Low-cost, electricity generating heat engines for

rural areas

Paul H. RileyConference Chair

Score Project Director

International Conference

1.4 Billion without Electricity

Indian Sub continent Sub Saharan Africa … the World

3 Billion people cook on open fire

International Conference to bring together key people providing solutions to share novel ideas

International Conference

Thanks to Mr Vincenzo Raimo, Director International Office Keynote speakers

Dr Grace Mukasa» Country Director PA Kenya

Mr Kees deBlok» CEO, Aster Thermoakoestische Systemen,

The Netherlands Presenters theme’s

Social requirements and field experience System Design Thermo-Acoustic Engines General Heat Engines

Posters and manufacturers Delegates

~ 50 people attending Continents of Africa, Asia, Indian subcontinent,

North and South America, Europe

Score-Stove ™Low-cost, smoke-free cooking with wood or dung, generating electricity for rural areas.

www.score.uk.com

Score project

5 year project £2m award, started 2007

Social science Needs Impact Inhibitors

Requirements capture Technical Financial Social

Thermo-Acoustics Appropriate manufacture Investigate requirements for large scale manufacture

>10 M per year

Consortium (core team)

University of Nottingham Lead, Linear Alternator, management, exploitation

City University London Design, development and analysis of low cost stove

enclosures. Wood fuelled stove testing with and without TAE University of Leicester

Thermo-acoustics, rigs, PIV Queen Mary University of London

System design, requirements documentation, demonstrator Practical Action

Requirements capture, Social science research, field trials

Strategy

Score Core Team

Score Centres

Score Community

Score Partner organisations

Intellectual property given free to developing countries, in return for Score owning improvements.

Licenses available for developed world

Malaysia, Bangladesh, Jaipur, Kenya, Nepal, Uganda

21 Collaboration agreements

Local community engagement

Researchdisseminationcommercialisation

The need

1.4 billion have no electricity The rest intermittent: load shedding

Many stove designs Insufficient impact need billions, not 100’s thousands

Understanding social context is key Poverty < $2 per day Motivation, e.g. mobile phone Low power, 25W makes a difference,

100 W better. Familiarity with local culture

Photographs courtesy Practical Action

Market Survey (from Score Project)

Typical Nepalese house

Target cost* Between £20 and £60

» In large quantities enables

1.2 B to 60 M people BUT…………………………..

* 2007 prices

Affordability

Cheapest solution is not the most affordable The right packaged solution makes it more attractive.

Stop using kerosene for lighting. Torches etc. mean kerosene use > zero Typical kerosene cost = £15 to £30 pa

Use of LED lights, low maintenance, cost decreasing due to learner curve.

Need easy-to-use way to monitor electricity So that carbon credits can be claimed.

Low cost entry point uses low capacity battery. Many devices (mobile phones) can be charged during

cooking

Generating stove goals

Reduce Wood consumption Smoke inhalation

Improve Health

» Reduced smoke» improved understanding of modern medicine» Preservation of prescription drugs (cooling)

Education, by means of electricity» light at night» access to knowledge through mobile phone and computer» Radio and TV

Wealth» Better education» Access to improved farming methods and commodity prices» Business opportunities (sales and maintenance, selling electricity)

The Score Stove Goal

For £20 - £60 it will Generate electricity. Be affordable. Be Smoke free. Reduces emissions.

Can burn Wood or Dung other biomass propane and kerosene.

help 3 billion rural people save 10 Mt Carbon per year

Score intervention in Nepal. 10 and 20We simulated.

Is Score useful?

Simulated Score Stove 35 houses in Nepal and Kenya 10 – 20 W electrical No smoke, less wood

Satisfaction 100% used electricity for lighting

helping education, social 80% used for radio 33% mobile phone charging

» 16% sold electricity

Interest from Developed world KTP with Warrior Stoves (UK)

awarded CHP

Benefit can be gained from as little as 15We, longer term 100We targeted.

Technology options

There is no doubt that a reliable smoke-free cooking stove that generates electricity, reduces fuel consumption and is affordable, will sell in the 100’s millions and give great benefit.

