Post on 01-Nov-2015
description
chnhbpsS bm{XI
DZbIpam
Bq chnhbpsS IhnXIfn Bhnp IShcp A\p`hfn
HmWpv bm{X. _nepw Xohnbnepw hnam\nepw Im\Sbmbpap
ZoLkmc, bm{XnSbnse Ahncmaw Ipdnp _vkvtmpI,
hntbmns "t]mphchphncntmfpIfpw' hn-tbmnSbnse
au\n s]pv ]Xn Imen InSp ]gb \mp]mXbpw As\
bm{XbpsS Nn hmcnhnXdnbncnp chnh. Fn\pv, {]Xyamb
A\p-`hambn \ne\nmtm t]mepw bm{X AXns ]tcm-kmnyw
shfns-Spppv. Ah[nmehpw temUvPnse apdnbpw mn Nphcn-
Xqp `q]Shpw ayqknbnse inh_nw_n\p apn tIp ]eXcw
`mjIfpsams Hmbmtbm Bibmtbm tamlamtbm bm{XbpsS kmnyw
kqNnnppv. FmWpv Cu A\p`hkapbneqsS chnhbpsS IhnX-
I \app ImncpXpv? Cu tNmZys ]npS-cptm \w sNpXpv
chnhbpsS IhnXbnse kzXkev]sbpw aqey-hnthN\sbpw
kw_np Nne ]cnKW\IfntemWpv.
"bm{X' F t]cns chnh cp IhnXI FgpXnbnppv Hv
1970epw asmv 1992epw. BZys IhnXbn apSnb _pw, Im\S-
tLmjbm{X t]mse aptdp ZXnIfpw, Ahsc bm{Xbn t{]mm-
lnnp ]tcXmmfpsams kmcns ]gbXpw ]pXnbXpamb cp
coXnIsfbpw AhbpsS s]mcptSpIsfbpw shfnsSpp. IhnX
Ahkm\np-XmIs ]nhp-\Sp aI\nepw: "\Sm ]Tnpq /
\psS aI; \msf / apSpw _sh / \nsmtg [cnp' (57). Cu
IhnX hncptmn-bneqsSbpw \neqsSbpw kao]n bm{XbpsSbpw
bm{Xm`wK-nsbpw _nw_sf, cmas IhnXbmIs, AKm[amsbmcp
AncXm-t_m[-neqsS-bmWpv ImWpXpv. bm{XbneqsS shfnhmIp
ZriytfmSp kao]\nepappv Cu AncX: "\mtSXpw \ptSXpt]m /
sesmcp ktmjw / \mtSXpw \ptSXpt]m / Assmcp ktmjw' (123).
bm{Xbpw eyhpambp _n\pw ncXbn sNtnSpv sNm-
XncnpIbpw sNIqSmnSp sNpIbpw, tNmtZymcfn shfnhmIp-
`mjIfpsS sshPmXyhpw AIbpw, Cs\. IhnX Ahkm\nptmtgpw,
bm{X Xs Imehpambp _ns cq]Iambn ]cnWanpIgnp. "\mw
AImefntepv, / ImWm ]gwImentebvpv / ImWm hcpwIm-
2
entebvpv / sImXnpw t]Snp / aSnhbvp / \apndmdmbn /
`m apdppI. . .' (124).
bm{XbpsS Cu AncX, A\p`htfmSpw ImetmSpap chnhbpsS
kao]\n ASnbncnp AncX Xs. "sImXnbpw t]Snbpw'
Xnep ]cnlcnm\mIm kwLjamWpv Cu AncXsb
cq]sSpp {][m\ `mhw. hkvXptfmSpw etmSpw ImetmSp-sams
Xo{hamb XrjvWtbmsSbpw AtXt]mse Xo{hamb `oXntbmsSbpw CSs]Sp
Hcp IhnbmWpv chnhbpsS IhnXbnepXpv. bm{X Cc-samcp `mhns
_mlycq]ambn \ne\npXn AXniban ehpambp _ns
AncX XsbmWtm bm{XbpsS {][m\ kz`mhw. \mSpw \Kchpw Xn,
Ducpw ]pdw\mSpw Xn, ham\hpw `qXhpw Xn, ASpnpIbpw
AhbvnSbnep AIew A\p`hneqsS AfdnbpIbpw sNp
{]hrnbmWpv bm{X. Ccw ASphpw AIbpamWpv {Kmahpambp Xs
_sn kwkmcnptm chnhbpw kqNnnpXpv:
F\np {KmatmSp _w ASphpw AIbpw
tNXmWpv. DtNmdv, sIm Imv, tI sImv, Hs
{KmantXmbncp. ]ns ]pdspt]m. hmbnXv hfXv
]Wfn. AXn\m hnp t]mhs kvarXnbn \ngenp
{KmaoWXbmWv FnepXv. ]etmgpw Fn\nv Rm
AcnsSp {Kmaw. Hmtcm sNSnbpw Adnbp \mS\ Rm (168).
