Post on 04-Jan-2017
Census of India 2011
WEST BENGAL
SERIES-20 PART XII-B
DISTRICT CENSUS HANDBOOK
PASCHIM MEDINIPUR
VILLAGE AND TOWN WISE
PRIMARY CENSUS ABSTRACT (PCA)
DIRECTORATE OF CENSUS OPERATIONSWEST BENGAL
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2.5
CENSUS OF INDIA 2011
WEST BENGAL
SERIES-20 PART XII - B
DISTRICT CENSUS HANDBOOK
PASCHIM MEDINIPUR
VILLAGE AND TOWN WISE PRIMARY CENSUS ABSTRACT (PCA)
Directorate of Census Operations West Bengal
MOTIF
DISTRICT PASCHIM MEDINIPUR
Chilkigarh Raj Palace, Jamboni Chilkigarh Kanakdurga Temple, Jamboni
The beauty of Dulung and the old charm of Chilkigarh in Jamboni
Jhargram, Paschim Medinipur
Chilkigarh:
12 kilometers away from Jhargram lies Chilkigarh- undoubtedly the most beautiful tourist site in jungle Mahal region. A 30-minute drive from Jhargram town through the some of the most beautiful roads of Jungle Mahal laced with green Sal, Piyal and mahul trees and bamboo forests- the natural treasure of Jhargram.
Kanak Durga:
The famous Kanak Durga temple, located inside the forest of Chilkigarh is a must-visit. History has it, that the temple was built by Raja Kamala Kanta- the king of Jamboni whose royal palace was on the other side of the River Dulung. The original temple, built in typical Pancharatna style, is now dilapidated but the look and feel is still awe-inspiring. This 400-year-old temple was made of terracotta and Makra stone and had beautiful relief works, all of which has been damaged with the passage of time. A Vishnu temple, it had a chakra at a height of 30 feet. The new 52-feet tall temple of Kanak Durga, is located just beside the old one. Constructed by Raja Jagadish Chandra Deo Dhabal Deb in 1937, it resembles the architectural pattern of Orissa. Being the most famous religious site in the entire area, local people perform regular pujas and rituals including animal sacrifice. According to legend, human sacrifice or naraboli was a few years back.
Dulung River:
A small picturesque river named Dulung flows beside the temple complex. The Dulung River is the only natural source of water for the local villagers who come here for bathing. Numerous birds and monkeys throng the area to create a magical ambience taking you back in a time machine to the past. Be careful of the monkeys who are harmless inhabitants in the temple complex but would insist you to feed them once they find some food items with you. The ambience and experience on the whole place is quite thrilling.
Chilkagarh Rajbari:
On the other side of the Dulung River is the Chilkigarh Rajbari belonging to Raja Jagadish Chandra Deo Dhabal Deb's family. Although it is in a good habitable condition, it wears a deserted look. The vast compound of the palace is completely vacant, apart from two temples- one of which resembles a three-storeyed tower and the other is a Radharaman temple. This place was a centre of some excellent Chau dance performances held every year during Durga Puja. Performers were brought by the Raja from both Purulia and Odisha’s Mayurbhanj district. One can see those Chau costumes and masks at the Tribal Interpretation Centre, Jhargram.
Pages
1 1
2 3
3 5
4 7
5 9
6 20
7 23
8 25
9
(i) 28
(ii) 33
(iii) 53
(iv) 83
(v) 103
(vi) 117
(vii) 1175
10 Section –II Tables based on Households Amenities and Assets (Rural/Urban) at District and Sub-District level.
(i) Table -1: Households by Ownership status and by Number of Dwellingrooms occupied in the District, 2011 1197
Contents
Primary Census Abstract for Scheduled Tribes (ST)
Administrative Setup
Important Statistics
District Highlights - 2011 Census
Brief History of the District
Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgement
History and Scope of the District Census Handbook
Urban PCA-Town wise Primary Census Abstract
Section - I Primary Census Abstract (PCA)
Brief note on Primary Census Abstract
District Primary Census Abstract
Appendix to District Primary Census Abstract Total, Scheduled Castes andScheduled Tribes Population - Urban Block wise
Primary Census Abstract for Scheduled Castes (SC)
Rural PCA-C.D. blocks wise Village Primary Census Abstract
(ii) Table -2: Percentage distribution of Households living in Permanent,Semi permanent and Temporary houses, 2011 1198
(iii) Table -3: Number and Percentage of Households by main source ofDrinking water, 2011 1200
(iv) Table -4: Number and Percentage of Households by main source ofLighting, 2011 1204
(v) Table -5: Number and Percentage of Households by type of Latrinefacility, 2011 1208
(vi) Table -6: Number and Percentage of Households by type of Drainageconnectivity for waste water outlet, 2011 1212
(vii) Table -7: Number and Percentage of Households by availability ofKitchen facility, 2011 1214
(viii) Table -8: Number and Percentage of Households by type of fuel used forCooking, 2011 1216
(ix) Table -9:Number and Percentage of Households availing Bankingservices and number of Households having each of thespecified Assets, 2011
1220
1
FOREWORD The District Census Handbook (DCHB) is an important publication of the Census Organization since 1951. It contains both Census and non Census data of urban and rural areas for each District. The Census data provide information on demographic and socio-economic characteristics of population at the lowest administrative unit i.e. of each Village and Town and ward of the District. The Primary Census Abstract (PCA) part of this publication contains Census data including data on household amenities collected during 1st.phase of the Census i.e. House Listing and Housing Census. The non Census data presented in the DCHB is in the form of Village Directory and Town Directory contain information on various infrastructure facilities available in the village and town viz; education, medical, drinking water, communication and transport, post and telegraph, electricity, banking, and other miscellaneous facilities. Later on, the Telegraph Services were closed by the Government of India on 15th. July, 2013. The data of DCHB are of considerable importance in the context of planning and development at the grass-root level. 2. In the 1961 Census, DCHB provided a descriptive account of the District, administrative statistics, Census tables and Village and Town Directory including Primary Census Abstract. This pattern was changed in 1971 Census and the DCHB was published in three parts: Part-A related to Village and Town Directory, Part-B to Village and Town PCA and Part-C comprised analytical report, administrative statistics, District Census tables and certain analytical tables based on PCA and amenity data in respect of Villages. The 1981 Census DCHB was published in two parts: Part-A contained Village and Town Directory and Part-B the PCA of Village and Town including the SCs and STs PCA up to Tahsil/Town levels. New features along with restructuring of the formats of Village and Town Directory were added. In Village Directory, all amenities except electricity were brought together and if any amenity was not available in the referent Village, the distance in broad ranges from the nearest place having such an amenity, was given. 3. The pattern of 1981 Census was followed by and large for the DCHB of 1991 Census except the format of PCA. It was restructured. Nine-fold industrial classification of main workers was given against the four-fold industrial classification presented in the 1981 Census. In addition, sex wise population in 0-6 age group was included in the PCA for the first time with a view to enable the data users to compile more realistic literacy rate as all children below 7 years of age had been treated as illiterate at the time of 1991 Census. One of the important innovations in the 1991 Census was the Community Development Block (CD Block) level presentation of Village Directory and PCA data instead of the traditional Tahsil/Taluk/PS level presentation. 4. As regards DCHB of 2001 Census, the scope of Village Directory was improved by including some other amenities like banking, recreational and cultural facilities, newspapers & magazines and `most important commodity’ manufactured in a Village in addition to prescribed facilities of earlier Censuses. In Town Directory, the statement on Slums was modified and its coverage was enlarged by including details on all slums instead of ‘notified slums’. 5. The scope and coverage of Village Directory of 2011 DCHB has been widened by including a number of new amenities in addition to those of 2001. These newly
