chnhbpsS bm{XI

DZbIpam

Bq chnhbpsS IhnXIfn Bhnp IShcp A\p`hfn

HmWpv bm{X. _nepw Xohnbnepw hnam\nepw Im\Sbmbpap

ZoLkmc, bm{XnSbnse Ahncmaw Ipdnp _vkvtmpI,

hntbmns "t]mphchphncntmfpIfpw' hn-tbmnSbnse

au\n s]pv ]Xn Imen InSp ]gb \mp]mXbpw As\

bm{XbpsS Nn hmcnhnXdnbncnp chnh. Fn\pv, {]Xyamb

A\p-`hambn \ne\nmtm t]mepw bm{X AXns ]tcm-kmnyw

shfns-Spppv. Ah[nmehpw temUvPnse apdnbpw mn Nphcn-

Xqp `q]Shpw ayqknbnse inh_nw_n\p apn tIp ]eXcw

`mjIfpsams Hmbmtbm Bibmtbm tamlamtbm bm{XbpsS kmnyw

kqNnnppv. FmWpv Cu A\p`hkapbneqsS chnhbpsS IhnX-

I \app ImncpXpv? Cu tNmZys ]npS-cptm \w sNpXpv

chnhbpsS IhnXbnse kzXkev]sbpw aqey-hnthN\sbpw

kw_np Nne ]cnKW\IfntemWpv.

"bm{X' F t]cns chnh cp IhnXI FgpXnbnppv Hv

1970epw asmv 1992epw. BZys IhnXbn apSnb _pw, Im\S-

tLmjbm{X t]mse aptdp ZXnIfpw, Ahsc bm{Xbn t{]mm-

lnnp ]tcXmmfpsams kmcns ]gbXpw ]pXnbXpamb cp

coXnIsfbpw AhbpsS s]mcptSpIsfbpw shfnsSpp. IhnX

Ahkm\np-XmIs ]nhp-\Sp aI\nepw: "\Sm ]Tnpq /

\psS aI; \msf / apSpw _sh / \nsmtg [cnp' (57). Cu

IhnX hncptmn-bneqsSbpw \neqsSbpw kao]n bm{XbpsSbpw

bm{Xm`wK-nsbpw _nw_sf, cmas IhnXbmIs, AKm[amsbmcp

AncXm-t_m[-neqsS-bmWpv ImWpXpv. bm{XbneqsS shfnhmIp

ZriytfmSp kao]\nepappv Cu AncX: "\mtSXpw \ptSXpt]m /

sesmcp ktmjw / \mtSXpw \ptSXpt]m / Assmcp ktmjw' (123).

bm{Xbpw eyhpambp _n\pw ncXbn sNtnSpv sNm-

XncnpIbpw sNIqSmnSp sNpIbpw, tNmtZymcfn shfnhmIp-

`mjIfpsS sshPmXyhpw AIbpw, Cs\. IhnX Ahkm\nptmtgpw,

bm{X Xs Imehpambp _ns cq]Iambn ]cnWanpIgnp. "\mw

AImefntepv, / ImWm ]gwImentebvpv / ImWm hcpwIm-

2

entebvpv / sImXnpw t]Snp / aSnhbvp / \apndmdmbn /

`m apdppI. . .' (124).

bm{XbpsS Cu AncX, A\p`htfmSpw ImetmSpap chnhbpsS

kao]\n ASnbncnp AncX Xs. "sImXnbpw t]Snbpw'

Xnep ]cnlcnm\mIm kwLjamWpv Cu AncXsb

cq]sSpp {][m\ `mhw. hkvXptfmSpw etmSpw ImetmSp-sams

Xo{hamb XrjvWtbmsSbpw AtXt]mse Xo{hamb `oXntbmsSbpw CSs]Sp

Hcp IhnbmWpv chnhbpsS IhnXbnepXpv. bm{X Cc-samcp `mhns

_mlycq]ambn \ne\npXn AXniban ehpambp _ns

AncX XsbmWtm bm{XbpsS {][m\ kz`mhw. \mSpw \Kchpw Xn,

Ducpw ]pdw\mSpw Xn, ham\hpw `qXhpw Xn, ASpnpIbpw

AhbvnSbnep AIew A\p`hneqsS AfdnbpIbpw sNp

{]hrnbmWpv bm{X. Ccw ASphpw AIbpamWpv {Kmahpambp Xs

_sn kwkmcnptm chnhbpw kqNnnpXpv:

F\np {KmatmSp _w ASphpw AIbpw

tNXmWpv. DtNmdv, sIm Imv, tI sImv, Hs

{KmantXmbncp. ]ns ]pdspt]m. hmbnXv hfXv

]Wfn. AXn\m hnp t]mhs kvarXnbn \ngenp

{KmaoWXbmWv FnepXv. ]etmgpw Fn\nv Rm

AcnsSp {Kmaw. Hmtcm sNSnbpw Adnbp \mS\ Rm (168).

