Technology for Waste Management/Infrastructure – Pune … · Technology for Waste...

Technology for Waste Management/Infrastructure – Pune (2006)

Extract from the report “Strategic Action Plan for Integrated Solid Waste Management Plan,

Pune (Volume I)”

1.1 Existing management of Municipal Solid Waste

1.1.1 Segregation

Following the directives by the Supreme Court and in accordance with the Municipal Solid Waste

Management Rules (2000), the PMC has partially implemented solid waste segregation system for dry

and wet waste in the city. In order to enforce segregation of MSW PMC has directed all the residents

to segregate the wastes generated in households into WHITE and GREEN containers/buckets to be

designated for DRY and WET waste respectively. Household and commercial waste is segregated as

dry and wet waste.

At the city level 35 % of the total waste generated is segregated. The percentage of segregation varies

amongst the wards Dhole Patil Road and Yerwada showing high percentage of segregation. The

segregation at household level in each ward is shown in Figure 12

ugh segregation of waste at source is highly recommended, performance observed in the city is

medium. Some of the significant difficulties in implementation of the segregation are as follows:

• Level of Awareness: There is a low level of awareness amongst the people about the benefits

of segregation. This has resulted in poor implementation of segregation at source levels.

• Lack in Infrastructure: In some of the wards the waste collecting systems are deficient in

terms of infrastructure needed to collect and store segregated wastes. This leads to a

disinterest amongst citizens to segregate waste.

• Existing Policies: Most of the waste segregated gets collected through informal sectors such

as rag-pickers and waste collectors. There is a gap in the formal sector as regards the collection

of sorted waste. In order to improve the extent of segregation a public awareness mission was

launched by PMC. The details of this mission i.e. the Chakachak Mission are given in Box 2.

Box 2: Creating awareness and Promoting Segregation through “ChakaChak Mission”

Realizing the significance of segregation, the PMC has launched an awareness raising campaign

called as the “ChakaChak Mission”. This mission, with the active participation of schools,

launches awareness drives in order to educate the denizens about the importance and steps of

segregation. Groups comprising of 4-10 students are formed and are advised to involve their

families in cleaning and beautifying the surroundings. These groups nock-named “ChakaChak

Technology for Waste Management/Infrastructure –

Pune (India)



Pune (Volume I)”

Tolis” meet once a week and plan their work with inputs from the Ward Medical Officers of the

PMC. In order to further propagate this mission, a short documentary film has been made by

noted film director Sai Paranjpe. This film along with the drives has created significant awareness.

Zero waste days are observed on 1st January, 26th January, 15th August and Gudi Padwa

(Maharashtrian New Year day)

The impact caused by this mission can be shown in Figure 13. The level of segregation has

considerably improved in the areas where such promotional programmes were conducted.


Extract from the report “Strategic Action Plan for Integrated Solid Waste Management Plan, Pune (Volume I)”

Figure 12: Ward wise Status of Segregation of Waste (%)1

1 As provided in Environmental Status Report for Pune 2006



Pune (Volume I)”

Figure 13: Percentage Segregation and Chakachak Index

Hotel waste is segregated into three different categories as, bio-degradable waste, non-biodegradable

but recyclable waste and non-recyclable waste. The percentage of waste segregation at various

sources in Pune is explained in Figure 14. Commercial establishments like hotels, wedding halls etc

contribute to waste segregation more than the residential units. Almost 80 % hotels are practicing

segregation. Slums contribute the least.

Figure 14: Waste segregation at Various Sources of MSW Generation2

In areas where mixed waste is generated at the generators level, the segregation and separation is

predominantly done by rag pickers. The rag pickers segregate waste at various levels/ stages like at

door step collection, at Ghanta Trucks, community bins and also at disposal site. The extent of waste

collected by the rag-pickers at different levels can be shown in Figure 15.

2 As per data obtained from PMC



Pune (Volume I)”

Figure 15: Waste Collected by Rag-pickers at Various Levels of MSW Management

System3

From the total waste generated 1093 tons per day in Pune, 30tons is collected by rag pickers, 95

tones is unattended waste and 968 tons is lifted by vehicles4. Thus the waste collection efficiency

calculated is 88%. In order to promote segregation another method adopted by the PMC is to

strengthen the rag-pickers.

In order to promote the segregation and sorting of waste, PMC has adopted the policy of

institutionalizing rag-pickers. The number of rag pickers registered with the PMC working at various

points of waste management is shown presented in Table 4.

