Post on 09-Feb-2022
Expert Group Meeting on Slum Mapping
Gora Mboup, Ph.D.
Chief Global Urban Observatory
Monitoring Research Division
UN-HABITAT
The United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-HABITAT) is mandated by the United Nations General Assembly to monitor and report on the progress of the implementation of the Habitat Agenda (HA).
In the aftermath of the Millennium Declaration in September 2000, the Agency has the added responsibility to report on the “significant improvement in the lives of slum dwellers”, Target 11, of the Millennium Declaration Goals (MDG)
UN-HABITAT’s MANDATE
Habitat Agenda has five chapters
1 Shelter2 Social development 3 Environmental management4 Economic development5 Governance
20 key indicators + 9 check-list +
13 extensive indicators
The Global Urban Indicators Database
GUID 11993 data
46 key indicators237 Cities
GUID 21998 data
23 key indicators242 Cities
GUID 32003 data
20 key indicators353 Cities
A five year production cycle
AsiaOceania
563millions
LatinAmerica & Caribbean
40cities
Sub-Saharan Africa40 cities
Europe40 citiesOther Developed
40 cities
World360 cities
Eastern Asia40 cities
North Africa40 cities South Central Asia
40 cities
South Eastern Asia40 cities
Western Asia40 cities
Global sample of 360 cities Worldwide representative40 cities per UN region
Global Urban IndicatorsChapter
1 Shelter
Objectifs
1. Promote the right to adequatehousing
2. Provide security of tenure3. Provide equal access to land 4. Promote equal access to credit5. Promote access to basic
services
Indicadors
Indicator 1. Durable StructuresIndicator 2. OvercrowdingQualitative data: right to adequate housingExtensive Indicator: house price and rent / income
Bextensive indicator 4: land price-to-income
Provide equal access to land
Bcheck-list 2: housing financeProvide equal access to credit
BBB
Key indicator 3: secure tenure extensive indicator 2: authorized housing extensive indicator 3: evictions
Provide security of tenure
AABB
Key indicator 1: durable structures Key indicator 2: overcrowding check-list 1: right to adequate housing extensive indicator 1: housing price and rent-to-income
Promote the right to adequate housing
1. Shelter
ClusterIndicatorsChapter/ Habitat Agenda goals
Habitat Agenda Indicators
ClusterIndicatorsChapter/ Habitat Agenda goals
ABAB
Key indicator 10: literacy rates check-list 4: gender inclusion extensive indicator 6: school enrolment extensive indicator 7: women councilors
Promote gender equality in human settlements development
AKey indicator 9: poor households Promote social integration and support disadvantaged groups
ABB
A-B
Key indicator 7: under-five mortality Key indicator 8: homicidescheck-list 3: urban violence extensive indicator 5: HIV prevalence
Provide equal opportunities for a safe and healthy life
2. Social development and eradication of poverty
AAA
Key indicator 4: access to safe water Key indicator 5: access to improved sanitationKey indicator 6: connection to services
Promote access to basic services
Habitat Agenda Indicators
B
B
check-list 5: disaster prevention and mitigation instruments extensive indicator 10: houses in hazardous locations
Prevent disasters and rebuild settlements
BBB
Key indicator 14: wastewater treated Key indicator 15: solid waste disposal extensive indicator 9: regular solid waste collection
Reduce urban pollution
BB
Key indicator 13: price of water extensive indicator 8: water consumption
Manage supply and demand for water in an effective manner
AB
Key indicator 11: urban population growth Key indicator 12: planned settlements
Promote geographically-balanced settlement structures
3. Environmental Management
ClusterIndicatorsChapter/ Habitat Agenda goals
Habitat Agenda Indicators
BA-B
Key indicator 18: city product Key indicator 19: unemployment
Encourage public-private sector partnership and stimulate productive employment opportunities
ClusterIndicatorsChapter/ Habitat Agenda goals
A-BKey indicator 17: informal employmentStrengthen small and micro-enterprises, particularly those developed by women
4. Economic Development
Bcheck-list 6: local environmental plans
Support mechanisms to prepare and implement local environmental plans and local Agenda 21 initiatives
BB
Key indicator 16: travel time extensive indicators 11: transport modes
Promote effective and environmentally sound transportation systems
Habitat Agenda Indicators
BCheck-list 9: transparency and accountability
Ensure transparent, accountable and efficient governance of towns, cities and metropolitan areas
BBB
Check-list 8: citizens participationextensive indicator 12: voters participation extensive indicator 13: civic associations
Encourage and support participation and civic engagement
BB
Key indicator 20: local government revenue Check-list 7: decentralization
Promote decentralisation and strengthen local authorities
5. Governance
ClusterIndicatorsChapter/ Habitat Agenda goals
Habitat Agenda Indicators
