMW
Segregation of BMW is very essential as properly segregated waste is easy to store, transport and
treatment. The segregation is done as specified i the Bio-Medical Waste (Management & Handling)
Rules, 1998 into 10 categories. All health care facilities registered with the service provider are
expected to practice segregation. The service provider gives the HCFs coloured plastic bags on
chargeable basis for storage of BMW. However, information on the management of BMW generated
from the health care facilities not being catered by the present service provider is unavailable.
The state of Maharashtra amounts to almost 60% of the BMW generated in the country. A recent
report on the review of existing environmental status and management issues in the state pointed low
segregation levels and irregular collection system owing to lesser number of vehicles as the important
reasons for non-compliance to BMW rules.14
14 Environment Monitor, MPCB, 2005-06
Technology for Waste Management/Infrastructure – Pune (2006)
Extract from the report “Strategic Action Plan for Integrated Solid Waste Management Plan,
Pune (Volume I)”
3.2.2 Collection and Transportation
The segregated BMW is collected by the service provider from the HCFs’ premises and is then
transported in closed vehicles. Four routes have been identified to cover all HCFs across the city
with four vehicles. For big health care facilities, the vehicles go to their premises for collection. And
for smaller BMW generators i.e. private dispensaries, small HCFs, laboratories, etc. there are 250
collection points across the city, where the vehicles collect the waste at pre designated timings. The
segregated BMW is loaded on the vehicle and transported to the central facility for treatment and
disposal.
3.2.3 Treatment and Disposal
The BMW collected undergoes treatment as per the specified norms. The treatment includes
autoclaving, shredding and incineration. The plastic waste is sterilized and shredded in the shredder
and then sold to the recyclers for recycling of the shredded plastic waste. Human Anatomical Waste,
Animal Waste and Solid Waste collected under category 1, 2, 6 of bio-medical Management &
Handling (M&H) rules, 1998, are incinerated. The facility has 3 twin-chambered incinerators with a
capacity of 100 kg/hr incineration. The incinerators are designed for operating temperatures of
8500C in the primary chamber and 11000C in the secondary chamber. For incineration gas cleaning
the incinerator is equipped with a scrubber. The facility has an autoclave of 100 kg/hr capacity. The
shredder of the facility is of 50 Kg/hr capacity. The biomedical waste in the form of liquids are
mixed with sawdust and incinerated. The bottles are disposed off as scrap after washing. The
incineration ash resulting from incineration of BMW is disposed of at disposal site at Urali Devachi
along with the MSW. The vehicles from PMC collect the incinerator ash and transport it to the dump
site. The waste water from the scrubber is collected in a tank near by the incinerator and is sent in a
tanker to a Waste Water Treatment Plant for treatment.
The analysis reports of the incineration ash have been reviewed and the findings presented in Table
7.
Table 7: BMW Incineration Ash Analysis15
Range mg/Kg Parameter Average
Min Max
Chromium Hexavalent 27 26.50 27.50
Chromium Trivalent 11.8 11 13
Nickel Nil Nil Nil
Zinc 4.46 3.9 4.8
Cyanide Nil Nil Nil
Iron 31.8 30 33
Sulphates 8940 8500 9300
Copper 1.48 1.40 1.50
Chloride 10400 9600 11700
15 Based on five samples analysis reports from December, 2004 to April, 2005
Technology for Waste Management/Infrastructure – Pune (2006)
Extract from the report “Strategic Action Plan for Integrated Solid Waste Management Plan,
Pune (Volume I)”
3.3 Existing Management of C&D Waste
Waste generated from C&D activities has increased tremendously over the past few years with the
overall development of the city. This waste stream being relatively a recent one, not many efforts
have been made for its management.
As per the MSW Rules, the C&D waste mainly comprising of inerts is not supposed to be dumped
along with the MSW. In the absence of any other source of disposal, the C&D waste currently being
generated is used for filling up low lying areas.
Although PMC does not have any regulations in place for this waste stream at present, efforts are
being made to look at examples of solutions drawn by other municipal bodies such as Municipal
Corporation of Greater Mumbai to tackle this problem.
3.4 Existing Management of Industrial Solid Waste
As discussed the industrial solid waste can be broadly classified into two categories, viz. hazardous
waste and non-hazardous waste. As per Hazardous Waste (Management and Handling) Rules,
Effluent Treatment Plant (ETP) sludge, paint sludge, oil sludge residue and incinerator ash are main
types of wastes recognized as hazardous solid wastes.
