Neuroanatomy
Transcript of Neuroanatomy
NeuroanatomyNeuroanatomy
Seikel, Chapter 12Seikel, Chapter 12
OverviewOverview
Voluntary for communication seen in light Voluntary for communication seen in light of the context of automaticity and of the context of automaticity and background.background.
Automaticity-development of patterns of Automaticity-development of patterns of responses that no longer demand responses that no longer demand specific motor controlspecific motor control
Background-muscular contraction that Background-muscular contraction that supports action or movementsupports action or movement
Voluntary activities are considered to be Voluntary activities are considered to be voluntary activities, but are actually voluntary activities, but are actually automated responses.automated responses.
Automatic functions are supported by Automatic functions are supported by background tonicity - a partial contraction background tonicity - a partial contraction as muscle toneas muscle tone
The body works as a unit to meet needs.The body works as a unit to meet needs.
Cerebral cortex or cerebrum - Voluntary Cerebral cortex or cerebrum - Voluntary movement, consciousnessmovement, consciousness
Cerebellum – movement coordinationCerebellum – movement coordination Basal ganglia- modifies output from cerebrum- Basal ganglia- modifies output from cerebrum-
involved in backgroundinvolved in background Neural pathways, nerves or tractsNeural pathways, nerves or tracts
Motor commands conveyed to the peripheryMotor commands conveyed to the periphery Sensory information transmitted to the brain for Sensory information transmitted to the brain for
evaluationevaluation
Sensors and EffectorsSensors and Effectors
Sensors relay information from the Sensors relay information from the environment to the brainenvironment to the brain
Effectors are the means to respond to Effectors are the means to respond to changing conditionschanging conditions
Superficial sensation – temperature, pain, Superficial sensation – temperature, pain, touchtouch
Deep sensation – muscle tension, muscle Deep sensation – muscle tension, muscle length, point position sense, muscle pain, length, point position sense, muscle pain, pressure, and vibrationpressure, and vibration
Types of SensationTypes of Sensation
Somatic sense – pain, temp, stimSomatic sense – pain, temp, stim Kinesthetic sense – body in motionKinesthetic sense – body in motion Special senses – transduce informationSpecial senses – transduce information
VisionVision HearingHearing OlfactionOlfaction TactileTactile GustationGustation
Sensor types vary by Sensor types vary by the stimulus to which the stimulus to which they respondthey respond
Synapse – dendritic Synapse – dendritic connection with connection with bipolar first-order bipolar first-order sensory neuronssensory neurons
ReceptorsReceptors
MechanoreceptorsMechanoreceptors ChemoreceptorsChemoreceptors PhotoreceptorsPhotoreceptors ThermoreceptorsThermoreceptors TeleceptorsTeleceptors
InteroceptorsInteroceptors ExteroceptorsExteroceptors ProprioceptorsProprioceptors
Divisions of the Nervous Divisions of the Nervous SystemSystem
AnatomicallyAnatomically
Central Nervous SystemCentral Nervous System
Peripheral Nervous SystemPeripheral Nervous System
FunctionallyFunctionally Autonomic Nervous SystemAutonomic Nervous System
Sympathetic-thoracolumbarSympathetic-thoracolumbar Parasympathetic-craniosacralParasympathetic-craniosacral
CNS and PNS involvementCNS and PNS involvement
Somatic Nervous SystemSomatic Nervous System Pyramidal motor strip and cerebral cortex Pyramidal motor strip and cerebral cortex Extrapyramidal tone and supportExtrapyramidal tone and support
NeuronsNeurons
VentriclesVentricles
CerebrumCerebrum
Locate the following:Locate the following: Superior longitudinal fissureSuperior longitudinal fissure Left and right hemispheresLeft and right hemispheres Frontal, parietal, and temporal lobesFrontal, parietal, and temporal lobes Central fissureCentral fissure Lateral sulcusLateral sulcus Pre and post central gyriPre and post central gyri
LandmarksLandmarks
Frontal LobeFrontal Lobe
Predominately for planning, initiation, and Predominately for planning, initiation, and inhibition of voluntary motion and inhibition of voluntary motion and cognitive functioningcognitive functioningBroca’s area - Inferior frontal gyrus/frontal Broca’s area - Inferior frontal gyrus/frontal
operculumoperculum
Motor strip – precentral gyrusMotor strip – precentral gyrus
Parietal LobeParietal Lobe
Primary reception site for somatic (body) Primary reception site for somatic (body) sense Postcentral gyrus sense Postcentral gyrus
Cortical association area integrating info Cortical association area integrating info Visual, audition and somaticVisual, audition and somatic
Supramarginal gyrus – important for Supramarginal gyrus – important for comprehension of written languagecomprehension of written language
Angular gyri – involved in the motor planning Angular gyri – involved in the motor planning for speechfor speech
Temporal LobeTemporal Lobe
Site of auditory reception and for auditory Site of auditory reception and for auditory and receptive language processingand receptive language processing
Superior temporal gyrus – Heschl’s gyrusSuperior temporal gyrus – Heschl’s gyrusall auditory information is projected thereall auditory information is projected there
Lateral to Heschl’s gyrus is a higher-Lateral to Heschl’s gyrus is a higher-order processing region for auditory order processing region for auditory stimulationstimulation
*Posterior portion of stg is Wernicke’s area*Posterior portion of stg is Wernicke’s area
Medial Surface of Medial Surface of Cerebral CortexCerebral Cortex
Corpus CollosumCorpus Collosum
Inferior Surface of Inferior Surface of Cerebral CortexCerebral Cortex
Parahippocampal gyrusParahippocampal gyrus The hippocampus is deeply involved in The hippocampus is deeply involved in
memorymemory
Myelinated FibersMyelinated Fibers
Projection fibersProjection fibers
Association FibersAssociation Fibers
Commissural FibersCommissural Fibers
SubcortexSubcortex
Basal ganglia Basal ganglia Hippocampal formationHippocampal formation Thalmus Thalmus
Cerebrovascular SystemCerebrovascular System
Vascular SystemVascular System Aorta - Carotid and vertebral branchesAorta - Carotid and vertebral branches CarotidCarotid
Anterior and middle cerebral arteriesAnterior and middle cerebral arteries VertebralVertebral Anterior and posterior spinal arteriesAnterior and posterior spinal arteries Posterior inferior cerebellar arteryPosterior inferior cerebellar artery Basilar arteryBasilar artery Posterior cerebral arteriesPosterior cerebral arteries Superior cerebellar and anterior inferior cerebellarSuperior cerebellar and anterior inferior cerebellar arteriesarteries Circle of WillisCircle of Willis
Cerebrovascular Cerebrovascular AccidentsAccidents
ThrombusThrombus ThrombosisThrombosis EmbolusEmbolus EmbolismEmbolism AneurysmAneurysm
Occlusion of the middle cerebral artery may Occlusion of the middle cerebral artery may result in language and speech deficits if in the result in language and speech deficits if in the dominant cerebral hemispheredominant cerebral hemisphere
Cranial NervesCranial Nerves