What technologies can meet these requirements? Erikson cycle Stirling engine Steam engine Solar plus clean cooking stove Thermo-Acoustic Thermo-Electric (Thermopile)

Business Case model

Available on memory stick is an Excel™ model The model shows a business case at 3 levels

The Household Village Store, or shop Country or large region

Pico Hydro Is cheapest solution, where available Falls behind at regional level as coverage is limited

PV solar Needs to operate in monsoon season (reduced light) Needs smoke free stove as well

Assumptions Can be varied to benchmark different scenarios and technologies Are designed to show consistency across different options Feedback from your technology area is welcome

Product comparison

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Generating capacity 50 50 50 0 50 500 WeReduction in deforestation 548 548 0 548 0 548 kg/yearCosts

Hob 10 10 0 10 0 10 £AHX 8 8 0 0 0 8 £

elec. generating technology 25 156 150 N/A 78 250 £Balance of plant 15 15 15 0 0 30 £

Core technology total 58 189 165 10 78 298 £4off 3W LED 12 12 12 0 12 12 £

2 off rechargeable LED torch 4 4 4 0 0 4 £7AH Lead Acid deep cycle battery 12 12 12 0 0 12 £

Product wholesale cost 86 217 193 10 90 326 £Installation and training 2 2 2 1 2 2 £

Transport 2 2 2 1 2 2 £Profit 8.6 22 19 1 9 33 £

Total Selling price 99 243 216 13 103 363 £

Householder view

Householder Finances

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Initial capital investment (bought on HP) 98.6 243.0 216.3 13.0 103.1 362.6 £

Capital payback 9.9 24.3 21.6 4.3 5.2 36.3 £ per yearInterest payment 7.4 18.2 16.2 1.0 7.7 27.2 £ per yearMaintenance cost 9.9 24.3 21.6 1.3 5.2 18.1 £ per yearBattery replacement (3years) 1.9 1.9 1.9 N/A N/A 0.9 £ amortised per yearTotal yearly cost 29.0 68.7 61.4 6.6 18.0 82.5 £ per year

Affordability (not buying kerosene) 24.0 24.0 24.0 0.0 24.0 24.0 £ per yearAffordability (increase in earnings as less wood to collect) 5.2 5.2 0.0 5.2 0.0 5.2 £ per yearCarbon credit 6.0 6.0 6.0 0.0 6.7 60.2 £ per yearSubsidy required 0.0 33.5 31.4 1.4 0.0 0.0 £ per year

Use per day 3.0 3.0 3.0 0.0 12.0 3.0 HoursEnergy generated 54.8 54.8 54.8 0.0 60.8 547.5 KWhr/yearOil saving 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.0 0.8 1.9 £ peryear

Cost per KWhr 0.53 1.26 1.12 0.30 0.15 £ per KWhr

Regional View

Notes:Assumes 2012 prices and exchange rates

(1) Pico Hydro can only cover 3 % of region(2) next generation Score is more efficient, same amount of wood used

Model developed by: © 2011 Paul H. Riley

The University of Nottingham

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In a region of 10 10 10 10 10 10 Million HouseholdsFor a capital investment of 986 2430 2163 130 31 3626 £Mand a return on investment of 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10%The following can be achievedReduction in oil imports 94 94 94 0 11 943 £M per yearGenerating capacity 500 500 500 0 15 5000 MWeGenerating energy 548 548 548 0 18 5475 GWhr/yearReduction in CO2 648 648 648 0 19 648 K tonnes CO2 per yearReduction in deforestation 5 5 0 5 0 5 M tonnes per yearJobs generated 120 320 280 40 2 360 Thousand peopleCost per KWhr 0.53 1.26 1.12 0.30 0.15 £ per KWhr

Ongoing Subsidy required 0 334 313 14 0 0 £M per year

Score Status April 2012

Thermo-Acoustic technology chosen Research phase and dissemination completed Additional awards made (totalling £0.5M)

KTS, KTP, centre establishment, Follow on funds. Significant free support (people’s time)

Score Community running since 2008. City University achieved record of 23We for wood burning

TAE. Scientific (instrumented) rigs built

Leicester and Queen Mary University of London 8 demonstrators built, 8 on order Cost reduction plan

One off demonstrators £2500 in UK, £750 with low labour cost, In 100k pa volume £150 RR audit, £60 with manufacturing improvements More research needed to hit £20 target

Next Steps

Increase output to 50We, then 100We 4 companies interested in manufacture at 50We

Supporting Score Centres Complete cooling work at Leicester Sponsorship

Field trials Manufacturers

Dissemination event Benchmark with other technologies Form future collaborations

Acknowledgements

The Score project is funded by EPSRC, the UK Engineering and Physical Research Council.

Thanks to the Score Team Professor Chris Lawn, Dr Catherine Gardner

» Queen Mary University London,

Professor Artur Jaworski, Dr Zhibin Yu, Ms Patcharin Saechan» University of Leicester

Professor Keith Pullen and Dr Ron Dennis» City University London

Dr Teo Sanchez» Practical Action

Professor Mark Johnson, Dr David Hann, Dr Chitta Saha and Mr Lijo George

» My Nottingham colleagues

Aster Technology the Netherlands, Mr Kees deBlok

Score Centre Malaysia Dr Yousif Abakr, Mr Baiman Chen, Mr David Wee

The numerous members of the Score Community Especially Mark Loweth

Introducing

Dr Grace MukasaCountry Director, Practical Action Kenya

Back pocket slides

Score Objectives

Contribute to increasing wealth and education and improving health in developing countries by investigating appropriate and affordable novel technology to meet the energy needs of isolated rural communities in developing countries. This technology is designated, SCORE, the Stove for Cooking, Refrigeration and Electricity supply.