Cu ASpsbpw AIsbbpw tbmPnnpIbpw hyXykvXambn
\ne\ndppIbpw sNpXpv bm{XbmWpv. AYhm, kmcneqsS cq]sSp
Ccsamcht_m[ns kmnyamWpv {KmatmSp chnhbpsS kao]-
\nepXpv. ]t CXnepw kqvaamsbmcp Imcyw IqSnbppv chnhbpsS
hmIyfn. \mSphnpt]mpw hfbvptijap aSnsbepw am{Xa
bm{X CXpv kmcns _mlyhiw. CXn\p ]pdta BcnIamsbmcp am\w
IqSnbppv bm{Xbvpv. chnh ]dbp: "Fn \nv Rm AcnsSp
{Kmaw.' bm{XbneqsS cq]sSp Aht_m[w kzw Dntep t\mptm
\Sp BcnI kmcamWpv Cu Acnbv. Dnse kcm\p`hsf
thXncndnbp, Ah Xnep _hpw hyXymkhpw ASphpw
AIbpw Isp, Dntep t]mmWpv Cu Acnbv. CXpv
"AImefntebvpw, ]gwImefntebvpw, hcpwImefntebvpw' D
t]mp Xs. ChnsSbpappv sImXnbpw t]Snbpw. As\ ASppw AIw,
3
Dnepw ]pdpw, kqvaZin\nbneqsS AItbvp t\mn Acnpw,
ZqcZin\nbneqsS ]pdtbvp t\mn hnkvabnpw HSpanmXp
kmcamWpv chnhbpsS IhnXbnse A\p`haes cq]sSpp-
sX ]dbmw.
Fm chnhbpsS bm{XIsfmw HtcXcnephb. "\Kcnse
bs bm{Xbnmbvabnse at\mkmchpw, "t]Sn'bnse thKnepw
]Xpsbpw \Sm\mhmXp kmchpw, HmtmdnbpsSXs Kpcphmbq
bm{Xbpw ihw sImp bm{Xbpw F{X hnhn[amWm bm{XI. Ah \app
Imncp ImgvNIfpw AXpt]mse sshhn[yw IeXpXs. Cu
ImgvNIsfsbm Iqntpv ecminbmbn \nnpXmhs km-
cns Ancamb sFIyw XsbmWpXm\pw. "`mcXZi\n' ImWmw
Cs\ ]eXcw ecminIfpsS Iqnpgb. `q]Snse hcIfpw
hfpw cq]sSpp ecminbpw, IrjvWs ZzmcIm]pcnbpw
IptNemcebp \mepZnpIfpw \nnp ehpw, I\ymIpamcnbpw
CUymtKpw lnamebhpap tZimcbm{XIfpsS A\p`htaJebpw,
Chsbmsbmbpw _sSp XohnapdnbpsS Xncm `qanimkv{Xhpw
chnh ChnsS hcbvppv. HmtcmXcw bm{Xbpw Hmtcm en-
eqsSbmWpv \s sImpt]mIpXpv. Cu efpsS Iqnhbvenepw
XncnpImWenepw chnhbpsS IhnXI {][m\ambpw {ihbvp.
chnhbpsS ]nmeIhnXIfn adp\mn ]WnsbSpm t]mIphcpsS
a\pIfpw i_vZfpw IShcpXpv bmZrivNnIa. XpSw apXXs
Atlns IhnXIfn ImWp esshhn[yns ]pXnsbmcp hnImk-
ambmWpv CXns\ ImtWsXv tXm. Fm Cu ]pXnb Xew Fsv
a\nemphm chnhbpsS bm{XIfpsS ]gb koaI \mw
AdntbXppv.
