Turismo Slum

7/25/2019 Turismo Slum

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JOBSIXOH HC XSTMRAG ] JM@O@ÔR

LTOHG C@ XSTMRAG

Xurmsag Riua

Xrodong Jm` hc Lrohg prcsc`tohg pgr Oò Kurtohg Lmi, smc`hg io tutgro hci amsag ioprgjcsgro Hro. Oò Aoro Lorbo Ipcz.

Z. D. hc io Xutgro> Oiuaò>

H. Oò Aoro Lorbo Ipcz H. Oò Kurtohg Lmi

Rcvmiio. @gvmcadrc hc 46?3


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LTOHG C@ XSTMRAGJOBSIXOH HC XSTMRAG ] JM@O@ÔR

XTODONG JM@ HC LTOHG

BSTRG OBOHAMBG U46?8-46?3Q

XXSIG>

XSTMRAG RISA

OSXGT>

O@O KSTXOHG LMI

XSXGT>

Hro. O@O AOTO LOTBO IVC^

HCVOTXOAC@XG>LCGLTOJO KSAO@O

TCO HC BG@GBMAMC@XG>

LCGLTOJO KSAO@O

TCRSAC@>

Ci prcsc`tc prgycbtg cs u` cstuhmg sgdrc ci Xurmsag Riua, hg`hc sc m`vcstmlor sgdrc

su grmlc`, cvgiubm`, prbtmbo y sc oòimzor` to`tg ios vc`tonos bgag igsm`bg`vc`mc`tcs hc su prbtmbo, ios gpm`mg`cs o jovgr y c` bg`tro, poro cxtrocr hc cstojgrao uò bg`biusm` y gpm`m` pcrsgòi oi rcspcbtg. Igs iulorcs hc igs quc scgjrcbcr uò m`jgraobm` as oapimo scr` Drosmi, Ruhjrmbo y Jmimpmòs.

VOIODTOR BIOZC>

Riua5 pgdrczo5 tmbo5 jovcio5 amscrmo5 bgacrbmg5 turmsag


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XJL-XST. Xurmsag Riua

-M-

@HMBC

BOVXSIG ?. M@XTGHSBBM@ ............................................................................................................................................................................?

?.?. M@XTGHSBBM@.................................................................................................................................................................................

??.4. GDNCXMZGR .................................................................................................................................................................................................4

?.2. NSRXMJMBOBM@ ..................................................................................................................................................................................4

?.8. ACXGHGIGLO ...................................................................................................................................................................................2

BOVXSIG 4. XSTMRAG RISA .............................................................................................................................................................................3

4.?. GTMLC@ ] CZGISBM@ ........................................................................................................................................................3

4.4. RISAR .............................................................................................................................................................................................................?6

4.2. HCAO@HO ] GJCTXO.........................................................................................................................................................?2

?.?.?. Hcao`ho ......................................................................................................................................................................................?2

?.?.4. Gjcrto ..................................................................................................................................................................................................?;

BOVXSIG 2. VORCR .......................................................................................................................................................................................................4?

2.?. DTORMI> JOZCIOR .....................................................................................................................................................................4?

2.4. RSHJTMBO> XG\@RKMV..............................................................................................................................................4:

2.2. JMIMVM@OR> DOTO@LO]R ...............................................................................................................................................2?

BOVXSIG 8. ZC@XONOR, M@BG@ZC@MC@XCR ] BG@BISRMG@CR............................................. 8?

8.?. ZC@XONOR / O JOZGT ........................................................................................................................................................8?

8.4. M@BG@ZC@MC@XCR / C@ BG@XTO ..............................................................................................................84

8.2. BG@BISRMG@CR ..........................................................................................................................................................................82

8.8. M@HMBOBMG@CR VOTO JSXSTGR XTODONGR ........................................................................88

Dmdimglrojo .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................8


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Kurtohg Lmi, O`o

-MM-


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-?-

BOVXSIG ?

M@XTGHSBBM@

?.?. M@XTGHSBBM@

Ci turmsag cs io aoygr m`hustrmo hc scrvmbmgs c` ci au`hg y io quc tmc`c uò hc iostosos hc brcbmamc`tg as cicvohos. C`trc ios ùcvos tc`hc`bmos hc cstc acrbohg,puchc quc io as bg`trgvcrtmho sco ci iioaohg turmsag siua. (Rom`t-Spry, A. 46?6)

Riua g dorrmg pgdrc, scl` io hcjm`mbm` hci Vrglroao poro igs osc`toamc`tgskuao`gs hc @obmg`cs S`mhos (G@S-KODMXOX, 4662), cs uò zgò hclrohoho hc uòbmuhoh quc sc borobtcrmzo pgr bg`tor bg` vmvmc`hos prcbormos, amscrmo y joito hc

sclurmhoh hc tc`c`bmo, io aoygro borcbc hc scrvmbmgs hc so`coamc`tg jmodics, ciodostcbmamc`tg hc oluo pgtodic, cicbtrmbmhoh bg`jmodic, opimbobm` hc io icy y gtrgsscrvmbmgs dsmbgs.

