Lecture 3: Making it Work – the Volatile 1790’s

The Early Republic (1789-1820)

Problems: Internal:

Uneducated massesMonarchyLegislature

External:Spain, Great Britain,

France

The Early Republic (1789-1820)

Tremendous growth: Population: 1790 - 3.9 mil; 1820 - 9.6 mil Cotton export: 1794 - 2 mil; 1820 - 128 mil Total US export: 1791 - $19 mil; 1807 - $108 mil Geographic expansion

Washington’s Presidency

Washington’s electionSetting precedents

Title 1st lady Cabinet:

State: JeffersonTreasury: HamiltonWar: KnoxVP: AdamsChief Justice: Jay

Rivalry in the CabinetJefferson vs. Hamilton

Jefferson vs. Hamilton

Jefferson: French Rev. Contradictions “Republican” States Ties to France Agrarian, expansive

nation

Hamilton: Illegitimate, immigrant Aide to GW “Federalist” National govt. Ties to England Urban, industrial nation

Conflict between order and liberty

Washington’s Presidency

The 1st party system: Federalists and RepublicansThe volatile 1790s:

Yellow fever Financial panics Taxpayer revolts Violent protest Sedition act Fights in congress The Duel

Parties: Principled, yet compromise The Presidency

Washington’s PresidencyRepublican party firstWashington’s presenceHouse of RepresentativesFederalist ruleHamilton’s winning streak:

Fund debt,; taxes; national bank Shades of British system Repay war debt (Madison system rejected) Assumption of state debt (Madison rejected) Whiskey tax National bank

How to fight back? Rally public opinion!

Washington’s PresidencyThe newspaper war

Freneau, National Gazette Fenno, Gazette of the United States

The 1792 campaign Media Letters Pamphlets

Madison’s reversalHamilton’s attacksThe 1792 election

Washington’s Presidency

Foreign affairs: France or Britain? “Independent

Internationalism” Commercial alliances Stay out of war Westward expansion 1793 Proclamation of

Neutrality Treaties with England

and Spain (Jay’s Treaty and Pinckney’s Treaty)

Washington’s Presidency

Election of 1796Farewell Address

No entangling alliances

John Adams as President

Conflict with France“X,Y,Z Affair”The Federalists unravel:

Immigration Alien & Sedition Acts Standing army Taxes The Sedition law

The Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions

Jefferson as President

The Election of 1800The “Revolution of

1801”Marbury v. MadisonJudicial reviewLouisiana Purchase

Haitian slave rebellion

Embargo Act

Mr. Madison’s War

Causes of the War of 1812 Impressment Leopard/Chesapeake Economic warfare Indian attacks Canada?

Mr. Madison’s War

War of 1812 Treaty of Ghent

Results of the war: National pride Westward expansion Military growth Transportation