Table 4: Ward-Wise Status of Rag-pickers5

Waste pickers at the level of

S.No. Ward Office Containers

Residence (Societies)

Commercial

1 Aundh - 66 40

2 Ghole Road - 70 25

3 Warje Karvenagar 33 45 -

4 Karve Road 18 52 -

5 Dhole Patil Road 10 47 30

6 Hadapsar 76 31 6

7 Sangamwadi - 200 20

8 Yerwada - 160 40

9 Kasaba Peth 15 62 4

10 Vishrambagwada 41 74 19

11 Bhavani Peth 33 153 2

12 Tilak Road 92 34 15

3 Report on Economic Aspects of Informal Sector Activities in Solid Waste Management, Draft City Report for Pune, Kagad Kaach Patra Kashtakari Panchayat,

Waste. Prepared and Financed by GTZ

4 Report on Solid waste Management - HUDCO 5 Report on Solid Waste Generation and Collection in Pune: A Situation Analysis prepared by Kagad Kaach Patra Kashtakari Panchayat



Pune (Volume I)”

Waste pickers at the level of

S.No. Ward Office Containers

Residence (Societies)

Commercial

13 Sahakarnagar 37 80 8

14 Bibvewadi 33 153 2

Total 388 1227 211

Another significant organization working towards the upliftment of the rag-pickers is the Kagad Kaach

Patra Kashtakari Panhayat (KKPKP). The organizational structure and the mode of operation of this

organization are described in Box 3.

Box 3: Empowering Rag-Pickers: Kagad Kaach Patra Kashtakari Panchayat6

Kagad Kaach Patra Kashtakari Panchayat (KKPKP) is an organization striving hard for the benefits of

the rag-pickers. This organization is a registered trade union with 5200 registered members

working to represent collective identity and interests of the scrap collectors. Founded a decade

ago, this organization functions on the principles of “Collective Ownership”, “Participation” and

“Empowerment”. This organization has undertaken several problems such as:

• Addressing the individual grievances of the rag-pickers

• Creating platforms for social and cultural renewal

• Market interventions in scrap trade

• Lobbying for legislative protection

• Developing institutional mechanisms for social security

• Fighting for seeking state assistance in claiming Medical Insurances

• Promoting Education and safe-guarding human health

• Prevention of child labour

3.1.2 Collection and Transportation

The Municipal Solid Waste consists of Household waste, Waste from Hotels and restaurants, garden

waste as well as street sweepings. Solid waste collection is done in 1 to 3 shifts using different types

of vehicles. The daily generation of MSW is around 1100 MT.

Primary Collection of Waste

6 Organising the Unorganised: A Case Study of the Kagad Kach Patra Kashtakari Panchayat (Trade Union of Waste-pickers)



Pune (Volume I)”

Waste from Households and commercial premises

The waste from households and commercial premises is primarily collected through community

collection bins. The collection bins of various capacities are placed at designated locations. Door to

door collection has also been introduced in all wards with the help of Ghanta Gadis7, cycle rickshaws

and wheel barrows. Collection through cycle rickshaws and wheel barrows are offered to the areas

which are not easily accessible to Ghanta Gadis. PMC has employed this system with the involvement

of some NGOs like Kagad Kach Patra Kashtakari Panchayat (KKPKP), Disha Foundation, Utkarsha

Foundation, Abhiyan Foundation, Bhagatsingh Brigade etc. These informal sector players are

working at the level of collection of waste and in recycling sector primarily. While some of these

vehicles are operated by PMC workers the others are operated by PMC authorized rag pickers

working for the NGOs. About 60 % of the city is being covered by door step collection of waste.

The door-to-door collection is done by various types of vehicles such as:

• Wheel Barrows

• Cycle Rickshaws

• Ghanta Gadis(vehicles with bells) The actual findings of the observations made during the

survey are explained in Box 4.

Box 4: Actual Collection System Using Ghanta-Gadis

In order to assess the operational efficiency of the Ghanta-Gadis, using real-time data, a survey was

conducted in the Ghole Road ward. Two out of the six observed Ghanta-Gadis have separate

containers for dry and wet waste. Rag-pickers segregate the waste at the Ghanta-Gadis. The following

key observations regarding the operation of Ghanta-Gadis have been made during the survey:

• Although there are separate containers available for dry and wet wastes, actually, mixed

waste enters in both the containers. As per the PMC personnel managing the ghanta-gadis, this

trend has been a result of the inclusion of rag-pickers at that level. The segregation of waste

undertaken by rag-pickers, has supposedly led to a reduction in the source-level segregation.

• The containers put up on the ghanta-gadis are of the same size. However, it is advisable that

the containers collecting wet waste should be larger in size, taking into consideration the fact

that the wet waste is produced in larger quantities than the dry waste.

• As per the perception study, conducted for the denizens of the Ghole Road ward, people are

aware and happy about the door-to-door collection system of waste collection. Also the

timings of the waste collection are preferable.

• Some of the ghanta-gadis are also deployed for collecting bio-degradable waste.

Apart from the vehicles employed for collecting Municipal Solid Waste, separate vehicles are

employed by PMC for the collection of Hotel Waste. As per the survey details, conducted for Ghole

Road ward, the hotels store their organic waste in green biodegradable bags whereas black bags are

7 Vehicles with bells



Pune (Volume I)”

used for dumping the card-board as well as the paper waste which are eventually collected through

Hotel gadis. Some hotel owners dispose off their waste through jute bags.

Secondary Collection of Waste

This includes the waste collection from community bins. This is fully mechanized, and vehicles are

allocated for this purpose. The waste lifted from bins is transported to the nearest Transfer Station.

Generally, Compactors and Dumper Placers are used for this purpose.

Tertiary Collection of Waste

The waste is lifted from the Transfer Station and transported to the Disposal Site at Urali Devachi.

