Kingdom Animalia

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Animal Kingdom…all animals:

Are Heterotrophs- obtains food from plants and or animals. Have Mobility- have the ability to move at

one time in their life Are Multicellular- made of many cells Have Diploidy- adults have two copies of

chromosomes. (2n) Undergo Sexual Reproduction- produce gametes (egg and sperm) and both parents

contribute genetically.

Evolutionary Milestone The Evolutionary

Milestone (EM) represents the characteristics that developed through time that allowed organisms to become more complex.

The Evolutionary Milestones for

Kingdom Animalia

1. Multicellularity

2. True tissue organization and functionality

3. Symmetry

4. Body cavity development

5. Segmentation

6. Jointed appendages

7. Anus & mouth development

8. Notochord

First developed

Latest development

Multicellularity

Many cells

Tissues

Specialized tissues that carry out a particular function

Symmetry Asymmetry-No definite body shape.

(sponges)

Radial symmetry- infinite lines of symmetry body parts are arranged in a circular pattern around a central axis. (jellyfish, sea stars)

Bilateral Symmetry

Bilateral symmetry- Only one line of symmetry. The body parts have distinct halves or mirror images…anything with eyes and a head (all insects, worms, all vertebrates)

Bilateral symmetry

Have distinct right and left halves

Fluid-filled Body Cavity or

Coeloms

Pseudocoeloms-a body cavity that forms between the gut and body wall.

Coeloms

Development in embrionic stage that leads to complex organs.

Segmentation

Repeated body segments

Jointed appendages

Jointed arms and legs

Deuterostomes

Anus developed first and mouth second

Notochord

Flexible dorsal rod

There are 7 major tissues found in the Animal

Kingdom

Digestion

Body cells- each cell eats (sponge)

Gastro-vascular cavity- there is only one opening acts as anus and mouth (planarian worm)

Digestive tract- there is both a mouth and anus (earthworm)

Respiration

Diffusion- cell to cell (jellyfish)

Through the skin- absorb (earthworm)

Gills- gas exchange through blood vessels (fish)

Lungs- gas exchange

through blood vessels

(all land animals)

Circulation

Open circulatory system- heart pumps fluid with O2 and washes across the tissue…there is space between body tissue (jellyfish)

Closed circulatory system- heart pumps fluid with O2 through a system of blood

vessels.

Nerve conduction

Nerve cells- carry messages via electrical impulse.

Flatworms use nerve chords

Arthropods have a brain and ventral nerve chord

Vertebrates have a brain and spinal chord

Support Hydrostatic skeleton- soft

bodied invertebrates use water pressure for support (worms)

Exoskeleton- rigid external covering (Arthropods)

Endoskeleton- hard material makes up internal skeleton (all vertebrates)

Excretion

The removal of waste products

Through the skin or gills Simple and aquatic animals (mollusks)

Urea is formed within the body and then excreted

(All land animals)

Reproduction Asexual- Fragmenting

body (sponges), splitting in half (sea anemone) non fertilized eggs (bee)

Sexual- The union of male and female gametes

Hermaphrodites- have both male and female parts (earthworm)

Reproduction

External fertilization- the egg is fertilized outside the body

Internal fertilization- the egg is fertilized inside the body

Two Main Groups of Animals

Invertebrates

No backbone or notochord

Sponges, insects, spiders, worms, jellyfish

First animals-simple to complex

Vertebrates

Notochord present

Birds, reptiles, mammals, fish, sharks

All complex

Invertebrates

Invertebrates

There are 8 Invertebrate Phyla These phyla are listed from most primitive

to most recent:

Porifera- sponges

Cnidarians - jellyfish

Platyhelminthes - flatworms

Nematodes- roundworms

Mollusks- clams, oysters

Annelids- worms

Arthropods-insects, spiders

Echinoderms- starfish 28

Primitive

Advanced/recent

Phylum Porifera

Mostly marine

Is the most primitive animal phylum

The cells are relatively independent

EM: Multicellularity- has many cells

Asymmetrical

Representative animal: sponges

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Phylum Cnidaria

Are mostly marine

All have tentacles

They use nematocysts (stinging cells) for defense and to kill prey

EM: Specialized tissues- these tissues carry out particular functions

All have Radial Symmetry

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Cnidarian examples:

Jellyfish

Hydra

Coral

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• Sea anemone

Phylum Platyhelminthes

These are the Flatworms

They all have Bilateral symmetry

EM: Bilateral symmetry- have distinct right and left halves

All have cephalization- a head region with a mouth and/or other sensory organs.

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Platyhelminthes examples: planarian worm

tapeworm

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Phylum Nematoda

They have a tube-like digestive tract

They are Roundworms!

All have a mouth and anus

All have bilateral symmetry

EM: Body Cavities (Pseudocoelom)- a body cavity that forms between the gut and body wall

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Nematode examples Ascaris species

Heartworm

Phylum Molluska They have varied habitats They can be one shelled,

two shelled or have an internal shell

They all contain a mantle layer that help to make the shell.

They all have Bilateral symmetry

EM: Development of Coelom- the fluid filled space between body and digestive track.

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Coelomates of Invertebrates

Mollusk examples Snail

Scallop

Octopus

More Mollusk examples Slug

Squid

Bivalves

Phylum Annelida

All are Segmented worms

They have more complex structures than the other worm phyla…including: “hearts”, a stomach, gizzard, crop, and intestines

They all have bilateral symmetry

EM: Segmentation- repeated body segments. 40

Annelid examples

Earthworm

Leech

Fireworm

Phylum Arthropoda They all have jointed

appendages

They all have an exoskeleton

This is the largest phylum with more than 250,000 species

They easily adapt to changes in the environment

They all have bilateral symmetry

EM: Appendages- jointed arms and legs 42

Jointed Appendages

Arthropod examples

All insects lobster

All spiders camel spider

All crustaceans

Phylum Echinodermata All live in marine environment

All have spiny skin

They move using hundreds of tubed feet

The first invertebrate that has the start of an endoskeleton

All have radial symmetry

EM: Deuterostomes-the anus

develops before the mouth

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Echinoderm Deuterosome Development

Echinoderm examples:

Sea star

Sea lily

Sea cucumber

Brittle Star Sand dollar

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What is an insect?

