Post on 27-Mar-2015
Low-cost, electricity generating heat engines for
rural areas
Paul H. RileyConference Chair
Score Project Director
International Conference
1.4 Billion without Electricity
Indian Sub continent Sub Saharan Africa … the World
3 Billion people cook on open fire
International Conference to bring together key people providing solutions to share novel ideas
International Conference
Thanks to Mr Vincenzo Raimo, Director International Office Keynote speakers
Dr Grace Mukasa» Country Director PA Kenya
Mr Kees deBlok» CEO, Aster Thermoakoestische Systemen,
The Netherlands Presenters theme’s
Social requirements and field experience System Design Thermo-Acoustic Engines General Heat Engines
Posters and manufacturers Delegates
~ 50 people attending Continents of Africa, Asia, Indian subcontinent,
North and South America, Europe
Score-Stove ™Low-cost, smoke-free cooking with wood or dung, generating electricity for rural areas.
www.score.uk.com
Score project
5 year project £2m award, started 2007
Social science Needs Impact Inhibitors
Requirements capture Technical Financial Social
Thermo-Acoustics Appropriate manufacture Investigate requirements for large scale manufacture
>10 M per year
Consortium (core team)
University of Nottingham Lead, Linear Alternator, management, exploitation
City University London Design, development and analysis of low cost stove
enclosures. Wood fuelled stove testing with and without TAE University of Leicester
Thermo-acoustics, rigs, PIV Queen Mary University of London
System design, requirements documentation, demonstrator Practical Action
Requirements capture, Social science research, field trials
Strategy
Score Core Team
Score Centres
Score Community
Score Partner organisations
Intellectual property given free to developing countries, in return for Score owning improvements.
Licenses available for developed world
Malaysia, Bangladesh, Jaipur, Kenya, Nepal, Uganda
21 Collaboration agreements
Local community engagement
Researchdisseminationcommercialisation
The need
1.4 billion have no electricity The rest intermittent: load shedding
Many stove designs Insufficient impact need billions, not 100’s thousands
Understanding social context is key Poverty < $2 per day Motivation, e.g. mobile phone Low power, 25W makes a difference,
100 W better. Familiarity with local culture
Photographs courtesy Practical Action
Market Survey (from Score Project)
Typical Nepalese house
Target cost* Between £20 and £60
» In large quantities enables
1.2 B to 60 M people BUT…………………………..
* 2007 prices
Affordability
Cheapest solution is not the most affordable The right packaged solution makes it more attractive.
Stop using kerosene for lighting. Torches etc. mean kerosene use > zero Typical kerosene cost = £15 to £30 pa
Use of LED lights, low maintenance, cost decreasing due to learner curve.
Need easy-to-use way to monitor electricity So that carbon credits can be claimed.
Low cost entry point uses low capacity battery. Many devices (mobile phones) can be charged during
cooking
Generating stove goals
Reduce Wood consumption Smoke inhalation
Improve Health
» Reduced smoke» improved understanding of modern medicine» Preservation of prescription drugs (cooling)
Education, by means of electricity» light at night» access to knowledge through mobile phone and computer» Radio and TV
Wealth» Better education» Access to improved farming methods and commodity prices» Business opportunities (sales and maintenance, selling electricity)
The Score Stove Goal
For £20 - £60 it will Generate electricity. Be affordable. Be Smoke free. Reduces emissions.
Can burn Wood or Dung other biomass propane and kerosene.
help 3 billion rural people save 10 Mt Carbon per year
Score intervention in Nepal. 10 and 20We simulated.
Is Score useful?
Simulated Score Stove 35 houses in Nepal and Kenya 10 – 20 W electrical No smoke, less wood
Satisfaction 100% used electricity for lighting
helping education, social 80% used for radio 33% mobile phone charging
» 16% sold electricity
Interest from Developed world KTP with Warrior Stoves (UK)
awarded CHP
Benefit can be gained from as little as 15We, longer term 100We targeted.
Technology options
There is no doubt that a reliable smoke-free cooking stove that generates electricity, reduces fuel consumption and is affordable, will sell in the 100’s millions and give great benefit.
