….NANOTECHNOLOGY……THE NEXT REALLY BIG SMALL..THING..

INTRODUCTION..

• It is a field of applied science whose theme is the control of matter on an atomic and molecular scale.

• It is the science of microengineering. Microengineering is the science of engineering that deals with particle manipulation if those particles are smaller than 100 nanometers.

• In its original sense, 'nanotechnology' refers to the projected ability to construct items from the bottom up, using techniques and tools being developed today to make complete, high performance products.

History…• "There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom," a talk given by

physicist Richard Feynman at an American Physical Society meeting at Caltech on December 29, 1959.

• Richard Feynman won nobel prize for “ fundamental work in quantum electrode”.

• In 1985, researcher reported the discovery of “buckyball”,a round molecule consisting of 60 carbon atoms.This led in turn to the 1991 discovery of a related molecular shape known as the “carbon nanotube”.

CARBON NANOTUBES….

• CARBON NANOTUBES ARE MOLECULAR-SCALE TUBES OF GRAPHITIC CARBON WITH OUTSTANDING PROPERTIES.

• LENGTH TO DIAMETER RATIO GREATER THAN 1,000,000

• JAPANESE SCIENTIST SUMIO IIJIMA DISCOVERED FULLERENE-RELATED CARBON NANOTUBES IN 1991. THE TUBES CONTAINED AT LEAST TWO LAYERS, OFTEN MANY MORE, AND RANGED IN OUTER DIAMETER FROM ABOUT 3 NM TO 30 NM. THEY WERE INVARIABLY CLOSED AT BOTH ENDS.

• The bonding in carbon nanotubes is sp², with each atom joined to three neighbours, as in graphite. The tubes can therefore be considered as rolled-up graphene sheets (graphene is an individual graphite layer).

• There are three distinct ways in which a graphene sheet can be rolled into a tube, as shown in the diagram below.

• The first two of these, known as “armchair” (top left) and “zig-zag” (middle left) have a high degree of symmetry.

• The terms "armchair" and "zig-zag" refer to the arrangement of hexagons around the circumference.

• The third class of tube, which in practice is the most common, is known as chiral, meaning that it can exist in two mirror-related forms.

• The structure of a nanotube can be specified by a vector, (n,m), which defines how the graphene sheet is rolled up.

Medicine..

• Nanomedicines

• Nanoshell

• Nano gels

Nanorobotics

• Nanorobotics is the technology of creating machines ans robots at or close to microscopic scale of a nanometres.

• Engineers are currently working on how doctors would navigate the nanorobots through the body.

• The most interesting method is having a minitelivision camera on the nanorobot to see inside the body and someonewould be able to control the robot to maneuver throughout the body.

Cancer treatement

• Cancer can be killed without painfull side effect s of chemotherapy.

• Quantumdot.

• Scientists may be able to destroy tumors without killing healthy cells at the same time.

Space benefits of nanotechnology

• Improvements in shuttles.

• Benefits to the astronauts.

• Cheaper space flights.

• Nanosatellites.

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