The Bulk Refuse Carriers are being employed for this purpose.

The transportation system for different types of waste from various sources to the disposal sites in

Pune are as shown in Figure 16.

Houses

Ghanta-trucksWheel barrowsCycle Rickshaws

Bins

Compactors Dumper Placers

Transfer Stations

Bulk Refuse Carrier

Landfill

HotelsCommercial Units

Hotel Trucks

Houses

Ghanta-trucksWheel barrowsCycle Rickshaws

Bins

Compactors Dumper Placers

Transfer Stations

Bulk Refuse Carrier

Landfill

HotelsCommercial Units

Hotel Trucks

Figure 16: Typical Waste Collection System in Pune

Table 5 shows the infrastructure available with PMC for transportation of waste. The vehicles used

for the transportation of solid waste are managed by the transport department of PMC in

coordination with the Health & SWM dept of PMC. Table 5 shows the various vehicles used by

PMC for vehicle transportation and waste collection.



Pune (Volume I)”

Table 5 Type of PMC Vehicles for Waste Collection and Transportation8

Sr. No

Type No. OEM, vehicle model Nos. Capacity

Tata 709 81 3.8 m3 01.

Dumper Placer

93 Ashok Leyland Cargo 759

12 3.8 m3

Tata – City Cleaner (Single Axel)

12 12 m3

Eicher With Hopper (Double Axel)

4 20 m3 02. Compactor 34

Tata - With Hopper (Double Axel)

18 14 m3

03. Hotel Gadi 51 Tata 51 6 m3

Eicher 15 4.5 m3 04. Ghanta Gadi 25

Tata 10 6 m3

Tata (Double Axel) 36 30 m3

Ashok Leyland (Double Axel)

10 05. BRC 66

Single Axel* 16 20 m3

Tata 05 06. Refuse Truck 09

Ashok Leyland 04 6 m3

07. Wheel Barrows

1208

- - -

08 Cycle Rickshaws

136 - - -

The ward-wise allocation of vehicles for waste collection is provided in Table 6.

Table 3.6 Ward-wise Allocation of Waste Collection Vehicles9

Ward Shift DP BRC Hotel Gadi

Compactor Ghanta Gadi

Tipper Total

Morning 3 3 2 1 6 15

Afternoon 3 3 1 7 Aundh

Night 1 1

Morning 4 3 3 1 4 15

Afternoon 3 3 1 7 Ghole Road

Night 0

Morning 3 3 1 1 5 13 Afternoon 1 1 Karve Road

Night 1 1 Morning 3 4 1 1 3 12 Afternoon 0 Warje

Night 0

8 Data obtained from PMC

9 As per data obtained from the Vehicle Depot In charge from PMC.



Pune (Volume I)”

Ward Shift DP BRC Hotel Gadi

Compactor Ghanta Gadi

Tipper Total

Morning 3 4 1 5 2 15 Afternoon 0 Yerwada

Night 0

Morning 3 4 1 1 4 1 14

Afternoon 0 Sangam wadi

Night 0

Morning 3 3 2 1 3 12

Afternoon 0 Dhole Patil

Night 1 1

Morning 6 1 1 3 11

Afternoon 3 1 4 Vishrambag wada

Night 2 2

Morning 6 1 1 6 14

Afternoon 3 3 Kasba Peth

Night 0

Morning 7 1 6 14

Afternoon 3 3 Bhavani Peth

Night 1 1

Morning 6 1 1 4 12 Afternoon 1 1 Tilak Road

Night 0 Morning 6 1 2 6 15

Afternoon 1 1 Bibwe Wadi

Night 0 Morning 3 1 2 4 10

Afternoon 2 2 4 Hadapsar

Night 1 1

Morning 3 1 1 3 8 Afternoon 1 1 Sahkarnagar

Night 0 Morning 7 7 Afternoon 0 Katraj Ramp

Night 0 Morning 9 9

Afternoon 4 4 Hadapsar Ramp

Night 2 2 Mandai 1 1 Charat 2 2 Round 1 1

Total 75 52 22 23 67 6 245



Pune (Volume I)”

MSW Collection in Community Containers

The container bins for collection of waste are placed at designated locations in the streets and along

the roads across the city. The containers are of different sizes as indicated below:

Containers handled by dumper placers - 3.8 cu.m.

Containers handled by compactor vehicles - 2.2 cu.m., 1.1 cu.m. and 1.5 cu.m.

As per the actual survey carried out for Ghole Road, the condition of the containers was found to be

a major cause of concern. In addition to the fact that most of the containers are in a dilapidated

broken condition, most of them are also open and hence cause nuisance in terms of odour, and

disease vectors that thrive in the accessible waste. Also the vehicles carrying the waste are not

covered thereby spreading the waste during transportation. The ward-wise allocation of different

capacity containers in each ward is indicated in Figure 17.

Figure 17: Waste Collection Containers in Pune10

With the increase in door to door collection system the numbers of containers in Pune have

significantly reduced. The Figure 18 demonstrates the reduction in number of containers in various

wards.