Cu ASpsbpw AIsbbpw tbmPnnpIbpw hyXykvXambn

\ne\ndppIbpw sNpXpv bm{XbmWpv. AYhm, kmcneqsS cq]sSp

Ccsamcht_m[ns kmnyamWpv {KmatmSp chnhbpsS kao]-

\nepXpv. ]t CXnepw kqvaamsbmcp Imcyw IqSnbppv chnhbpsS

hmIyfn. \mSphnpt]mpw hfbvptijap aSnsbepw am{Xa

bm{X CXpv kmcns _mlyhiw. CXn\p ]pdta BcnIamsbmcp am\w

IqSnbppv bm{Xbvpv. chnh ]dbp: "Fn \nv Rm AcnsSp

{Kmaw.' bm{XbneqsS cq]sSp Aht_m[w kzw Dntep t\mptm

\Sp BcnI kmcamWpv Cu Acnbv. Dnse kcm\p`hsf

thXncndnbp, Ah Xnep _hpw hyXymkhpw ASphpw

AIbpw Isp, Dntep t]mmWpv Cu Acnbv. CXpv

"AImefntebvpw, ]gwImefntebvpw, hcpwImefntebvpw' D

t]mp Xs. ChnsSbpappv sImXnbpw t]Snbpw. As\ ASppw AIw,

3

Dnepw ]pdpw, kqvaZin\nbneqsS AItbvp t\mn Acnpw,

ZqcZin\nbneqsS ]pdtbvp t\mn hnkvabnpw HSpanmXp

kmcamWpv chnhbpsS IhnXbnse A\p`haes cq]sSpp-

sX ]dbmw.

Fm chnhbpsS bm{XIsfmw HtcXcnephb. "\Kcnse

bs bm{Xbnmbvabnse at\mkmchpw, "t]Sn'bnse thKnepw

]Xpsbpw \Sm\mhmXp kmchpw, HmtmdnbpsSXs Kpcphmbq

bm{Xbpw ihw sImp bm{Xbpw F{X hnhn[amWm bm{XI. Ah \app

Imncp ImgvNIfpw AXpt]mse sshhn[yw IeXpXs. Cu

ImgvNIsfsbm Iqntpv ecminbmbn \nnpXmhs km-

cns Ancamb sFIyw XsbmWpXm\pw. "`mcXZi\n' ImWmw

Cs\ ]eXcw ecminIfpsS Iqnpgb. `q]Snse hcIfpw

hfpw cq]sSpp ecminbpw, IrjvWs ZzmcIm]pcnbpw

IptNemcebp \mepZnpIfpw \nnp ehpw, I\ymIpamcnbpw

CUymtKpw lnamebhpap tZimcbm{XIfpsS A\p`htaJebpw,

Chsbmsbmbpw _sSp XohnapdnbpsS Xncm `qanimkv{Xhpw

chnh ChnsS hcbvppv. HmtcmXcw bm{Xbpw Hmtcm en-

eqsSbmWpv \s sImpt]mIpXpv. Cu efpsS Iqnhbvenepw

XncnpImWenepw chnhbpsS IhnXI {][m\ambpw {ihbvp.

chnhbpsS ]nmeIhnXIfn adp\mn ]WnsbSpm t]mIphcpsS

a\pIfpw i_vZfpw IShcpXpv bmZrivNnIa. XpSw apXXs

Atlns IhnXIfn ImWp esshhn[yns ]pXnsbmcp hnImk-

ambmWpv CXns\ ImtWsXv tXm. Fm Cu ]pXnb Xew Fsv

a\nemphm chnhbpsS bm{XIfpsS ]gb koaI \mw

AdntbXppv.