2
added amenities are: Pre-Primary School, Engineering College, Medical College, Management Institute, Polytechnic, Non-formal Training Centre, Special School for Disabled, Community Health Centre, Veterinary Hospital, Mobile Health Clinic, Medical Practitioner with MBBS Degree, Medical Practitioner with no degree, Traditional Practitioner and faith Healer, Medicine Shop, Community Toilet, Rural Sanitary Mart or Sanitary Hardware Outlet in the Village, Community Bio- gas, Sub Post Office, Village Pin Code, Public Call Office, Mobile Phone Coverage, Internet Cafes/ Common Service Centre, Private Courier Facility, Auto/Modified Autos, Taxis and Vans, Tractors, Cycle-pulled Rickshaws, Carts driven by Animals, Village connected to National Highway, State Highway, Major District Road, and Other District Road, Availability of Water Bounded Macadam Roads in Village, ATM, Self-Help Group, Public Distribution System(PDS) Shop, Mandis/Regular Market, Weekly Haat, Agricultural Marketing Society, Nutritional Centers (ICDS), Anganwadi Centre, ASHA (Accredited Social Health Activist), Sports Field, Public Library, Public Reading Room, Assembly Polling station, Birth & Death Registration Office. In the Town Directory, seven Statements containing the details and the data of each Town have been presented viz.; (i)-Status and Growth History of Towns,(ii)- Physical Aspects and Location of Towns, (iii)-Civic and other Amenities, (iv)-Medical Facilities, (v)-Educational, Recreational & Cultural Facilities, (vi)- Industry & Banking, and (vii)- Civic & other amenities in Slums respectively. CD Block wise data of Village Directory and Village PCA have been presented in DCHB of 2011 Census as presented in earlier Census. 6. The data of DCHB 2011 Census have been presented in two parts, Part-A contains Village and Town Directory and Part-B contains Village and Town wise Primary Census Abstract. Both the Parts have been published in separate volumes in 2011 Census. 7. The Village and Town level amenities data have been collected, compiled and computerized under the supervision of Shri Deepak Ghosh, IAS., Director of Census Operation, West Bengal. The task of Planning, Designing and Co-ordination of this publication was carried out by Dr. Pratibha Kumari, Assistant Registrar General (SS) under the guidance & supervision of Dr. R.C.Sethi, Ex-Addl. RGI and Shri Deepak Rastogi present Addl.RGI. Shri A.P. Singh, Deputy Registrar General, (Map) provided the technical guidance in the preparation of maps. Shri A.K. Arora, Joint Director of Data Processing Division under the overall supervision of Shri M.S.Thapa, Addl. Director (EDP) provided full cooperation in preparation of record structure for digitization and validity checking of Village and Town Directory data and the programme for the generation of Village Directory and Town Directory including various analytical inset tables as well as Primary Census Abstract (PCA). The work of preparation of DCHB, 2011 Census has been monitored in the Social Studies Division. I am thankful to all of them and others who have contributed to bring out this publication in time.
(C.Chandramouli) Registrar General &
Census Commissioner, India New Delhi. Dated:- 16-06-2014
3
PREFACE
The District Census Hand Book or DCHB is the most popular and widely used
publication which is compiled and prepared by the Census Organization. The first ever
DCHB was published in the year 1951. Thereafter Census Directorate is coming up with
the publication of DCHB in every decadal Census and the present volume of DCHB of
2011 is seventh in the series.
Over the time, the contents of DCHB havebeen changing keeping in track with
the requirement of the data user on different amenities. Since DCHB is a compilation of
Census and non-Census data, the presentation is being done in two parts, viz. the Part-A
and Part-B separately for each district. Part-A contains Village & Town Directory data
with some important tables depicting availability of basic civic amenities such as
drinking water facilities, educational facilities, post & telegraph facilities, banking
facilities etc. at the C.D. Block/Village and Town level. Part-B on the other hand contains
District Primary Census Abstract of Total Population including Scheduled Castes and
Scheduled Tribesat the C.D. Block/Village level and for urban units like for Statutory
Towns and Census Towns, it is ward level. Part-B contains data for sex wise distribution
of population, age group of 0-6 years, literate and illiterate, Scheduled Castes and
Scheduled Tribes, worker and non-worker data, economic category i.e. cultivator,
agricultural labour, household industry worker and other worker.
Apart from the above, DCHB also furnishes a variety of essential information
pertaining to the district like brief history, the information about administrative set-up,
location, climate, economic resources, land use, transport, industry, trade and
commerce, place of historical, archaeological and tourists importance etc. It also provides
brief analysis of Census data, presentation of the data through various tables, graphs
and maps has made the publication much more attractive and valuable.
Most sincere and deepest gratitude is expressed to Dr. C. Chandramouli, IAS,
Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India for his constant inspiration, support
and valuable suggestions. The support and assistance of Dr. R.C. Sethi, former
Additional Registrar Generaland Shri Deepak Rastogi, present Additional Registrar
General, worth special mentioning. Ourearnest gratitude to them. We are also grateful
toDr. A.P. Singh, former Deputy Registrar General (Map) for providing the technical
guidance in the preparation of maps and to Dr. PratibhaKumari, Assistant Registrar
General (SS) for her overall supervision. Shri A.K. Arora, Joint Director of Data
Processing Division under the overall supervision of Shri M.S. Thapa, AdditionalDirector
4
(EDP) provided full co-operation in preparation of record structure for digitization and
validity checking of Village and Town Directory data and the programme for the
generation of Village Directory and Town Directory including various analytical inset
tables as well as Primary Census Abstract (PCA). Heartfelt thanksto all the Officers of the
Office of the Registrar General, India who contributed their share in befitting manner.
The sincere contributions made by the District Magistrates of all districts,
Municipal Commissioners of Kolkata and Haora Municipal Corporations, District Census
Officers, Additional District Census Officers (Officer In-charge, Census)and in-numerable
Village, C.D. Block and Town level officials of all the districts of West Bengal for
arranging collection of village and town directory data by the local officials from the
villages/towns under their respective jurisdictionare hereby acknowledged with
thankfulness.
At this Directorate level, sincere thanks are due to all those who put utmost
sincerity and zeal towards the successful completion of this publication within the
stipulated time. As it is not feasible to express recognitions individually, a separate page
of acknowledgement is included in this publication.
25-08-2015 Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal
Kolkata
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Acknowledgements
A. The Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal respectfully acknowledges the devoted, sincere hard work rendered by about two lakhs Census Enumerators, Supervisors and Officials at the District, Block and Municipal levels without whose heroic efforts, the Census 2011 could never be undertaken.
B. The Census Directorate, West Bengal also gratefully acknowledges the sincere and dedicated work of the following officers/officials of this Directorate associated with the preparation of this District Census Hand Book, 2011 whose hard-work, dedication and diligence has made the publication of this volume possible.
