Ocular diseases
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Transcript of Ocular diseases
Ocular diseasesHow important are your EYES???
And how worse the conditions can get?In what ways “no tears baby shampoo” can help you?
By Kinza Waqar
1. pre-orbital eye infections
Anterior Blepharitis• Targets? • Affects the lid where eyelashes attach• Chronic infection…. • S.areus• Clinical features: Lash loss
Posterior Blepharitis
• Targets? Affects the inner portion of the eyelid
• Clinical features:• Infection can cause and ‘internal Stye’
DIAGNOSIS• A slit-lamp examination can
diagnose blepharitis in the clinic.
• Treatment• Careful daily cleansing of the eyelid edges
helps remove the skin oils that cause bacteria to grow too much
• use of baby shampoo or special cleansers. Antibiotic ointments may also be helpful.
Canaliculitis
• Target area: canaliculi• Clinical features:a. Formation of gritty casts that obstruct the
lacrimal duct leading to eye wateringb. Nasal lid swellingc. Chronic conjunctivitis• Treatment:• Antibiotics
canaculotomy
Dacryocystitis• Target area: Inflamation of lacrimal sac• Culprits: S.aureus• Symptom: a. eye wateringb. Pain in or near the tear sac• Treatment:• Orbital massage in new borns and antibiotics
in adults
Questions…..
Thank you
Syeda Kashmala Zahra
Conjunctivitis
Inflammation of the conjunctiva and inner surface of eyelids.Most common ocular inflammation.Can be a local infection or part of
systemic infection.
Conjunctivitis
AllergicBacterial (most common)Viral (most common)-AdenovirusChemical
CAUSES
Transmission of Etiologic AgentPerson-to-person contact.Infected objects and water.
PreventionMaintain good hygiene and wash hands often.Change pillowcases frequently. Replace eye
cosmetics regularly.Do not share eye cosmetics, towels or
handkerchiefs.Handle and clean contact lenses properly.Keep hands away from the eye.
Signs and Symptoms
Viral (Pink Eye)• Shows a fine, diffuse pinkness of the conjunctiva.
BacterialPus production
DiagnosisLaboratory investigations are not performed for
most virus caused infections.Conjunctival scraping and swabs are taken for
Gram stain and culture ( on blood, chocolate and Sabouraud agar)
Immunofluorescent staining PCR for viral diagnostics.
TreatmentDepends on cause.Allergic conjunctivitis may respond to allergy treatment.
Cool compresses and artificial tears may sooth it.
Persistent allergic conjunctivitis may also require topical steroid drops.
Antibiotic medication like eyedrops and ointments.
Warm compresses.
And He gave you hearing, sight, and hearts that you might give thanks (to Allah} (An-Nahl 78)
THANK YOU
INFECTIONS IN SPECIAL PATIENTS
POPULATION
WHAT ARE SPECIAL PATIENTS?
Special patients are the people who have their
defense mechanisms of the body impaired by any means
which leads to repeated infections of varying severity
in them
BACTERIAL INFECTIONS
MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS
Discovered by ROBERT KOCH in 1992
Causative agent of Tuberculosis (TB)
TRANSMISSION
TYPES OF TBTUBERCULOSIS
LATENT TB INFECTION
TB DISEASE
SYMPTOMS
SHORTNESS OF BREATH
FEVER LOSS OF APPETITE
COUGH CHEST PAIN
WEIGHT LOSS
DIAGNOSIS Tuberculin skin test Acid fast staining Chest radiographs
CHEST RADIOGRAPHS Can reveal evidence of active
tuberculosis pneumonia.
TREATMENT
The vaccine is a live vaccine, derived from a strain of Mycobacterium bovis. It was first administered to humans in 1921.
THANK YOU
RICKETTSIAL INFECTIONSOROOJ SURRIYA
INTRODUCTION
• Almost all rickettsial infections are zoonotic
• Causative agent : Rickettsia
TRANSMISSION
• The arthropods used as vectors feed on blood or tissue fluid of vertebrate host.
DIAGNOSIS
• First of all it is diagnosed on the basis of clinical symptoms
Microscopic Examination
Giemsa staining
• Serological tests : ELISA
• Molecular biology based detection :
DNA
Rickettisia PCR
SAMPLE
Zoonosis
Ameema Tariq
Definition
• Zooneses are diseases of vertebrate animals that can be transmitted to man: either directly or indirectly through an insect vector.
• When an insect vector is involved, the disease is also known as an arboviral disease.
• Examples of viral zoonoses that can be transmitted to man directly include rabies, hantaviruses, lassa and ebola fevers.
Reverse Zoonosis• If the transmission is from humans to non-
human animals then the process is termed as reverse zoonosis or anthroponosis.
Zoonoses• Does NOT include – Fish and reptile toxins– Allergies to vertebrates– Experimentally transmitted diseases
Zoonoses: Animal Species
BIRDS REPTILES, AMPHIBIANS FISH WILD
ANIMALS
Psittacosis West Nile
Cryptococcus
REPTILES, FISH, & AMPHIBIANS
salmonella
mycobacterium
WILD ANIMALS
hantavirus
Plague
Tularemia
Routes of Transmission
DIRECTDroplet or Aerosol
Oral Contact
INDIRECT Foodborne
Water-borneFomite
Vector-borneEnvironmental
ORTHOZOONOSES
–May be perpetuated in nature by a
single vertebrate species
–E.g. rabies,anthrax
–Require both vertebrates and invertebrates to complete transmission–All arboviral infections –Some bacterial diseases–Some parasitic diseases
METAZOONOSES
Metazoonoses
• Invertebrate Host: Mosquitoes• Vertebrate Host: Birds • Incidental Hosts: • HUMANS, horses, amphibians, other
mammals
METAZOONOSES
Zoonoses: Etiologic Classification
Viral
Bacterial
Parasitic
Mycotic
Rabies Virus
Rabies virus particles
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helical nucleocapsid (RNA plus N protein)
G glycoprotein SPIKES
lipid bilayer membrane
polymerase complex
M protein
RHABDOVIRUSES
Structure of rabies virus
Negri Body in neuron cell (source: CDC)
Diagnosis of Rabies
Positive DFA test (Source: CDC
Knowledge sharing
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