At\zjWs Ipdnp hfscgsbmcp cq]IamWtm bm{X. ]mivNmXyhpw

]uckvXyhpamb ]e kwkvImcfnepw At\zjWhpw bm{Xbpw _sp-

InSp. eyntep {]bmWambn bm{XsbmWp coXnpv B[p\nI

Imepv sshbnIamsbmcp BcnImt\zjWns cq]w ssIhnppv.

bm{XbpsS _mlycq]sf ISt]mIp efpw bm{XbpsS kpJZpxJ-

fpsams Bt_m[ns hnImknse Lfmbpw, eytmSp

ASpspdnp \mgnIpIfmbpw a\nemsSp. Fm

]mivNmXy]uckvXy kwkvImcfn CtXm-sSmw Xs ey_am

AepXncnbens bm{Xmcq]Ifpw \ne\nnppv. ChnsS eyn-

4

sem\p D]mba bm{X; AXpv eyw XsbmWpv. kmmXvImcw

\nbXamsbmcp eynsee; A\p`-htfmSpv A\phnp

_nemWXpv ImWsSpXpv. bm{XbpsS km[\bn am{Xta Cs\mcp

_w \ne\pq.

bm{Xbpw eyhpambp s]mcpne, s]mcptSnemWpv chnhbpsS

{i Gsdbpw ]XnbpXpv. eyw kmmXvIcnsSpn F CXn\w;

adnpv eyhpw bm{Xbpambp _hpw eyw Xsbpw bm{XbneqsS

amdnadnpt]mIpshmWpv. 1970IfpsS BZyw chnh FgpXnb

hnJymXamb Nne IhnXIfn "Aw', "]nXrKa\w' FnhbmWnhnsS

{][m\w kzbw a\nemepw kzXzkmmXvImchpambn _smWpv

bm{XbpsS _nw_ hym]cnpXpv: "ImWm NmepIfqtS Rm /

tImembnsepw \Sp. / Fsncp \Sp' (Aw, 59). t\cnp

DmgvNbneqsS e`yamhpn kzXzt_m[w. aphsc XncndnbpXp

t]mse ]pdwImgvNbneqsSbpw Xss ImWm Ignbpn. As\

Xn\nIv Xss ImWphm\msbmcp bm{X thnhcp. cp

ecminIfneqsSbmWo bm{X Ihnsb sImpt]mIpXpv ]cipcmas agp

bm{XsNbvXp krjvSn ecminbpw ("tKmItmfw Rm t]mbvh /

I\ymap\nepw Rm sN', 59) IyqWnp hnizmkns Atinb

ecminbpw ("an Rm tamkvtImbnsep / ]qmesp

]onn', 59). Cu bm{XI {]Xyambn kzXzkmmXvImcw km[npn;

adnpv, Cu IhnXIfn Xn \nI XsmWm\p {iaw kzXzns

sFIyw CmXmpIbpw Dtmcntep \bnpIbpamWpv sNpXpv. Cu

Dtmcns ]cnlmcneqsS hnIknp ]pXnsbmcp kzXzt_m[hpw AXn\-

\pkcnp cq]sSp ]pXnsbmcp ehpamWpv "A'ns Ahkm\w

kmmXvImcns m\p h\npXpv. BZys eyhpw

bm{Xbpambp s]mcptSn \nmWp ]pXnb eyw hnIknXpv.

"]nXrKa\'nepw CXpt]msemcp hgnsXeppv. bm{XbpsS imk\s,

im]s, \n{KlnpXphgnbmWpv bm{Xmc "A'nse Fcpn-

s\tmse {]]amsI \ndbpXpv. ChnsSbpw ]pXnsbmcm-kmmXvIm-

cn\mbmWpv bm{X. "A'nset]mse ChnsSbpappv Atiob-

amsbmcp ecmin lnamebhpw, tdmnbpw, B]vkpw, KwKbpw sXwkpw

ss\epsams bm{Xmcs \ng Gphmppv. ]t, Cu \ndbe

ChnsS kmmXvImcw; AXns apIvXn]Yw C\nbpw sXfnbm\ncnptXbpp.

AXns cq]I tZimc \mKcnIXbne, `mcXobsa ]dbmhp Hcp

5

kvacWm`mjbnemteJ\w sNsSp {]IrXnbpsS _nw_fnemWpv.

Hcn CXpv ]nXrKrlntep aSw Xs; ]t, bm{XbneqsS

]nXrKrlhpw ss]XrIhpw amdngnpsh htmw. hoSpXs

kcm\m`hfpsS eambn amdppv. Fncpmepw Cu kces

Hcpanp tNm\pw AXn thcmgvn kefntepw hf

\ndbphm\p B{Klhpw Imhy{]]n AXn\p km[yXbpw chn-

hbpsS Ames IhnXIfpsS `mKambncp.

