The contribution of sport within the process of peace and reconciliation.

From trauma healing toward social integrationCase study: The impact of sports in Rift Valley-Kenya, after post election violence

ISDPA - Power of Sport Summit - 9-12 June 2010BORSANI SERENA

KENYA PEVFigures Jan 2008KENYA PEV

Figures Jan 2008

Contested presidential result quickly took on a one week ethnic conflict

•IDP’s: 347,000

•Deaths: 1001

•Affected: more than

500,000

•Refugees in Uganda:

12,000

DIFFERENT APPROACHES OF THE USE OF SPORT IN HEALING AND RECONCILIATIONDIFFERENT APPROACHES OF THE USE OF SPORT IN HEALING AND RECONCILIATION

Even here in Kenya, as in other post conflict situations, it was possible to identify :

1. Single events with different possible organisers like local NGO’s, famous runners, INGO’s (Shoe4Africa, Tegla Loroupe Peace Run)

2. Sport leagues as single project of a program (World Vision, Global Peace Game)

3. Sport based projects (Sport-Based Child Protection, Peace and Reconciliation Projects by Kesofo, Kenya Youth Sports4Peace & Reconciliation Projects by Care International)

4. Sport activities as part of a wider project (Amani Cup by IOM, CFS by IOM)

5. Combinations of the above

Even here in Kenya, as in other post conflict situations, it was possible to identify :

1. Single events with different possible organisers like local NGO’s, famous runners, INGO’s (Shoe4Africa, Tegla Loroupe Peace Run)

2. Sport leagues as single project of a program (World Vision, Global Peace Game)

3. Sport based projects (Sport-Based Child Protection, Peace and Reconciliation Projects by Kesofo, Kenya Youth Sports4Peace & Reconciliation Projects by Care International)

4. Sport activities as part of a wider project (Amani Cup by IOM, CFS by IOM)

5. Combinations of the above

CHILD FRIENDLY SPACE (CFS) AN EARLY EVALUATION

CHILD FRIENDLY SPACE (CFS) AN EARLY EVALUATION

Questionnaire 50 youth respondents on questionnaire about the impact of sport in their life after PEV

Questionnaire 50 youth respondents on questionnaire about the impact of sport in their life after PEV

Gender impact

67%

33%

male

female

Why don't you practice sport more often?

17%

25%

31%

23%

4% MY PARENTS DO NOTALLOW ME

I DO SCHOOL WORK

I DO DOMESTIC WORK

I LOOK AFTERBROTHERS/SISTERS

I’M EMPLOYED

CHILD FRIENDLY SPACE (CFS) AN EARLY EVALUATION

CHILD FRIENDLY SPACE (CFS) AN EARLY EVALUATION

How do you feel since you started taking part in sport activities?

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

I FEEL MORE CONFIDENT ABOUT MY SPORTING ABILITIES

I AM MORE CONFIDENT ABOUT MYSELF GENERALLY

I FEEL USELESS AT TIMES

I FEEL MORE POSITIVE ABOUT MY FUTURE

I AM MORE CONFIDENT MEETING OTHER PEOPLE

I AM MORE INTEGRATED WITH OTHER COMMUNITIES

I FELL LIFE IS BECOMING NORMAL ONCE MORE

AT TIMES I THINK I’M NOT GOOD AT ALL

VERY MUCH YES JUST A BIT NOT AT ALL

CHILD FRIENDLY SPACE (CFS) AN EARLY EVALUATION

CHILD FRIENDLY SPACE (CFS) AN EARLY EVALUATION

How your partecipation in sport activities modified your relationships with riends, family and community?

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

I FEEL THAT I’M GOOD ATUNDERSTANDING THE PROBLEM OF

OTHERS

I FEEL THAT I’M GOOD ATRESPECTING AND TALKING NICELY

TO OTHERS

I FEEL MORE TOLERANT WITHPEOPLE

I FEEL THAT I PREFER NOT TORESPECT OTHERS

I FEEL NOT SAFE WHEN MEETINGWITH PEOPLE FROM OTHER

COMMUNITIES

VERY MUCH YES JUST A BIT NOT AT ALL

CHILD FRIENDLY SPACE (CFS) AN EARLY EVALUATION

CHILD FRIENDLY SPACE (CFS) AN EARLY EVALUATION

What are you learning by doing sport?

