NANO TECHNOLOGY !

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    A Paper PresentationOn

    NANO TECHNOLOGY

    NANOTECHNOLOGY

    Abstract:

    Nanotechnology has tantalized researchers for decades, promising a

    new era in stronger and lighter electronic materials. It is the science of small

    and deals with the properties of materials at the molecular or nanometer

    scale. This article delves into the implementation and architecture of

    nanotechnology. It also describes the several storage techniques in various

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    stages of research and implementation and how does these techniques work

    and actually whats being done and what promise does these techniques hold

    is being discussed . A new sensation in field of memory storage called

    nanotube random access memory was explained and demonstrated visually

    we also wrote the risk to health and environment from nanoparticles and nano

    materials and the risk posed by advanced nanotechnology in detail. The

    details in the article establish the growing need for nanotechnology

    Contents

    1. Introduction

    2. Behavior of materials when converted to nanoscale

    3. Storage techniques

    3.1 nanotubes

    3.2multiwalled carbon nanotubes

    3.3Holographic storage

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    3.4MEMS Based Storage

    3.5 Atomic Storage using STMs and AFMs

    4. Societal Implications

    4.1Risks from nano particles

    4.2Health issues

    4.3Environmental issues

    5. A need for regulation?

    6. Conclusion

    7. Bibliography

    1. INTRODUCTION

    Nano technology is a field of applies science and technology covering

    a board range of topics. The main unifying them is the control of matter on a

    scale below 100 nanometers, as well as the fabrication of devices on this

    same length scale. NANO is a prefix meaning dwarfed. It represents 10 -9 ,

    which is one billionth of the unit adjoined. Nano technology is a highly

    multidisciplinary field, drawing from fields such as colloidal science, device

    physics and supramolecular chemistry.

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    Nano technological techniques include those used for fabrication of nano

    wires; those used in semi conductor fabrication such as deep ultra violet

    lithography, electron wave lithography, focused ion beam machining,

    nanoimprint lithography, atomic layer deposition and molecular are vapourdeposition, and further including molecular self assembly techniques such

    as those employing di-block co polymers. However all of these techniques

    preceded the Nano tech era, and are extensions in the development of

    scientific advancements rather than techniques which were devised with the

    sole purpose of creating Nano-technology or which were results of

    nanotechnology research.

    2. Behavior of materials when converted tonanoscale:-

    Materials reduced to the nanoscale can suddenly show very different

    properties compared to what they exhibit on a macroscale, enabling unique

    applications. For instance, opaque substances become transparent (copper);

    inert materials become catalysts (platinum); stable materials turn combustible

    (aluminum); solids turn into liquids at room temperature (gold); insulators

    become conductors (silicon). Materials such as gold, which is chemically inertat normal scales, can serve as a potent chemical catalyst at nanoscales.

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    Much of the fascination with nanotechnology stems from these unique

    quantum and surface phenomena that matter exhibits at the nanoscale.

    Nanosize powder particles (a few nanometres in diameter, also called

    nanoparticles) are potentially important in ceramics, powder metallurgy, the

    achievement of uniform nanoporosity and similar applications. The strong

    tendency of small particles to form clumps ("agglomerates") is a serious

    technological problem that impedes such applications. However, a few

    dispersants such as ammonium citrate (aqueous) and imidazoline or oleyl

    alcohol (nonaqueous) are promising additives for deagglomeration.

    (Dispersants are discussed in "Organic Additives And Ceramic Processing,"

    by Daniel J. Shanefield, Kluwer Academic Publ., Boston.)

    Another concern is that the volume of an object decreases as the third

    power of its linear dimensions, but the surface area only decreases as its

    second power. This somewhat subtle and unavoidable principle has huge

    ramifications. For example the power of a drill (or any other machine) is

    proportional to the volume, while the friction of the drill's bearings and gears is

    proportional to their surface area. For a normal-sized drill, the power of the

    device is enough to handily overcome any friction. However, scaling its length

    down by a factor of 1000, for example, decreases its power by 1000 3 (a factor

    of a billion) while reducing the friction by only 10002 (a factor of "only" a

    million). Proportionally it has 1000 times less power per unit friction than the

    original drill. If the original friction-to-power ratio was, say, 1%, that implies the

    smaller drill will have 10 times as much friction as power. The drill is useless.