At\zjWs Ipdnp hfscgsbmcp cq]IamWtm bm{X. ]mivNmXyhpw
]uckvXyhpamb ]e kwkvImcfnepw At\zjWhpw bm{Xbpw _sp-
InSp. eyntep {]bmWambn bm{XsbmWp coXnpv B[p\nI
Imepv sshbnIamsbmcp BcnImt\zjWns cq]w ssIhnppv.
bm{XbpsS _mlycq]sf ISt]mIp efpw bm{XbpsS kpJZpxJ-
fpsams Bt_m[ns hnImknse Lfmbpw, eytmSp
ASpspdnp \mgnIpIfmbpw a\nemsSp. Fm
]mivNmXy]uckvXy kwkvImcfn CtXm-sSmw Xs ey_am
AepXncnbens bm{Xmcq]Ifpw \ne\nnppv. ChnsS eyn-
4
sem\p D]mba bm{X; AXpv eyw XsbmWpv. kmmXvImcw
\nbXamsbmcp eynsee; A\p`-htfmSpv A\phnp
_nemWXpv ImWsSpXpv. bm{XbpsS km[\bn am{Xta Cs\mcp
_w \ne\pq.
bm{Xbpw eyhpambp s]mcpne, s]mcptSnemWpv chnhbpsS
{i Gsdbpw ]XnbpXpv. eyw kmmXvIcnsSpn F CXn\w;
adnpv eyhpw bm{Xbpambp _hpw eyw Xsbpw bm{XbneqsS
amdnadnpt]mIpshmWpv. 1970IfpsS BZyw chnh FgpXnb
hnJymXamb Nne IhnXIfn "Aw', "]nXrKa\w' FnhbmWnhnsS
{][m\w kzbw a\nemepw kzXzkmmXvImchpambn _smWpv
bm{XbpsS _nw_ hym]cnpXpv: "ImWm NmepIfqtS Rm /
tImembnsepw \Sp. / Fsncp \Sp' (Aw, 59). t\cnp
DmgvNbneqsS e`yamhpn kzXzt_m[w. aphsc XncndnbpXp
t]mse ]pdwImgvNbneqsSbpw Xss ImWm Ignbpn. As\
Xn\nIv Xss ImWphm\msbmcp bm{X thnhcp. cp
ecminIfneqsSbmWo bm{X Ihnsb sImpt]mIpXpv ]cipcmas agp
bm{XsNbvXp krjvSn ecminbpw ("tKmItmfw Rm t]mbvh /
I\ymap\nepw Rm sN', 59) IyqWnp hnizmkns Atinb
ecminbpw ("an Rm tamkvtImbnsep / ]qmesp
]onn', 59). Cu bm{XI {]Xyambn kzXzkmmXvImcw km[npn;
adnpv, Cu IhnXIfn Xn \nI XsmWm\p {iaw kzXzns
sFIyw CmXmpIbpw Dtmcntep \bnpIbpamWpv sNpXpv. Cu
Dtmcns ]cnlmcneqsS hnIknp ]pXnsbmcp kzXzt_m[hpw AXn\-
\pkcnp cq]sSp ]pXnsbmcp ehpamWpv "A'ns Ahkm\w
kmmXvImcns m\p h\npXpv. BZys eyhpw
bm{Xbpambp s]mcptSn \nmWp ]pXnb eyw hnIknXpv.
"]nXrKa\'nepw CXpt]msemcp hgnsXeppv. bm{XbpsS imk\s,
im]s, \n{KlnpXphgnbmWpv bm{Xmc "A'nse Fcpn-
s\tmse {]]amsI \ndbpXpv. ChnsSbpw ]pXnsbmcm-kmmXvIm-
cn\mbmWpv bm{X. "A'nset]mse ChnsSbpappv Atiob-
amsbmcp ecmin lnamebhpw, tdmnbpw, B]vkpw, KwKbpw sXwkpw
ss\epsams bm{Xmcs \ng Gphmppv. ]t, Cu \ndbe
ChnsS kmmXvImcw; AXns apIvXn]Yw C\nbpw sXfnbm\ncnptXbpp.
AXns cq]I tZimc \mKcnIXbne, `mcXobsa ]dbmhp Hcp
5
kvacWm`mjbnemteJ\w sNsSp {]IrXnbpsS _nw_fnemWpv.
Hcn CXpv ]nXrKrlntep aSw Xs; ]t, bm{XbneqsS
]nXrKrlhpw ss]XrIhpw amdngnpsh htmw. hoSpXs
kcm\m`hfpsS eambn amdppv. Fncpmepw Cu kces
Hcpanp tNm\pw AXn thcmgvn kefntepw hf
\ndbphm\p B{Klhpw Imhy{]]n AXn\p km[yXbpw chn-
hbpsS Ames IhnXIfpsS `mKambncp.
