5. STATISTIKSTATISTICS

6.1 KebarangkalianProbability

(i)

(ii)

(iii)

(iv)

(v) Jika A dan B tak bersandar, makaIf A and B are independent, then

(vi) Jika A dan B peristiwa saling tak eksklusif, makaIf A and B are not mutually exclusive events, then

(vii) Jika A dan B peristiwa saling eksklusif, makaIf A and B are mutually exclusive events, then

(viii)

6.2 Ukuran Kecenderungan MemusatMeasures of Central Tendency

(i) Min AritmetikArithmetic Mean

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(ii) Median =

(iii) Mod Mode

=

6.3 Ukuran SerakanMeasures of Dispersion

(i) Varians bagi populasiVariance of population

(a)

= ─

(b)

=

(c)

=

(d)

(ii) Varians bagi sampelVariance of sample

(a)

(b)

6.4 PilihaturPermutation

=

6.5 GabunganCombination

6.6 Taburan BinomialBinomial Distribution

(i)

(ii)

(iii)

(iv)

6.7 Taburan Normal PiawaiStandard Normal Distribution

(i)

(ii)

6.8 Taburan PensampelanSampling Distribution

6.8.1 Bagi populasi tak terhingga atau dengan pengembalianFor infinite populations or with replacement;

(i) MinMean

(ii) Varians bagi minVariance for mean

(iii) Sisihan piawai bagi min (ralat piawai min)Standard deviation for mean (standard error of the mean)

6.8.2 Bagi populasi terhingga atau tanpa pengembalianFor finite population or without replacement

(i) MinMean

(ii) Varians bagi min Variance for mean

(iii) Sisihan piawai bagi min (ralat piawai)Standard deviation for mean

6.9 Anggaran SelangInterval Estimation

(i) Selang keyakinan 100% bagi jika diketahuiConfidence Interval 100% for if is known

(ii) Selang keyakinan 100% bagi jika tak diketahui dan

Confidence interval 100% for if is not known and :

6.10 Pengujian HipotesisHypothesis Testing

6.10.1 Taburan Normal Normal Distribution

(i) Ujian statistikTest statistics

Apabila diketahuiWhen is known

(ii) Ujian statistikTest statistics

Apabila tak diketahuiwhen is not known

Apabila tak diketahui dan n<30when is not known and

(iii) Khi kuasa duaChi-square

(iv) Student-tStudent-t

(v) Ujian perkadaran populasiTesting population proportion

(ii) Pengujian perbezaan antara dua min populasiTesting the difference between two population means

6.10.2 Ujian Hipotesis Khi kuasa dua Chi-Square Hypothesis Test

(i) Apabila jangkaan frekuensi adalah samaWhen expected frequencies are equal

(ii) Apabila jangkaan frekuensi adalah tak samaWhen expected frequencies are not all equal

(ii) Ujian statistik Khi-kuasaduaChi-Square Test Statistics

6.11 Analisis Varians

Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)

(i) Ujian statistik ANOVA sehala (saiz sampel sama) Test Statistic for One-Way ANOVA (equal sample sizes)

(ii) Ujian statistik ANOVA sehala (saiz sampel tak sama) Test Statistic for One-Way ANOVA (unequal sample sizes)

(ii) Hasil tambah kuasa dua ANOVA

ANOVA Sum of squares

SST =

SSB =

6.12 Regresi Linear Linear Regression

(i) Persamaan ramalan Prediction equation

(ii) RejaResidual

e = y - ŷ

(iii) Pekali KorelasiCorrelation coefficient

r =

7.1 Sifir Taburan – FF-Distribution Tables

7.2 TABURAN NORMAL PIAWAIStandard Normal Distribution

7.3 SIFIR KHI KUASA DUAChi-Square (X2) Table

7.4 SIFIR STUDENT-tStudent’s t Table