Fm CtX ImepXs, AYhm CXn\pw app Xs, eyhpw

bm{Xbpambp s]mcptSpIfpsS asmcp hihpw chnh ]cnKWn-

ncp. "Xepdn'bnse t\cw sshInsbnb bm{Xmcs Ah t\mq:

"Rm htmtgpw / t\cw sshInbncp / sImSnapSnIfnsemw / sImSn

]mdnbncp. / Zzo]pIfn ImmSpI / ]nbncp' (67). ]pXnb

XpSfpsS km[yXsbnbp ktlamWnhnsS. sXmb epv

sXmb kabsnbh\mWpv "a[pc'nse \mbI\pw s]mcpw sI

A\p`hfmWbmfptSXpv. kvacWbpambpw ham\hpambpap _nse

s]mcptSpIsf aqSp sNSnnp a[pcambmWpv ]mbkw IShcpXpv:

"]mbkw hopw hopw / hnfnq sNSn / tmfhpw hmcntmcn / IpSnq

]nt \' (38). ]Xnt\gp hjptijw FgpXnb "DZm'n hopw

IShcpq CtX a[pchpw sNSnpw Bnbpw aebmf Imhy-]mc-

cynse Hcp khntij[mcbpambn _smWpv "\mXp Igntm'

]tm a[pcnp ]mmbkw IShcpXpv: "]mhancpta\n

]qm\aXn / XpnsImtm Xpntmbn! / {_{io \mcmbW `]mZcp /

amnbmXobnXntm' (756). bm{Xbpw eyhpambp s]mcpt-

Sns, t\chpw Ihpambp s]mcptSns, {]iv\ chnhbpsS

IhnXbn ]mccyhpambp _ns koXbpambn sIp]nWp

In-SpIbmWpv.

Imhy]mccyhpambp Xs _s ]cntim[\mhnt[bamp IhnXI-

smn\pv chnh sImSp t]cpv "AIew' Fmbncp. "Xps-

gpNvO\pw Rm\pambv / aqmep \qmp Zqcw / CetXpw ]cnNb /

anmXmbn amdptm / F\nnXp sNphm / hm Zqcw / hnZqc,

a\yamImiw' (103). Cu AIenepw A]cnNnXXznepw \nptms

AIbpambp ASp _hpw A\p`hneppv: "Ccpns ap\n'epw

"]peX hn'epw \nt\mptm ImWp "Hcp Nophm\'hpw

"Aanm \oena'bpw "N{hwi'hpw. AIeneqsSbdnbp Cu kmao]yhpw

6

t\cs \mw ]cntim[n bm{Xbn\ncpncnbp Ah-t_m-[hpambp

_w hyamWtm.

XtmSSp Imes IhnIfn Nnecpambpappv chnhbvpv Ccsamcp

_w. "taLcq]'\nse "F\np sImXn \n hmen / tcmaw sImsmcp

tamXncw' (49) FbnSpappv ]qIhnbpsS hgnbpw kzw hgnbpambp

kmao]yhpw sshPmXyhpw Hcpanpsmp kqvahn\ymkw. XtmSpv

IqSpX ASpp\np Fw. tKmhn\pambp _ns

BhnjvImcnepw ImWmw CtXkqvaX. chnhbvpv tKmhn bm{XbpsS

IhnbmWpv: "Apdw tXSpthms\ah' (109); Atlhpambp _w \ndsb

bm{XIfpsS ASphpw AIbpw: "AcnIs bm{XnI\mbn, / AIen-

eph\mbn, / s]mneph\mbn, / t\chpw Zqchp / tamcmh\mbn'

(110). kmc "hgn XncnbpnS'tbpw AhnsS \nam{Xw ]dbm\mhp

Imcysfpdnpap t_m[w, `ntemIfpsS AXnn Ipdnp

aplqsfpdnp t_m[w (Ccpns ap\pw ]pebpsS hpw)

sFIysbpw sshPmXysbpw Ipdnp Cu kqvat_m[amWpv Xs

Imes aebmfIhnXsb a\nemphm hnaiIcpw IhnI Xsbpw

D]tbmKnp hcp iojIsf sNdpphm chnhbpsS IhnXsb

Iptdsbnepw klmbnnpXpv. hyXykvXXI XnemWpv _hpw

kw`mjWhpw AIbnemWpv ASpns km[yXI Xs.