For the management of hazardous waste in Pune, the MPCB - Regional office in Pune, is responsible
for enforcement of hazardous waste rules in this region.
The objective of hazardous waste management is to minimize the risk associated with the type of
waste to public health and environment. Hazardous waste management involves tracking these
wastes from the source of generation to the disposal. The Hazardous Waste (Management &
Handling) Rules, 1989 as amended specifies the requirement for the handling and disposal of the
hazardous waste generated. The disposal is usually in the form of land filling or incineration
depending on the waste characteristics.
The possibility of recycling of hazardous waste is of prime importance provided environmentally safe
methods are adopted. This is because incineration of some kinds of hazardous waste leads to
emission of high pollution potential contaminants like dioxins which are known as human
carcinogen. Also land filling of hazardous waste contributes to the danger of accumulation of
hazardous waste requiring continuous management measures over a long period of time.
The Hazardous Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 1989 and its amendments, are applicable
to all generators of hazardous waste. The Maharashtra State Industrial Development Corporation
(MIDC) has been notified by the Maharashtra State government as an authority under rule 8 of
Hazardous Waste Rules to promote development of Common Hazardous Waste Treatment, Storage
and Disposal Facilities (CHWTSDF)16
The hazardous wastes generated in Pune were being transported to the CHWTSDF facility at Taloja
in Raigad district, TTC in New Mumbai. However with the upcoming facility at Ranjangaon in Pune
district, a facility comprising of a secured landfill with 50,000 MTPA capacity and an incineration
16 Maharashtra Pollution Control Board (MPCB) Annual Report 2004
Technology for Waste Management/Infrastructure – Pune (2006)
Extract from the report “Strategic Action Plan for Integrated Solid Waste Management Plan,
Pune (Volume I)”
facility of 15000 MTPA, the hazardous waste disposal will be carried out at this site. This will reduce
the transportation distance substantially for the generators of Pune.
In Pune, out of 2783 tons of hazardous waste generated per year, about 98 % requires to be disposed
by land filling, while about 2% of hazardous waste is incinerated. For the discarded barrels and
containers, discarded cyanide containers and oil contaminated filter which are being disposed in
numbers instead of on weight basis are either recycled or are incinerated / land filled. From Pune
with respect to 2004 inventory of hazardous waste done by MPCB, 3% of barrels are land filled, 4%
of containers are incinerated and remaining 93% of containers are recycled.
A list of approved hazardous waste transporters and service providers has been prepared and
updated by the MPCB.
The waste Lead acid batteries are generated from the battery manufacturers, assemblers,
reconditioners, dealers, bulk consumers, auctioneers, importers and recyclers are being recycled to
recover lead and other recoverable materials.
The Maharashtra Pollution Control Board (MPCB) is a law enforcing agency for the Maharashtra
state under the Batteries (Management and Handling) Rule 2001 and submits annual status of compliance
to the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB). From 8th December 2005, MPCB started effective
implementation of batteries rule by issuing public notices in news paper about the requirements of
batteries rule. MPCB identified manufacturers, re-conditioners, assemblers, dealers, bulk consumers,
recyclers and importers and issued letters for compliance with rules and asked them to submit annual
returns as per the prescribed forms. In order to effectively implement the batteries rule in collection,
storage and transportation stages, consultations with manufacturers and retailers were conducted.
Public awareness programs to increase awareness and participation were conducted.
Figure 27 gives details about purchased and returned lead acid batteries in 2002 to 2006 from Pune
region and Figure 28 depicts about bulk battery consumers in Pune region in 2002 to 2005
Technology for Waste Management/Infrastructure – Pune (2006)
Extract from the report “Strategic Action Plan for Integrated Solid Waste Management Plan,
Pune (Volume I)”
Figure 27: Lead Acid Batteries Purchase and Return in Pune region (2002 – 2006)17
As can be observed from Figure 27, for Pune region, on an average the used batteries are about 28%
of the batteries purchased. The large difference is percentage of returned lead batteries may be
attributed to the increasing demand for batteries over the years as well as to the non-availability of
the records for the batteries sold in the past.
Figure 28: Bulk Battery Consumers in Pune Region (2002-2005)18
From Figure 28 it is observed that for Pune region, bulk consumers have returned more number of
batteries in a financial year than the quantity of purchase. This may be due to similar reason such as,
batteries are returned in different year than year of purchase.