    This is why, while super-miniature electronic integrated circuits can be

    made to function, the same technology cannot be used to make functional

    mechanical devices in miniature: the friction overtakes the available power at

    such small scales. So while you may see microphotographs of delicately

    etched silicon gears, such devices are curiosities only, not actually usable

    parts. Surface tension increases in the same way, causing very small objects

    tend to stick together. This could possibly make any kind of "micro factory"

    impractical: even if robotic arms and hands could be scaled down, anythingthey pick up will tend to be impossible to put down.

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanoparticlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceramichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powder_metallurgyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oleyl_alcoholhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oleyl_alcoholhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_J._Shanefieldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volumehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_areahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_(physics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drillhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frictionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bearing_(mechanical)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gearhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_circuithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_assemblerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanoparticlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceramichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powder_metallurgyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oleyl_alcoholhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oleyl_alcoholhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_J._Shanefieldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volumehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_areahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_(physics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drillhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frictionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bearing_(mechanical)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gearhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_circuithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_assembler
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    All these scaling issues have to be kept in mind while evaluating any

    kind of nanotechnology. A scientist named Siddhi, in India, was the first to

    discover this.

    3. STORAGE TECHNIQUES:-

    3.1 NANOTUBES:

    Now a days electronics is mainly digital. Digital is the description of

    any method of representing information of numbers, strings of characters,

    sounds, picture, etc by a sequence of electronic pulses of fined dilation.

    Digital representation is used for storing information in computers, tapes and

    disks and for transmitting information over telephone lines or broadcasting. It

    is preferred because it is less vulnerable to noise and early to compress and

    encrypt, preventing unauthorized capture of information

    Artists impression of a nanotube

    Nanotubes are very useful in storing the digital information.

    In 2004, a radically new type of memory called nano tube random access

    memory (NRAM) was developed for computing, internet and other electronic

    industries that could read and write digital bits with memory elements that

    measured less than 10 billionths of a meter (10 nano meters) NRMs are

    made by depositing arrays of carbon nano tubes called fabrics on silicon

    chips.

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    Carbon nano tubes are cylinders, measuring a nano meter or so in diameter,

    that display a surface of hexagonal carbon rings that give the material the

    appearance of a honeycomb or chicken wire. The chemical bonds between

    carbon atoms in nanotubes are stronger than in diamond carbon nanotubes

    are 50 times stronger than steel, yet 5 times less dense. These are highly

    elastic and resilient to heat, and have large surface area.

    A Nano tube memory is faster and much smaller while consuming littler

    power. Due to their extra ordinary tensile strength, resilience and very high

    conductivity nano tubes can be flexed up and down million times with out any

    damage and can make a very good switching contact.

    Nanotubes conduct electricity better than copper which makes them a

    contender for replacing the delicate wires that connect components together

    inside computer chips. Not only that, these can carry heat for more efficiency

    than diamond one of the best hear conductors around. So if the processor

    chips are made from nanotubes, there would be utile risk of burning up. No

    matter how hard a nanotube is squeezed, it will bend and buckle with out

    breaking, springing back in to shape as soon as the external force is removed.

    3.2 Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes

    Carbon nanotubes have beenmuch researched. They arefolded sheets of

    Carbon atoms, as in the picturealongside, where severalnanotubes are shown in differentcolors. Multi walled nanotubesare concentric tubes that holdtogether as a structure, as in thepicture shown below.Theyrenanotubes so of course, they aremeasured on the nanoscale-ananotube can be smaller than ananometer in diameter. It turns

    out that nanotubes can be used

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    to write data: the tube is treated like a needle to make fine changes in amedium.

    Whats being done?

    Researchers from IBM Research in Zurich, Switzerland, the JapaneseNanotechnology Research institute, andOsaka Prefecture University in Japan,have demonstrated a storage density of250 gigabytes per square inch, using thetips of multiwalled nanotubes to writebits in to a film of certain polymer. Thenanotube tip works something like aprobe, pressing 1s onto the polymersurface; obviously, the absence of a 1

    means a 0.

    What Promise Does It Hold?