XpSbpw CSbpw CSIe Hcp Ncn{XkmnyneqsSbmWpv ]mccyw

chnhbpsS IhnXbnv kwhZnpXpv FmWtm tad Imcy

kqNnnpXpv. CXnse ss\ccy`wKw kmyamp ]pXnb bm{XIsf

kwLjw \nd a\tmsSbmWpv chnhbpsS ]e IhnXIfnsebpw

hm ]npScpXpv. "apfbnS', "XtmSpv' Fns\ ]e IhnXIfnepw

tImw CXns [z\n. ]pXnb bm{XIfnep ip`hnizmkw Gsd hyambn

{]ISamp "A'nepw "]nXrKa\'nepw t]mepw ]pXpabpw

]gabpambp koamb IqSnecepIfneqsSbmWpv ]pXnb bm{XbpsS

]mXI cq]sSpsXv \mw Ip. Cu IqSnecen\pv cp {][m\-

hifppv. Hv Dnse kwLjnsbpw \n{Klnsbpw cq]sa-

Spp. "A'nepw "]nXrKa\'nepw PohcWbphpw Dnse A]c-

kzXzns \mihpw ]pXnb XpSn\p ap\pjvTnsSp _enI

t]mse kw`hnppv. cmaXmbn, Cu IhnXIfpsS HSphn]p

hgnIfpw bm{Xbpsams sXfnbpXpv ]mccynsXs t{kmXp-

Ifntepv Ibbvp {]m\_nw_fneqsSbmWpv. `mcXbpn acn

7

]qnIcpsS AnIcnInepbv {]]amsI \ndbp Fcppw,

Kbbnse sshimJ]uan t]mse sXfnbp "]nXrKa\'nse apn]Yhpw

Cu ]pcmX\efn \nmWtm ip`kqN\bpsS _nw_

ssIsmpXpv. As\ ]mccys \ncknpIbpw ssIsmpIbpw

sNp, \ncmkneqsS ssIsmp, `mhw Cu IhnXIfnse ]pXnb

XpSp ]nneppv.

Cu `mhn\pv cq]LS\bn kw`hnp hnImkns henb am\

"kw{IaW'nepw, "]nXrKa\'nepw, ]ns "Hmtmhn ]mn'epw \app

ImWmw. t\cs ]d An BcnIamb bm{XbpsS IhnXbmWpv

"kw{IaWw'. Dnse ecminsb, Nofnbp kvss{XWPUambn amdnb

BcnIes, Agnp]Wnbm\p am{nI{InbbmWtm

"kw{IaW'n\pv AXns cq]LS\ \IpXpv. Cu {Inb Dnse PUs

]pdtbvpv ampI am{Xa sNpXpv; BcnI ecminsb {]]w

apgph \ndbpsmcp _mlyeamn ampIbmWnhnsS Dnse

PUns Ahbh {]]ns Ahbhfntebvpv kw{Ianptm

Dnse ew cq]]cnWmaneqsS hfv temIamsI \ndbpXpt]mse.

Cs\sbmcp cq]I chnhbpsS ]e IhnXIfpsSbpw {][m\

aplqfn IShcmdppv. "DZm'nse Zriy_nw_fpsS \nc

Ahkm\nptm IntimcIs Cfb ssIIfnepbcpXpv Dnm{Xa,

]mbkw hpt]m s]cpwhmmWpv. Cs\ cq]]cnWmanbmbn hf

hepXmIp IntimcIs ssII AXpv BImintebvpv Dbn-

sbdnbptmgmIs B {]hrnbpsS am\ {]]tmfw hep-Xmhp

oc]Ys \qdmbn \pdpphm Ignbmhp hn[w. km[mcWamb

A\p`hns Xen \nw Cs\ hf am\w aps \ndbpq

chnhbpsS Cu IhnXIfnse IrXzw.

Cu cq]IbpsS clkyat\zjnm \msapI "Hmtmhn ]mn'-

emhm\nSbppv. ChnsSbpappv Hcp cq]]cnWmaw. ChnsSbpappv ]qm\hpw

taqcpw. ]t ip`kqNIamb bm{Xbne, \mins cq]Ifn-

tep IqSpamnemWpv Cu IhnXbpsS Ipv KW]Xn `{ZImfnbmbn

amdp, bm{Xmp ]Icw ih hcp, Cs\. IhnXbpsS tI{nse

cq]IbpsS hn\ymkw Cs\bmWpv: "Ipp\mfn / Incp /

Ipphns / ]qX\tbm / s\n\pn / ]pXpa\bvpv / sXpt\cw /

sNmnbmSn' (90). efnXbn\nv ]qX\bntep Cu cq]IbpsS `mj

8

IYIfnbn \nw IYIfn Dsp\np Iem]mccyn-

\nambncnmw chnhbntepv hnpmhpI. I\bpsS Cu `mj

Xsbmhmw \nXyPohnXns esf {]]amsI \ndbp ecmin-

bmn amphm\pw Ihnsb klmbnpXpv. "shSnhpv, IpgnshnaqSnb

sIms\Wop\npXp t]mse Idpp XSnp am\w apn' \np

Igpaebpw ("sam', 131), s]cpshambn ]pgbn \ndbp Fgpnpw

("shw', 834), "Icnw]mdbn\nw B\bn\nw I\n\nw'