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

I BELIEVE THAT I CAN BEGOOD IN SOMETHING IF

I WORK HARD AT IT

I CAN HAVE NEWFRIENDS REGARDLESS

WHERE THEY ARE FROM

I WANT ONLY FRIENDSFROM MY COMMUNITY

I DON’T LIKE IT

VERY MUCH YES JUST A BIT NOT AT ALL

RECOMMENDATIONS from the field

RECOMMENDATIONS from the field

Understand the conflict. Do not harmBase the activities on mutual interest;Use a participatory approach Use of Peer educators and train them with sport, peace building

and conflict management skills;Focus on daily activitiesPromote fair play rather then win at all costs.Create a social networkFocus on the process of healing, building relationship and empathy

rather than sport itself;Develop best practices Develop a monitoring and evaluation mechanism

Understand the conflict. Do not harmBase the activities on mutual interest;Use a participatory approach Use of Peer educators and train them with sport, peace building

and conflict management skills;Focus on daily activitiesPromote fair play rather then win at all costs.Create a social networkFocus on the process of healing, building relationship and empathy

rather than sport itself;Develop best practices Develop a monitoring and evaluation mechanism

From practice to theory

From practice to theory

CONFLICT SCHOOLS OF THOUGH

CONFLICT SCHOOLS OF THOUGH

CONFLICT TRANSFORMATION: based on the basic human needs theory,

unless you satisfy all these needs conflicts will erupt.

transformation of norms, society and social relationship more in general, in order to satisfy all those needs aiming at reaching peace and stability.

it’s also a peace-building approach Galtung 3R’s theory

CONFLICT PREVENTION is for conflict not to happen attempts to tackle the erupting conflict

through early warning signs.

CONFLICT TRANSFORMATION: based on the basic human needs theory,

unless you satisfy all these needs conflicts will erupt.

transformation of norms, society and social relationship more in general, in order to satisfy all those needs aiming at reaching peace and stability.

it’s also a peace-building approach Galtung 3R’s theory

CONFLICT PREVENTION is for conflict not to happen attempts to tackle the erupting conflict

through early warning signs.

CONFLICT MANAGEMENT

CONFLICT MITIGATION

CONFLICTRESOLUTION

different schools

of thought

Conflict transformation and sportConflict transformation and sport

GALTUNG 3Rs THEORY Reconstruction of people

and places, Reconciliation of

relationships, and Resolution of issues

and animosities. If you do only one of these three

without the other two you will not even get that one’

GALTUNG 3Rs THEORY Reconstruction of people

and places, Reconciliation of

relationships, and Resolution of issues

and animosities. If you do only one of these three

without the other two you will not even get that one’

Conflict transformation and sportConflict transformation and sport

QuickTime™ and a decompressor

are needed to see this picture.

QuickTime™ and a decompressor

are needed to see this picture.

Conflict transformation and sportConflict transformation and sport

QuickTime™ and a decompressor

are needed to see this picture.

QuickTime™ and a decompressor

are needed to see this picture.

Conflict transformation and sportConflict transformation and sport

QuickTime™ and a decompressor

are needed to see this picture.

QuickTime™ and a decompressor

are needed to see this picture.

SPORT IN RECONCILIATION WHAT

SPORT IN RECONCILIATION WHAT

RECONCILIATION it’s a long process of social change, of rebuilding relationships, of finding a way to live with hope for a peaceful future, of forgiveness and achievement of justice.

RECONCILIATION it’s a long process of social change, of rebuilding relationships, of finding a way to live with hope for a peaceful future, of forgiveness and achievement of justice.

