INDIA’S FUTUREOr prosperity will spread in India

but happiness will not, until we fix governance

Where are we coming from?

Where are we today?

Where are we going in the future?

Even though the world hasjust discovered it, the India

growth story is not new

It has been going on for 25 years

What is the India story?

28 years of high growth

1.0

3.5

6.0

8.9

Average annual GDP growth

0

2

4

6

8

10

1900-1950 1950-1980 1980-2002 2002-2007

(%)

Population growth is slowing

Sources: 1900-1990: Angus Maddison (1995), Monitoring the World Economy, 1990-2000:Census of India (2001)

1.0

2.22.1

1.81.5

0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

1901-1950 1951-1980 1981-1990 1991-2000 2001-2010

(%)

Literacy is rising

Source: Census of India (2001)

17

52

65

80

0

20

40

60

80

100

1950 1990 2000 2010 (proj)

(%)

When middle class is 50% then the politics will also change

Source: The Consuming Class, National Council of Applied Economic Research, 2002

65

220

368

8%22% 32%

0

100

200

300

400

1980 2000 2010

(m)

Poverty is declining

46

26

16

1% of the people have been crossing poverty line each year for 25

years

Equals ~ 200m

0

10

20

30

40

50

1980 2000 2010

(%)

Per capita income gains

Source: World Bank

US$ ppp

200520053,0513,051

19801980

1,1781,178

India is now the 4th largest economy

It will overtake Japan between 2012 and 2014

to become the 3rd largest

The India model is unique

Drivers of growth

India

■ Domestic

East and S.E. Asia

■ Exports

Drivers of growth

India

■ Domestic

■ Services

East and S.E. Asia

■ Exports

■ Manufacturing

Drivers of growth

India

■ Domestic

■ Services

■ Consumption

East and S.E. Asia

■ Exports

■ Manufacturing

■ Investment

Drivers of growth

India

■ Domestic

■ Services

■ Consumption

■ High tech, capital intensive industry

East and S.E. Asia

■ Exports

■ Manufacturing

■ Investment

■ Low tech, labour intensive industry

Implications of India model

‘Domestically led’ means:

■ Insulation from global downturns

■ Less volatility

■ We will come out of the global crisis

faster

Implication of India model

‘Services led’ raises uncomfortable questions:

■ Have we skipped the industrial revolution?

■ How do we take people from farms to cities?

■ Will SEZ’s be our tipping point?

Implication of India model – Consumption led

41%

45%45%

59%

U.S.

China

Brazil

India

33%

People Friendly:Consumption as % of GDP

People Friendly, Less inequality: Gini Index

58%

42%64%

Europe

China

India

Will India become the next big consuming economy after the U.S.?

Reasons for success

India’s success is market-led whereas China’s is state induced

The entrepreneur is at thecentre of the Indian model

Rise of globally competitive Indian companies

India has a vibrant private space

■ 100 Indian Companies have market cap of US$ 1bn

India has a vibrant private space

■ 100 Indian Companies have market cap of US$ 1bn

■ 1,000 Indian Companies have received foreign institutional investment

India has a vibrant private space

■ 100 Indian Companies have market cap of US$ 1bn

■ 1,000 Indian Companies have received foreign institutional investment

■ 125 Fortune 500 companies have R&D bases in India

India has a vibrant private space

■ 100 Indian Companies have market cap of US$ 1bn

■ 1,000 Indian Companies have received foreign institutional investment

■ 125 Fortune 500 companies have R&D bases in India

■ 390 Fortune 500 companies have outsourced software development to India

India has a vibrant private space

■ 100 Indian Companies have market cap of US$ 1bn

■ 1,000 Indian Companies have received foreign institutional investment

■ 125 Fortune 500 companies have R&D bases in India

■ 390 Fortune 500 companies have outsourced software development to India

■ 2% bad loans in Indian banks (v~20% in China)

India has a vibrant private space

■ 100 Indian Companies have market cap of US$ 1bn

■ 1,000 Indian Companies have received foreign institutional investment

■ 125 Fortune 500 companies have R&D bases in India

■ 390 Fortune 500 companies have outsourced software development to India

■ 2% bad loans in Indian banks (v~20% in China)

■ 80% credit goes to private sector (v~10% in China)

Public space is a problem

We have

■ Dynamic democracy with honest elections

■ Free, lively media and press

But we also have

Poor governance!