    The Swiss and Japaneseresearchers said that using nanotube tips inpractical devices could not be possible until2008.250 gigabits per square inch is high,but not astronomical by any means; whatare astronomical are the 50million gigabitsper square inch that is being envisaged in adifferent scheme! Thats one crore CDs ona square inch! Here, nanotube tips are usedto place hydrogen atoms on a diamond orsilicon surface.

    The state of the art certainly does not match up to what is possible in

    theory, but you never know when a nanotech breakthrough just happens

    Near-Field Optical Recording Using a Solid Immersion LensThink of a CD or DVD; while recording, the lens focuses the laser onto

    a tiny spot on the medium. This spot is tinier for DVD than for CD, and is eventinier in Blue-ray, for example. (NFOR) refers to the extremely sharp focusingof a laser beam, which means an extremely small distance between the lensand the recording medium. NFOR using a solid immersion lens (SIL) would bethe child of Blue-ray and HD-DVD, and therefore, the grandchild of the DVD.

    3.3 Holographic Storage

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    Holographic Storage has been talked about for a long time; indeed, theHolographic Versatile Disc (HVD) is being eagerly awaited by people aroundthe world. This technology uses lasers to record data in the volume of themedium, rather than on the surface. The idea, surprisingly, is not new, but it's

    only now that the technology seems to be getting up to speed.

    How Does It Work?

    A laser beam is split in two, the reference beam and the signal beam (calledso because it carries the data). A device called a spatial light modulator (SLM)

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    translates is and Os into an optical pattern of light and dark pixels, as in thefigure above these pixels are arranged in an array (or "page") ofAbout a million bits.

    The signal beam and the reference beam intersect in the storage medium,

    which is light-sensitive. And at the point of intersection, a hologram is formedbecause of a chemical reaction in the medium, and gets recorded there.(Aholo-grams interference pattern that results when two light waves meet). Forreading the data, only the reference beam is used: off the hologram, and adetector picks up the data pages in parallel. The 1s and Os of the originaldata can be read the data pages. by varying the angle or wavelength of thereference beam, or by slightly changing the placement of the media, lots ofholograms can be stored in the volume of the medium.

    What work is on?

    Opt ware Corporation of Japan have already come out with their HVD: theHVD holds 1 TB (a terabyte), and is the same size of the regular optical disc.Enterprise versions were planned for this year: the estimated costs weresomething

    Like $20,000 (Rs 9 lakh) for players and $100 (Rs 4,500) for discs. In themeanwhile, In Phase Technologies, Opt wares main competitor, is comingout with products of its own. In partnership with Maxell, In Phase has alreadycome up with a 300 GB disk, with an 800 GB disc expected in 2008. And if the1 TB of HVD weren't enough, Fuji Photo Film USA has demonstrated a typeof FIVD with a claimed capacity of 3.9 TB!

    What Promise Does It Hold?

    Besides high storage densities, holographic storage means fast access times,because there are no actuators as in hard diskslaser beams can be focusedaround much more rapidly. Holographic storage can kill off the hard diskwithin the next 10 years, but that's again speculationsome technologiesstep out quickly and graciously, but some are pretty stubborn!

    3.4 MEMS BASED STORAGE

    MEM (Micro Electro MechanicalSystems) is, according tomemsnet.org the integration ofmechanical elements, sensors,actuators, and electronics on acommon silicon substrate throughmicro fabrication technology. Themechanical elements referred to

    here, range in size from a fewmicrometers to a millimeter.

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    Actuators are just devices that convert an electronic signal to a physicalaction-for example, the device in the hard disk that is responsible forpositioning the head precisely. In fact, we can take the example of a MEMS-based storage system to better explain what MEMS are.

    HOW DOES IT WORK?

    Different MEMS storage systems work differently, but we can describe theconcept. Take a look at the figure along-side. This isnt a working system, butjust an example of a general MEMS storage system. The data sled at the topcan move in all three directions it is spring-mounted over the probe trip array,an array of mechanical tips that do the reading and writing. Theres anactuator in each side of the data sled, and it moves the sled in response toelectric currents. Now when the first bit is written, the sled and the tip array

    are aligned, and then the sled moves along one axis while the tips do theirwork-writing a 1 or 0. Note that sled doesnt rotate; it slides. Also note thateverything in this arrangement is mechanical and electronic.

