Modeling Galaxy Cluster Outskirts with

Cosmological Simulations

Camille AvestruzPI: Daisuke Nagai

NSF Graduate Research Fellow, Yale UniversityBerkeley Cosmology, November 27, 2014

Introduction Recent Observations Outline Simulations Gas Flows Non-equilibrium physics Observational biases Summary

Clusters Probe the Growth of Structure

Avestruz Cluster Outskirts

Introduction Recent Observations Outline Simulations Gas Flows Non-equilibrium physics Observational biases Summary

Clusters Probe the Growth of Structure

Avestruz Cluster Outskirts

Introduction Recent Observations Outline Simulations Gas Flows Non-equilibrium physics Observational biases Summary

Clusters Provide Constraints on Dark Energy

Key to cluster cosmology: Precise mass measurements

Avestruz Cluster Outskirts

Introduction Recent Observations Outline Simulations Gas Flows Non-equilibrium physics Observational biases Summary

Masses defined with respect to reference densities

Avestruz Cluster Outskirts

Introduction Recent Observations Outline Simulations Gas Flows Non-equilibrium physics Observational biases Summary

Masses defined with respect to reference densities

Avestruz Cluster Outskirts

Introduction Recent Observations Outline Simulations Gas Flows Non-equilibrium physics Observational biases Summary

Masses defined with respect to reference densities

Avestruz Cluster Outskirts

Introduction Recent Observations Outline Simulations Gas Flows Non-equilibrium physics Observational biases Summary

Masses defined with respect to reference densities

Avestruz Cluster Outskirts

Introduction Recent Observations Outline Simulations Gas Flows Non-equilibrium physics Observational biases Summary

Masses defined with respect to reference densities

Avestruz Cluster Outskirts

Introduction Recent Observations Outline Simulations Gas Flows Non-equilibrium physics Observational biases Summary

Pioneering X-ray observations of cluster outskirts

Avestruz Cluster Outskirts

Introduction Recent Observations Outline Simulations Gas Flows Non-equilibrium physics Observational biases Summary

Microwave observations of cluster outskirts

Avestruz Cluster Outskirts

Introduction Recent Observations Outline Simulations Gas Flows Non-equilibrium physics Observational biases Summary

Cluster outskirts ideal for mass measurements

Avestruz Cluster Outskirts

Introduction Recent Observations Outline Simulations Gas Flows Non-equilibrium physics Observational biases Summary

Cluster outskirts ideal for mass measurements

Avestruz Cluster Outskirts

Introduction Recent Observations Outline Simulations Gas Flows Non-equilibrium physics Observational biases Summary

Entropy is expected to scale with radius

Avestruz Cluster Outskirts

Introduction Recent Observations Outline Simulations Gas Flows Non-equilibrium physics Observational biases Summary

Suzaku entropy profiles flatten in outskirts

Avestruz Cluster Outskirts

Introduction Recent Observations Outline Simulations Gas Flows Non-equilibrium physics Observational biases Summary

Suzaku entropy profiles flatten in outskirts

Avestruz Cluster Outskirts

Introduction Recent Observations Outline Simulations Gas Flows Non-equilibrium physics Observational biases Summary

Simulations necessary to interpret observations

Avestruz Cluster Outskirts

Introduction Recent Observations Outline Simulations Gas Flows Non-equilibrium physics Observational biases Summary

Outline

Introduction

Observational breakthroughs in cluster outskirts

Questions to answer with cosmological simulations

How can we describe gas flows in cluster outskirts?How do non-equilibrium physics affect observations?How can we use simulations to test for potentialobservational biases?

Summary

Avestruz Cluster Outskirts

Introduction Recent Observations Outline Simulations Gas Flows Non-equilibrium physics Observational biases Summary

Outline

Introduction

Observational breakthroughs in cluster outskirts

Questions to answer with cosmological simulations

How can we describe gas flows in cluster outskirts?How do non-equilibrium physics affect observations?How can we use simulations to test for potentialobservational biases?