17 As per data adapted from MPCB Hazardous Waste Inventorization for Pune Region
18 IBID
29665
4484739026
63318
1885
2011517716
4450
0
10 0 0 0
2 0 0 0 0
3 0 0 0 0
4 0 0 0 0
50 0 0 0
6 0 0 0 0
70 0 0 0
2 0 0 2 - 0 3 2 0 0 3 - 0 4 2 0 0 4 - 0 5 Ap ril 0 5- Sep t 0 5
Year
Batteries Purchased
Batteries Returned
20747 20528
3312
9891626
122021019610005
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 April 05-Sept 05
Year
Nu
mb
er o
f B
atte
ries
Bulk Batteries Purchased
Bulk Batteries Returned
Technology for Waste Management/Infrastructure – Pune (2006)
Extract from the report “Strategic Action Plan for Integrated Solid Waste Management Plan,
Pune (Volume I)”
3.5 Existing Management of E-Waste
The increase in the electronics and IT sector has led to manifold rise the generation of E-waste over
the past couple of years. Owing to the absence of proper regulation for the management of this
waste stream, there is a lot of ambiguity in the waste flow stream.
Realizing the gravity of the e-waste management problem, several initiatives have been taken by other
cities such as Bangalore and Delhi which are also e-waste generation hubs owing to the large-scale
proliferation of IT and electronic companies.
Additional Information
Infrastructure Related Analysis
A review of the available infrastructure in Pune e.g. bins, vehicles and their utilization brings out
specific observations and constraints
• The analysis of waste collection and waste generation information available for Pune19, the
uncollected waste can be deduced to be in between 8 to 9%. In terms of quantity this would
mean about 95 MTPD of waste is probably remaining unattended
• The waste collection across the wards occurs mostly in one shift of 8 hours with part of the
second shift being used for some of the vehicles and in a few wards
• About 1500 containers with different sizes have been spread across the city for MSW
collection. The placement is however not optimal
• The door to door MSW collection is augmented by introduction of rag pickers for waste
collection. They have been provided with wheel barrows and cycle rickshaws. However again
the distribution is not based upon the population catered as well as distance covered or
optimal
• The services of vehicles designated as “Ghanta trucks” are being provided to directly collect
the MSW at the door-step and thus reduce the number of containers to be attended to.
However as the Ghanta trucks are not specifically designed for this purpose, the segregation
of waste remains an issue as also the quantity handled. Basically the Ghanta trucks are under
utilized
• The wastes generated from the hotels are mostly segregated (more than 80%) and these
segregated wastes are collected by vehicles designated as “Hotel Gadi”
• The Dumper Placers (DP) are used to lift the larger containers of 3.8 cu.m. Other containers
are serviced by the compactors. The waste is taken to the transfer stations where it is loaded
on the Bulk Refuse Carrier (BRCs). However, lifting of the containers is dependent on the
19 Report on “Centrally sponsored scheme for solid waste management and drainage for IAF Airfield Town of Pune by HUDCO, 2006
Technology for Waste Management/Infrastructure – Pune (2006)
Extract from the report “Strategic Action Plan for Integrated Solid Waste Management Plan,
Pune (Volume I)”
availability of the DPs and compactors, which are breakdown prone due to lack of
preventive maintenance.
• Even though the emphasis has been on the reduction of containers and increasing the waste
collection by wheel barrows, cycle rickshaws, Ghanta Gadis and hotel Gadis, the reported
collection by these means account for only 11%20 of the city waste generated. With the
reported usage of 41 Ghanta Gadis and 16 Hotel Gadis across the city and compared to 67
DPs and 15 compactors used, the loading on the Ghanta Gadis and Hotel Gadis seems
much below their capacities
• Like the hotels, segregated biodegradable waste comes from the vegetable markets, marriage
halls, and educational institutes. However there is no separate system presently working for
separate collection of the waste from these sources. The exception is Mahatma Phule
Mandai, the largest market yard of Pune, from where vegetable waste is being collected
separately.