Drafting of Analytical Notes: Shri Pranab Kumar Majumdar, Joint Director (Retired) Dr. Palash Chandra Coomar, Joint Director Shri SubhashDasgupta, Deputy Director Shri Arunasish Chatterjee, Deputy Director Shri P.P. Joy, Deputy Director Smt. Keka Ghosh, Assistant Director Shri Subhasish Chatterjee, Assistant Director Smt. ParnalekhaDasgupta, Assistant Director Smt. MoumitaGuha, Assistant Director Smt. Sayantika Basu, Assistant Director Smt. Tandra Dutta, Assistant Director Dr. Utpal Kumar Mandal, Senior Geographer Shri PrasunGanguly, D.E.O. Grade-B Data Entry of Village & Town Directory, Generation of Tables at DCO level, Validity Checking : Smt. LopamudraGhosal, S.I. Grade II Shri Siddhartha Chatterjee, S.I. Grade II Shri Sandip Kumar Panja, S.I. Grade II, Shri Sujita Kumar Pradhan, S.I. Grade II Shri Tarun Sarkar, S.I. Grade II Shri Arvind, S.I. Grade II Smt. NayanaNandan, S.I. Grade II Smt. DebsmitaMajumdar, S.I. Grade II Shri PrasunGanguly, D.E.O. Grade B Shri BibhasKanti Hira, D.E.O. Grade B Smt. Arpita Ghosh, Former Compiler Smt. Hemlata Singh, Compiler Smt. Aditi Goswami, Compiler Shri Deepak Kumar, Compiler Officers and Officials of Data Centre Preparation of Maps : Shri Kailash Das, Research Officer (Map) Dr Utpal Kumar Mandal, Senior Geographer Shri Pradeep Kumar Das, Sr. Drawing Assistant Smt. SumarTopno, Senior Draughtsman Shri KartickMurmu, Senior Draughtsman Shri AsokMondal, Senior Draughtsman Shri Prashanta Roy, Senior Draughtsman Shri Sanjib Das, Senior Draughtsman Shri TapanBhattacharjee, Senior Draughtsman Preparation of Camera Ready Copy : Shri PrasunGanguly, D.E.O. Grade B Preparation of e-book : Shri BibhasKanti Hira, D.E.O. Grade B Shri Prashant Kumar, D.E.O. Grade B Shri PrasunGanguly, D.E.O. Grade B Shri Prashanta Roy, Senior Draughtsman In-house Printing : Shri PrasunGanguly, D.E.O. Grade B Shri Prashant Kumar, D.E.O. Grade B Shri Ashok Pradhan, MTS Shri Madhusudan Das, MTS
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ORGI- Data Processing Division:
Shri Jaspal Singh Lamba Deputy Director
Ms. Usha Assistant Director
Shri Anurag Gupta DPA Grade ‘A’
Shri Mukesh K.Mahawar DPA Grade ‘A’
Ms. Shagufta Nasreen Bhat DPA Grade ‘A’
Ms. Kiran Bala Saxena Sr. Supervisor
Shri Shailender Kumar Vats Jr.consultant
Shri Anuj Kumar Jr.consultant
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HISTORY AND SCOPE OF THE DISTRICT CENSUS HANDBOOK
The need of data at the grass root level for the administrative and planning purposes at sub micro level as well as academic studies prompted the innovation of District Census Handbook. District Census Handbook is a unique publication from the Census organization which provides most authentic details of census and non-census information from village and town level to district level. The District Census Handbook was firstly introduced during the 1951 Census. It contains both census and non census data of urban as well as rural areas for each district. The census data contain several demographic and socio-economic characteristics of the lowest administrative unit i.e. of each village and town and ward of the district. The non census data comprise of data on availability of various civic amenities and infrastructural facilities etc. at the town and village level which constitute Village Directory and Town Directory part of the DCHB. The data of DCHB are of considerable importance in the context of planning and development at grass-root level.
In 1961 census DCHB provided a descriptive account of the district, administrative statistics, census tables and village and town directory including Primary Census Abstract. This pattern was changed in 1971 Census and the DCHB was published in three parts: Part-A related to village and town directory, Part-B to village and town PCA and Part-C comprised analytical report, administrative statistics, district census tables and certain analytical tables based on PCA and amenity data in respect of villages. The 1981 census DCHB was published in two parts: Part-A contained village and town directory and Part-B the PCA of village and town including the SCs and STs PCA up to tahsil/town levels. New features along with restructuring of the formats of village and town directory were added into it. In Village Directory, all amenities except electricity were brought together and if any amenity was not available in the referent village, the distance in broad ranges from the nearest place having such an amenity, was given. The pattern of 1981 census was followed by and large for the DCHB of 1991 Census except the format of PCA. It was restructured. Nine-fold industrial classification of main workers was given against the four-fold industrial classification presented in the 1981 census. In addition, sex wise population in 0-6 age group was included in the PCA for the first time with a view to enable the data users to compile more realistic literacy rate as all children below 7 years of age had been treated as illiterate at the time of 1991 census. One of the important innovations in the 1991 census was the Community Development Block (CD Block) level presentation of village directory and PCA data instead of the traditional tahsil/taluk/PS level presentation.
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As regards DCHB of 2001 Census, the scope of Village Directory was improved by including some other amenities like banking, recreational and cultural facilities, newspapers & magazines and `most important commodity’ manufactured in a village in addition to prescribed facilities of earlier censuses. In Town Directory, the statement on Slums was modified and its coverage was enlarged by including details on all slums instead of ‘notified slums’.
The scope and coverage of Village Directory of 2011 DCHB has been widened by including a number of new amenities in addition to those of 2001. In the Town Directory, seven Statements containing the details and the data of each town have been presented viz.; (i)-Status and Growth History of towns,(ii)- Physical Aspects and Location of Towns, (iii)-Civic and other Amenities, (iv)-Medical Facilities, (v)-Educational, Recreational & Cultural Facilities, (vi)- Industry & Banking, and (vii)- Civic & other amenities in Slums respectively. CD Block wise data of Village Directory and Village PCA have been presented in DCHB of 2011 census as presented in earlier census. The data of DCHB 2011 Census have been presented in two parts, Part-A contains Village and Town Directory and Part-B contains Village and Town wise Primary Census Abstract. Both the Parts have been published in separate volumes in 2011 Census.
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9
Brief history of the District
The history of Paschim Medinipur district, comprising part of erstwhile Medinipur
district, is mostly associated with the ancient port city of Tamralipta or Tamralipti. This
port city is believed has been the exit point of the trade route for the South and South-
East Asia during Mauryan era. It was located on the bank of river Rupnarayana and was
connected by roads with the major ancient cities like Rajgriha, Shravasti, Patiliputra,
Varanasi and Taxila.
In the very beginning, Medinipur, now known as modern Tamluk, used to be
known as Tamralipta whose location can be pinpointed to that tract in the east of the
district which is slightly above sea-level and intersected by numerous waterways. This
part was inhabited by tribes or communities of fishermen, boatmen and sailors.
Medinipur’s significance can be established from the fact that it used to be the capital of
an ancient kingdom and flourished as a sea-port. The stronghold of the Kaibarttas, a
fishing and boating caste finds adequate mention in the Pillar Edict V of Asoka as Kevata,
and in the Vajrasenayi Samhita(Yajurveda) as Kevatta.
The place called Tamralipta has been found to be mentioned in numerous
references like the great epics, Jaina textsand various holy books. It enjoys a special pride
of place due to its mention the Mahabharata as Tamralipta (-lipti) or Damalipta with an
entity of its own clearly distinct from the Northern, Eastern, Central Bengal and Suhma
territories. The place has been referred differently in different occasions.InJaina
Prajnapanait is mentioned as the part of Vanga, and in Dandi’s Dasakumaracharitait is
mentioned as the part of Suhma. The modern day Tamluk constituted the Tamalites of
Ptolemy and used to be the capital of the Suhma territory. During Hiuen Tsang’s visit,
Tamluk stretched for about 150 miles from Samatata and was about 233 miles in circuit.
The land and water communication converged at that point of the land which was ‘low
and moist’ forming a bay. In the present day, Tamluk is situated on the right bank of the
river Rupnarayan about twelve miles from its junction with the Hooghly river falling
within the jurisdiction of Purba Medinipur distrct.
In Paschim Medinipur, particularly in the western part of the district, now known
as Jungle Mahals, nomadic life was a prominent feature.This area was inhibited by the
nomadic Primitive Tribal Group (PTG)of Lodha and Birhor community.They were mostly
dependent on traditional hunting and gathering mode of living. It is believed that the
nomadic Sabars of the present day and the Lodhas (a distortion of the Sanskrit word
10
lubdhaka meaning trappers or hunters) are descendants of the former nomadic hunting
communities.
The channels of communication were all-round with the main routes lying between
the Jungle Mahals and the sea-board, thus connecting Magadha and Suhma in the north
and Kalinga in the south. The route connecting Magadha andSuhma are still in existence,
now connecting Tamluk with Panskura, Medinipur and Garbeta, Simlipal along the right
bank of the Dwarakeswar river, stretching till the former Manbhum past Telkupi and Para
across the Damodar and Pareshnath hill to Rajgriha. The route connecting Kalinga on the
south stretches from Barddhaman via Riana, Khandagosh, Arambag and Goghat through
Kespur and Medinipur to Baleswar and Puri via Danton and has existed as an age-old
route. A kind of contradiction exists regarding the dominion of Chandragupta (321-297
B.C.)wherein it is conjectured whether the borderland (pratyanta –desha) was a part of the
Empire of Chandragupta. However, it is surmised that in all probability, it was, because
considering the significance of a port like Tamralipti, and Chandragupta’s indomitable
seize of a gargantuan proportion of land when he took over from his predecessor, Nanda
the sovereignty of the country of the Gangaridae, i.e. Bengal, with the probable inclusion
of Tamralipti, apart from other extensions spreading over a vast expanse i.e. from the
Arabian Sea to the Bay of Bengal.