Summary

Avestruz Cluster Outskirts

Introduction Recent Observations Outline Simulations Gas Flows Non-equilibrium physics Observational biases Summary

Cosmological Simulations of Galaxy Clusters

Adaptive Refinement Tree (ART) code: N-body+GasdynamicsBox size ∼100 Mpc, Spatial resolution ∼few kpc, Region shown ∼2 Mpc

Baryonic physics included (e.g. gas cooling, star formation,heating by SNe/AGN, metal enrichment)

Avestruz Cluster Outskirts

Introduction Recent Observations Outline Simulations Gas Flows Non-equilibrium physics Observational biases Summary

Cosmological Simulations of Galaxy Clusters

Adaptive Refinement Tree (ART) code: N-body+GasdynamicsBox size ∼100 Mpc, Spatial resolution ∼few kpc, Region shown ∼2 Mpc

Baryonic physics included (e.g. gas cooling, star formation,heating by SNe/AGN, metal enrichment)

Avestruz Cluster Outskirts

Introduction Recent Observations Outline Simulations Gas Flows Non-equilibrium physics Observational biases Summary

Simulated entropy profiles exhibit self-similarity

Avestruz Cluster Outskirts

Introduction Recent Observations Outline Simulations Gas Flows Non-equilibrium physics Observational biases Summary

Simulated entropy profiles exhibit self-similarity

Avestruz Cluster Outskirts

Introduction Recent Observations Outline Simulations Gas Flows Non-equilibrium physics Observational biases Summary

Simulated entropy profiles exhibit self-similarity

Avestruz Cluster Outskirts

Introduction Recent Observations Outline Simulations Gas Flows Non-equilibrium physics Observational biases Summary

Simulated entropy profiles exhibit self-similarity

Avestruz Cluster Outskirts

Introduction Recent Observations Outline Simulations Gas Flows Non-equilibrium physics Observational biases Summary

Simulated entropy profiles exhibit self-similarity

Avestruz Cluster Outskirts

Introduction Recent Observations Outline Simulations Gas Flows Non-equilibrium physics Observational biases Summary

Simulated entropy profiles exhibit self-similarity

Avestruz Cluster Outskirts

Introduction Recent Observations Outline Simulations Gas Flows Non-equilibrium physics Observational biases Summary

Simulated entropy profiles exhibit self-similarity

Avestruz Cluster Outskirts

Introduction Recent Observations Outline Simulations Gas Flows Non-equilibrium physics Observational biases Summary

Simulated entropy profiles exhibit self-similarity

Avestruz Cluster Outskirts

Introduction Recent Observations Outline Simulations Gas Flows Non-equilibrium physics Observational biases Summary

Simulated entropy profiles exhibit self-similarity

Avestruz Cluster Outskirts

Introduction Recent Observations Outline Simulations Gas Flows Non-equilibrium physics Observational biases Summary

Simulated entropy profiles exhibit self-similarity

Avestruz Cluster Outskirts

Introduction Recent Observations Outline Simulations Gas Flows Non-equilibrium physics Observational biases Summary

Simulated entropy profiles exhibit self-similarity

Avestruz Cluster Outskirts

Introduction Recent Observations Outline Simulations Gas Flows Non-equilibrium physics Observational biases Summary

Mass accretion breaks self-similarity

Avestruz Cluster Outskirts

Introduction Recent Observations Outline Simulations Gas Flows Non-equilibrium physics Observational biases Summary

Mass accretion breaks self-similarity

Avestruz Cluster Outskirts

Introduction Recent Observations Outline Simulations Gas Flows Non-equilibrium physics Observational biases Summary

Mass accretion breaks self-similarity

Avestruz Cluster Outskirts

Introduction Recent Observations Outline Simulations Gas Flows Non-equilibrium physics Observational biases Summary