By 2020, to have achieved a significant improvement in the lives of at least 100 million slum dwellers
In the aftermath of the Millennium Declaration in September 2000, the Agency has the added responsibility to report on the “significant improvement in the lives of slum dwellers”, Target 11, of the Millennium Declaration Goals (MDG)
Millennium Development GoalsGoal 7 Target 11
Lack of slum definition and concepts
Lack of slum data and indicators
Not included in most MDG country report
Slum : until 2002, no internationally agreed definitions, concepts and method of computation
UN-HABITAT organized a gathering of experts and other stakeholders from around the globe, to reach to an agreement on the universal definition of secure tenure and slums, in Nairobi, 28-30 October 2002. The Expert Group Meeting (EGM) was a major consensus building exercise on the definition of security of tenure and slums, which enabled, the measurable articulation of the meta-global indicators, indicators and sub-indicators of each concept
Expert Group meeting 2002
A slum household is considered to be a group of individuals living under the same roof that lack one or more of the below conditions:
Access to improved water
Access to improved sanitation
Access to secure tenure
Durability of housing
Sufficient living area
Slum Household Indicators from the EGM
Operational Definitions1. Water &
sanitation2. Housing Durability
& Sufficient Living Area
3. Secure tenure
Access to adequate sanitation
• Direct connection to public sewer• Direct connection to septic tank• Poor flush latrine• Ventilated improved pit latrine•Pit latrine with slab
Access to improved water
•Piped connection to house or plot•Public stand pipe•Bore hole-Protected dug well•Protected spring•Rain water collection•Bottle water*
Sufficient living areaA house is considered to provide a sufficient living area for the household members if three or less people share the same room.
Housing durability
• Permanency of Structure•Compliance of building codes•Location of house (hazardous)
•Evidence of documentation that can be used as proof of secure tenure status
•Either de factoor perceived / protection from
forced evictions
What is measured?Four out of five of the slum definition indicators measure physical expressions of slum conditions: lack of water, lack of sanitation, overcrowded conditions, and non-durable housing structures. These indicators focus attention on the circumstances that surround slum life, depicting deficiencies and casting poverty as an attribute of the environments in which slum dwellers live. The fifth indicator – security of tenure –has to do with legality, which is not as easy to measure or monitor, as the tenure status of slum dwellers often depends on de facto or de jure rights – or lack of them. This indicator has special relevance for measuring the denial and violation of housing rights, as well as the progressive fulfillment of these rights
1. Urban population :World Urbanization Prospects: The 2001 Revision
2. Water & SanitationWHO/UNICEF Water and Sanitation Assessment (JMP) Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS) Other household data (surveys or census)
3. Durability of Housing & Sufficient Living AreaDHS & MICS or other household data (census or survey)UNSD Housing StatisticsUN-Habitat Global Report on Human Settlements
4. Security of TenureInsufficient data
Methods and Primary Data Sources
SLUM POPULATION OF THE WORLD(in millions)
1990 2005 2020
Urban slum population, estimated
1
Urban slum population, original target 11Urban slum population, modified target 11
Bill
ion
peop
le
Year
1316
706
1416
721
Fine tuning in methods needed for assisting national policies
Countries differ vis a vis two aspects:
• Magnitude of the problem: proportion of slum dwellers
• Severity of problem, ie, the multitude of deprivations in a country
Magnitude & severity of the slum problemand policy implications (SSA)
5.64.03.81.2Extreme severe shelter deprivation (three or all)
20.627.136.46.6Severe shelter deprivation (two)
47.853.852.823.1Moderate shelter deprivation (only one deprivation)
74.084.993.030.9Percent of slum dwellers(At least one deprivation)
ZambiaUgandaTanzania
South Africa
Slum and shelter deprivation
Magnitude & severity of the slum problem and policy implications (Asia)
5.20.80.51.0Extreme severe shelter deprivation (three or all )
25.04.122.814.0Severe shelter deprivation (two)
22.726.733.634.3Moderate shelter deprivation (only one deprivation)
52.831.556.949.4Percent of slum dwellers(At least one deprivation)
NepalIndonesia
Bangladesh
IndiaSlum and shelter deprivation
Magnitude & severity of the slum problem and policy implications (LAC)
10.711.80.71.6Extreme severe shelter deprivation (three or all)
20.79.92.110.2severe shelter deprivation (two)
29.254.013.631.3Moderate shelter deprivation (only one deprivation)
61.275.716.343.1Percent of slum dwellers(At least one deprivation)
Nicaragua
Guatemala
Colombia
BrazilSlum and shelter deprivation