\ndsaSppv am\w \ndbp agmdpsams ("ag\mSpv', 117) Cu cq]IbpsS

`mjbnsegpXs Nn{X Xsbt? ChnsSsbmss IhnXpnse

ImgvNbpsS temIw In\p hgp ecmins{Xtbm Apdtp

t]mIp. ImgvNbpsSbpw BwKyfpsSbpsams Cu AImehpw AtemIhpw

FhnsS\nhcpshv \appv ]noSpv t\mmw.

BwKyfpsS kqvaXbn {ihbvp chnhbpsS `mhpIXzhpw

\mantm ]dph cq]]cnWmaktXhpambpw _apmbncnWw.

DZmn "CeX \mtmfhpw ]coSptm / hewssIbvpn

apebpsS amhw hgnbpw t]m / sNSnbpw \mpw aqpw sXmbpw Ipw

IqSn / lll shmSn!' (75) F ImWptm BwKyfneqsS-bmWtm

cq]I XsbpmhpXpv. Cu BwKyfpsS XpSbnemWpv s]cpwhmpv

s]mp ssII hcpXpv. ssieoIrXamb Iebn sNdnb BwKyfm

henb am\fpw efpw kqNnnsSpXp t]msebmWpv Cu

cq]IbpsS `mjbpw {]hnpXpv. Cs\mcp `mjbpsSbpw

{]hrnbpsSbpw ImhmWpv "kw{IaW'nse am{nI. Ipphns efnX

]qX\bmIpXpt]msemcp amamWtm Xs BcnI temIn Abm

hn\yknpXpv.

C\n \appv chnhbpsS ]nme IhnXIfn bm{X F cq]In\p

kw`hnp amsasv Ipdp IqSn hyambn At\zjnphm

Igntpw. 1985segpXnb "tamap'hn ImthcnbpsS Hgppv en-

eqsSsbt]mse kabneqsSbpamWpv; As\ kabns Iemcq]amb

kwKoXntepw XymKcmP\ntepw. CXpv bm{XbpsS HSpa "Imthcn

XpScp / Xncpnbn, Xmhqcn, Ipw`tImWn / sXm{^nbn,

{ioebn / Imthcnbebp' (97). Hgpn \nv Aenentep Cu

amw kmcn\pv B[p\nItemIn kw`hn amhpambn _sp

InSp. B[p\nI]qtemIns AXncpIfpw AXncpIpnse

ecminbpsS ss\ccyhpw Cn. XymKcmPstbm a[yIme `-

9

IhnIfpsStbm kmcns enepw N{Ihmfnepa

IpSntbmcs Aen. Hcn ekoaIfpsS B[p\nI

]p\\nN\nse Hcp LSIambmWtm IpSntbmc AebpXpXs.

IpSntbns Aenepw \nlmbXmt_m[hpw {]Xyn Htc

kwkvImcw ]phbvp tZinsbpmsbhcmw. tIcfn \nv

sXmbep Xangv\mntep IpSntbneSnbncnp Aanm

AIbmWtm "]mn'bn. chnhbpsS ]nme IhnXbn EPphpw

efnXhpamsbmcp {ZmhnUkzXzt_m[w Btcm]nph {inp hmbnt

IhnXIfnsemmWpv "]mn'. B[p\nIkmcm-\p`hnse thcpw hfbp-

ambp th]ncnbepw AIbpw sXnybpsS cm{nbhpw kmwkvImcnI-

hpamb ecminpn Xsbppv. Cu AIens thZ\bpw

A]cnlmcyXbpw "adphnfn'bnepw tImw: "Htc ISens / Ccphnepw / \mw

_enbnp; / ap\w sNbvXp / \mw ImWpXpv Htc Bgw' (104) Htc

In\pw `mjbvpw, Hw aSn\nhcp hncepIpw, CSbn

Aanm Bgw. Htc kwkvImcenpn Nne bm{XI

Akm[yambnocp, adphnfn au\amtbm shSnpf s] tNmZyNnamtbm

Aebp. "aS'nemhs, {]hmknIfpsS Inm adphnfn-mbn

ImtXmp, hnfnp, i_vZamWpv hmhntXpv. sXnncn

hgnIfpsSbpw AepXncn-bphcpsSbpw Hm kqnp eam-

bnocp hoSpw \mSpw.