What technologies can meet these requirements? Erikson cycle Stirling engine Steam engine Solar plus clean cooking stove Thermo-Acoustic Thermo-Electric (Thermopile)
Business Case model
Available on memory stick is an Excel™ model The model shows a business case at 3 levels
The Household Village Store, or shop Country or large region
Pico Hydro Is cheapest solution, where available Falls behind at regional level as coverage is limited
PV solar Needs to operate in monsoon season (reduced light) Needs smoke free stove as well
Assumptions Can be varied to benchmark different scenarios and technologies Are designed to show consistency across different options Feedback from your technology area is welcome
Product comparison
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Generating capacity 50 50 50 0 50 500 WeReduction in deforestation 548 548 0 548 0 548 kg/yearCosts
Hob 10 10 0 10 0 10 £AHX 8 8 0 0 0 8 £
elec. generating technology 25 156 150 N/A 78 250 £Balance of plant 15 15 15 0 0 30 £
Core technology total 58 189 165 10 78 298 £4off 3W LED 12 12 12 0 12 12 £
2 off rechargeable LED torch 4 4 4 0 0 4 £7AH Lead Acid deep cycle battery 12 12 12 0 0 12 £
Product wholesale cost 86 217 193 10 90 326 £Installation and training 2 2 2 1 2 2 £
Transport 2 2 2 1 2 2 £Profit 8.6 22 19 1 9 33 £
Total Selling price 99 243 216 13 103 363 £
Householder view
Householder Finances
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Initial capital investment (bought on HP) 98.6 243.0 216.3 13.0 103.1 362.6 £
Capital payback 9.9 24.3 21.6 4.3 5.2 36.3 £ per yearInterest payment 7.4 18.2 16.2 1.0 7.7 27.2 £ per yearMaintenance cost 9.9 24.3 21.6 1.3 5.2 18.1 £ per yearBattery replacement (3years) 1.9 1.9 1.9 N/A N/A 0.9 £ amortised per yearTotal yearly cost 29.0 68.7 61.4 6.6 18.0 82.5 £ per year
Affordability (not buying kerosene) 24.0 24.0 24.0 0.0 24.0 24.0 £ per yearAffordability (increase in earnings as less wood to collect) 5.2 5.2 0.0 5.2 0.0 5.2 £ per yearCarbon credit 6.0 6.0 6.0 0.0 6.7 60.2 £ per yearSubsidy required 0.0 33.5 31.4 1.4 0.0 0.0 £ per year
Use per day 3.0 3.0 3.0 0.0 12.0 3.0 HoursEnergy generated 54.8 54.8 54.8 0.0 60.8 547.5 KWhr/yearOil saving 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.0 0.8 1.9 £ peryear
Cost per KWhr 0.53 1.26 1.12 0.30 0.15 £ per KWhr
Regional View
Notes:Assumes 2012 prices and exchange rates
(1) Pico Hydro can only cover 3 % of region(2) next generation Score is more efficient, same amount of wood used
Model developed by: © 2011 Paul H. Riley
The University of Nottingham
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In a region of 10 10 10 10 10 10 Million HouseholdsFor a capital investment of 986 2430 2163 130 31 3626 £Mand a return on investment of 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10%The following can be achievedReduction in oil imports 94 94 94 0 11 943 £M per yearGenerating capacity 500 500 500 0 15 5000 MWeGenerating energy 548 548 548 0 18 5475 GWhr/yearReduction in CO2 648 648 648 0 19 648 K tonnes CO2 per yearReduction in deforestation 5 5 0 5 0 5 M tonnes per yearJobs generated 120 320 280 40 2 360 Thousand peopleCost per KWhr 0.53 1.26 1.12 0.30 0.15 £ per KWhr
Ongoing Subsidy required 0 334 313 14 0 0 £M per year
Score Status April 2012
Thermo-Acoustic technology chosen Research phase and dissemination completed Additional awards made (totalling £0.5M)
KTS, KTP, centre establishment, Follow on funds. Significant free support (people’s time)
Score Community running since 2008. City University achieved record of 23We for wood burning
TAE. Scientific (instrumented) rigs built
Leicester and Queen Mary University of London 8 demonstrators built, 8 on order Cost reduction plan
One off demonstrators £2500 in UK, £750 with low labour cost, In 100k pa volume £150 RR audit, £60 with manufacturing improvements More research needed to hit £20 target
Next Steps
Increase output to 50We, then 100We 4 companies interested in manufacture at 50We
Supporting Score Centres Complete cooling work at Leicester Sponsorship
Field trials Manufacturers
Dissemination event Benchmark with other technologies Form future collaborations
Acknowledgements
The Score project is funded by EPSRC, the UK Engineering and Physical Research Council.
Thanks to the Score Team Professor Chris Lawn, Dr Catherine Gardner
» Queen Mary University London,
Professor Artur Jaworski, Dr Zhibin Yu, Ms Patcharin Saechan» University of Leicester
Professor Keith Pullen and Dr Ron Dennis» City University London
Dr Teo Sanchez» Practical Action
Professor Mark Johnson, Dr David Hann, Dr Chitta Saha and Mr Lijo George
» My Nottingham colleagues
Aster Technology the Netherlands, Mr Kees deBlok
Score Centre Malaysia Dr Yousif Abakr, Mr Baiman Chen, Mr David Wee
The numerous members of the Score Community Especially Mark Loweth
Introducing
Dr Grace MukasaCountry Director, Practical Action Kenya
Back pocket slides
Score Objectives
Contribute to increasing wealth and education and improving health in developing countries by investigating appropriate and affordable novel technology to meet the energy needs of isolated rural communities in developing countries. This technology is designated, SCORE, the Stove for Cooking, Refrigeration and Electricity supply.