Fm CtX ImepXs, AYhm CXn\pw app Xs, eyhpw
bm{Xbpambp s]mcptSpIfpsS asmcp hihpw chnh ]cnKWn-
ncp. "Xepdn'bnse t\cw sshInsbnb bm{Xmcs Ah t\mq:
"Rm htmtgpw / t\cw sshInbncp / sImSnapSnIfnsemw / sImSn
]mdnbncp. / Zzo]pIfn ImmSpI / ]nbncp' (67). ]pXnb
XpSfpsS km[yXsbnbp ktlamWnhnsS. sXmb epv
sXmb kabsnbh\mWpv "a[pc'nse \mbI\pw s]mcpw sI
A\p`hfmWbmfptSXpv. kvacWbpambpw ham\hpambpap _nse
s]mcptSpIsf aqSp sNSnnp a[pcambmWpv ]mbkw IShcpXpv:
"]mbkw hopw hopw / hnfnq sNSn / tmfhpw hmcntmcn / IpSnq
]nt \' (38). ]Xnt\gp hjptijw FgpXnb "DZm'n hopw
IShcpq CtX a[pchpw sNSnpw Bnbpw aebmf Imhy-]mc-
cynse Hcp khntij[mcbpambn _smWpv "\mXp Igntm'
]tm a[pcnp ]mmbkw IShcpXpv: "]mhancpta\n
]qm\aXn / XpnsImtm Xpntmbn! / {_{io \mcmbW `]mZcp /
amnbmXobnXntm' (756). bm{Xbpw eyhpambp s]mcpt-
Sns, t\chpw Ihpambp s]mcptSns, {]iv\ chnhbpsS
IhnXbn ]mccyhpambp _ns koXbpambn sIp]nWp
In-SpIbmWpv.
Imhy]mccyhpambp Xs _s ]cntim[\mhnt[bamp IhnXI-
smn\pv chnh sImSp t]cpv "AIew' Fmbncp. "Xps-
gpNvO\pw Rm\pambv / aqmep \qmp Zqcw / CetXpw ]cnNb /
anmXmbn amdptm / F\nnXp sNphm / hm Zqcw / hnZqc,
a\yamImiw' (103). Cu AIenepw A]cnNnXXznepw \nptms
AIbpambp ASp _hpw A\p`hneppv: "Ccpns ap\n'epw
"]peX hn'epw \nt\mptm ImWp "Hcp Nophm\'hpw
"Aanm \oena'bpw "N{hwi'hpw. AIeneqsSbdnbp Cu kmao]yhpw
6
t\cs \mw ]cntim[n bm{Xbn\ncpncnbp Ah-t_m-[hpambp
_w hyamWtm.
XtmSSp Imes IhnIfn Nnecpambpappv chnhbvpv Ccsamcp
_w. "taLcq]'\nse "F\np sImXn \n hmen / tcmaw sImsmcp
tamXncw' (49) FbnSpappv ]qIhnbpsS hgnbpw kzw hgnbpambp
kmao]yhpw sshPmXyhpw Hcpanpsmp kqvahn\ymkw. XtmSpv
IqSpX ASpp\np Fw. tKmhn\pambp _ns
BhnjvImcnepw ImWmw CtXkqvaX. chnhbvpv tKmhn bm{XbpsS
IhnbmWpv: "Apdw tXSpthms\ah' (109); Atlhpambp _w \ndsb
bm{XIfpsS ASphpw AIbpw: "AcnIs bm{XnI\mbn, / AIen-
eph\mbn, / s]mneph\mbn, / t\chpw Zqchp / tamcmh\mbn'
(110). kmc "hgn XncnbpnS'tbpw AhnsS \nam{Xw ]dbm\mhp
Imcysfpdnpap t_m[w, `ntemIfpsS AXnn Ipdnp
aplqsfpdnp t_m[w (Ccpns ap\pw ]pebpsS hpw)
sFIysbpw sshPmXysbpw Ipdnp Cu kqvat_m[amWpv Xs
Imes aebmfIhnXsb a\nemphm hnaiIcpw IhnI Xsbpw
D]tbmKnp hcp iojIsf sNdpphm chnhbpsS IhnXsb
Iptdsbnepw klmbnnpXpv. hyXykvXXI XnemWpv _hpw
kw`mjWhpw AIbnemWpv ASpns km[yXI Xs.