Pune (Volume I)”

Figure 18: Reduction in Number of Containers from Jan 2005- June 200611

Actual Collection Efficiency

As a part of the extensive survey conducted for Ghole Road ward, in order to assess the real-time

data, observations were made at 18 bin locations. Single day observations were made at each of these

locations capturing the different collection timings. The observations were made at representative

locations covering different socio-economic groups. The summary of the observations made at these

locations have been shown in Figures 19-22. The Figure 22 which depicts the overall change in the

waste collection scenario over the timings over the day reveals the poor mechanism as well as the ad

hoc methods followed by PMC officials during data collection. Most of the 18 locations observed

showed increase or no change in the bin capacity, thereby suggesting the poor collection efficiency.

Waste from Bulk Generators

There is separate collection system employed by PMC for the collection of waste from Bulk

Generators like Hotels and restaurants, Wedding halls. Around 2300 premises are catered by this

collection facility. Hotels are required to segregate the waste at source and store in Green and Black

bags. The food waste is collected in Biodegradable plastic bags. Around 250 MT of food waste is

collected from these premises daily from the whole of the city.

The bulk generators of waste also include vegetable markets. However there is no separate system

presently working for separate collection of the waste from vegetable markets with one exception.

The waste from Mahatma Phule Mandai, the largest market yard of Pune, is being collected separately.

The solid waste generated from fish, mutton market, chicken shops and slaughter house are collected

separately to some extent, and however no formal system is in place all over the city. The dead

animals are collected by private contractor and disposed off in the caracas utilization plant at Urali

Devachi.

11 IBID



Figure 19: Observations at Ghole Road at 9 am



Figure 20: Observations at Ghole Road Ward at 1 pm



Figure 21: Observations at the Ghole Road Ward at 5 pm



Figure 22: Overall comparisons at Ghole Road



Pune (Volume I)”

3.1.3 Decentralized Treatment

There are various facilities set up for processing of wet waste at community level. These processing

methods predominantly include both Vermi-culture and Biogas generation practices. It is estimated

that about 12 tones of waste are being treated by these options throughout the city. The reported

number of vermi-culture pits varies from 8 to about 250 in different wards, while about 16 Biogas

plants are operating in the city of Pune for the treatment of wet waste.

The PMC promotes the use of vermi-composting at community levels by introducing the need for

having a vermi-composting pit for newly developing areas. The Development Control Regulations of

the Pune area have a requirement for provision of vermi-composting pits in order to obtain the No

Objection Certificate (NOC) from the Health Department of PMC.

In Pune, lot of initiatives has been taken at household as well as society level for wet waste

processing. Vermicomposting is a predominant way that many societies have followed to take care of

the wet waste generated in their premises. It is also implemented at various religious places where

large amount of biodegradable waste gets collected daily. It is also implemented at some schools. Bio-

methanation projects have also been implemented at some places. Around 45 tones of the daily wet

waste treatment capacity exists in the city as per the available records. However the actual quantity of

treatment of wet waste is reported to be about 12 tones only by these decentralized waste processing

efforts. The ward wise capacity of wet waste treatment is presented in Figure 23.

In number of facilities, Sahakarnagar ward show the highest number of operational vermicomposting

pits while Yerwada ward shows the highest number of working bio-methanation plants.



Figure 23: Installed Capacity of Decentralized Waste Treatment per Ward12




Pune (Volume I)”

Although the numbers of vermi-composting plants are high the operational number is very low.

There is no information on the capacities and efficiencies of these plants. Some of the major

constraints in successful implementation of decentralized treatment plants can be enlisted as below:

• Space Constraints: The decentralized treatments require space and hence are not applicable

at individual house-hold levels. These treatment facilities can be successfully implemented at

society-level, road level or community levels in common plots or at transfer stations. With this

constraint in view the PMC has invited for Expression of Interest statements from various

technology providers to set up a pilot biogas plant of 50MT capacity at the Transfer station.

There are nine transfer stations in the city of Pune. Out of the nine transfer stations two are

categorized as large and seven are categorized as small. Two of these transfer stations are non

functional due to various reasons.

• Odour Problems: The decentralized treatment primarily treats the wet, bio-degradable waste

and hence the collection of such wastes in the neighbourhood creates odour problems.

• Disease Vectors: There are issues of rodents, flies and other disease vectors that thrive on

the wet waste.

• Technology Constraints: There is an absence of technological know-how and process

standardization with respect to decentralized treatment. The process are largely empirical and

are based on thumb-rules and not exact science. Also for the proper maintenance of the set-up

plant there is a need for training a special cadre of man-power.

• Weak Markets: The products resulting from decentralized treatment plants such as biogas

and manure do not have a market potential. Owing to the lack of demand lesser number of

people are getting into this field.

• Policies: In spite of the mention for the provision of the vermi-composting pits in the

Development Control Regulation, the actual implementation will occur only if there are other

policies to support. In order to make concepts such as City Farming a success the

requirements for the same should be factored into the construction practices. E.g. the water-

proofing, slope design of the terraces should be made taking into consideration the city

farming or terrace gardening concept. The various technologies existing in Pune are described

in Box 5.