Develop a Project Network, comprising academics from both the research team and local universities acting as knowledge hubs in the target countries, charities and non-government organisations, government representative and the local communities themselves. Exchange and focus the scientific, technological and social knowledge required by SCORE. Promote SCORE worldwide and provide a database of end-user requirements and product applications
Plan and create the mechanisms for implementation of SCORE by identifying barriers to implementation and proposing solutions, forming collaborations within the developing countries, developing training strategy and suitable training materials, encouraging the acquisition of matching funding, promoting the building of local manufacturing capacity, and highlighting the wider business opportunities of SCORE in developing countries.
Capture and evaluate the underpinning scientific knowledge of thermoacoustic technologies and devise a new engineering concept combining the thermoacoustic engine, electrical generation and refrigeration. Integrate these in a technology demonstrator.
Study heat transfer processes in combustion and thermoacoustic systems and devise a high-efficiency, integrated combustor/heat exchanger/stove unit, capable of fulfilling its cooking function and providing the energy to the thermoacoustic element. Evaluate its performance by experimentation and integrate it into a technology demonstrator.
Devise through interdisciplinary research an inexpensive method to convert acoustic energy into electricity that could be easily mass produced and evaluate its performance.
Study the manufacturability, cost and the potential of using indigenous materials and local skills and based on the technology demonstrator, to design feasible SCORE prototypes, which could be field tested at selected locations. Build and demonstrate the prototypes in selected rural communities.
Benchmark the design against other technologies and recommend future development paths, research and applications.
Project start Mar- Sept 2007
Original members University of Nottingham (Lead, Management and LA)
Imperial college (appropriate manufacture, social-technical interface), University of Manchester, Queen Mary London, (TA technology) The Charity Practical Action (Social science, field studies)
Current members University of Nottingham, City London, University of Leicester, Queen
Mary London, Practical Action. Originally supported by
Los Alamos (Scott Backhaus), Dai-ichi (Philippines) 10 other letters of support
Current support Dai-ichi (Philippines), Aster (Kees deBlok), Malaysian campus, PA
Bangladesh, BUET, Rolls-Royce, plus other NGO and companies. Score Community launched 2008 Score Centres launched 2010
Submitted publications to date 11 journal, 16 conference. (4 awaiting publication)
Score Original Plan
SCORE Project – Diagrammatic Work Plan Social and Engineering Science Research Stage (36 months) Technology Dissemination and Transfer
Stage (24 months)
Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 WP Activity Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4
1.1 End-user requirements - Social requirements A 1.2 End-user requirements - Technical requirements B 2.1 Equalisation of understanding, acquire technology 2.2 Combustion, heat exchangers, 1-D thermoacoustic models F G 2.3 Experimental validation and model refinement 3.1 Equalisation of understanding, acquire technology 3.2 CFD and physical system models H I 4.1 Equalisation of understanding, acquire technology 4.2 Model, design and prototype J K 5 Technology demonstrator 6.1 Manufacturability studies N 6.2 Validation testing Q S 6.3 Manufacturing process definition, field trials, training Z T Y 7 Social culture and organisation L M P S V W Y 8 Management framework D E O R S U X Y C C C C C C Milestones Requirements captured, technology acquired Technical evaluation and concept First build of technology demonstrator Working technology demonstrator Manufactured first SCORE using basic tools Dissemination mechanisms in place Major dissemination event Manufacturing partners and funding agreed Project complete. Commence manufacture
The actual plan was different to schedule
Score Centre of Excellence
Malaysia started 2010 Bangladesh, India started in July 2011 Targeted at organisations that have
both research and teaching capabilities Have capacity and will to propagate Score knowledge
Will be provided with information to Design and analyse TAE* Manufacture Score-Stoves How to Maintain Score Stoves Create business models for Score-Stove™ exploitation
» Explore the franchise type
Support available for creating teaching modules Quality level of approval and regular checks Long term to be Self sustaining and sufficient
* Thermo-Acoustic Engines
Score Community
Began 2008 now has 14 members Tajikistan, SA, Kenya, Nepal, Uganda, Ghana, China, India.
Loosely bound individuals and organisations Have signed Collaboration Agreement or non-disclosure Score IP* given freely to developing countries Generated IP owned by Nottingham University
» Then freely available to all developing countries
Access to community web site to share knowledge Licenses available for use in developed countries
Includes self-help community of practice Encourages profitable enterprises
As long as profit stays in developing country Encourages Research
* Intellectual Property