XpSbpw CSbpw CSIe Hcp Ncn{XkmnyneqsSbmWpv ]mccyw
chnhbpsS IhnXbnv kwhZnpXpv FmWtm tad Imcy
kqNnnpXpv. CXnse ss\ccy`wKw kmyamp ]pXnb bm{XIsf
kwLjw \nd a\tmsSbmWpv chnhbpsS ]e IhnXIfnsebpw
hm ]npScpXpv. "apfbnS', "XtmSpv' Fns\ ]e IhnXIfnepw
tImw CXns [z\n. ]pXnb bm{XIfnep ip`hnizmkw Gsd hyambn
{]ISamp "A'nepw "]nXrKa\'nepw t]mepw ]pXpabpw
]gabpambp koamb IqSnecepIfneqsSbmWpv ]pXnb bm{XbpsS
]mXI cq]sSpsXv \mw Ip. Cu IqSnecen\pv cp {][m\-
hifppv. Hv Dnse kwLjnsbpw \n{Klnsbpw cq]sa-
Spp. "A'nepw "]nXrKa\'nepw PohcWbphpw Dnse A]c-
kzXzns \mihpw ]pXnb XpSn\p ap\pjvTnsSp _enI
t]mse kw`hnppv. cmaXmbn, Cu IhnXIfpsS HSphn]p
hgnIfpw bm{Xbpsams sXfnbpXpv ]mccynsXs t{kmXp-
Ifntepv Ibbvp {]m\_nw_fneqsSbmWpv. `mcXbpn acn
7
]qnIcpsS AnIcnInepbv {]]amsI \ndbp Fcppw,
Kbbnse sshimJ]uan t]mse sXfnbp "]nXrKa\'nse apn]Yhpw
Cu ]pcmX\efn \nmWtm ip`kqN\bpsS _nw_
ssIsmpXpv. As\ ]mccys \ncknpIbpw ssIsmpIbpw
sNp, \ncmkneqsS ssIsmp, `mhw Cu IhnXIfnse ]pXnb
XpSp ]nneppv.
Cu `mhn\pv cq]LS\bn kw`hnp hnImkns henb am\
"kw{IaW'nepw, "]nXrKa\'nepw, ]ns "Hmtmhn ]mn'epw \app
ImWmw. t\cs ]d An BcnIamb bm{XbpsS IhnXbmWpv
"kw{IaWw'. Dnse ecminsb, Nofnbp kvss{XWPUambn amdnb
BcnIes, Agnp]Wnbm\p am{nI{InbbmWtm
"kw{IaW'n\pv AXns cq]LS\ \IpXpv. Cu {Inb Dnse PUs
]pdtbvpv ampI am{Xa sNpXpv; BcnI ecminsb {]]w
apgph \ndbpsmcp _mlyeamn ampIbmWnhnsS Dnse
PUns Ahbh {]]ns Ahbhfntebvpv kw{Ianptm
Dnse ew cq]]cnWmaneqsS hfv temIamsI \ndbpXpt]mse.
Cs\sbmcp cq]I chnhbpsS ]e IhnXIfpsSbpw {][m\
aplqfn IShcmdppv. "DZm'nse Zriy_nw_fpsS \nc
Ahkm\nptm IntimcIs Cfb ssIIfnepbcpXpv Dnm{Xa,
]mbkw hpt]m s]cpwhmmWpv. Cs\ cq]]cnWmanbmbn hf
hepXmIp IntimcIs ssII AXpv BImintebvpv Dbn-
sbdnbptmgmIs B {]hrnbpsS am\ {]]tmfw hep-Xmhp
oc]Ys \qdmbn \pdpphm Ignbmhp hn[w. km[mcWamb
A\p`hns Xen \nw Cs\ hf am\w aps \ndbpq
chnhbpsS Cu IhnXIfnse IrXzw.