The district became a place of great importance during the Mauryan Empire and
Tamralipti assumed great significance by becoming the principal port on the Bay of
Bengal during the reign of Asoka (circa 260 B.C.), Chandragupta’s great grandson, after
his victory in Kalinga. This can be reiterated from the fact that Asoka erected a stupa at
Tamralipti and as per records of Buddhist legends, he embarked on journeys for Ceylon
from here.
After the decline of the Mauryan Empire in circa 180 B.C., the kings of Kalinga
recovered their lost glory once again taking possession of Medinipurand consequently
making Kalinga independent. At that time, the district formed an inseparable part of the
Kingdom of Tamraliptithat belonged to Kalingaextending southwards from the junction of
the Ganges with sea.This has beenmention in the epic of Mahabharata too,allotting a
distinct entity to the district.
A change of hands found the district being ruled by the Gupta Emperors. The visit
of the Chinese pilgrim Fa-Hien coincided during the regime of Chandragupta
Vikramaditya (between 405-411 A.D.). He documented the presence of 24 Buddhist
monasteries in Tamralipti alone.Staying there for a period of two years, Fa-Hien satiated
his literary interests by writing copies of sacred books and drawing image-pictures. After
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that, he embarked on a merchant vessel fromTamraliptiand sailed to Ceylon which refers
that bythat time Tamralipti had been an important sea-port.
It is presumed that during the 6th century A.D., the district was no longer under
the Gupta Empire but was more under the Deva Rakshita instead. The 7th century A.D.
saw the district being conquered by the Bengal King Sasanka and subsequently by
Emperor Harshavardhana. The territories of both of these conquerors extended as far as
Ganjam in the south. Twin tanks at Dantan called Sasangir Dighi commemorate the rule
of Sasanka whereas Hiuen Tsiang (Yaun Chwang) visited the place during the reign of
Emperor Harshavardhana.
The kingdom of Tamralipti had a distinct entity for several centuries but lost the
same when it was eventually absorbed in the kingdom of Radhai.e. Western Bengal. It is
again presumed that the port of Tamralipti started declining since the time when
Chodaganga Deva, who defeated the King of Mandar and annexed the whole of southern
Radha including Medinipur. Then, the fate of Tamralipti dwindled converting into a mere
frontier town of the Ganga Kings frequently subjected to attacks and devastation.
The beginning of the Muslim period saw Medinipur forming the frontier of the
kingdom of Orissa. The rule, which lasted for four and half centuries, saw complete
mayhem and Medinipur was no exception.Being a frontier tract, Medinipur was the butt
of exposure to constant raids and invasions during that period. The turmoil that the
internal part of the country experienced during this period can be established from the
brief accounts provided in the biographies of Sri Chaitanya (1486-1533), the great
Vaisnavite scholar. The sad state of affairs can also be authenticated from the several
Hindu temples which lay in ruins; pirates who gathered on the rivers and robbers of the
land; villages were scarce and people feared the Yavanas. Cultivation and trade suffered
as well bringing about complete ruin of Tamraliptii.e.Tamluk.
The fortune of Orissa again changed hands when in 1568.Sulaiman Kararani, the
Afghan King of Bengal, sent a force under his son, Bayazid to conquer Orissa along with
Medinipur.Ultimatelythe whole of Orissa up to the Chilika Lake was conquered by the
Afghans. But this did not change the fate of Medinipur. Medinipur suffered as ever under
the Afghans and Sulaiman Kararani spent the last part of his life trying to suppress the
surge of revolts in Orissa. His son, Daud Khan became involved in war with the stature of
somebody as great as Emperor Akbar. The district became the battle field between
Afghans and Mughals for as long as 30 years fighting for control over Orissa and Bengal.
The fallout was the extreme suffering of people and a vivid account of such oppression has
been corroborated by Kavikankan Mukundaram Chakrabarty (circa 1600) in his
illustrious ‘Chandimangal’.
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The attacks and counterattacks by the warring factions of Afghans and Mughals
were numerous during this period. A battle of enormous stature took place between the
Afghans and the Mughals for the first time on 3rd March, 1575which extended over some
six miles and a sign of commemoration of this battle is evident from the name of a village
near the Orissa Trunk Road, two miles north of Danton village of presently Paschim
Medinipur called Mughalmari which means the Mughal’s slaughter. The battle also came
to be known as the battle of Mughalmari which was led by Todar Mal under the
viceroyship of Mughal Khan. Ultimately, the Afghans faced defeat and Daud Khan took
refuge in Cuttack and finally swore allegiance to the Mughal emperor by executing a
treaty by dint of which he was allowed to retain Orissa.
But things again saw a turnaround when Munim Khan (who was wounded in the
battle) perished due to fever at Gaur in October 1575. Seeing it as an opportune moment,
Daud Khan revolted and recaptured Bengal but this lasted only for a while. The Afghans
faced leadership problems as in July 1576; Daud Khan was defeated, captured and
executedat Rajmahal. The Afghans suffered temporary defeat as there was resurgence
when the formidable revolt broke out in the imperial army in 1580, the Afghans of Orissa
rose under Katlu Khan and in 1581 overran Orissa and the south-west of Bengal. He
could be subjugated by Akbar’s Generals only after the imperial authority was re-
established. A treaty was executed between the Viceroy of Bengal and Katlu Khan which
allowed Katlu Khan to retain Orissa including Medinipur as a tributary chief. During the
time of Man Singh, the then Governor of Bihar, Afghans revolted again under Usman
Shujawal and Orissa and Bengal went out of Mughal control. This could be termed as a
decisive battle under Man Singh’s command wherein Usman was killed resulting in defeat
of the Afghans. After this peace reigned as the Afghans were no longer capable of causing
any trouble.
The Afghan rule saw the district being compromised in two Sarkars, i.e. Jaleswar
and Mandaran. The Mandaran comprised its north-eastern and eastern portions
(Mahals,Chitwa, Mandalghat and Hijli). Sarkar Jaleswar comprised the rest of the district
with 23 or 24 Mahals which were included partly or wholly, the land revenue amounting
roughly to more than ten lakhs of rupees.Salt manufacturing seems to have started on the
sea board but whether revenue was generated from that source or from timber and other
forest produce is not known. The contending armies marched along the chief route which
was naturally the royal or Badshahi Road. The accounts of the marches helps determine
the extent of the road which starts from Jehanabad, where it was joined by roads from
Burdwan and Satgaon stretching south-west to Mandaran. From that point, it then clearly
passed due east to Medinipur along the same line as Grand Trunk Road; from Medinipur,
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it stretched a little towards the Orissa Trunk Road crossing old villages like Kesiari and
Gaganeswar finally merging into the Subarnarekha river at Jaleswar.
Under the Mughals, Medinipur continued to form part of Subah Orissa. A separate
Governor was sent directly from the imperial court during the reign of Jehangir. Shah
Jahan’s regime saw Shah Shuja, the second son of the Emperor being appointed the
Governor of Bengal and Orissa was also being controlled by him. A resettlement of Bengal
and Orissa was made at that point of time since the coast needed to be protected from
Portuguese predators and Arakan pirates.
The sheen of Tamluk as a sea-port had faded and the place became more of a slave
market. Ralph Fitch described Hijli as the great trade centre wherein many ships out of
India came and ‘lade from thence great store of rice and much cloth of cotton, wool and
sugar and long pepper, great store of butter and other victuals. Time and again, it turned
into the chief settlement of the Dutch, the Portuguese, the French and in the latter half of
the century, the English’.