• The Rag pickers have been integrated into the waste collection and segregation system with
the aim of increasing the level of segregation as well as to provide livelihood. However, since
the segregation percentage at the household levels is low, the rag pickers need to take out
recyclable / reusable material in the waste. As no space are designated for such practices, the
waste coming for disposal do contain large amount of recyclable / reusable material
• The lifting of solid waste by compactors have the advantage of handling larger quantity of
wastes, however the number of compactors reportedly available is less as also their size
becomes barrier in movement through the old parts of the city which have narrow lanes
• The solid wastes generated across the city are disposed off at an abandoned stone quarry at
Urali Devachi which is located 20 km away from the city. However the site do not conform
the regulatory requirement. From the infrastructure requirement point of view the following
are the major gaps, specific to the disposal facility
o The site suitability assessment studies for environmental approvals and clearances
not available
o No buffer zone of no-development around the site has been notified
o The site is not fenced or hedged. No proper gate and manpower is allocated for
monitoring incoming vehicles or other modes of transportation
o No facilities exist at the site for record keeping of incoming waste
o The dumping of waste is being carried out on the part of the site where there is no
liner system or leachate collection system in place
o No rainwater diversion mechanism exist at the site
o No green belt development has been done on the site
20 Solid Waste Generation and Collection in Pune: a situation analysis; KKPKP for AIILSG, Mumbai; 2005
Technology for Waste Management/Infrastructure – Pune (2006)
Extract from the report “Strategic Action Plan for Integrated Solid Waste Management Plan,
Pune (Volume I)”
o Rag pickers operate on the site to collect recyclable / reusable material form the
waste being dumped. However there is no personal protective equipments used by
them
In the context of BMW, the PMC has provided a common treatment facility for the city that is being
operated by a private agency as the service provider. The service provider has deployed BMW
collection vehicles and provides services to its members. However the following points emerge in the
context of infrastructure facility:
• The segregation of the BMW at source is not done as per the requirement
• The efficacy of the incineration system along with the pollution control devices provided
need to be monitored and if needed corrective actions are required to be taken
In the context of industrial solid hazardous waste, the common infrastructure seems to be up to the
mark. A recently commissioned Common Hazardous Waste Storage, Treatment and Disposal Facility
at Ranjangaon will be adequate for present and future loads of industrial solid hazardous waste in
PMC.
With the lack of regulatory intervention for C&D and electronic wastes, no appropriate infrastructure
is presently in place to manage these wastes. It is important therefore that these gaps in infrastructure
are addressed on a proactive basis by involving all stakeholders concerned.
Infrastructural Gaps Considering Waste Projections
Projections specific to various solid waste streams have been attempted. Three scenarios namely
business as usual, worst case and most optimistic scenarios have been used in order to assess the
probable gaps in waste related infrastructure. Based on the limited data available, the infrastructural
gaps have been assessed for decentralized treatment and bin capacities.
The extent of decentralized treatment depends primarily on the waste characteristics as well as the
extent of segregation. The amount of waste that can be treated effectively using decentralized options
depends on wet or compostable waste and the extent of segregation. In the context of Pune,
composting and bio-methanation plants are the two primary technologies for decentralized
treatment. The comparative analysis of the segregated wet waste and actual decentralized treatment
plant capacities is shown in Figure 29. This Figure shows the actual present decentralized treatment
capacities in each ward and compares it to the projected quantum of segregated wet waste. The
difference in the quantum of wet segregated waste generated for each scenario and the present
decentralized treatment capacities represent the gap.
Technology for Waste Management/Infrastructure – Pune (2006)
Extract from the report “Strategic Action Plan for Integrated Solid Waste Management Plan,
Pune (Volume I)”
Figure 29: Infrastructural Gaps: Decentralized Treatment Options
Although initiatives have been taken with respect to decentralized treatment options in all the wards,
there is still a huge potential for extensive application of these technologies. Further, if the extent of
segregation increases, the quantum of segregated wet waste will increase and hence increased
potential for decentralized waste treatment.
The quantum of waste reaching the bins is related to the extent of segregation, the level of recycling
carried out and the house-to house collection system in the area. For the present gap analysis the
quantum of waste reaching the bins by varying the various influencing parameters is provided in
Figure 30. This Figure shows the existing bin capacities in each ward and compare it against the
quantity of waste reaching the bins in case of the three probable scenarios. The difference between
the projected waste and the present bin capacity represent the infrastructural gaps with respect to
bins.
Technology for Waste Management/Infrastructure – Pune (2006)
Extract from the report “Strategic Action Plan for Integrated Solid Waste Management Plan,
Pune (Volume I)”
Figure 30: infrastructural Gaps: Bin Capacities
Figure 30 shows that most of the wards are sufficient in terms of bin capacities for all the three
waste projection scenarios.