Cu cq]IbpsS clkyat\zjnm \msapI "Hmtmhn ]mn'-
emhm\nSbppv. ChnsSbpappv Hcp cq]]cnWmaw. ChnsSbpappv ]qm\hpw
taqcpw. ]t ip`kqNIamb bm{Xbne, \mins cq]Ifn-
tep IqSpamnemWpv Cu IhnXbpsS Ipv KW]Xn `{ZImfnbmbn
amdp, bm{Xmp ]Icw ih hcp, Cs\. IhnXbpsS tI{nse
cq]IbpsS hn\ymkw Cs\bmWpv: "Ipp\mfn / Incp /
Ipphns / ]qX\tbm / s\n\pn / ]pXpa\bvpv / sXpt\cw /
sNmnbmSn' (90). efnXbn\nv ]qX\bntep Cu cq]IbpsS `mj
8
IYIfnbn \nw IYIfn Dsp\np Iem]mccyn-
\nambncnmw chnhbntepv hnpmhpI. I\bpsS Cu `mj
Xsbmhmw \nXyPohnXns esf {]]amsI \ndbp ecmin-
bmn amphm\pw Ihnsb klmbnpXpv. "shSnhpv, IpgnshnaqSnb
sIms\Wop\npXp t]mse Idpp XSnp am\w apn' \np
Igpaebpw ("sam', 131), s]cpshambn ]pgbn \ndbp Fgpnpw
("shw', 834), "Icnw]mdbn\nw B\bn\nw I\n\nw'
\ndsaSppv am\w \ndbp agmdpsams ("ag\mSpv', 117) Cu cq]IbpsS
`mjbnsegpXs Nn{X Xsbt? ChnsSsbmss IhnXpnse
ImgvNbpsS temIw In\p hgp ecmins{Xtbm Apdtp
t]mIp. ImgvNbpsSbpw BwKyfpsSbpsams Cu AImehpw AtemIhpw
FhnsS\nhcpshv \appv ]noSpv t\mmw.
BwKyfpsS kqvaXbn {ihbvp chnhbpsS `mhpIXzhpw
\mantm ]dph cq]]cnWmaktXhpambpw _apmbncnWw.
DZmn "CeX \mtmfhpw ]coSptm / hewssIbvpn
apebpsS amhw hgnbpw t]m / sNSnbpw \mpw aqpw sXmbpw Ipw
IqSn / lll shmSn!' (75) F ImWptm BwKyfneqsS-bmWtm
cq]I XsbpmhpXpv. Cu BwKyfpsS XpSbnemWpv s]cpwhmpv
s]mp ssII hcpXpv. ssieoIrXamb Iebn sNdnb BwKyfm
henb am\fpw efpw kqNnnsSpXp t]msebmWpv Cu
cq]IbpsS `mjbpw {]hnpXpv. Cs\mcp `mjbpsSbpw
{]hrnbpsSbpw ImhmWpv "kw{IaW'nse am{nI. Ipphns efnX
]qX\bmIpXpt]msemcp amamWtm Xs BcnI temIn Abm
hn\yknpXpv.
C\n \appv chnhbpsS ]nme IhnXIfn bm{X F cq]In\p
kw`hnp amsasv Ipdp IqSn hyambn At\zjnphm
Igntpw. 1985segpXnb "tamap'hn ImthcnbpsS Hgppv en-
eqsSsbt]mse kabneqsSbpamWpv; As\ kabns Iemcq]amb
kwKoXntepw XymKcmP\ntepw. CXpv bm{XbpsS HSpa "Imthcn
XpScp / Xncpnbn, Xmhqcn, Ipw`tImWn / sXm{^nbn,
{ioebn / Imthcnbebp' (97). Hgpn \nv Aenentep Cu
amw kmcn\pv B[p\nItemIn kw`hn amhpambn _sp
InSp. B[p\nI]qtemIns AXncpIfpw AXncpIpnse
ecminbpsS ss\ccyhpw Cn. XymKcmPstbm a[yIme `-
9
IhnIfpsStbm kmcns enepw N{Ihmfnepa
IpSntbmcs Aen. Hcn ekoaIfpsS B[p\nI
]p\\nN\nse Hcp LSIambmWtm IpSntbmc AebpXpXs.
IpSntbns Aenepw \nlmbXmt_m[hpw {]Xyn Htc
kwkvImcw ]phbvp tZinsbpmsbhcmw. tIcfn \nv
sXmbep Xangv\mntep IpSntbneSnbncnp Aanm
AIbmWtm "]mn'bn. chnhbpsS ]nme IhnXbn EPphpw
efnXhpamsbmcp {ZmhnUkzXzt_m[w Btcm]nph {inp hmbnt
IhnXIfnsemmWpv "]mn'. B[p\nIkmcm-\p`hnse thcpw hfbp-
ambp th]ncnbepw AIbpw sXnybpsS cm{nbhpw kmwkvImcnI-
hpamb ecminpn Xsbppv. Cu AIens thZ\bpw
A]cnlmcyXbpw "adphnfn'bnepw tImw: "Htc ISens / Ccphnepw / \mw
_enbnp; / ap\w sNbvXp / \mw ImWpXpv Htc Bgw' (104) Htc
In\pw `mjbvpw, Hw aSn\nhcp hncepIpw, CSbn
Aanm Bgw. Htc kwkvImcenpn Nne bm{XI
Akm[yambnocp, adphnfn au\amtbm shSnpf s] tNmZyNnamtbm
Aebp. "aS'nemhs, {]hmknIfpsS Inm adphnfn-mbn
ImtXmp, hnfnp, i_vZamWpv hmhntXpv. sXnncn
hgnIfpsSbpw AepXncn-bphcpsSbpw Hm kqnp eam-
bnocp hoSpw \mSpw.