There was an upsurge of violence during the 17th century and the district saw
disturbances thrice. The first one was witnessed in 1622 when Prince Khurram (later
Emperor Shah Jahan) revolted against his father Emperor Jahangir and marched
northwards from the Deccan through Orissa and Medinipur becoming the master of
Bengal for two years. But his advancement suffered hindrances when he was stopped by
the imperial forces near Allahabad and he fled to the Deccan through Medinipur. The
second time when there was disruption of peace was the breaking out of war between the
English and the Nawab. Job Charnock took possession of Hijli after abandoning Hooghly.
The third time peace was compromised in the district in 1696 when Shobha Singh, the
zamindar(land lord) of Chitwa and Barda (two Parganas in the Ghatal Sub-division) broke
out in rebellion with Rahim Khan, the chief of Afghans as ally. The loot and plunders by
the Afghans went unabated until they were subjugated by Prince Azim-us-Shan, the
newly appointed Governor of Bengal, who killed Rahim Khan defeating the Afghans and
thus, restoring tranquility within the district.
Murshid Khan, the first appointed Diwan (Prime Minister) of Bengal and Orissa
introduced more administrative changes in the beginning of the 18th century along with
grouping Bengal in 13 large divisions called chaklas. The district incorporated areas
which were divided between Chaklas Hijli (including the Salt Mahals), Hugli and
Bardhaman in addition to the zamindari of Tamluk. The chaklas were further sub-divided
into parganas. This did not last long as Ali Vardi Khan, who had just obtained Nawabship
of Bengal from the imperial Mughals attacked Murshid Kuli Khan. Ali Vardi Khan then
obtained the support of zamindars by enticing them with khilats and gifts and then
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moving on to Jaleswar, he forced the passage of the Subarnarekha river against some
troops of the Raja of Mayurbhanj and, in the process, decisively defeated Murshid Kuli
Khan, the Governor of Orissa in February 1741. Ali Vardi went back after capturing
Orissa but had to go back to Cuttack again after receiving the news that Murshid Kuli’s
son-in-law had captured his deputy. His journey to Cuttack was through Medinipur and
this time, he met with everlasting success. This celebration of victory could not last long
since he was again imparted the news during his return journey near Medinipur that the
Marathas had attacked. This was dismal with reflections of unpreparedness since Ali
Vardi’s new troops had dispersed by then, a huge chunk of the soldiers had obtained
permission to return to their homes and the counterattack was feeble since scant
resources were available to face 40,000 Maratha under Bhaskar Pandit who, at that point
of time, were already within 40 miles of Medinipur and approaching with tremendous
speed.
The several Maratha attacks continued well into the next half of the century. Ali
Vardi made such great blunders along with severe rainfall that at a certain point of time,
the whole district of Medinipur as well as the whole of Bengal, west of the Ganges had
been captured by the Marathas. After the rains ceased, the Marathas exhibited wisdom by
retreating from Medinipur to Orissa when Ali Vardi advanced. After a hiatus of five years,
in 1747, Ali Vardi Khan made Mir Jafar Khan,Faujdar of Medinipur and Hijli with
adequate arms to fight the battle as a measure to extricate the Marathas from Orissa and
further sent his grandson Siraj-ud-daula to Balasore to drive out the Marathas in 1750
after he himself marched to Medinipur.This did not, in any way, guarantee success which
was reflected in the further sequence of events. Frustration reigned in Ali Vardi’s camps
owing to his failing intelligence, the fallout of which was that the Marathas set up camps
in his old cantonments again. To aggravate matters further, Siraj-ud-daula had left for
Patna with the mission to set himself up as an independent ruler. Tired of all these, Ali
Vardi made truce with the Marathas in the year 1751. This was brought about by Ali
Vardi’s relinquishing the province of Orissa as demarcated by the river Subarnarekha
which was however, not the real boundary, as the Marathas had seized the territory
north-east of the river in Parganas Bhograi, Kamarda, Patashpur and Shahbanda and in
several villages of the present thana (Police Station) of Gopiballavpur.
A separate turn of events ensued in March 1760 when Emperor Shah Alam invaded
and the Marathas resurfaced in Medinipur. They exhibited height of deception by posing
as friend of the Emperor apart from taking advantage of the internal dissension in Bengal,
Their advance was steady which was a cause for concern for the British. This was owing
to the fact that not long before then, Medinipur had been surrendered to the British
15
through a treaty dated 27th September, 1760 which entailed that Mir Kasim, son-in-law
of Mir Zafar, would be appointed as Nawab Nazim and in return, three districts, namely
Chittagong, Barddhaman and Medinipur would be granted to the East India Company. To
curb the rise of the Marathas, Captain Martin White was appointed by the Company with
a detachment of Europeans and sepoys(soldiers) and some artillery to Medinipur, the
province which he could bring into order rapidlyfacing very little resistance.
The state of turmoil in Medinipur continued during the early days of British
Administration which was owing to the fact that being a border district, it was always
liable to be invaded by the Marathas. This was aggravated by location factors, that is, the
western portion full of dense forests coupled with the combination of the original
inhabitants and forest chiefs of the region against them. This was aggravated by exactions
demanded forcefully by armed sanyasins and fakirs(both meaning religious beggars).
These sannyasins, fakirs or religious beggars were mostly upcountry people who,
like vagabonds moved around in various places, but mostly sacred places. The bands of
such people increased in numbers when they were joined by local recruits who were
guided to do so by insecure and embittered chieftains whose freedom seemed to be
compromised by the British. These bands of people were found in the neighbourhood of
Khirpai(Ghatal Sub-division) in February 1773 and people tried their very best to obstruct
them. Thereafter, they were seen that year in the month of March in Raipur (now in
Bankura) and Captain Forbes was given the charge to handle them. Their journey
remained unabated with the troupe marching northwards from Balasore in October of the
same year and this time Lieutenant Hearsey was given the charge to defeat them.
Obviously, he too didn’t meet with much success because next when they arrived in
Mayurbhanj in November that year, Captain Thomson was accorded the responsibility to
curb their march if they crossed the British territory. Since they did not do this as well,
the question of obstructing them did not arise. They marched away to the hills en-route
Prayag (Allahabad).
The awakening of the Marthas was a phenomenal event in the beginning of the
18th century. There was an attempt by the feudal lieutenants of Sivaji Maharaj(king) to
set up a Hindu regime all over India. The Bhonsleys of Nagpur, who were provided with
economic help by the Gosain merchants in return for the monopoly right of collecting
revenue and control over trade centers, attacked Orissa. Names of Brahman-Viashnavas
like Sivbhatta Sathe, Sambhubharati Gosain, Udipuri Gosain etc. can be obtained from
the Calendar of Persian correspondence and the English correspondence. Their work
included money lending, trade of cotton and silk apart from preaching religion. Even
though they were termed Sannyasins, the Giri Maharajas of Madhya Pradesh acted like
16
oppressors, for which they could not gain the support of the common people when they
revolted against the British. They served as the agents of the Bhonsley Kings and
investors in Bargir hungama(attack). The Sannyasin revolt was a result of oppression of
the common people and hence, cannot be termed as a revolt at all.
Even though the Sannyasin Revolt cannot be termed as a revolt in the real sense,
the Chuar Rebellion, as termed by the British, was truly a protest of the peasants against
British misrule. The nomenclature of Chuars could be attributed to the actual so-called
wild tribes of the region even though the British historian J.C.Price referred to Chuars as
an outlandish fellow.
A huge number of people participated in the revolt including the aboriginal
derivatives and tribes who inhabited the Jungle Mahals, the tracts beyond them including
the communitieslike Bhanja, Kurmali, Kora, Bhumija, Kurmi, Bagdi, Lodha, Sadgop,
Mahato etc. aswell as some Muslims as seen from the list of rebels. Most of the rebels
were the Paiks (police) of the local chiefs under whom some Sardars were employed for
maintenance of law and order of their respective areas. The Paiks were not salaried staff
and used to work under them. In lieu of the work done, the Paiks would receive cultivable
lands either rent-free or by paying marginal rent. Such practice of feudal land tenure
system i.e. being compensated by cultivable land was seen in that region before the
British started forcible introduction of the loot-system. The Mughals did not oppose to the
feudal land tenure system. In fact, they showed leniency because of the wild nature of the
region. During the Mughal period, the Mughals never poked their noses in the local
administration and were happy with the payments the chieftains of the region used to pay
to the Mughals.