Governance Failures

Not the minister caught with a bribe 1 out of 4 school teachers absent in

government schools 2 out of 5 doctors absent in primary health

centers Delhi’s water Land titles Etc

Ironically, we used to have world class institutions from 1950-1980, but our problem was growth.Now we have growth, but our institutions are failing

■ Bureaucracy

■ Judiciary

■ Police

The economy grows at night when the government is asleep

Key reforms

■ Opened economy to trade and investment

■ Dismantled controls

■ Lowered tariffs

■ Dropped tax rates

■ Broke public sector monopolies

Understanding India’s economic success

Remarkable --every government has reformed (slowly)

since 1991

Even slow reforms add up

65 countries have done the same reforms – why did India

become the second fastest in the world?

Unappreciated fact – rule of law

“By 2010 India will have world’s largest

number of English speakers”

“When 300 million Indians speak a word in a

certain way, that will be the way to speak it.”

Professor David CrystalCambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language

Understanding India’s economic success

■ Mental revolution among the young

■ ‘I want to be Bilgay’

■ Raju’s secret of success

■ Banianisation of society

■ 180 TV channels; 65 news channels

■ The rise of Hinglish

Where are we today?

Growth fell to 6.7% in 08-09; 7% in 09-10 Pain has been less than in China Competitive companies have recovered faster. Risk of protectionism has receded Recovery has been ahead of the world

Where are we going?

■ Base case post recovery is 7.5 % – 8.5 % GDP growth

■ Democracy will not permit more than 8% unless you have a Thatcher

■ 1.5% population growth

■ Demographic dividend – growth will continue beyond China’s

Per capita income

2,100 3,050

5,800

16,800

37,000On a ppp basis

2000 2005 2020 2040 2066

0

10

20

30

40

($000)

Convergence in the 21st century

■ Why convergence is intuitive?

■ Convergence didn’t happen in the 20th century because the world was closed

■ Returning to a world of equality prior to 1750

■ When China and India accounted for 45% of world GDP

50% 50%

India will gradually turn middle-class

8%

22%

32%

1980 2000 2010 2020 2040

West of theKanpur-

Chennai line

East of theKanpur-

Chennai line

Chennai

Kanpur-

What could stop the show?

- Infrastructure - Improving via public-private parterships - Fiscal Deficit - Governance

None of these stopped the show in the past 25 years

- Nuclear War?

Education System

Is reasonably good for the top 20%

But it is abysmal for the rest

■ 1 in 4 teachers is absent in government primary schools

■ Hence, 54% of children in urban India are in

private schools

Solution: Education Vouchers

Caste system

■ Origin of India’s caste system

■ Classical four castes vs 3000 jatis

■ Hostage to competitive politics

■ Source of competitive advantage

■ Affirmative action

Role of Religion

India’s pluralism, diversity and tolerance

Hinduism

■ Spiritual entrepreneurialism: Gurus

■ No hierarchy: Every Brahmin thinks he is the Pope

■ 300 million gods: Lack of theological narcissism

■ Nasadiya Temper85%

Hindu

12%

Muslim

2%

Sikh

1%

Christian

Elephant and not Tiger

■ India got democracy before capitalism and this has made all the difference

■ It is slower than China but its path is surer

■ However, an elephant at 8% growth is a formidable beast

■ We have waited 3000 years for this moment

■ India is more likely to preserve its way of life

The Wise Elephant

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