Cu ]nmeIhnXIfnse Fm\mhm AIehpw Ahkm\nm

Aenepw "A'nepw "]nXrKa\'nepw \mw t\cs I cq]]cn-

Wman\pv hn]coXamsbmcp LS\bmWhew_npXpv. "\mn ]mm

CUymmc'\n ]cainh a}knbn \ScmPhn{Kl-ambnocp

inbnte, \nlmbXbntemWnhnsS cq]I. alm\Ss DZm-amb

ap{Zbpw \nebpw Ahsb A]qamp temIn\namdn

_mlymemcambn, {]Zi\ambn, kzw \nlmbXtbmSpv s]mcpw

sIp\np. hmns\bpw {]hrnsbbpw A]qampsXtm

AXpv B[p\nI kmcn IqsSsmpt]mIm\mhpn. Fn \nmWpv

`mjbpw au\hpw {]hrnbpw \nhrnbpw Aw ssIsmpXpv?

chnhbpsS IhnXbn PohnXNcyIfpsS temIamWpv Ans

Ddhbmbn antmgpw hcpXpv A\pjvTm\n\pw \nmcI-

panSbn, Ahsb _nnpsImpv PohnXs ssieoIcnpsImpv, CXpv

\ne\np. B[p\nI]qPohnXn \n hcp _nw_tfmSpv

10

chnhbpsS IhnX \nccw CSs]SpXpv Ccsamcp ssieoIcWs

kqNnnm\msWthWw IcpXm. B[p\nItemIns ekoa-

Ipn PohnX-NcybpsS ssieoIcWw Fs\bmhmsasmct\zjWw

Cu kqN\bpsS ]tcmam\ambn, au\ambn \npappv.

PohnXNcybpsS Cu ssieoIcWamWpv Iebnse cq]]cnWmass

kmyampXpv Imhns BwKyn\pw {]hrnpw {]Xyn-

hn am\ \IpXpv. CXmWpv {]Xynep ekoa-

Ipdtpv Dns\ \bnpXpv. CXmWpv \mw t\cs I

AImentepw AtemIntepw ISm \s {]m]vXcmpXpv.

kmcns AncXbn \amImsX Cu temIs kqnm\pw ]pXnb

eImefntepv AXns\ hnh\w sNm\pw km[nptamsb tNmZyw

_mn\np. "]nXrKa\w' t]mep IhnXI Cu tNmZyn\p \Ip

adphnfnbpsS apgw kwkvIrXn-bntep thtcmnepw ap

kwkvIrXnIfntep hnImknepw \mw tIp. chnhbpsS ]nme-

IhnXI CtX tNmZys A\p`hnpXpv tZimcbm{XbpsS B[p\nI

]cnWmasbpw AIfpsS {]]hpw B[p\nI-bm{Xbpambp

th]ncnbens\bpw Gsdbmgn a\nemn-smmWpv. "Aw',

"]nXrKa\w', "kw{IaWw' XpSnb IhnXIfn chnh Ahew_n

{]iv\\nmcWnsbpw kwLj]cnlmcnsbpw ImhyLS\b

]nmeIhnXIfnteXpv. "adphnfn'bpw "\mn ]mm CUymmc'\pw

A]qamb, ]qX Akm[yamp IjWfpsS cq]w ssIsmp

bm{XbpsS cq]`{ZX ssIhnpt]mb Aenens A\p`h-LS\t]mse.

PohnXNcyIfpsS ssieoIrXtemIw FhnsS\nmWpbcpXpv? Cu ssienpw

NcyIpapdsamWpv? enepw Imenepap kmcpd-

samWpXpv? kqNn ImWnm t\c PohnXNcybn \ndshSpp-

hXs: "ssIbn tcmaw / sXfn-bpsmsgtm / Xohn sXtmp

t]mIpsmsgtm' (128) t]cnSp ]gb t\cfpw, "]\n hcpstm,

ISXpdstm, / adp\mn\nv hnfnsXtm' (128) t]cp hogp ]pXnb

t\cfpw As\Xs. Fm Cu sshPmXyt_m-[n\Snbntem, "]{Xw,

Bokv, hncpImc / X]msemanm, / t]scmanm / Nnpt]mep,

/ t\camsWm-se\np / ipamw t\cw' (129). t\cns kaImenIPohnX

Nnsf amn\on, Ahsbmsbpw FgpXs {]XessbmWnhnsS

IhnX hnjbampXpv. Cu {]Xeamhs, t\cn\p`hthZyamhmsX,

11

hnPmXobamb A\p`hfpsS BteJ\neqsSam{XamWpv \psS apn

hcpXpv.