But trouble brewed when the zamindars were asked to pay the revenue at an
enhanced rate which the zamindars refused outright. In the year 1767, Lieutenant
Fergusson was appointed by Resident Graham to bring these chiefs around. The
acquiescence was divided since some didn’t oppose paying the higher revenue whereas
some were dead against such payment. The Zamindar of Ghatsila vehemently protested
against hiked payments and fighting aggressively against the Fergusson force did not
succeed in overpowering the British and managed to flee. The British took possession of
Ghatsila and made Jagannath Dhal, the absconding chief’s(zamindar) brother’s son
presuming that Jagannth Dhal would submit and pay the enhanced revenues. But their
aspirations proved to be a wet blanket as Jagannath followed his uncle’s footsteps and
like his uncle, he too fled to the deep ravines when the British sent after him to recover
the unpaid revenues. The British again placed somebody else on the throne which made
Jagannath furious and he revolted against the British. This was a unified effort and
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Captain Morgan was taken aback in 1768 to find that instead of a singular attack, the
whole country was against the British authorityequipped with arms.
The British were again able to restore tranquility, albeit temporarily, after they
returned the throne of Ghatsila to Jagannath Dhal in the year 1777. But there was a
repetition of the revolt in Bagri Paragana which was fallout of the company dethroning
Jadu Singh and placing his son Chhatra Singh in his stead since Jadu Singh had failed to
pay the enhanced revenue. Instead of feeling happy, it created resentment within Chhatra
Singh when he saw his father being manhandled by the British and decided to avenge this
insult. He did so with the help of tribal subjects which incorporated a long spell upto the
year 1783 and technically, in Government papers, this has been described as ‘the first
phase of Chuar Rebellion’.
The British kept experimenting with the land settlement process resulting in
turmoil all through the period. During the period from 1777 to 1786, the process
continued where the chiefs made yearly settlements with the zamindars. It ceased to be so
when Lord Cornwallis arrived in India in September, 1786 and the system of decennial
settlement was introduced by him in the year 1789-90. Before the expiry of its tenure, he
made a revision and re-introduced the infamous Permanent settlement. It was a policy
meant to extricate the zamindars if they did not agree to pay the enhanced revenue. The
onus of the law and order of the region lay on the zamindars which also was a matter of
great honour for the zamindars. But with new system coming in, the government took
over the responsibility of looking after the law and order situation. Since the zamindars
were no longer in charge, the livelihoods of the Paiks also started suffering. What the
paiks had enjoyed for so long namely the rent-free ‘Paikan land’ was now subjected to rent
at a very high rate.Since the existence of both the Zamindars and the paiks seemed to be
threatened, a combined revolt broke out. In the words of the then collector, “ …the ancient
occupants of the land, without having been charged with any crime or misconduct, saw
their supposed rights, founded upon long possession of them, deliberately invaded in
order to provide funds for the charges of the police, and at last found themselves either
stripped of all their possessions or subjected to new demands of rent, which they were
incapable of paying.” (part of the report to the Board on 25th May 1799).
The revolution gathered momentum in the western part of Medinipur alongwith
other districts in the year 1798-99. As per government papers, it has been termed as ‘the
second phase of the Chuar Rebellion.’ And in this Rebellion, Karnagarh, Shiromani,
Panchkuri, Salboni, Keshpur, Anandapur, Dhalhara, Dharenda, Ramgarh, Silda,
Gopiballavpur, Narajol, Bagri, Chandrakona, Mayna, Jaleswar etc., served as the main
outposts of the rebels. Gobardhan Dikpati of Bagri, Rani Shiromani of Karnagarh and
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Durjan Singh of Raipur led the revolt. In order to curb the momentum of the revolt, the
British force took simultaneous steps of toning down human torture as well as bringing
about reduction in the amount of revenue to be paid on the part of the zamindars.
Soon after the district surrendered to the British by a treaty dated 27th September,
1760, Captain White was entrusted with the job of countering the Marathas with a
detachment of Europeans and sepoys and some artillery and to hastily bring back the
situation in the district under control. However,the Maratha chapter stretched for the next
thirty years and the south-western frontier saw frequent disputes with the Marathas. The
company reported that the repeated raids by the Marathas became a matter of great
concern. A Maratha Zamindarnamed Pakra Bhuiya raided and plundered several villages
of Pargana Naurangachaur in March 1799and repeated the same episode in the following
May of the same year. The Marathas surrounded the sepoy guards at the villages of
Susania and Nalpura with the aid of a contingent called Bir Prasad Chaudhuri of
Balarampur. The Marathas created problems in Patashpur too in the same year. “The
Maratha possessions in Midnapore and the adjoining tracts were at this time under the
Faujdar of Balasore, and to guard their interests the East India Company had a resident
at Balasore, who also acted as Post Master and an agent for Maratha salt. This
arrangement continued till the British conquest of Orissa in 1803. In September of that
year Colonel Fergusson’s detachment at Jaleswar marched towards Balasor, of which they
took possession without loss;and at the same time a small force occupied Patashpur. But
the treaty concluded in the same year, the Pargana was ceded to the English with Orissa”
(quoted from Bengal District Gazetteers: Midnaporeby L.S.S.O’Malley).
The district of Medinipur had no boundary during the start of the British rule. The
British changed the boundary of Medinipur several times during the period of 1760-1805.
The year 1772 saw East India Company constituting a Revenue Committee for facilitation
of revenue-collection. The Hooghly Collectorate incorporating Tamluk, Mahisadal and Hijli
was one of the then 13 Collectorates. The Collectorates of Barddhaman and Medinipur
were constituted in the year 1772-73 during which the Pargana of Jaleswar went to
Medinipur. Hooghly, Hijli, Mahisadal and Tamluk became parts of the Revenue Council in
November 1773. Barddhaman, Medinipur, Vishnupur, Pachet, Birbhum and Ramgarh
were parts of the Barddhaman Committee.Bengal got divided into 28 districts in the year
1773 and the big districts were sometimes referred to as ‘provinces’. Even Medinipur was,
at times, referred to as;Medinipur Province’ in the Revenue Records. The districts of Hijli
and Tamluk jointly started being called ‘Nimak Mahal’ in the year 1780. The year 1787
saw the formation of 14 Collectorates. The two large Fiscal Divisions of Tamluk and
Mahisadal, which had, till then, been the separate jurisdiction of Hooghly were transferred
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to Medinipur on 10th February, 1790. Till the year 1836, Hijli remained a separate
Collectorate following which it was annexed to Medinipur barring Fiscal Divisions of
Bhograi, Kumardachaur and Patashpur which had formerly been parts of Hijli. The Fiscal
Divisions of Bhograi, Kumardachaur and Patashpur were transferred to Orissa district of
Balasore. Bagri Pargana, as a whole, which had earlier been part of Barddhaman, was
annexed to Medinipur. After Patashpur, Bhograi and Kamardachaur were separated from
Orissa, they were annexed to Medinipur in the year 1803. The Jungle Mahal district,
constituted in 1805 incorporated Chhatna, Barabhum, Supur, Ambikanagar, Simlapal
and Bhaliadihi which had been taken away from Medinipur and formed parts of Jungle
Mahal. The year 1806 saw the annexation of Maratha Parganas to Hijli Salt Agency.
Almost at the end of the 19th century, Medinipur incorporated Chandrakona Fiscal
Division by severing it from Hooghly.