Cu ]nmeIhnXIfnse Fm\mhm AIehpw Ahkm\nm
Aenepw "A'nepw "]nXrKa\'nepw \mw t\cs I cq]]cn-
Wman\pv hn]coXamsbmcp LS\bmWhew_npXpv. "\mn ]mm
CUymmc'\n ]cainh a}knbn \ScmPhn{Kl-ambnocp
inbnte, \nlmbXbntemWnhnsS cq]I. alm\Ss DZm-amb
ap{Zbpw \nebpw Ahsb A]qamp temIn\namdn
_mlymemcambn, {]Zi\ambn, kzw \nlmbXtbmSpv s]mcpw
sIp\np. hmns\bpw {]hrnsbbpw A]qampsXtm
AXpv B[p\nI kmcn IqsSsmpt]mIm\mhpn. Fn \nmWpv
`mjbpw au\hpw {]hrnbpw \nhrnbpw Aw ssIsmpXpv?
chnhbpsS IhnXbn PohnXNcyIfpsS temIamWpv Ans
Ddhbmbn antmgpw hcpXpv A\pjvTm\n\pw \nmcI-
panSbn, Ahsb _nnpsImpv PohnXs ssieoIcnpsImpv, CXpv
\ne\np. B[p\nI]qPohnXn \n hcp _nw_tfmSpv
10
chnhbpsS IhnX \nccw CSs]SpXpv Ccsamcp ssieoIcWs
kqNnnm\msWthWw IcpXm. B[p\nItemIns ekoa-
Ipn PohnX-NcybpsS ssieoIcWw Fs\bmhmsasmct\zjWw
Cu kqN\bpsS ]tcmam\ambn, au\ambn \npappv.
PohnXNcybpsS Cu ssieoIcWamWpv Iebnse cq]]cnWmass
kmyampXpv Imhns BwKyn\pw {]hrnpw {]Xyn-
hn am\ \IpXpv. CXmWpv {]Xynep ekoa-
Ipdtpv Dns\ \bnpXpv. CXmWpv \mw t\cs I
AImentepw AtemIntepw ISm \s {]m]vXcmpXpv.
kmcns AncXbn \amImsX Cu temIs kqnm\pw ]pXnb
eImefntepv AXns\ hnh\w sNm\pw km[nptamsb tNmZyw
_mn\np. "]nXrKa\w' t]mep IhnXI Cu tNmZyn\p \Ip
adphnfnbpsS apgw kwkvIrXn-bntep thtcmnepw ap
kwkvIrXnIfntep hnImknepw \mw tIp. chnhbpsS ]nme-
IhnXI CtX tNmZys A\p`hnpXpv tZimcbm{XbpsS B[p\nI
]cnWmasbpw AIfpsS {]]hpw B[p\nI-bm{Xbpambp
th]ncnbens\bpw Gsdbmgn a\nemn-smmWpv. "Aw',
"]nXrKa\w', "kw{IaWw' XpSnb IhnXIfn chnh Ahew_n
{]iv\\nmcWnsbpw kwLj]cnlmcnsbpw ImhyLS\b
]nmeIhnXIfnteXpv. "adphnfn'bpw "\mn ]mm CUymmc'\pw
A]qamb, ]qX Akm[yamp IjWfpsS cq]w ssIsmp
bm{XbpsS cq]`{ZX ssIhnpt]mb Aenens A\p`h-LS\t]mse.
PohnXNcyIfpsS ssieoIrXtemIw FhnsS\nmWpbcpXpv? Cu ssienpw
NcyIpapdsamWpv? enepw Imenepap kmcpd-
samWpXpv? kqNn ImWnm t\c PohnXNcybn \ndshSpp-
hXs: "ssIbn tcmaw / sXfn-bpsmsgtm / Xohn sXtmp
t]mIpsmsgtm' (128) t]cnSp ]gb t\cfpw, "]\n hcpstm,
ISXpdstm, / adp\mn\nv hnfnsXtm' (128) t]cp hogp ]pXnb
t\cfpw As\Xs. Fm Cu sshPmXyt_m-[n\Snbntem, "]{Xw,
Bokv, hncpImc / X]msemanm, / t]scmanm / Nnpt]mep,
/ t\camsWm-se\np / ipamw t\cw' (129). t\cns kaImenIPohnX
Nnsf amn\on, Ahsbmsbpw FgpXs {]XessbmWnhnsS
IhnX hnjbampXpv. Cu {]Xeamhs, t\cn\p`hthZyamhmsX,
11
hnPmXobamb A\p`hfpsS BteJ\neqsSam{XamWpv \psS apn
hcpXpv.