Box 5: Decentralized treatment Methods in Pune

Significant work related to decentralized treatment is being done in Pune. Vermi-composting and

biogas plants are the major options being looked at with regards to decentralized options for

treating waste. Organizations such as Ennora, Mailhem and Excel industries are involved with the

waste treatment business along with volunteers such as Latatai Shrikhande and Jyoti Shah.

INORA involves the use of earthworm technology to convert waste into wormi-compost. The

experts suggest that the vermin-composting plants are viable only if the generation capacities are



Pune (Volume I)”

Box 5: Decentralized treatment Methods in Pune

greater than 20t/month. One of the major reasons for failure of vermin-composting plants was

pointed out to be the casual approach of handling such plants. A sound technical training is

therefore a pre-requisite for effective working of the plants. The land requirements for treatment

plant are around 2100 sq.m. Mailhem specializes in state- of the art bio-methanation techniques to

generate biogas from various types of bio-degradable organic solid waste. Excel industries have

developed an organic waste convertor which produces Celrich, a rich source of organic matter

generated primarily from animal, canteen and agro waste. This soil enricher is capable of

enhancing the yields, optimizing fertilizer usage and ensuring sustainability in agriculture. The use

of Bio-sanitizer and EM (Effective Micro-organism) solutions for waste treatment are also being

used.

3.1.4 Disposal

The waste is collected from all the collection points and brought to the ramps of the transfer stations

by Dumper placers. Some recovery of recyclables by formal and informal sector also takes place at

transfer stations. Two of the transfer stations have weighing facility and one of them has

computerized system for records. The waste from the transfer stations is sent to the disposal site by

Compactors and Bulk Refuse Carriers.

The PMC is disposing off the MSW collected at an abandoned stone quarry of around 163 acres at

Urali Devachi which is located 20 km away from the city. A part of the disposal site was remediated

with liner system. The waste dumped is spread using bulldozers and EM (Effective Micro organism)

solution is sprayed over the waste at disposal site to enhance degradation of the biodegradable waste

disposed. At the disposal site rag pickers also work to retrieve resources from the waste. The waste

disposed at the site by the BRCs is spread by using bull dozers and excavators. There are 2 to 3 bull

dozers and 2 excavators used at the site on a routine basis. A part of the degraded waste from the

disposal site is reported to be mined and taken by the farmers as soil conditioners for farm

applications. However no report of their quality was available.

The improper management of solid waste significantly affects health of the waste workers as well as

citizens. It also has a remarkable impact on the Environment. However there is no study done to

show the specific impact except the study of environmental factors near the disposal site.

The Figure 24 shows the location of the disposal sites as well as the Transfer Stations in Pune.

Considering the health hazards related to landfills there have been problems in acquiring new landfill

sites. For most of the cases, Public Information Litigation (PILs) have been filed on the basis of the

NIMBY (Not In My Backyard) concept.



Pune (Volume I)”

Figure 24: Location of the Existing and Proposed Disposal Sites and Transfer Stations13

Realizing the increasing pressures on the landfill and the difficulties in acquiring new sites, an Excel

model has been developed in order to model the flow of waste in various wards and capture the

quantum of waste being dumped at the landfill.

An illustrative example of the developed Excel model for the wards has been attached in Annexure

2. Although at present the data is fluid and based on certain assumptions, it definitely helps in

speculating the possible scenarios and arrive at corrective strategies. Figure 25 shows the Landfill

and the sorting of waste at the disposal sites.

13



Pune (Volume I)”

Figure 25: Sorting of Waste at Disposal (Landfill) Sites

3.2 Existing Management of BMW

Bio-medical waste has attracted the attention of environmental activists and civic administrators in

the recent times. Segregation of BMW is crucial and so are collection transportation, treatment and

disposal. All these aspects of biomedical waste management in Pune are discussed below. A typical

flow chart of the existing BMW management is shown in Figure 26.



Pune (Volume I)”

Figure 26: Typical Flow Diagram of BMW Management

A common collection and treatment facility has been put up by the PMC and is being managed by an

approved service provider. This BMW service provider offers services to the Health Care Facilities

(HCFs) on a chargeable basis for collection and treatment of the BMW. Two larger HCFs operate

their own treatment faculties.

3.2.1 Segregation & Storage of BMW

Segregation of BMW is very essential as properly segregated waste is easy to store, transport and

treatment. The segregation is done as specified i the Bio-Medical Waste (Management & Handling)

Rules, 1998 into 10 categories. All health care facilities registered with the service provider are

expected to practice segregation. The service provider gives the HCFs coloured plastic bags on

chargeable basis for storage of BMW. However, information on the management of BMW generated

from the health care facilities not being catered by the present service provider is unavailable.

The state of Maharashtra amounts to almost 60% of the BMW generated in the country. A recent

report on the review of existing environmental status and management issues in the state pointed low

segregation levels and irregular collection system owing to lesser number of vehicles as the important

reasons for non-compliance to BMW rules.14

14 Environment Monitor, MPCB, 2005-06



Pune (Volume I)”

3.2.2 Collection and Transportation

The segregated BMW is collected by the service provider from the HCFs’ premises and is then

transported in closed vehicles. Four routes have been identified to cover all HCFs across the city

with four vehicles. For big health care facilities, the vehicles go to their premises for collection. And

for smaller BMW generators i.e. private dispensaries, small HCFs, laboratories, etc. there are 250

collection points across the city, where the vehicles collect the waste at pre designated timings. The

segregated BMW is loaded on the vehicle and transported to the central facility for treatment and

disposal.

