Lab 2 Review

Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium

Appendix A A1

Appendix A

AP BIOLOGY EQUATIONS AND FORMULAS

StAtiSticAl AnAlySiS And ProbAbility s = sample standard deviation (i.e., the sample based estimate of the standard deviation of the population)

x = meann = size of the sampleo = observed individuals with observed genotypee = expected individuals with observed genotype

Degrees of freedom equals the number of distinct possible outcomes minus one.

Standard Error Mean

Standard Deviation Chi-Square

chi-SquAre tAble

Degrees of Freedomp 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 80.05 3.84 5.99 7.82 9.49 11.07 12.59 14.07 15.510.01 6.64 9.32 11.34 13.28 15.09 16.81 18.48 20.09

lAwS of ProbAbilityIf A and B are mutually exclusive, then P (A or B) = P(A) + P(B)If A and B are independent, then P (A and B) = P(A) x P(B)

hArdy-weinberg equAtionSp2 + 2pq + q2 = 1 p = frequency of the dominant

allele in a populationp + q = 1 q = frequency of the recessive

allele in a population

Metric PrefixeS

Factor Prefix Symbol109 giga G106 mega M103 kilo k10-2 centi c10-3 milli m10-6 micro μ10-9 nano n10-12 pico p

Mode = value that occurs most frequently in a data setMedian = middle value that separates the greater and lesser halves of a data setMean = sum of all data points divided by number of data pointsRange = value obtained by subtracting the smallest observation (sample minimum) from the greatest (sample maximum)

A2 Appendix A

rATe And growTh water Potential (Ψ)Ψ = Ψp + ΨsΨp = pressure potentialΨs = solute potentialThe water potential will be equal to the solute potential of a solution in an open container, since the pressure potential of the solution in an open container is zero.The Solute Potential of the SolutionΨs = – iCRTi = ionization constant (For sucrose

this is 1.0 because sucrose does not ionize in water.)

C = molar concentrationR = pressure constant (R = 0.0831 liter

bars/mole K)T = temperature in Kelvin (273 + ºC)

ratedY/dtPopulation growthdN/dt=B-Dexponential growth

logistic growth

dY= amount of changet = timeB = birth rateD = death rateN = population sizeK = carrying capacityrmax = maximum per capita growth rate

of population

Temperature Coefficient q10

Primary Productivity Calculationmg O2/L x 0.698 = mL O2 /LmL O2/L x 0.536 = mg carbon fixed/L

t2 = higher temperaturet1 = lower temperaturek2 = metabolic rate at t2

k1 = metabolic rate at t1

Q10 = the factor by which the reaction rate increases when the temperature is raised by ten degrees

SurFACe AreA And VoluMe dilution – used to create a dilute solution from a concentrated stock solutionCiVi = CfVf

i = initial (starting)C = concentration of solutef = final (desired)V = volume of solution

Volume of a SphereV = 4/3 π r3

Volume of a Cube (or Square Column)V = l w hVolume of a ColumnV = π r2 hSurface Area of a SphereA = 4 π r2

Surface Area of a CubeA = 6 aSurface Area of a rectangular SolidA = Σ (surface area of each side)

r = radiusl = lengthh = heightw = widthA = surface areaV = volumeΣ = Sum of alla = surface area of one side of the cube gibbs Free energy

ΔG = ΔH – TΔSΔG = change in Gibbs free energyΔS = change in entropyΔH = change in enthalpyT= absolute temperature (in Kelvin)ph = – log [H+]

Lab 2 Hardy-Weinberg 1. The frequency of two alleles in a gene pool is 0.1 9(A) and 0 .81(a). What is the percentage

in the population of heterozygous individuals? What is the percentage of homozygous recessives? Assume that the population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.

2. An allele W, for white wool, is dominant over allele w, for black wool. In a sample of 900 sheep, 891 are white and 9 are black. Estimate the allelic frequencies in this sample, assuming that the population is in equilibrium.

3. In a population that is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, the frequency of the recessive homozygote genotype of a certain trait is 0.09. What is the percentage of individuals homozygous for the dominant allele?

4. In a population that is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, 38 % of the individuals are recessive homozygotes for a certain trait. In a population of 14,500, how many of the individuals will be homozygous dominant individuals, and heterozygous individuals.

5. Allele T, for the ability to taste a particular chemical, is dominant over allele t, for the inability to taste it. At a university, out of 400 surveyed students, 64 were found to be nontasters. What is the percentage of heterozygous students? Assume that the population is in equilibrium.