    Whats being done?

    At CeBit 2005 in Hannover, Germany, IBM Showed off a MEMS- basedstorage that is said could achieve densities in the range of 1 TB per squareinch. The device is called the Millipede, because of the thousands of probetips. The tips are of silicon, and the data substrate is a material calledplexiglass. To write a bit of data, a tip is heated to 400 degrees C. when itpokes the plexiglass it softens it and makes dent there. To read data, thetips are heated to 300 degrees C and pulled and across the surface of theplexiglass. When it falls in to a dent, the tip cools down because more surfacearea comes in contact with the (cooler) plexiglass. The temperature dropreduces its resistance, which can be measured. Finally to erase a bit a hot tipis passed over the dent, making it pop back up.

    WHAT PROMISE DOES IT HOLD?

    Plenty MEMS-based storage devices such as Millipede could well be hard distkillers, depending on the research dollars spent. Seek times are lower andmore stable than those of hard disks.

    In the range of 1 to 10 GB, MEMS-based storage has the lowest cost per bytecompared to non-volatile memory and hard disks. Data transfer rates canreach 1 gigabyte per second. Also, MEMS-based devices are smaller and useconsiderably less powers

    3.5 Atomic Storage Using STMs And AFMs

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    Take a look at the figure alongside. Notice the "IBM"? It's not a photograph,but it depicts what researchers have etched at the atomic scale: each of thelittle hills is an individual xenon atom! The thing was produced using anbanning Tunneling Microscope {STM) operating a few degrees aboveabsolute zero.

    How It Works

    An STM has the ability to give a view of surfaces at the atomic scale, andresearchers have envisioned the application of the technique to achieve ultra-high-density storage. The STM has an ultra-sharp tip placed extremely closeto the substrate being written onto. A voltage applied between the tip and thesubstrate gives rise to a tunneling current. The tunnel current depends on theseparation between the tip and the substrate. As the tip is moved over thesurface, the tunnel current is monitored, and the position of the tip is changedsuch that the current is constantthis way, the topology of the surface can be

    mapped out. The beauty of the STM is that it can be used not only to map asurface, but also to modify it.

    There are difficulties with the STM approachone is the problem ofmaintaining the distance between the tip and the surface at the angstrom level(an angstrom is 0.1 nm). ToOvercome these difficulties, researchers are concentrating more on theAtomic Force Microscope (AFM). Here, the tip rests on a. cantilever spring.This allows for two things: first. The tip can actually touch the surface,because of the "bounce" enabled by the spring. Second, by monitoring andcontrolling the spring, extremely small forces can be sensed as well asapplied.

    What's Being Done?

    The letters "IBM" have been etched on a surface using an STM, as mentionedabove. Researchers are playing around with the idea of using an AFM incontact with a hard disk-like surface to etch data pits. It will take a long timefor this to materialize, but remember that we're talking about a "hard disk" thatwrites individual atoms! Disk storage just cannot get any denser than that

    now, can it?

    What Promise Does It Hold?

    The use of STMs, AFMs, and similar devices are almost the ultimateapplication of nanotechnology to data storage. The potential storagecapacities are enormousfor example, the etched letters in the figurerepresent a storage density of 1 million gigabits per square inch! That's 2 lakhCDs on a square inch!

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    The graph above indicates storage densities and timeliness. Though the harddisks seems pretty mighty in this graph, there are other considerations froexample, theyve pretty much reached their theoretical limit; theres only so

    much you can pack on to a single platter; and access times are shorter with,for example, MEMS based and holographic storage.

    4. Societal implications

    In August 2005, a task force consisting of 50+ international experts fromvarious fields was organized by the Center for Responsible Nanotechnologyto study the societal implications of molecular nanotechnology [3].

    In October 2005, the National Science Foundation announced that it wouldfund two national centers to research the potential societal implications of

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    nanotechnology. Located at the University of California, Santa Barbara [4]]andArizona State University [5], researchers at these two centers are exploring awide range of issues including nanotechnology's historical context, technologyassessment, innovation and globalization issues, and societal perceptions ofrisk.