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Administrative set up of the district: (i) Region of the state where district is located :
The district of Paschim Medinipur falls under the southernmost district of Burdwan
Division of West Bengal and it is situated between 22057’10” and 21036’ 35” North latitude
and between 88012’40” and 86033’50” East longitude. (geographically)
(ii) Total number of CD Blocks or the next Administrative units after district and changes therein including jurisdictional changes during 2001-2011 :
The district has 4 (four) Sub-divisions, viz. Kharagpur Sub-division, Medinipur
Sadar Sub-division, Ghatal Sub-division and Jhargram Sub-division. There are 29
Community Development (C.D.) Blocks and 8 Municipalities in the district. Kharagpur
Sub-division has got 10 C.D. Blocks namely Dantan-I, Dantan-II, Pingla, Kharagpur-I,
Kharagpur-II, Sabang, Mohanpur, Narayangarh, Keshiyari and Debra. Medinipur Sadar
Sub-division has got 6 C.D. Blocks namely Midnapore, Garhbeta-I, Garhbeta-II,
Garhbeta-III, Keshpur and Salboni. Ghatal Sub-division has got 5 C.D. Blocks namely
Chandrakona-I, Chandrakora-II, Daspur-I, Daspur-II and Ghatal. Jhargram Sub-division
has got 8 C.D. Blocks namely Binpur-I, Binpur-II, Jamboni, Jhargram, Gopiballavpur-I,
Gopiballavpur-II, Nayagram and Sankrail.
There are 28 Police Stations (P.S.) in the district. Under Kharagpur Sub-division 10
P.S. are situated viz. Dantan, Belda, Pingla, Kharagpur (L), Kharagpur (T), Sabong,
Mohanpur, Narayangarh, Keshiary and Debra. Under Medinipur Sadar Sub-division 6
P.S. are situated viz. Medinipur, Gorbeta, Goaltore, Keshpur, Anandapur and Salboni.
Under Ghatal Sub-division 3 P.S. are situated viz. Chandrakona, Daspur and Ghatal.
Under Jhargram Sub-division 9 P.S. are situated viz. Belpahari, Binpur, Lalgarh,
Jamboni, Jhargram, Gopivallavpur, Beliaberah, Nayagram and Sankrail.
(iii) Total number of Towns/Villages etc. : As per Census of India, there are 19 urban units in Paschim Medinipur district.
There are 8 nos. of municipalities in the district viz. Ramjibanpur, Kshirpai,
Chandrakona, Kharar, Ghaltal, Medinipur, Jhargram and Kharagpur. The remaining are
classified as Census or Non-municipal towns numbering 11 and viz. Shilda, Amlagora,
Garbeta, Durllabhganj, Dwari Geria, Naba Kola, Kharagpur Rly. Settlement, Kaliakunda,
Balichak, Deuli and Chaulia.
A total of 8,695 villages are distributed in 29 C.D. Blocks of the district.
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(iv) If the district is newly created, the area from which it has been carved out :
It is a newly formed district created on 1st January, 2002 after bifurcation of
erstwhile Medinipur district.
(v) Urban Local Bodies : India has seen the formation of urban local bodies since the time of Indus Valley
Civilization. The first Municipal Corporation was set up at erstwhile Madras (now
Chennai) under a charter granted by James-II during the British rule in 1687. There are
different types of urban local bodies, namely, Municipal Corporations, Municipal
Councils, Municipalities, Notified Area Committees, Cantonment Boards etc. Except the
Cantonment Boards all other types of municipal bodies are governed by the state
municipal laws. Cantonment Boards are controlled by the Central Act called Cantonment
Acts, 1924. A municipality is constituted with elected members of the inhabitants of a city
or town and municipal corporations, and is created by the enactment of State Legislatures
or of Parliament in case of Union Territories. The area which does not fulfil all the
conditions laid down as necessary for the constitution of a municipality or it may also be
created for newly developing towns or areas are known as Notified Area Committee.
Except Notified Area, the councils of all these corporate bodies comprise of elected
members of the public through adult franchise (citizen of 18 years and above) based on
secret ballot. The notified area is governed by the state governments through a body
nominated by it. Apart from overall planning, creation and maintenance of Civil
Administration, the primary object of every urban local body is to provide certain civic
amenities to the people.
There are 8 municipalities in the district namely Kharagpur, Medinipur,
Ramjibanpur, Chandrakona, Kshirpai, Kharar, Ghatal and Jhargram. Among them
Medinipur Municipality is the oldest, established on 1865. Afterwards in the year 1869
another 2 municipalities viz. Ghatal and Chandrakona were formed. The municipalities of
Ramjibanpur and Kshirpai were established in the year 1876 and the municipality of
Kharar in the year 1888. After independence, 3 more municipalities were established viz.
Kharagpur in 1954, Contai in 1958 and Jhargram in 1982.
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Civil Administration : The Civil Administration of the district is consisted of District Magistrate as the
Principal Executive of the district along with 4 Sub-divisional Officers (S.D.O.s) being Sub-
divisional heads of Kharagpur, Medinipur Sadar, Ghatal and Jhargram Sub-divisions. The
C.D. Blocks are headed by the Block Development Officers under the control of the
S.D.O.s. Under the Police Administration, Superintendent of Police is the head of the
district under which 4 Sub-divisional Police Officers with Inspector In-Charges or Officer-
In-Charges for 28 Police Stations of the district are in function. From the Judicial point of
view, District Judge is the head of the District Judiciary and Sub-divisional Judicial
Magistrates are the head at the Sub-divisional levels.
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District Highlights - 2011 Census
District Paschim Medinipur comprises of 29 C.D. Blocks and 8 Statutory Towns.
There are total 8,694 Villages and 11 Census Towns in the District.
Paschim Medinipur District ranks 5th in terms of Population and Child (0-6 year’s)Population
in the State.
Paschim Medinipur District occupies 9th position in terms of Scheduled CastesPopulation in
the State.
Paschim Medinipur District has the highest Scheduled TribesPopulation in the State.
The percentage of urban share of Population of Paschim Medinipur District has increased
from 11.9% (2001 Census) to 12.2% (2011 Census) of Total Population of respective Census.
The decadal Population growth rate of the District is 13.9% and it is almost at par with the
State average of 13.8%. In this category it ranks 9th along with Jalpaiguri District.
The density of Population (Population per square km) of the District is 631 per square km
which makes its rank 15th in the State.
The Sex Ratio of the District is 966 (No. of females per 1000 males) which is well above the
State’s Sex Ratio (950) and it ranks 2nd in the State but it slides down to 3rd position when
only Rural Sex Ratio (965) is considered. In case of Scheduled TribesPopulation the Sex Ratio
is just 1,001 and it ranks 5th in the State.
Paschim Medinipur District has the highest Sex Ratio for Scheduled Caste Populationalong
with district Bankura. The ratio is 979 females per thousand males.
In case of proportion of Child Population (0-6 year’s), Paschim Medinipur District ranks 9th
along with district Bankura in the State (11.6%).
Paschim Medinipur District has experienced increment in Child Sex Ratio (CSR) from 959 in
2001 Census to 963 in 2011 Census whereas for the State as a whole there is a decline from
960 in 2001 Census to 956 in 2011 Census.
Literacy Rate of the District is 78.0% (little higher than the State average of 76.3%) thereby
making its rank 7th in the State.
The Work Participation Rate has risen from 41.0 (in 2001 Census) to 42.4 (in 2011 Census)
and in this case it ranks 2nd in the State.
In Paschim Medinipur District the percentage of Main Workers to Total Workers has dropped
from 68.8 in 2001 Census to 60.2 in 2011 Census similar to the State where the percentage
78.1 in 2001 Census dips into 73.9 in 2011 Census.
There are 6 (six) Villages in the district having Population 10,000 and above.
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BhulkaChak (Garbeta-I C.D. Block) andHijaltalaBatitaki (Sabang C.D Block) are the least
populated Villages in the District with only one person residing in each of the villages.
Chanipat (Daspur-II C.D. Block) is the most populated (Population 16,345) Village in the
District.
Keshpur C.D. Block has the highest number of Villages (634) and Daspur-II C.D. Block has the
lowest number of Villages (87) in the District.
Paschim Medinipur District has the 2nd highest area (9368.00 sq km) in the State.
Cultivators and Agricultural Labourers constitute the main work force of the District. They
are 22.8% and 44.0% of the Total Workers respectively.
There are 1094 uninhabited Villages in the District.