3.2.3 Treatment and Disposal

The BMW collected undergoes treatment as per the specified norms. The treatment includes

autoclaving, shredding and incineration. The plastic waste is sterilized and shredded in the shredder

and then sold to the recyclers for recycling of the shredded plastic waste. Human Anatomical Waste,

Animal Waste and Solid Waste collected under category 1, 2, 6 of bio-medical Management &

Handling (M&H) rules, 1998, are incinerated. The facility has 3 twin-chambered incinerators with a

capacity of 100 kg/hr incineration. The incinerators are designed for operating temperatures of

8500C in the primary chamber and 11000C in the secondary chamber. For incineration gas cleaning

the incinerator is equipped with a scrubber. The facility has an autoclave of 100 kg/hr capacity. The

shredder of the facility is of 50 Kg/hr capacity. The biomedical waste in the form of liquids are

mixed with sawdust and incinerated. The bottles are disposed off as scrap after washing. The

incineration ash resulting from incineration of BMW is disposed of at disposal site at Urali Devachi

along with the MSW. The vehicles from PMC collect the incinerator ash and transport it to the dump

site. The waste water from the scrubber is collected in a tank near by the incinerator and is sent in a

tanker to a Waste Water Treatment Plant for treatment.

The analysis reports of the incineration ash have been reviewed and the findings presented in Table

7.

Table 7: BMW Incineration Ash Analysis15

Range mg/Kg Parameter Average

Min Max

Chromium Hexavalent 27 26.50 27.50

Chromium Trivalent 11.8 11 13

Nickel Nil Nil Nil

Zinc 4.46 3.9 4.8

Cyanide Nil Nil Nil

Iron 31.8 30 33

Sulphates 8940 8500 9300

Copper 1.48 1.40 1.50

Chloride 10400 9600 11700

15 Based on five samples analysis reports from December, 2004 to April, 2005



Pune (Volume I)”

3.3 Existing Management of C&D Waste

Waste generated from C&D activities has increased tremendously over the past few years with the

overall development of the city. This waste stream being relatively a recent one, not many efforts

have been made for its management.

As per the MSW Rules, the C&D waste mainly comprising of inerts is not supposed to be dumped

along with the MSW. In the absence of any other source of disposal, the C&D waste currently being

generated is used for filling up low lying areas.

Although PMC does not have any regulations in place for this waste stream at present, efforts are

being made to look at examples of solutions drawn by other municipal bodies such as Municipal

Corporation of Greater Mumbai to tackle this problem.

3.4 Existing Management of Industrial Solid Waste

As discussed the industrial solid waste can be broadly classified into two categories, viz. hazardous

waste and non-hazardous waste. As per Hazardous Waste (Management and Handling) Rules,

Effluent Treatment Plant (ETP) sludge, paint sludge, oil sludge residue and incinerator ash are main

types of wastes recognized as hazardous solid wastes.

For the management of hazardous waste in Pune, the MPCB - Regional office in Pune, is responsible

for enforcement of hazardous waste rules in this region.

The objective of hazardous waste management is to minimize the risk associated with the type of

waste to public health and environment. Hazardous waste management involves tracking these

wastes from the source of generation to the disposal. The Hazardous Waste (Management &

Handling) Rules, 1989 as amended specifies the requirement for the handling and disposal of the

hazardous waste generated. The disposal is usually in the form of land filling or incineration

depending on the waste characteristics.

The possibility of recycling of hazardous waste is of prime importance provided environmentally safe

methods are adopted. This is because incineration of some kinds of hazardous waste leads to

emission of high pollution potential contaminants like dioxins which are known as human

carcinogen. Also land filling of hazardous waste contributes to the danger of accumulation of

hazardous waste requiring continuous management measures over a long period of time.

The Hazardous Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 1989 and its amendments, are applicable

to all generators of hazardous waste. The Maharashtra State Industrial Development Corporation

(MIDC) has been notified by the Maharashtra State government as an authority under rule 8 of

Hazardous Waste Rules to promote development of Common Hazardous Waste Treatment, Storage

and Disposal Facilities (CHWTSDF)16

The hazardous wastes generated in Pune were being transported to the CHWTSDF facility at Taloja

in Raigad district, TTC in New Mumbai. However with the upcoming facility at Ranjangaon in Pune

district, a facility comprising of a secured landfill with 50,000 MTPA capacity and an incineration

16 Maharashtra Pollution Control Board (MPCB) Annual Report 2004



Pune (Volume I)”

facility of 15000 MTPA, the hazardous waste disposal will be carried out at this site. This will reduce

the transportation distance substantially for the generators of Pune.