    4.1 RISKS FROM NANO PARTICILES

    The mere presence of nanomaterials (materials that contain nanoparticles) isnot in itself a threat. It is only certain aspects that can make them risky, inparticular their mobility and their increased reactivity. Only if certain propertiesof certain nanoparticles were harmful to living beings or the environmentwould we be faced with a genuine hazard. In this case it can be calledNanopollution.

    In addressing the health and environmental impact of nanomaterials we need

    to differentiate two types of nanostructures: (1) Nanocomposites,nanostructured surfaces and nanocomponents (electronic, optical, sensorsetc.), where nanoscale particles are incorporated into a substance, material ordevice (fixed nano-particles); and (2) free nanoparticles, where at somestage in production or use individual nanoparticles of a substance are present.These free nanoparticles could be nanoscale species of elements, or simplecompounds, but also complex compounds where for instance a nanoparticleof a particular element is coated with another substance (coatednanoparticle or core-shell nanoparticle).

    There seems to be consensus that, although one should be aware ofmaterials containing fixed nanoparticles, the immediate concern is with freenanoparticles.

    Because nanoparticles are very different from their everyday counterparts,their adverse effects cannot be derived from the known toxicity of the macro-sized material. This poses significant issues for addressing the health andenvironmental impact of free nanoparticles.

    To complicate things further, in talking about nanoparticles it is important thata powder or liquid containing nanoparticles is almost never monodisperse [7],

    but will contain a range of particle sizes. This complicates the experimentalanalysis as larger nanoparticles might have different properties than smallerones. Also, nanoparticles show a tendency to aggregate and such aggregatesoften behave differently from individual nanoparticles.

    4.2 Health issues

    There are several potential entry routes for nanoparticles into the body. Theycan be inhaled, swallowed, absorbed through skin or be deliberately injected

    during medical procedures (or released from implants). Once within the body

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    they are highly mobile and in some instances can even cross the blood-brainbarrier.

    How these nanoparticles behave inside the organism is one of the big issuesthat needs to be resolved. The behavior of nanoparticles is a function of their

    size, shape and surface reactivity with the surrounding tissue. They couldcause overload on phagocytes, cells that ingest and destroy foreign matter,thereby triggering stress reactions that lead to inflammation and weaken thebodys defense against other pathogens. Apart from what happens if non-degradable or slowly degradable nanoparticles accumulate in organs, anotherconcern is their potential interaction with biological processes inside the body:because of their large surface, nanoparticles on exposure to tissue and fluidswill immediately adsorb onto their surface some of the macromolecules theyencounter. This may, for instance, affect the regulatory mechanisms ofenzymes and other proteins.

    4.3 Environmental issues

    Not enough data exists to know for sure if nanoparticles could haveundesirable effects on the environment. Two areas are relevant here: (1) Infree form nanoparticles can be released in the air or water during production(or production accidents) or as waste byproduct of production, and ultimatelyaccumulate in the soil, water or plant life. (2) In fixed form, where they are partof a manufactured substance or product, they will ultimately have to berecycled or disposed of as waste. It is not known yet whether certainnanoparticles will constitute a completely new class of non-biodegradablepollutant. In case they do, it is not known how such pollutants could beremoved from air or water because most traditional filters are not suitable forsuch tasks

    5. A need for regulation?

    Regulatory bodies such as the Environmental Protection Agency and theFood and Drug Administration in the U.S. or the Health & ConsumerProtection Directorate of the European Commission have started dealing with

    the potential risks posed by nanoparticles. So far, neither engineerednanoparticles nor the products and materials that contain them are subject toany special regulation regarding production, handling or labeling. The MaterialSafety Data Sheet that must be issued for certain materials often does notdifferentiate between bulk and nanoscale size of the material in question andeven when it does these MSDS are advisory only.

    6. conclusion:

    in the futre Nanot tehnology is likely to be standared because of itsadvanteafes such as little labour, land or maintenance, high productivity,lowcost, and modest requirements for materials and energy. As a result, themarket is going to demand new innovative applications. The possbilities

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    opened up realy are limit less and because the potential it exibits. Withpotential like that it is no wonder that nanotechnology is set to become thefastest adopted technology in history.

    7.Bibliography:

    1. Big wonders of small swithces by Rathindra nath Biswas form themagazine Electronics for you

    2. Rust in peace bt Ram mohab Rao from the magazine digit

    3. Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia