NeuroanatomyNeuroanatomy

Seikel, Chapter 12Seikel, Chapter 12

OverviewOverview

Voluntary for communication seen in light Voluntary for communication seen in light of the context of automaticity and of the context of automaticity and background.background.

Automaticity-development of patterns of Automaticity-development of patterns of responses that no longer demand responses that no longer demand specific motor controlspecific motor control

Background-muscular contraction that Background-muscular contraction that supports action or movementsupports action or movement

Voluntary activities are considered to be Voluntary activities are considered to be voluntary activities, but are actually voluntary activities, but are actually automated responses.automated responses.

Automatic functions are supported by Automatic functions are supported by background tonicity - a partial contraction background tonicity - a partial contraction as muscle toneas muscle tone

The body works as a unit to meet needs.The body works as a unit to meet needs.

Cerebral cortex or cerebrum - Voluntary Cerebral cortex or cerebrum - Voluntary movement, consciousnessmovement, consciousness

Cerebellum – movement coordinationCerebellum – movement coordination Basal ganglia- modifies output from cerebrum- Basal ganglia- modifies output from cerebrum-

involved in backgroundinvolved in background Neural pathways, nerves or tractsNeural pathways, nerves or tracts

Motor commands conveyed to the peripheryMotor commands conveyed to the periphery Sensory information transmitted to the brain for Sensory information transmitted to the brain for

evaluationevaluation

Sensors and EffectorsSensors and Effectors

Sensors relay information from the Sensors relay information from the environment to the brainenvironment to the brain

Effectors are the means to respond to Effectors are the means to respond to changing conditionschanging conditions

Superficial sensation – temperature, pain, Superficial sensation – temperature, pain, touchtouch

Deep sensation – muscle tension, muscle Deep sensation – muscle tension, muscle length, point position sense, muscle pain, length, point position sense, muscle pain, pressure, and vibrationpressure, and vibration

Types of SensationTypes of Sensation

Somatic sense – pain, temp, stimSomatic sense – pain, temp, stim Kinesthetic sense – body in motionKinesthetic sense – body in motion Special senses – transduce informationSpecial senses – transduce information

VisionVision HearingHearing OlfactionOlfaction TactileTactile GustationGustation

Sensor types vary by Sensor types vary by the stimulus to which the stimulus to which they respondthey respond

Synapse – dendritic Synapse – dendritic connection with connection with bipolar first-order bipolar first-order sensory neuronssensory neurons

ReceptorsReceptors

MechanoreceptorsMechanoreceptors ChemoreceptorsChemoreceptors PhotoreceptorsPhotoreceptors ThermoreceptorsThermoreceptors TeleceptorsTeleceptors

InteroceptorsInteroceptors ExteroceptorsExteroceptors ProprioceptorsProprioceptors

Divisions of the Nervous Divisions of the Nervous SystemSystem

AnatomicallyAnatomically

Central Nervous SystemCentral Nervous System

Peripheral Nervous SystemPeripheral Nervous System

FunctionallyFunctionally Autonomic Nervous SystemAutonomic Nervous System

Sympathetic-thoracolumbarSympathetic-thoracolumbar Parasympathetic-craniosacralParasympathetic-craniosacral

CNS and PNS involvementCNS and PNS involvement

Somatic Nervous SystemSomatic Nervous System Pyramidal motor strip and cerebral cortex Pyramidal motor strip and cerebral cortex Extrapyramidal tone and supportExtrapyramidal tone and support

NeuronsNeurons

VentriclesVentricles

CerebrumCerebrum

Locate the following:Locate the following: Superior longitudinal fissureSuperior longitudinal fissure Left and right hemispheresLeft and right hemispheres Frontal, parietal, and temporal lobesFrontal, parietal, and temporal lobes Central fissureCentral fissure Lateral sulcusLateral sulcus Pre and post central gyriPre and post central gyri

LandmarksLandmarks

Frontal LobeFrontal Lobe

Predominately for planning, initiation, and Predominately for planning, initiation, and inhibition of voluntary motion and inhibition of voluntary motion and cognitive functioningcognitive functioningBroca’s area - Inferior frontal gyrus/frontal Broca’s area - Inferior frontal gyrus/frontal

operculumoperculum

Motor strip – precentral gyrusMotor strip – precentral gyrus

Parietal LobeParietal Lobe

Primary reception site for somatic (body) Primary reception site for somatic (body) sense Postcentral gyrus sense Postcentral gyrus

Cortical association area integrating info Cortical association area integrating info Visual, audition and somaticVisual, audition and somatic

Supramarginal gyrus – important for Supramarginal gyrus – important for comprehension of written languagecomprehension of written language

Angular gyri – involved in the motor planning Angular gyri – involved in the motor planning for speechfor speech

Temporal LobeTemporal Lobe

Site of auditory reception and for auditory Site of auditory reception and for auditory and receptive language processingand receptive language processing

Superior temporal gyrus – Heschl’s gyrusSuperior temporal gyrus – Heschl’s gyrusall auditory information is projected thereall auditory information is projected there

Lateral to Heschl’s gyrus is a higher-Lateral to Heschl’s gyrus is a higher-order processing region for auditory order processing region for auditory stimulationstimulation

*Posterior portion of stg is Wernicke’s area*Posterior portion of stg is Wernicke’s area

Medial Surface of Medial Surface of Cerebral CortexCerebral Cortex

Corpus CollosumCorpus Collosum

Inferior Surface of Inferior Surface of Cerebral CortexCerebral Cortex

Parahippocampal gyrusParahippocampal gyrus The hippocampus is deeply involved in The hippocampus is deeply involved in

memorymemory

Myelinated FibersMyelinated Fibers

Projection fibersProjection fibers

Association FibersAssociation Fibers

Commissural FibersCommissural Fibers

SubcortexSubcortex

Basal ganglia Basal ganglia Hippocampal formationHippocampal formation Thalmus Thalmus

Cerebrovascular SystemCerebrovascular System

Vascular SystemVascular System Aorta - Carotid and vertebral branchesAorta - Carotid and vertebral branches CarotidCarotid

Anterior and middle cerebral arteriesAnterior and middle cerebral arteries VertebralVertebral Anterior and posterior spinal arteriesAnterior and posterior spinal arteries Posterior inferior cerebellar arteryPosterior inferior cerebellar artery Basilar arteryBasilar artery Posterior cerebral arteriesPosterior cerebral arteries Superior cerebellar and anterior inferior cerebellarSuperior cerebellar and anterior inferior cerebellar arteriesarteries Circle of WillisCircle of Willis

Cerebrovascular Cerebrovascular AccidentsAccidents

ThrombusThrombus ThrombosisThrombosis EmbolusEmbolus EmbolismEmbolism AneurysmAneurysm

Occlusion of the middle cerebral artery may Occlusion of the middle cerebral artery may result in language and speech deficits if in the result in language and speech deficits if in the dominant cerebral hemispheredominant cerebral hemisphere

Cranial NervesCranial Nerves