Mass accretion breaks self-similarity

Avestruz Cluster Outskirts

Introduction Recent Observations Outline Simulations Gas Flows Non-equilibrium physics Observational biases Summary

Non-equilibrium electron temperature biased low

tei ,Spitzer = 6.3× 108yr(Te/107K

) (10−5cm−3/ni

)(40/ ln Λ)

Avestruz Cluster Outskirts

Introduction Recent Observations Outline Simulations Gas Flows Non-equilibrium physics Observational biases Summary

Non-equilibrium electron temperature biased low

tei ,Spitzer = 6.3× 108yr(Te/107K

) (10−5cm−3/ni

)(40/ ln Λ)

Avestruz Cluster Outskirts

Introduction Recent Observations Outline Simulations Gas Flows Non-equilibrium physics Observational biases Summary

Non-equilibrium electron temperature biased low

tei ,Spitzer = 6.3× 108yr(Te/107K

) (10−5cm−3/ni

)(40/ ln Λ)

Avestruz Cluster Outskirts

Introduction Recent Observations Outline Simulations Gas Flows Non-equilibrium physics Observational biases Summary

Non-equilibrium electron temperature biased low

tei ,Spitzer → Hubble time

Avestruz Cluster Outskirts

Introduction Recent Observations Outline Simulations Gas Flows Non-equilibrium physics Observational biases Summary

Non-equilibrium electron temperature biased low

*tei ,Spitzer sets an upper limit on the temperature bias

Avestruz Cluster Outskirts

Introduction Recent Observations Outline Simulations Gas Flows Non-equilibrium physics Observational biases Summary

Electron temperature bias exhibits self-similarity

Avestruz Cluster Outskirts

Introduction Recent Observations Outline Simulations Gas Flows Non-equilibrium physics Observational biases Summary

Electron temperature bias exhibits self-similarity

Avestruz Cluster Outskirts

Introduction Recent Observations Outline Simulations Gas Flows Non-equilibrium physics Observational biases Summary

Electron temperature bias exhibits self-similarity

Avestruz Cluster Outskirts

Introduction Recent Observations Outline Simulations Gas Flows Non-equilibrium physics Observational biases Summary

Electron temperature bias exhibits self-similarity

Avestruz Cluster Outskirts

Introduction Recent Observations Outline Simulations Gas Flows Non-equilibrium physics Observational biases Summary

Electron temperature bias exhibits self-similarity

Avestruz Cluster Outskirts

Introduction Recent Observations Outline Simulations Gas Flows Non-equilibrium physics Observational biases Summary

Electron temperature bias exhibits self-similarity

Avestruz Cluster Outskirts

Introduction Recent Observations Outline Simulations Gas Flows Non-equilibrium physics Observational biases Summary

Temperature bias is azimuthally asymmetric

Avestruz Cluster Outskirts

Introduction Recent Observations Outline Simulations Gas Flows Non-equilibrium physics Observational biases Summary

Temperature bias is azimuthally asymmetric

Avestruz Cluster Outskirts

Introduction Recent Observations Outline Simulations Gas Flows Non-equilibrium physics Observational biases Summary

Temperature bias is azimuthally asymmetric

Avestruz Cluster Outskirts

Introduction Recent Observations Outline Simulations Gas Flows Non-equilibrium physics Observational biases Summary

Temperature bias is azimuthally asymmetric

Avestruz Cluster Outskirts

Introduction Recent Observations Outline Simulations Gas Flows Non-equilibrium physics Observational biases Summary

Temperature bias is azimuthally asymmetric

Avestruz Cluster Outskirts

Introduction Recent Observations Outline Simulations Gas Flows Non-equilibrium physics Observational biases Summary

Temperature bias is azimuthally asymmetric

Avestruz Cluster Outskirts

Introduction Recent Observations Outline Simulations Gas Flows Non-equilibrium physics Observational biases Summary

