Post on 16-Apr-2017
CRITICAL INTRO:
Identify and describe some of the connections between Industrialization and “New Imperialism”.
Type of Imperialism
Examples Features Outcomes
ColonialImperialism(Non-settler)
- British West Africa- Belgian Congo- British India- French SE Asia- Dutch Indonesia
- European military & administrators- Western ed. & pol. structure
gradually replace the local culture- Often defended by claims of
helping the indigenous pop. - “White Man’s Burden”
- Exploitation of indigenous labor- Monoculture/cash crops hurts natives- Creation of non-native elite - Introduction to Western tech., and education- Imperialist countries ruled by corporations or states
modeled by western policyColonialImperialism(Settler colonies)
- British South Africa, Australia, & New Zealand
- French Algeria- North America
(U.S. & Canada)
- Focus on control & use of land- Settlers remove or dominate the
indigenous pop.- Often follows contact with sparsely
pop. lands
- Loss/impoverishment of indigenous culture- Forced conversion to Western business, pol. & rel. ideas- Creation of non-native elite & mixed native & non-native
middle class- Often, formation of new “Western” nations- “White Dominions” (Maj. Euro.) i.e. Brit. NA, Australia
EconomicImperialism(Spheres of Influence)
- British in China- French in China- Europeans in Africa
“Scramble for Africa”
- People, & raw & refined materials are main resources exploited
- Cash crops and mineral resources are taken out on a large scale
- Exclusive trade rights over other countries.
- Social/political destabilization based on econ. exploitation- Opium Wars in China- Monoculture/cash crops hurts natives
Protectorate - U.S. & Cuba- U.S. & Panama- U.S. & Philippines
- Country has own gov’t but…- “Protecting” country guarantees
and protects safety of the other.- Protecting country controls foreign
affairs
- favored trade status of protecting country- “Protection” usually expands to greater level of
involvement into internal affairs i.e. pol. & econ.
Comparing Types of Imperialism
Analysis:1. Which type of imperialism seems the most complete? Briefly explain.
2. Identify a similar outcome between the non-settler colonies & the spheres of influence. Also, why do you think there isn’t the same outcome in settler colonies?
3. What do you think is the motivation/s (generally) for the U.S. having protectorate status over the above-listed countries? Panama more specifically?
4. Why do the concepts of “White Man’s Burden” and Social Darwinism basically apply to all forms of imperialism?
ImperialismThe strong get stronger
Great Britain: World’s Greatest Imperial Power
“The sun never sets on the British Empire”
U.S. Protectorates
PRESSURES TO EXPAND1. political rivalries
2. new marketsa. rubber, copper and gold from Africab. tin from Southeast Asiac. colonies bought products from their “parent companies”
3. new opportunitiesa. have lands in other parts of the world for influenceb. individuals looking to get rich
4. “civilizing” missions – trying to convert native populations
NEW IMPERIALISM VS. EXPLORATION IMPERIALISM 15TH -16TH CENT:
Earlier period:Less penetration of interior in Africa & Asia
Less direct influence on people’s lives
Conquests inland because – military, med., & indust. (RR) tech. made it possible
Additional Causes1. Charles Darwin (1859) - Origin of Species
a. Idea of evolution and “Survival of the fittest”b. Led to concept of “Social Darwinism”
“The White Man’s Burden”: Kipling’s Hymn to U.S. Imperialism
In February 1899, British novelist and poet Rudyard Kipling wrote a poem entitled “The White Man’s Burden: The United States and The Philippine Islands.” In this poem, Kipling urged the U.S. to take up the “burden” of empire, as had Britain and other European nations. Published in the February, 1899 issue of McClure’s Magazine, the poem coincided with the beginning of the Philippine-American War and U.S. Senate ratification of the treaty that placed Puerto Rico, Guam, Cuba, and the Philippines under American control. Theodore Roosevelt, soon to become vice-president and then president, copied the poem and sent it to his friend, Senator Henry Cabot Lodge, commenting that it was “rather poor poetry, but good sense from the expansion point of view.” Not everyone was as favorably impressed as Roosevelt. The racialized notion of the “White Man’s burden” became a euphemism for imperialism, and many anti-imperialists couched their opposition in reaction to the phrase.
Take up the White Man’s burden— Send forth the best ye breed— Go send your sons to exile To serve your captives' need To wait in heavy harness On fluttered folk and wild— Your new-caught, sullen peoples, Half devil and half child Take up the White Man’s burden
White Man’s Burden - excerpt
What was the “White Man’s Burden?”
IMPERIALISMIn Africa
Main Idea: Ignoring claims of African ethnic groups, kingdoms, and city-states Europeans established colonial claims.
Why: Industrialization fueled European nations to search for more resources to power their industries. They wanted new goods and looked to Africa and Asia for new raw materials.
Now: African nations continue to feel the effects of colonial rule.
KING LEOPOLD AND THE BELGIAN CONGO
KING LEOPOLD AND THE BELGIAN CONGO
Belgium needs to catch up to other European nations.