Insects have a body divided into three parts—head, thorax, and abdomen. Three pairs of legs are attached to the thorax.

Abdomen

Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Insects have a segmented body, an exoskeleton, and jointed appendages.

A typical insect can have:

a pair of antennae

a pair of compound eyes

two pairs of wings on the

thorax

Metamorphosis

The growth and development of insects usually involves metamorphosis, which is a process of changing shape and form. Insects undergo either incomplete metamorphosis or complete metamorphosis.

In incomplete metamorphosis they look very much like the adults

These immature forms are called nymphs.

What Is an Insect? Adult

In complete metamorphosis, animals hatch into larvae that look and act nothing like their parents.

Vertebrates

VERTEBRATES

Review: Chordate Classification

Domain…Eukarya

Kingdom…Animalia

Phylum…Chordata

How to orient yourself around an animal!

8 Characteristics Shared by All

Vertebrates

1. Backbone:

a. Notochord- dorsal rod of vertebrae in embryos & becomes a spinal disc

b. Internal skeleton- skeleton is on the inside

c. Dorsal nerve chord- spinal chord

2. All have segmentation

3. All have bilateral symmetry

4. All have 2 pairs of appendages

5. Cephalization- sensory structures on anterior end (head)

6. True coelom- body cavity is entirely with in mesoderm layer.

8 Characteristics Shared by All

Vertebrates

7. All have a closed circulatory system with a chambered heart

8. All have organs and organ systems

8 Characteristics Shared by All

Vertebrates

VERTEBRATES

Detailed Characteristics of Vertebrates

VERTEBRATES

Have an internal skeleton (structure) with spine (notochord & vertebrae) with dorsal nerve chord.

VERTEBRATES

They have three parts or regions (segmentation & cephalization): head, torso and tail.

VERTEBRATES

The torso has four extremities which can be paws, wings and fins.

Jointed appendages

VERTEBRATES

Their nervous system has an encephalon (brain) and a spinal cord.

The encephalon is placed inside the skull and the spinal cord is placed inside the spine.

VERTEBRATES

Sense organs are placed inside the head (cephalization)

Key Classes of Phylum Chordata

Chondrichthyes- cartilaginous fish (sharks)

Osteichthyes-bony fish (trout/salmon)

Actinopterygii (ray finned) and Sarcopterygii (lobe finned)

Amphibia – frogs, salamanders

Reptilia – reptiles, snakes

Aves - birds

Mammalia – rats, humans, horses, cows

Ectothermic versus Endothermic

Ectothermic “cold blooded”

Do not generate their own body heat and relies on the environment for heat through absorption and heat exchange

Sun or heated rock

Endothermic “warm blooded”

Can generate their own body heat through internal chemical processes

Maintain constant body temperature Humans ~98.6⁰F

Fish

Some characteristics of fish are:

Their skin has scales for protection, hydrodynamic movement, and camouflage.

Fish

Their jointed appendages are fins for movement

Fish

Fish have gills for respiration.

Ectothermic

Internal and external fertilization

Most lay eggs;

some have live birth

Difference between Chondrichthyes

and Osteichthyes

Chondrichthyes

Skeletons are made up on cartilage not bone

Mostly marine

5-7 pairs of gills

No swim bladder present

Osteichthyes

Skeletons are made up of bone

Be found in freshwater and marine environments

4 pairs of gills

Swim bladder present

Swim Bladder

Amphibians

Some characteristics of Amphibians are:

Amphibians

Their skin is generally moist

Respire through gills, skin and lungs

Ectothermic

Amphibians

They have four extremities (adults)

Amphibians

Internal and external fertilization

Exhibit metamorphosis during life cycle

Reptiles

Some characteristics of Reptiles are:

Reptiles

Their skin is dry and strong, it has scales.

Some have four legs, which

they use to run, climb and

swim.

Snakes no longer have legs

but they use concertina,

undulation, sidewinding, and

rectilinear movement for

locomotion

They also use their scales to

help move!

Reptiles

Reptiles

Reptiles are ectothermic

Possess lungs

Reptiles

They lay fertilized eggs

Some have live birth

Aves

Characteristics of Birds :

Aves

Birds don't have ”real” teeth, they have a beak

Aves

Their front legs became wings.

Aves

Their bodies are feathered (modified scales)

Feather groups serve specific functions

Aves

They are endothermic

Aves

They breathe with lungs

Aves

They lay eggs with shells made up of calcium carbonate

Offspring can be altricial (needs help from parents) and precocial (don’t need help...ready to go!)

Chickens are precocial

Robins are altricial

Mammals

Characteristics of Mammals :

Mammals

They are endothermic

Adapted for all types of environments on Earth

Mammals

Most have have body hair

Mammals

They have sudoriferous (sweat) glands

Mammals

They have mammary (milk-secreting) glands. They produce milk to feed their young.

Mammals

They have different types of teeth

Specialized

Molars, incisors, canine, premolars,

Diphyodont- 2 sets of teeth

Baby teeth; adult teeth

Mammals

Mostly have live birth

One species lays eggs...which species?

Most babies are altricial but some ungulates and swine are precocial

Mammals 3 inner ear bones