Temperature bias is azimuthally asymmetric

Avestruz Cluster Outskirts

Introduction Recent Observations Outline Simulations Gas Flows Non-equilibrium physics Observational biases Summary

Mass accretion breaks self similarity

Avestruz Cluster Outskirts

Introduction Recent Observations Outline Simulations Gas Flows Non-equilibrium physics Observational biases Summary

Mass accretion breaks self similarity

Avestruz Cluster Outskirts

Introduction Recent Observations Outline Simulations Gas Flows Non-equilibrium physics Observational biases Summary

Bulk/Filament decomposition is important

Avestruz Cluster Outskirts

Introduction Recent Observations Outline Simulations Gas Flows Non-equilibrium physics Observational biases Summary

Mock X-ray pipeline allows us to test observations

Avestruz Cluster Outskirts

Introduction Recent Observations Outline Simulations Gas Flows Non-equilibrium physics Observational biases Summary

Mock X-ray pipeline allows us to test observations

Avestruz Cluster Outskirts

Introduction Recent Observations Outline Simulations Gas Flows Non-equilibrium physics Observational biases Summary

Mock X-ray pipeline allows us to test observations

Avestruz Cluster Outskirts

Introduction Recent Observations Outline Simulations Gas Flows Non-equilibrium physics Observational biases Summary

Mock X-ray pipeline allows us to test observations

XSB =∫dVnenpΛ(TX ,Z )

Photon counts per second

Emission measure:EMM =

∫nenp dl

Assumed model plasmaemissivity

Avestruz Cluster Outskirts

Introduction Recent Observations Outline Simulations Gas Flows Non-equilibrium physics Observational biases Summary

Mock X-ray pipeline allows us to test observations

XSB =∫dVnenpΛ(TX ,Z )

Photon counts per second

Emission measure:EMM =

∫nenp dl

Assumed model plasmaemissivity

Avestruz Cluster Outskirts

Introduction Recent Observations Outline Simulations Gas Flows Non-equilibrium physics Observational biases Summary

Mock X-ray pipeline allows us to test observations

XSB =∫dVnenpΛ(TX ,Z )

Photon counts per second

Emission measure:EMM =

∫nenp dl

Assumed model plasmaemissivity

Avestruz Cluster Outskirts

Introduction Recent Observations Outline Simulations Gas Flows Non-equilibrium physics Observational biases Summary

Mock X-ray pipeline allows us to test observations

XSB =∫dVnenpΛ(TX ,Z )

Photon counts per second

Emission measure:EMM =

∫nenp dl

Assumed model plasmaemissivity

Avestruz Cluster Outskirts

Introduction Recent Observations Outline Simulations Gas Flows Non-equilibrium physics Observational biases Summary

Mock X-ray pipeline allows us to test observations

TX = 4.11 keV

2 Msec exposure time

Convolved Chandra response(Similar to Abell 133)

Test metallicity and temperature

Avestruz Cluster Outskirts

Introduction Recent Observations Outline Simulations Gas Flows Non-equilibrium physics Observational biases Summary

Mock X-ray pipeline allows us to test observations

TX = 4.11 keV

2 Msec exposure time

Convolved Chandra response(Similar to Abell 133)

Test metallicity and temperature

Avestruz Cluster Outskirts

Introduction Recent Observations Outline Simulations Gas Flows Non-equilibrium physics Observational biases Summary

Mock X-ray pipeline allows us to test observations

TX = 4.11 keV

2 Msec exposure time

Convolved Chandra response(Similar to Abell 133)

Test metallicity and temperature

Avestruz Cluster Outskirts

Introduction Recent Observations Outline Simulations Gas Flows Non-equilibrium physics Observational biases Summary

Mock X-ray pipeline allows us to test observations

TX = 4.11 keV

2 Msec exposure time

Convolved Chandra response(Similar to Abell 133)

Test metallicity and temperature

Avestruz Cluster Outskirts

Introduction Recent Observations Outline Simulations Gas Flows Non-equilibrium physics Observational biases Summary

