Ocular diseasesHow important are your EYES???

And how worse the conditions can get?In what ways “no tears baby shampoo” can help you?

By Kinza Waqar

1. pre-orbital eye infections

Anterior Blepharitis• Targets? • Affects the lid where eyelashes attach• Chronic infection…. • S.areus• Clinical features: Lash loss

Posterior Blepharitis

• Targets? Affects the inner portion of the eyelid

• Clinical features:• Infection can cause and ‘internal Stye’

DIAGNOSIS• A slit-lamp examination can

diagnose blepharitis in the clinic.

• Treatment• Careful daily cleansing of the eyelid edges

helps remove the skin oils that cause bacteria to grow too much

• use of baby shampoo or special cleansers. Antibiotic ointments may also be helpful.

Canaliculitis

• Target area: canaliculi• Clinical features:a. Formation of gritty casts that obstruct the

lacrimal duct leading to eye wateringb. Nasal lid swellingc. Chronic conjunctivitis• Treatment:• Antibiotics

canaculotomy

Dacryocystitis• Target area: Inflamation of lacrimal sac• Culprits: S.aureus• Symptom: a. eye wateringb. Pain in or near the tear sac• Treatment:• Orbital massage in new borns and antibiotics

in adults

Questions…..

Thank you

Syeda Kashmala Zahra

Conjunctivitis

Inflammation of the conjunctiva and inner surface of eyelids.Most common ocular inflammation.Can be a local infection or part of

systemic infection.

Conjunctivitis

AllergicBacterial (most common)Viral (most common)-AdenovirusChemical

CAUSES

Transmission of Etiologic AgentPerson-to-person contact.Infected objects and water.

PreventionMaintain good hygiene and wash hands often.Change pillowcases frequently. Replace eye

cosmetics regularly.Do not share eye cosmetics, towels or

handkerchiefs.Handle and clean contact lenses properly.Keep hands away from the eye.

Signs and Symptoms

Viral (Pink Eye)• Shows a fine, diffuse pinkness of the conjunctiva.

BacterialPus production

DiagnosisLaboratory investigations are not performed for

most virus caused infections.Conjunctival scraping and swabs are taken for

Gram stain and culture ( on blood, chocolate and Sabouraud agar)

Immunofluorescent staining PCR for viral diagnostics.

TreatmentDepends on cause.Allergic conjunctivitis may respond to allergy treatment.

Cool compresses and artificial tears may sooth it.

Persistent allergic conjunctivitis may also require topical steroid drops.

Antibiotic medication like eyedrops and ointments.

Warm compresses.

And He gave you hearing, sight, and hearts that you might give thanks (to Allah} (An-Nahl 78)

THANK YOU

INFECTIONS IN SPECIAL PATIENTS

POPULATION

WHAT ARE SPECIAL PATIENTS?

Special patients are the people who have their

defense mechanisms of the body impaired by any means

which leads to repeated infections of varying severity

in them

BACTERIAL INFECTIONS

MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS

Discovered by ROBERT KOCH in 1992

Causative agent of Tuberculosis (TB)

TRANSMISSION

TYPES OF TBTUBERCULOSIS

LATENT TB INFECTION

TB DISEASE

SYMPTOMS

SHORTNESS OF BREATH

FEVER LOSS OF APPETITE

COUGH CHEST PAIN

WEIGHT LOSS

DIAGNOSIS Tuberculin skin test Acid fast staining Chest radiographs

CHEST RADIOGRAPHS Can reveal evidence of active

tuberculosis pneumonia.

TREATMENT

The vaccine is a live vaccine, derived from a strain of Mycobacterium bovis. It was first administered to humans in 1921.

THANK YOU

RICKETTSIAL INFECTIONSOROOJ SURRIYA

INTRODUCTION

• Almost all rickettsial infections are zoonotic

• Causative agent : Rickettsia

TRANSMISSION

• The arthropods used as vectors feed on blood or tissue fluid of vertebrate host.

DIAGNOSIS

• First of all it is diagnosed on the basis of clinical symptoms

Microscopic Examination

Giemsa staining

• Serological tests : ELISA

• Molecular biology based detection :

DNA

Rickettisia PCR

SAMPLE

Zoonosis

Ameema Tariq

Definition

• Zooneses are diseases of vertebrate animals that can be transmitted to man: either directly or indirectly through an insect vector.

• When an insect vector is involved, the disease is also known as an arboviral disease.

• Examples of viral zoonoses that can be transmitted to man directly include rabies, hantaviruses, lassa and ebola fevers.

Reverse Zoonosis• If the transmission is from humans to non-

human animals then the process is termed as reverse zoonosis or anthroponosis.

Zoonoses• Does NOT include – Fish and reptile toxins– Allergies to vertebrates– Experimentally transmitted diseases

Zoonoses: Animal Species

BIRDS REPTILES, AMPHIBIANS FISH WILD

ANIMALS

Psittacosis West Nile

Cryptococcus

REPTILES, FISH, & AMPHIBIANS

salmonella

mycobacterium

WILD ANIMALS

hantavirus

Plague

Tularemia

Routes of Transmission

DIRECTDroplet or Aerosol

Oral Contact

INDIRECT Foodborne

Water-borneFomite

Vector-borneEnvironmental

ORTHOZOONOSES

–May be perpetuated in nature by a

single vertebrate species

–E.g. rabies,anthrax

–Require both vertebrates and invertebrates to complete transmission–All arboviral infections –Some bacterial diseases–Some parasitic diseases

METAZOONOSES

Metazoonoses

• Invertebrate Host: Mosquitoes• Vertebrate Host: Birds • Incidental Hosts: • HUMANS, horses, amphibians, other

mammals

METAZOONOSES

Zoonoses: Etiologic Classification

Viral

Bacterial

Parasitic

Mycotic

Rabies Virus

Rabies virus particles

26

helical nucleocapsid (RNA plus N protein)

G glycoprotein SPIKES

lipid bilayer membrane

polymerase complex

M protein

RHABDOVIRUSES

Structure of rabies virus

Negri Body in neuron cell (source: CDC)

Diagnosis of Rabies

Positive DFA test (Source: CDC

Knowledge sharing

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