In Pune, out of 2783 tons of hazardous waste generated per year, about 98 % requires to be disposed

by land filling, while about 2% of hazardous waste is incinerated. For the discarded barrels and

containers, discarded cyanide containers and oil contaminated filter which are being disposed in

numbers instead of on weight basis are either recycled or are incinerated / land filled. From Pune

with respect to 2004 inventory of hazardous waste done by MPCB, 3% of barrels are land filled, 4%

of containers are incinerated and remaining 93% of containers are recycled.

A list of approved hazardous waste transporters and service providers has been prepared and

updated by the MPCB.

The waste Lead acid batteries are generated from the battery manufacturers, assemblers,

reconditioners, dealers, bulk consumers, auctioneers, importers and recyclers are being recycled to

recover lead and other recoverable materials.

The Maharashtra Pollution Control Board (MPCB) is a law enforcing agency for the Maharashtra

state under the Batteries (Management and Handling) Rule 2001 and submits annual status of compliance

to the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB). From 8th December 2005, MPCB started effective

implementation of batteries rule by issuing public notices in news paper about the requirements of

batteries rule. MPCB identified manufacturers, re-conditioners, assemblers, dealers, bulk consumers,

recyclers and importers and issued letters for compliance with rules and asked them to submit annual

returns as per the prescribed forms. In order to effectively implement the batteries rule in collection,

storage and transportation stages, consultations with manufacturers and retailers were conducted.

Public awareness programs to increase awareness and participation were conducted.

Figure 27 gives details about purchased and returned lead acid batteries in 2002 to 2006 from Pune

region and Figure 28 depicts about bulk battery consumers in Pune region in 2002 to 2005



Pune (Volume I)”

Figure 27: Lead Acid Batteries Purchase and Return in Pune region (2002 – 2006)17

As can be observed from Figure 27, for Pune region, on an average the used batteries are about 28%

of the batteries purchased. The large difference is percentage of returned lead batteries may be

attributed to the increasing demand for batteries over the years as well as to the non-availability of

the records for the batteries sold in the past.

Figure 28: Bulk Battery Consumers in Pune Region (2002-2005)18

From Figure 28 it is observed that for Pune region, bulk consumers have returned more number of

batteries in a financial year than the quantity of purchase. This may be due to similar reason such as,

batteries are returned in different year than year of purchase.

17 As per data adapted from MPCB Hazardous Waste Inventorization for Pune Region

18 IBID

29665

4484739026

63318

1885

2011517716

4450

0

10 0 0 0

2 0 0 0 0

3 0 0 0 0

4 0 0 0 0

50 0 0 0

6 0 0 0 0

70 0 0 0

2 0 0 2 - 0 3 2 0 0 3 - 0 4 2 0 0 4 - 0 5 Ap ril 0 5- Sep t 0 5

Year

Batteries Purchased

Batteries Returned

20747 20528

3312

9891626

122021019610005

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 April 05-Sept 05

Year

Nu

mb

er o

f B

atte

ries

Bulk Batteries Purchased

Bulk Batteries Returned



Pune (Volume I)”

3.5 Existing Management of E-Waste

The increase in the electronics and IT sector has led to manifold rise the generation of E-waste over

the past couple of years. Owing to the absence of proper regulation for the management of this

waste stream, there is a lot of ambiguity in the waste flow stream.

Realizing the gravity of the e-waste management problem, several initiatives have been taken by other

cities such as Bangalore and Delhi which are also e-waste generation hubs owing to the large-scale

proliferation of IT and electronic companies.

Additional Information

Infrastructure Related Analysis

A review of the available infrastructure in Pune e.g. bins, vehicles and their utilization brings out

specific observations and constraints

• The analysis of waste collection and waste generation information available for Pune19, the

uncollected waste can be deduced to be in between 8 to 9%. In terms of quantity this would

mean about 95 MTPD of waste is probably remaining unattended

• The waste collection across the wards occurs mostly in one shift of 8 hours with part of the

second shift being used for some of the vehicles and in a few wards

• About 1500 containers with different sizes have been spread across the city for MSW

collection. The placement is however not optimal

• The door to door MSW collection is augmented by introduction of rag pickers for waste

collection. They have been provided with wheel barrows and cycle rickshaws. However again

the distribution is not based upon the population catered as well as distance covered or

optimal

• The services of vehicles designated as “Ghanta trucks” are being provided to directly collect

the MSW at the door-step and thus reduce the number of containers to be attended to.

However as the Ghanta trucks are not specifically designed for this purpose, the segregation

of waste remains an issue as also the quantity handled. Basically the Ghanta trucks are under

utilized

• The wastes generated from the hotels are mostly segregated (more than 80%) and these

segregated wastes are collected by vehicles designated as “Hotel Gadi”

• The Dumper Placers (DP) are used to lift the larger containers of 3.8 cu.m. Other containers

are serviced by the compactors. The waste is taken to the transfer stations where it is loaded

on the Bulk Refuse Carrier (BRCs). However, lifting of the containers is dependent on the

19 Report on “Centrally sponsored scheme for solid waste management and drainage for IAF Airfield Town of Pune by HUDCO, 2006



Pune (Volume I)”

availability of the DPs and compactors, which are breakdown prone due to lack of

preventive maintenance.