Mock X-ray pipeline allows us to test observations

TX = 4.11 keV

2 Msec exposure time

Convolved Chandra response(Similar to Abell 133)

Test metallicity and temperature

Avestruz Cluster Outskirts

Introduction Recent Observations Outline Simulations Gas Flows Non-equilibrium physics Observational biases Summary

We can test metal abundance with known input

Avestruz Cluster Outskirts

Introduction Recent Observations Outline Simulations Gas Flows Non-equilibrium physics Observational biases Summary

We can test metal abundance with known input

Avestruz Cluster Outskirts

Introduction Recent Observations Outline Simulations Gas Flows Non-equilibrium physics Observational biases Summary

We can test metal abundance with known input

Avestruz Cluster Outskirts

Introduction Recent Observations Outline Simulations Gas Flows Non-equilibrium physics Observational biases Summary

Weak metal contributions are scattered

Avestruz Cluster Outskirts

Introduction Recent Observations Outline Simulations Gas Flows Non-equilibrium physics Observational biases Summary

Stronger metal contributions biased low

Avestruz Cluster Outskirts

Introduction Recent Observations Outline Simulations Gas Flows Non-equilibrium physics Observational biases Summary

Stronger metal contributions biased low

Avestruz Cluster Outskirts

Introduction Recent Observations Outline Simulations Gas Flows Non-equilibrium physics Observational biases Summary

Stronger metal contributions biased low

Avestruz Cluster Outskirts

Introduction Recent Observations Outline Simulations Gas Flows Non-equilibrium physics Observational biases Summary

Bias disappears in single temperature medium

Avestruz Cluster Outskirts

Introduction Recent Observations Outline Simulations Gas Flows Non-equilibrium physics Observational biases Summary

Non-equilibrium electrons can affect measured TX

Avestruz Cluster Outskirts

Introduction Recent Observations Outline Simulations Gas Flows Non-equilibrium physics Observational biases Summary

Non-equilibrium electrons can affect measured TX

Avestruz Cluster Outskirts

Introduction Recent Observations Outline Simulations Gas Flows Non-equilibrium physics Observational biases Summary

Non-equilibrium electrons can affect measured TX

Avestruz Cluster Outskirts

Introduction Recent Observations Outline Simulations Gas Flows Non-equilibrium physics Observational biases Summary

Non-equilibrium electrons can affect measured TX

Avestruz Cluster Outskirts

Introduction Recent Observations Outline Simulations Gas Flows Non-equilibrium physics Observational biases Summary

Summary

1. Cluster outskirts are bestdescribed with respect to R200m

2. Non-equilibrium electrons are apotential source of systematicuncertainties

3. Inhomogeneities in theintracluster medium contributeto observational biases

Avestruz Cluster Outskirts

Introduction Recent Observations Outline Simulations Gas Flows Non-equilibrium physics Observational biases Summary

1. Outskirts best described with respect to R200m

Avestruz Cluster Outskirts

Introduction Recent Observations Outline Simulations Gas Flows Non-equilibrium physics Observational biases Summary

2. Non-equilibrium electrons at lower temperatures

Avestruz Cluster Outskirts

Introduction Recent Observations Outline Simulations Gas Flows Non-equilibrium physics Observational biases Summary

3. Inhomogeneities contribute to biases

Avestruz Cluster Outskirts

Introduction Recent Observations Outline Simulations Gas Flows Non-equilibrium physics Observational biases Summary

Summary

1. Cluster outskirts are bestdescribed with respect to R200m

2. Non-equilibrium electrons are apotential source of systematicuncertainties

3. Inhomogeneities in theintracluster medium contributeto observational biases

Avestruz Cluster Outskirts

Introduction Recent Observations Outline Simulations Gas Flows Non-equilibrium physics Observational biases Summary

End

Avestruz Cluster Outskirts