PohnXNcyIfpsS ssieo{]]n\nv NcyIsfmsbpw a\psImpv

Cs\sbSpp-amptm Ahyambn kqNnXamIp CSamWpv

aqeyhnthN\-nsbpw IrXznsXsbpw BZys AXncpI

hcbp ew. A\p`hn\p ]ndIn \np, A\p`hn\p t\cnp

]nSnXcm CubnShpw kwkvImchpambp _w chnhbpsS IhnXbn

mbnbmbn \np Hcp ]cnKW\bmWpv. hnm Ignbp hoSpw

hnm Ignbm hoSnhpw Xn hnthNnpnSpv (85) Cu

kmnyw \app ImWmw. BtemN\bpsS Cu Xe chnhbpsS

IhnXIfn {]Xyamb hyhlcnsSpsXXpv kqvaXbpsS eWam-

bmWpv ImtWXpv. A\p`hfpsS BteJ\hpw, BteJ\neqsS am{Xw

shfnhmIp CShpw Xnep sFIysshPmXysf NpcpnmWmsX

kqNnnphm\nXpImcWw km[nppv. Cu ]ivNmenemhWw chn-

hbpsS ]nme IhnXbnse {ZmhnUet_m[s \mw ImtWXpv.

"A'nse `mcXbp`qant]mseXs kzXznsbpw kwkvImcnsbpw

NnsfgpXsSp esas Nnbpambn _smWpv Cu

{ZmhnUehpw \npXpv. Fmepw Cu e Xn hyXymk-

hpappv. At\zjn-bpsS bm{Xbn\nv IpSntbmcs Aenentepw

{]hmknsbsmn hymIpesSp \mpImcs Imn-cnntepw \mw I

amtmsSmamWpv chnhbpsS ]nmeIhnXbnse {ZmhnU-\mSns

kmnyw hnIknpXpv. tIcfsa kmwkvImcnI e-ns cq]sS-

ens\nbp BtemN\ Cu ]cnKW\IfpsS k`w Xs. ]t, bm{Xbpw

Aenepw AXncpw IpSn-tbhpsams Cu Nntbm-sSmw Fmbvtmgpappv.

AXpsImmWpv sshPmXyn\nw bm{XnIs ekcfn\nw

apamb, efnXhpw kpNnXhpamb {]mtZinIXbpsS Ihnbmbn chnhsb

ImWpXn A]mIXbpXpv.

"t]mwhgnIfn' em\p`hss Cs\sbmcmtemN\bvpv chnh

hnt[bamppv. Cu IhnXbpsS HSphn Imshbn ambmsX

]n\np hgnIfpsS Zriyw chnhbpsS Imhykao]-\nsXs

cq]Iambn IpIqsSn. ipamb t\cw t]mse, hgnsbmw ]m

Imshbpw t\cnpImWm\mhpn. Fm Imshbpw hgnI-

sfmsbpw bm{XbpsS A\p`hnepw cq]Inepw Fsw _sp

InSp. ipamb t\chpw ipamb ImeSnbpw eImefpsS A\p`h-

12

ns AXnnbmbn, AXnnpdambn \np. CcsamcXncpambn,

ss\XnIPohnXns hgnXncnbpnShpambn chnh-bpsS IhnX \ne\ndpn-

tmcp CSs]S AKm[amsbmcp a\\ns am\w B IhnXbpsS temIn-

tep sImphcppv. Ccw AXnntcJI ss\XnIXbpsS DdshhnsS-

sb tNmZyns cq]w Xsbmhmw. Cu AXncpIfn-septmgmWpv

chnh-bpsS IhnX klbm{XnIscncnpv, Hbvp-t]mv, XtmSpXs

hgn]n-cnpv, hopsatm ]dbm\mbn ]nsbpw Xncnp\npXpv.

***

DcWnIptijw {_mbvn sImSpncnp t]Pv \cpIfnse kqN\:

BqchnhbpsS IhnXI (1957'94) (tImbw: Un.kn._pIvkv, 1995).