Created a slave based plantation economy; rubber production
Ivory collection also
Human rights atrocities
KING LEOPOLD AND THE BELGIAN CONGO
Impacts:Depopulation
OverworkedKilled – 10 mill.Starved; lack of ag. production
Migration – fleeing Congo
Women held captive until men return with rubber quota.
Punishment for not meeting quotas
AFRICA1. Influenced by Belgium, Major European countries
colonized Africa
2. Berlin Conference (1884-85) = instead of fighting between European nations the all met to set down ground rules:
a. any European could claim land in Africa if they told the other nations and would show they controlled the area
(“Scramble for Africa”)
3. France controlled much of northwest Africa (Algeria) a. built the Suez Canal (Egypt), Britain came to
control it – provided a more direct route from Europe to Asia; cut out about 4000 miles and two weeks of travel
4. Britain controlled most of east and south Africa
“SCRAMBLE FOR AFRICA”
1875-1900
COLONIAL AFRICA
The Boer Wars: 1880-1900
European conflict overseas
Paving the way for Apartheid (legal segregation/discrimination in South Africa)
I. The Great Treka. Dutch Boers (farmers) forced inland from Cape Colony
by Britishb. **Caused conflict with natives**: Zulu tribec. Shaka Zulu & his Zulu tribe waged unsuccessful wars against Dutch
II. Diamonds and gold discovered in South African states controlled by Dutch
a. Great Britain begins moving inland to mine gold and diamonds
b. Boer Wars (1899 and 1902) – 2 wars between the Dutch (Boers) and Britain in South Africa
1. British win Boer Wars – Take over Dutch lands
2. Cecil Rhoades (Britain Imperialist) – creates company that dominates world diamond market and
establishes additional Brit. colony – Rhodesia
3. Brit. Granted region independence = Union of South
Africa in 1910
“GREAT TRECK”
Cecil RhodesBritish Imperialist
What does this cartoon tell us about the British attitude toward Africa?
IMPERIALISM IN INDIA
INDIA – RISE OF THE BRITISH RAJ1. British East India Company (BEIC) took advantage of
Mughal Empire decline and clamed India as a British colonya. took control with help from..nawabs = muslim princes who made agreements with British, Dutch and French
2. British set up outposts run by “company men”- British officialsa. British soldiers enforced rule in those regionsa. Sepoys – Indian (Hindu & Muslim) troops hired to serve in army
3. By 1818 Britain controlled vast areas of subcontinent
4. Sepoy Rebellion (1857) – Sepoys (Hindu & Muslim) angered (religiously) by cow + pig fat used on cartridges; rebel against British rule.a. Britain puts down rebellion and takes complete control/colonizes Indiab. Last Mughal emperor is removed c. Established British Raj (reign) 1858-1947= although allowed Indians in high ranking positions
RESPONSE TO SEPOY REBELLION
RESPONSE TO SEPOY REBELLION
INDIA5. Imperialism transforms India: Western tech & ideas
a. railroad systemsb. steamboats c. growth of industrialized citiesd. Exports = cotton, opium, tea, sugar and silke. Sati – attempts to ban by British rajf. Western-style schools** Indian textile industry drops due to British textile industry
6. Indian Nationalism – Rise of Indian National Congressa. Enlightenment ideas and revolutions inspire Indians to preserve their cultureb. 1885 – Indian National Congress created to pursue more civil service jobs for Indians; improved rights for womenc. INC & Mahatma Gandhi lead independence movement in 1940s
COLONIAL ASIA
British Imperialism in Australia
What is a “Settler Colony”?A “Settler Colony” is a specific colonial formation whereby foreign family units move into a region and reproduce. Land is thus the key resource in settler colonies, whereas natural (i.e. spices, cotton, oil) and human (i.e. labor, existing trade networks, convertible souls) resources are the main motivation behind other forms of colonialism. Colonialism typically ends, whereas “Settler colonialism” usually remains and transforms into eventual statehood dominated by the colonizers.
Examples of Settler Colonies:AustraliaCanadaAmericaSouth Africa
More Specifically – “White Dominions”= Decedents of European settlers made up most of the population in the colonies and controlled the minority native population decimated by diseases, wars of conquest and immigration policies.
AustraliaCanada
Why do you think “Settler Colonies” or “White Dominions” enjoyed a higher level of social, political and economic stability?
Demographic Impact of British Settlement in
AustraliaA. Similar to North America1. Natives (aborigines) forced inland
away from productive lands2. European disease has negative
impact3. Low level of integration4. Native population reduced greatly
over time
How do you think Social Darwinism impacted the treatment of the aborigines?
B. The “White Australia Policy” 1. Immigration Restriction Act – 1901 - Only Europeans (mainly northern) could immigrate to Australia - Created a “White Dominion” - Final portions of act removed in 1973
Why do you think Australia would implement a “White Australia Policy”, AND why were they able to easily do so?