• Even though the emphasis has been on the reduction of containers and increasing the waste

collection by wheel barrows, cycle rickshaws, Ghanta Gadis and hotel Gadis, the reported

collection by these means account for only 11%20 of the city waste generated. With the

reported usage of 41 Ghanta Gadis and 16 Hotel Gadis across the city and compared to 67

DPs and 15 compactors used, the loading on the Ghanta Gadis and Hotel Gadis seems

much below their capacities

• Like the hotels, segregated biodegradable waste comes from the vegetable markets, marriage

halls, and educational institutes. However there is no separate system presently working for

separate collection of the waste from these sources. The exception is Mahatma Phule

Mandai, the largest market yard of Pune, from where vegetable waste is being collected

separately.

• The Rag pickers have been integrated into the waste collection and segregation system with

the aim of increasing the level of segregation as well as to provide livelihood. However, since

the segregation percentage at the household levels is low, the rag pickers need to take out

recyclable / reusable material in the waste. As no space are designated for such practices, the

waste coming for disposal do contain large amount of recyclable / reusable material

• The lifting of solid waste by compactors have the advantage of handling larger quantity of

wastes, however the number of compactors reportedly available is less as also their size

becomes barrier in movement through the old parts of the city which have narrow lanes

• The solid wastes generated across the city are disposed off at an abandoned stone quarry at

Urali Devachi which is located 20 km away from the city. However the site do not conform

the regulatory requirement. From the infrastructure requirement point of view the following

are the major gaps, specific to the disposal facility

o The site suitability assessment studies for environmental approvals and clearances

not available

o No buffer zone of no-development around the site has been notified

o The site is not fenced or hedged. No proper gate and manpower is allocated for

monitoring incoming vehicles or other modes of transportation

o No facilities exist at the site for record keeping of incoming waste

o The dumping of waste is being carried out on the part of the site where there is no

liner system or leachate collection system in place

o No rainwater diversion mechanism exist at the site

o No green belt development has been done on the site

20 Solid Waste Generation and Collection in Pune: a situation analysis; KKPKP for AIILSG, Mumbai; 2005



Pune (Volume I)”

o Rag pickers operate on the site to collect recyclable / reusable material form the

waste being dumped. However there is no personal protective equipments used by

them

In the context of BMW, the PMC has provided a common treatment facility for the city that is being

operated by a private agency as the service provider. The service provider has deployed BMW

collection vehicles and provides services to its members. However the following points emerge in the

context of infrastructure facility:

• The segregation of the BMW at source is not done as per the requirement

• The efficacy of the incineration system along with the pollution control devices provided

need to be monitored and if needed corrective actions are required to be taken

In the context of industrial solid hazardous waste, the common infrastructure seems to be up to the

mark. A recently commissioned Common Hazardous Waste Storage, Treatment and Disposal Facility

at Ranjangaon will be adequate for present and future loads of industrial solid hazardous waste in

PMC.

With the lack of regulatory intervention for C&D and electronic wastes, no appropriate infrastructure

is presently in place to manage these wastes. It is important therefore that these gaps in infrastructure

are addressed on a proactive basis by involving all stakeholders concerned.

Infrastructural Gaps Considering Waste Projections

Projections specific to various solid waste streams have been attempted. Three scenarios namely

business as usual, worst case and most optimistic scenarios have been used in order to assess the

probable gaps in waste related infrastructure. Based on the limited data available, the infrastructural

gaps have been assessed for decentralized treatment and bin capacities.

The extent of decentralized treatment depends primarily on the waste characteristics as well as the

extent of segregation. The amount of waste that can be treated effectively using decentralized options

depends on wet or compostable waste and the extent of segregation. In the context of Pune,

composting and bio-methanation plants are the two primary technologies for decentralized

treatment. The comparative analysis of the segregated wet waste and actual decentralized treatment

plant capacities is shown in Figure 29. This Figure shows the actual present decentralized treatment

capacities in each ward and compares it to the projected quantum of segregated wet waste. The

difference in the quantum of wet segregated waste generated for each scenario and the present

decentralized treatment capacities represent the gap.



Pune (Volume I)”

Figure 29: Infrastructural Gaps: Decentralized Treatment Options

Although initiatives have been taken with respect to decentralized treatment options in all the wards,

there is still a huge potential for extensive application of these technologies. Further, if the extent of

segregation increases, the quantum of segregated wet waste will increase and hence increased

potential for decentralized waste treatment.

The quantum of waste reaching the bins is related to the extent of segregation, the level of recycling

carried out and the house-to house collection system in the area. For the present gap analysis the

quantum of waste reaching the bins by varying the various influencing parameters is provided in

Figure 30. This Figure shows the existing bin capacities in each ward and compare it against the

quantity of waste reaching the bins in case of the three probable scenarios. The difference between

the projected waste and the present bin capacity represent the infrastructural gaps with respect to

bins.



Pune (Volume I)”

Figure 30: infrastructural Gaps: Bin Capacities

Figure 30 shows that most of the wards are sufficient in terms of bin capacities for all the three

waste projection scenarios.

Technology for Waste Management/Infrastructure – Pune … · Technology for Waste...

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