6. In humans, Rh-positive individuals have the Rh antigen on their red blood cells, while Rh-negative individuals do not. Assume that a dominant gene Rh produces the Rh-positive phenotype, and the Rh-negative phenotype produces by its recessive allele rh. In a population that is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, if 160 out of 200 individuals are Rh-positive, what are the frequencies of the Rh allele and the rh allele at this locus?

7. In corn, yellow kernel color is governed by a dominant allele for white color W and, by its recessive allele, w. A random sample of 100 kernels from a population that is in equilibrium reveals that 9 are yellow and 91 are white. What are the frequencies of the yellow and white alleles in this population? What is the percentage of heterozygotes in this population?

8. A rare disease which is due to a recessive allele (a) that is lethal when homozygous (aa), occurs with a frequency of one in a million. How many individuals in a town of 14,000 can be expected to carry this allele?

Biology 65

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3. In fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster), straight wing shape is dominant to curly wing shape. A particular population of fruit flies is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium with respect to the alleles for wing shape.

The Hardy-Weinberg equation, given below, is useful in understanding population genetics:

p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1

(a) Explain what the terms ( p2, 2pq, and q2 ) represent in the population of fruit flies.

(b) Describe one condition that is necessary for the population to be in equilibrium.

Appendix A A1

Appendix A

AP BIOLOGY EQUATIONS AND FORMULAS

StAtiSticAl AnAlySiS And ProbAbility s = sample standard deviation (i.e., the sample based estimate of the standard deviation of the population)

x = meann = size of the sampleo = observed individuals with observed genotypee = expected individuals with observed genotype

Degrees of freedom equals the number of distinct possible outcomes minus one.

Standard Error Mean

Standard Deviation Chi-Square

chi-SquAre tAble

Degrees of Freedomp 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 80.05 3.84 5.99 7.82 9.49 11.07 12.59 14.07 15.510.01 6.64 9.32 11.34 13.28 15.09 16.81 18.48 20.09

lAwS of ProbAbilityIf A and B are mutually exclusive, then P (A or B) = P(A) + P(B)If A and B are independent, then P (A and B) = P(A) x P(B)

hArdy-weinberg equAtionSp2 + 2pq + q2 = 1 p = frequency of the dominant

allele in a populationp + q = 1 q = frequency of the recessive

allele in a population

Metric PrefixeS

Factor Prefix Symbol109 giga G106 mega M103 kilo k10-2 centi c10-3 milli m10-6 micro μ10-9 nano n10-12 pico p

Mode = value that occurs most frequently in a data setMedian = middle value that separates the greater and lesser halves of a data setMean = sum of all data points divided by number of data pointsRange = value obtained by subtracting the smallest observation (sample minimum) from the greatest (sample maximum)

A2 Appendix A

rATe And growTh water Potential (Ψ)Ψ = Ψp + ΨsΨp = pressure potentialΨs = solute potentialThe water potential will be equal to the solute potential of a solution in an open container, since the pressure potential of the solution in an open container is zero.The Solute Potential of the SolutionΨs = – iCRTi = ionization constant (For sucrose

this is 1.0 because sucrose does not ionize in water.)

C = molar concentrationR = pressure constant (R = 0.0831 liter

bars/mole K)T = temperature in Kelvin (273 + ºC)

ratedY/dtPopulation growthdN/dt=B-Dexponential growth

logistic growth

dY= amount of changet = timeB = birth rateD = death rateN = population sizeK = carrying capacityrmax = maximum per capita growth rate

of population

Temperature Coefficient q10

Primary Productivity Calculationmg O2/L x 0.698 = mL O2 /LmL O2/L x 0.536 = mg carbon fixed/L

t2 = higher temperaturet1 = lower temperaturek2 = metabolic rate at t2

k1 = metabolic rate at t1

Q10 = the factor by which the reaction rate increases when the temperature is raised by ten degrees

SurFACe AreA And VoluMe dilution – used to create a dilute solution from a concentrated stock solutionCiVi = CfVf

i = initial (starting)C = concentration of solutef = final (desired)V = volume of solution

Volume of a SphereV = 4/3 π r3

Volume of a Cube (or Square Column)V = l w hVolume of a ColumnV = π r2 hSurface Area of a SphereA = 4 π r2

Surface Area of a CubeA = 6 aSurface Area of a rectangular SolidA = Σ (surface area of each side)

r = radiusl = lengthh = heightw = widthA = surface areaV = volumeΣ = Sum of alla = surface area of one side of the cube gibbs Free energy

ΔG = ΔH – TΔSΔG = change in Gibbs free energyΔS = change in entropyΔH = change in enthalpyT= absolute temperature (in Kelvin)ph = – log [H+]