Number of Villages Total 40,203 8,694 Inhabited 37,468 7,600 Uninhabited 2,735 1,094
Number of Towns Statutory 129 8 Census 780 11 Total 909 19
Number of Households Normal 2,03,09,872 12,97,640 Institutional 41,796 2,966 Houseless 28,647 1,004
Population Total Persons 9,12,76,115 59,13,457 Males 4,68,09,027 30,07,885 Females 4,44,67,088 29,05,572
Rural Persons 6,21,83,113 51,90,771 Males 3,18,44,945 26,41,721 Females 3,03,38,168 25,49,050
Urban Persons 2,90,93,002 7,22,686 Males 1,49,64,082 3,66,164 Females 1,41,28,920 3,56,522
Percentage Urban Population 31.87 12.22
Number Percentage Number Percentage
Persons 1,10,99,918 13.84 7,20,046 13.86
Males 53,43,042 12.89 3,59,837 13.59
Females 57,56,876 14.87 3,60,209 14.15
Area (in sq Km.) 88752 9368.00
1028 631
Sex Ratio Total 950 966 (Number of females per 1000 males) Rural 953 965
Urban 944 974
District
Important Statistics
Decadal Population Growth 2001-2011
Density of Population (Persons per sq Km.)
State
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Important Statistics
Number Percentage Number Percentage
Literates Persons 6,15,38,281 76.26 40,78,412 78.00Males 3,38,18,810 81.69 22,66,913 85.26Females 2,77,19,471 70.54 18,11,499 70.50
Scheduled Castes Persons 2,14,63,270 23.51 11,28,269 19.08Males 1,10,03,304 23.51 5,70,125 18.95Females 1,04,59,966 23.52 5,58,144 19.21
Scheduled Tribes Persons 52,96,953 5.8 8,80,015 14.88Males 26,49,974 5.66 4,39,831 14.62Females 26,46,979 5.95 4,40,184 15.15
Workers and Non-WorkersPersons 3,47,56,355 38.08 25,09,159 42.43Males 2,67,16,047 57.07 17,57,358 58.43Females 80,40,308 18.08 7,51,801 25.87
(i) Main Workers Persons 2,56,86,630 28.14 15,10,548 25.54Males 2,16,78,279 46.31 12,52,207 41.63Females 40,08,351 9.01 2,58,341 8.89
(ii) Marginal Workers Persons 90,69,725 9.94 9,98,611 16.89Males 50,37,768 10.76 5,05,151 16.79Females 40,31,957 9.07 4,93,460 16.98
Non-Workers Persons 5,65,19,760 61.92 34,04,298 57.57Males 2,00,92,980 42.93 12,50,527 41.57Females 3,64,26,780 81.92 21,53,771 74.13
(i) Cultivators Persons 51,16,688 14.72 5,72,268 22.81Males 45,00,041 16.84 4,86,821 27.70Females 6,16,647 7.67 85,447 11.37
(ii)Agricultural Labourers Persons 1,01,88,842 29.32 11,05,201 44.05Males 74,52,814 27.9 6,74,153 38.36Females 27,36,028 34.03 4,31,048 57.34
Persons 24,64,124 7.09 1,42,602 5.68Males 11,14,683 4.17 58,535 3.33Females 13,49,441 16.78 84,067 11.18
(iv) Other Workers Persons 1,69,86,701 48.87 6,89,088 27.46Males 1,36,48,509 51.09 5,37,849 30.61Females 33,38,192 41.52 1,51,239 20.12
Total Workers (Main and Marginal)
Category of Workers (Main & Marginal)
(iii)Workers in household industry
State District
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Section - I
Primary Census Abstract (PCA)
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Brief Note on Primary Census Abstract
Introduction: The Indian Census has the reputation of being one of the best in the world. The first Census in India was conducted in the year 1872. This was conducted at different points of time in different parts of the country. In 1881 a Census was taken for the entire country simultaneously. Since then, Census has been conducted every ten years, without a break. Thus, the Census of India 2011 was the fifteenth in this unbroken series since 1872, the seventh after independence and the second census of the third millennium and twenty first century. The census has been uninterruptedly continued despite of several adversities like wars, epidemics, natural calamities, political unrest, etc.
The Census of India is conducted under the provisions of the Census Act 1948 and the Census Rules, 1990. In Censuses until 1931, a synchronous de-facto method was adopted wherein the Census was conducted throughout the country on a single night. This being a very costly affair and involved the deployment of very large force at one point of time was given up in 1941. Since then the same methodology has been followed in all the Censuses. It is a gigantic operation and considered to be the single largest, complex, peace time administrative exercise in the world.
The Census Operation in India is carried out in two distinct but inter connected phases - the House listing and Housing Census followed by the Population Enumeration. During the first phase of Census 2011 i.e., House listing and Housing Census, the buildings, census houses and households were identified and systematically listed in the House Listing and Housing Census Schedule during the period April to September, 2010 in different States/Union Territories. Apart from listing of houses, some useful data on the amenities available to the households was also collected for assessing condition of human settlements, housing deficits etc.
Censuses prior to Census 2001 had the system of collecting the information through Individual Slip which was a key schedule for every individual. The information collected through slip was then compiled for a household. Some information was also collected in addition to this for the household. During 2001 Census a comprehensive Household Schedule was adopted replacing the individual slip concept. In 2011 Census also similar household schedule was used for canvassing. The scope of demographic, socio-economic parameters has been widened in every census.
2. Population Enumeration - Census 2011:
The field work of the second phase i.e. Population Enumeration was carried out during February-March, 2011. One of the essential features of Population Enumeration in the second phase was that each person was enumerated and her/his individual particulars were collected at a well-defined point of time.
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The Census moment and the reference date for the Census of India 2011 was 00:00 hours of 1st March, 2011. The enumeration was conducted from 9th February to 28th February, 2011 along with a revisional round from 1st March, 2011 to 5th March, 2011 synchronously all over the country except for few specific areas of the Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand states that remain snowbound in February. In these locations the population enumeration was done from 11th September, 2010 to 30th September, 2010 along with a revisional round from 1st October, 2010 to 5th October, 2010. The reference date for the census in snow bound non-synchronous areas of these states was 00.00 hours of the first day of October, 2010. In addition to the coverage during House listing & Housing Census, the enumeration of the Houseless population was carried out on the night of 28th February, 2011, as has been the usual practice. For the purpose of Census, certain areas where the access of the civilian enumerators was not permissible due to security reasons termed as ‘Special Charges’ such as the Defence and strictly Military/Para-Military areas, including operational areas were also covered. Such areas were not covered during the House listing & Housing Census. In addition to the defence/para-military areas, Special Charges also included certain factory areas, certain colonies, sensitive areas, scientific establishments, etc. These also formed Special Charges as these were not accessible by the usual census enumerator.
3. Quality Assurance: A Task Force for Quality Assurance (TFQA) functioned under the chairmanship of the RG & CCI. Experienced officers of the different divisions of the organization i.e. Heads and senior officers of the Census Division, Data Processing Division, Map Division, Demography Division and Social Studies Division comprised the TFQA. The Directors of Census Operations were co-opted as members whenever the TFQA discussed the data for their States/Union territories. The main objective of constituting the TFQA was to subject the data to stringent validation checks and ensure its quality before release as it was expedient to be satisfied itself about the quality of data before putting the same in public domain.
The Directors and their senior officers were involved at all levels with respect to the quality and the coverage of their states/Uts. The TFQA intensively scrutinized coverage and content parameters including edit and imputation logic. The most important aspect of the data quality was to ensure complete coverage of all geographical areas especially for the population enumeration phase where the data is disseminated right up to the village level in the rural areas and the ward level in the urban areas. Thus ensuring the complete coverage and correct geographical linkage of each enumeration block was one of the major planks of the quality control, especially for small area population statistics. The content was scrutinized mainly through the process of internal consistency, comparison with similar data in the past and also through validation with likewise data if available, from external sources. Quite often the local knowledge and perception was looked at to understand both the existing and the new emerging trends of
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population dist