PohnXNcyIfpsS ssieo{]]n\nv NcyIsfmsbpw a\psImpv
Cs\sbSpp-amptm Ahyambn kqNnXamIp CSamWpv
aqeyhnthN\-nsbpw IrXznsXsbpw BZys AXncpI
hcbp ew. A\p`hn\p ]ndIn \np, A\p`hn\p t\cnp
]nSnXcm CubnShpw kwkvImchpambp _w chnhbpsS IhnXbn
mbnbmbn \np Hcp ]cnKW\bmWpv. hnm Ignbp hoSpw
hnm Ignbm hoSnhpw Xn hnthNnpnSpv (85) Cu
kmnyw \app ImWmw. BtemN\bpsS Cu Xe chnhbpsS
IhnXIfn {]Xyamb hyhlcnsSpsXXpv kqvaXbpsS eWam-
bmWpv ImtWXpv. A\p`hfpsS BteJ\hpw, BteJ\neqsS am{Xw
shfnhmIp CShpw Xnep sFIysshPmXysf NpcpnmWmsX
kqNnnphm\nXpImcWw km[nppv. Cu ]ivNmenemhWw chn-
hbpsS ]nme IhnXbnse {ZmhnUet_m[s \mw ImtWXpv.
"A'nse `mcXbp`qant]mseXs kzXznsbpw kwkvImcnsbpw
NnsfgpXsSp esas Nnbpambn _smWpv Cu
{ZmhnUehpw \npXpv. Fmepw Cu e Xn hyXymk-
hpappv. At\zjn-bpsS bm{Xbn\nv IpSntbmcs Aenentepw
{]hmknsbsmn hymIpesSp \mpImcs Imn-cnntepw \mw I
amtmsSmamWpv chnhbpsS ]nmeIhnXbnse {ZmhnU-\mSns
kmnyw hnIknpXpv. tIcfsa kmwkvImcnI e-ns cq]sS-
ens\nbp BtemN\ Cu ]cnKW\IfpsS k`w Xs. ]t, bm{Xbpw
Aenepw AXncpw IpSn-tbhpsams Cu Nntbm-sSmw Fmbvtmgpappv.
AXpsImmWpv sshPmXyn\nw bm{XnIs ekcfn\nw
apamb, efnXhpw kpNnXhpamb {]mtZinIXbpsS Ihnbmbn chnhsb
ImWpXn A]mIXbpXpv.
"t]mwhgnIfn' em\p`hss Cs\sbmcmtemN\bvpv chnh
hnt[bamppv. Cu IhnXbpsS HSphn Imshbn ambmsX
]n\np hgnIfpsS Zriyw chnhbpsS Imhykao]-\nsXs
cq]Iambn IpIqsSn. ipamb t\cw t]mse, hgnsbmw ]m
Imshbpw t\cnpImWm\mhpn. Fm Imshbpw hgnI-
sfmsbpw bm{XbpsS A\p`hnepw cq]Inepw Fsw _sp
InSp. ipamb t\chpw ipamb ImeSnbpw eImefpsS A\p`h-
12
ns AXnnbmbn, AXnnpdambn \np. CcsamcXncpambn,
ss\XnIPohnXns hgnXncnbpnShpambn chnh-bpsS IhnX \ne\ndpn-
tmcp CSs]S AKm[amsbmcp a\\ns am\w B IhnXbpsS temIn-
tep sImphcppv. Ccw AXnntcJI ss\XnIXbpsS DdshhnsS-
sb tNmZyns cq]w Xsbmhmw. Cu AXncpIfn-septmgmWpv
chnh-bpsS IhnX klbm{XnIscncnpv, Hbvp-t]mv, XtmSpXs
hgn]n-cnpv, hopsatm ]dbm\mbn ]nsbpw Xncnp\npXpv.
***
DcWnIptijw {_mbvn sImSpncnp t]Pv \cpIfnse kqN\:
BqchnhbpsS IhnXI (1957'94) (tImbw: Un.kn._pIvkv, 1995).