Develop a Project Network, comprising academics from both the research team and local universities acting as knowledge hubs in the target countries, charities and non-government organisations, government representative and the local communities themselves. Exchange and focus the scientific, technological and social knowledge required by SCORE. Promote SCORE worldwide and provide a database of end-user requirements and product applications

Plan and create the mechanisms for implementation of SCORE by identifying barriers to implementation and proposing solutions, forming collaborations within the developing countries, developing training strategy and suitable training materials, encouraging the acquisition of matching funding, promoting the building of local manufacturing capacity, and highlighting the wider business opportunities of SCORE in developing countries.

Capture and evaluate the underpinning scientific knowledge of thermoacoustic technologies and devise a new engineering concept combining the thermoacoustic engine, electrical generation and refrigeration. Integrate these in a technology demonstrator.

Study heat transfer processes in combustion and thermoacoustic systems and devise a high-efficiency, integrated combustor/heat exchanger/stove unit, capable of fulfilling its cooking function and providing the energy to the thermoacoustic element. Evaluate its performance by experimentation and integrate it into a technology demonstrator.

Devise through interdisciplinary research an inexpensive method to convert acoustic energy into electricity that could be easily mass produced and evaluate its performance.

Study the manufacturability, cost and the potential of using indigenous materials and local skills and based on the technology demonstrator, to design feasible SCORE prototypes, which could be field tested at selected locations. Build and demonstrate the prototypes in selected rural communities.

Benchmark the design against other technologies and recommend future development paths, research and applications.

Project start Mar- Sept 2007

Original members University of Nottingham (Lead, Management and LA)

Imperial college (appropriate manufacture, social-technical interface), University of Manchester, Queen Mary London, (TA technology) The Charity Practical Action (Social science, field studies)

Current members University of Nottingham, City London, University of Leicester, Queen

Mary London, Practical Action. Originally supported by

Los Alamos (Scott Backhaus), Dai-ichi (Philippines) 10 other letters of support

Current support Dai-ichi (Philippines), Aster (Kees deBlok), Malaysian campus, PA

Bangladesh, BUET, Rolls-Royce, plus other NGO and companies. Score Community launched 2008 Score Centres launched 2010

Submitted publications to date 11 journal, 16 conference. (4 awaiting publication)

Score Original Plan

SCORE Project – Diagrammatic Work Plan Social and Engineering Science Research Stage (36 months) Technology Dissemination and Transfer

Stage (24 months)

Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 WP Activity Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4

1.1 End-user requirements - Social requirements A 1.2 End-user requirements - Technical requirements B 2.1 Equalisation of understanding, acquire technology 2.2 Combustion, heat exchangers, 1-D thermoacoustic models F G 2.3 Experimental validation and model refinement 3.1 Equalisation of understanding, acquire technology 3.2 CFD and physical system models H I 4.1 Equalisation of understanding, acquire technology 4.2 Model, design and prototype J K 5 Technology demonstrator 6.1 Manufacturability studies N 6.2 Validation testing Q S 6.3 Manufacturing process definition, field trials, training Z T Y 7 Social culture and organisation L M P S V W Y 8 Management framework D E O R S U X Y C C C C C C Milestones Requirements captured, technology acquired Technical evaluation and concept First build of technology demonstrator Working technology demonstrator Manufactured first SCORE using basic tools Dissemination mechanisms in place Major dissemination event Manufacturing partners and funding agreed Project complete. Commence manufacture

The actual plan was different to schedule

Score Centre of Excellence

Malaysia started 2010 Bangladesh, India started in July 2011 Targeted at organisations that have

both research and teaching capabilities Have capacity and will to propagate Score knowledge

Will be provided with information to Design and analyse TAE* Manufacture Score-Stoves How to Maintain Score Stoves Create business models for Score-Stove™ exploitation

» Explore the franchise type

Support available for creating teaching modules Quality level of approval and regular checks Long term to be Self sustaining and sufficient

* Thermo-Acoustic Engines

Score Community

Began 2008 now has 14 members Tajikistan, SA, Kenya, Nepal, Uganda, Ghana, China, India.

Loosely bound individuals and organisations Have signed Collaboration Agreement or non-disclosure Score IP* given freely to developing countries Generated IP owned by Nottingham University

» Then freely available to all developing countries

Access to community web site to share knowledge Licenses available for use in developed countries

Includes self-help community of practice Encourages profitable enterprises

As long as profit stays in developing country Encourages Research

* Intellectual Property