SPORT

SO

CIA

L

CH

AN

GE

HE

AL T

RA

UM

A

CR

EA

TE

DIA

LOG

UE

BR

EA

K D

OW

N

BA

RR

IER

S

RE

BU

ILD R

ELA

TIO

NS

BU

ILD E

MP

AT

HY

INC

RE

AS

E

TO

LER

AN

CE

TIME LINE

FO

ST

ER

RE

SILE

NC

E

PR

ED

ISP

ON

E F

OR

GIV

EN

ES

S

SPORT IN RECONCILIATION - HOWSPORT IN RECONCILIATION - HOW

Sport its self is not good or bad, it is just an empty and neutral box to be filled in and a tool to be used with values, ideas, meaning, dependent on the cultural context in which takes place and people who take part

Sport its self is not good or bad, it is just an empty and neutral box to be filled in and a tool to be used with values, ideas, meaning, dependent on the cultural context in which takes place and people who take part

EmptyBox

Values

Ideas

Meaning

Context

Process

Role models (coaches)

INGREDIENTS

TOOL

QuickTime™ and aTIFF (LZW) decompressor

are needed to see this picture.

QuickTime™ and aTIFF (LZW) decompressor

are needed to see this picture.

BEST PRACTICE

EXAMPLE OF SPORT PROJECT CYCLEEXAMPLE OF SPORT PROJECT CYCLE

Identifying local community conditions and resources

Formulate programme aims and objectives Train peer leaders/coachesAssure sport inclusion and nature of participantControl the Process of providing the programmesMeasure sporting outcomes through indicatorsAssess the personal and social impact on participantsAssess the non-sporting outcomes

EXAMPLE OF NON SPORTING OUTCOMEEXAMPLE OF NON SPORTING OUTCOME

to develop citizenship values and commitment to

collective responsibility,

to heal psychosocial trauma,

to address gender-related issues,

to build relationships among different communities,

to development a commitment to education,

to develop conflict resolution and conflict

management skills,

to reduce social isolation and tension,

to provide opportunities to empower participants,

to address health-related issues, including

HIV/AIDS

WHO Actors in sport

for reconciliations

WHO Actors in sport

for reconciliations

MIDDLE-LEVEL, SPORT

AMBASSADORS, NGO’s, ELITE

ATHLETES

TOP LEVE

L

GRASSROOTS AND CIVIL SOCIETY, CBO’S, SOCIAL

SPACE WHERE TO IMPLEMENT SPORT

PROJECTS

Coordination of wide projects, creation of

social network, spreading of best

practice and toolkits, to improve

accountability and quality

Governments, Ministers of youth,

education and sport: establishment of nat. and int.l policies to favour the use of

sport in the process of reconciliation

MECHANISM FOR SOCIAL CHANGEMECHANISM FOR SOCIAL CHANGE

CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION The holistic approach must be used not only in

peace building process but also in sport programs themselves.

Healing is the first step to re-build relationship in order to achieve a social change. Sport is proofed to be a very feasible tool to achieve this progressive outcome.

Favourable government policies and development of best practices allow the contribution of sport to be much more significant.

The holistic approach must be used not only in peace building process but also in sport programs themselves.

Healing is the first step to re-build relationship in order to achieve a social change. Sport is proofed to be a very feasible tool to achieve this progressive outcome.

Favourable government policies and development of best practices allow the contribution of sport to be much more significant.

VISION TO CREATE A HARMONIOUS FAIR AND JUST SOCIETY

HARNESSING THE DEVELOPMENT AND PEACE BENEFITS ACHIEVABLE THROUGH SPORT

VISION TO CREATE A HARMONIOUS FAIR AND JUST SOCIETY

HARNESSING THE DEVELOPMENT AND PEACE BENEFITS ACHIEVABLE THROUGH SPORT

MISSIONTO EMPOWER UNPRIVILEGED CHILDREN AND YOUTH

USING SPORT AS A TOOL FOR A SOCIAL/BEHAVIORAL CHANGE (OR DEVELOPMENT AND PEACE)

PROJECTNEVER GIVE UP - ZAMBIA

MISSIONTO EMPOWER UNPRIVILEGED CHILDREN AND YOUTH

USING SPORT AS A TOOL FOR A SOCIAL/BEHAVIORAL CHANGE (OR DEVELOPMENT AND PEACE)

PROJECTNEVER GIVE UP - ZAMBIA