Hcdmhg o io cxmstc`bmo hc cstgs siuas òbc cstc ùcvg tmpg hc turmsag, toadmìioaohg turmsag hc io pgdrczo, hc tulurmgs, dorrmgs pgdrcs, hc amscrmo, ctb. Cstcturmsag sc doso c` rcoimzor vmsmtos turstmbos o zgòs urdoòs hc pgdrczo rciotmvo, buygjm` cs c`trc gtrgs, ci hc obcrbor io jgrao hc vmho hc igs kodmto`tcs hc cstgs dorrmgs ooquciigs m`tcrcsohgs c` bg`gbcr hc prmacro ao`g bag vmvc` oquciigs quc tmc`càc`gs rcbursgs, iiclor o oibo`zor u` pu`tg hc vmsto hmstm`tg o trovs hc cstos vmsmtoslumohos o igs cpmbc`trgs hc io amscrmo hc u` pos.

Vcrg ci turmsag siua `g sc imamto sig o cstc tmpg hc prbtmbo, pucs io m`tcrobbm` hc

igs quc ig probtmbo` bg` cstgs dorrmgs `g qucho c` aubkos gbosmg`cs c` uò smapicvmsmto, io gjcrto cs aubkg as oapimo y c`ligdo toadm` vmvc`bmos nu`tg o suskodmto`tcs, csto`bmos to`tg c` igs amsags dorrmgs bgag c` rcbrcobmg`cs hc cstgs,cxpcrmc`bmos auy hmsporcs y u` obcrboamc`tg o igs kodmto`tcs hc cstgs siuas.

Cstc turmsag `g cst cxc`tg hc pgiambo hcdmhg, prm`bmpoiac`tc, oi usg hc iopgdrczo bgag prghubtg turstmbg, pcrg o pcsor hc ios bg`trgvcrsmos hc csto prbtmbo hcgbmg, ci àcrg hc pcrsgòs quc io probtmbo` o `mvci au`hmoi vo c` ouac`tg, to`tg c`poscs c` vo hc hcsorrgiig, bgag c` poscs hcsorrgiiohgs.

C` su to` bmtohg tcxtg sgdrc io tcgro hci jctmbkmsag hc ios acrbo`bos, Eori Aorx(?=;8) `gs hmbc quc o pcsor hc quc c` ci bopmtoimsag tghg cs piousmdic hctro`sjgraorsc c` uò acrbo`bo, cxmstc sig uò bgso quc ù`bo pghr scr vc`hmho> io

pgdrczo, pgr buo`tg `g pgscc `m voigr hc usg `m hc boadmg. Ci kcbkg cs quc, bg` ciboadmg hc amic`mg, ci bopmtoimsag ko tro`sjgraohg io pgdrczo c` u` prghubtg poro cibg`suag o trovs hci turmsag. Io cxpcrmc`bmo hc io pgdrczo, c` ci bg`tcxtg `cgimdcroi,s pgscc u` voigr hc boadmg y puchc, lrobmos o csg, scr vc`hmho. (Jrcmrc-Achcmrgs, D.46?2).

Cxmstc pgbo m`jgraobm` cspcbmoimzoho sgdrc ci turmsag siua, pgr ig qucm`tc`torcags m`vcstmlor y prgju`hmzor c` i, csbiorcbcr, u`mjmbor y olrupor iom`jgraobm`, rcoimzor uò bgaporotmvo hc igs hmstm`tgs pu`tgs hc vmsto y pghcr jgrnoruò bg`biusm` prgpmo o portmr hc ig rcbgpmiohg.


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Kurtohg Lmi, Oò

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?.4. GDNCXMZGR

Voro iicvor o bodg ci cstuhmg, cstc scr hmvmhmhg c` vormgs boptuigs c` igs buoics scvo` o hcsorrgiior igs hmstm`tgs pu`tgs o trotor. Ou`quc io m`vcstmlobm` pcrsmluchmvcrsgs gdnctmvgs, tmc`c bgag prm`bmpoi ci hc iiclor o uò bg`biusm` as g ac`gsobcrtoho sgdrc io bucstm` tmbo y u` pu`tg hc vmsto gdnctmvg hci turmsag siua.

Vgr gtrg iohg io m`vcstmlobm` tmc`c toadm` u`gs gdnctmvgs scbu`hormgs bgag>

- Io dsqucho hc m`jgraobm` sgdrc ci grmlc` y hcsorrgiig hci turmsag siua c` iosgbmchoh.

- Buics jucrg` sus m`mbmgs y pgr qu sc prghuncrg`.

- Ios hmstm tos agtmvobmg`cs quc iicvo` o rcoimzor cstc tmpg hc turmsag o sushcao`ho`tcs.

- Cstuhmor oilu`gs bosgs hc igs siuas as bg`gbmhgs hci au`hg, bgag cs cibosg hc igs quc sc c`buc`tro` c` Drosmi, Ruhjrmbo y Jmimpmòs.

- Cxpg`cr y prgju`hmzor c` igs dc`cjmbmgs c m`bg`vc`mc`tcs hc io prbtmbo hc cstctmpg hc turmsag poro igs dorrmgs hg`hc sc rcoimzo`, io vmho hc sus kodmto`tcs, iospcrsgòs quc ig probtmbo` y io sgbmchoh.

- Bg`gbcr o trovs hc hmstm`tgs pu`tgs hc vmsto io gpm m` hc vmsmto`tcs,m`vcstmlohgrcs, caprcsos quc sg` portmbmpcs y ios pcrsgòs quc vmvc` c` cstgsdorrmgs.

?.2. NSRXMJMBOBM@

Ko` smhg hmvcrsgs igs agtmvgs quc ac ko` iicvohg o io rcoimzobm` hc cstc cstuhmg,c`trc ciigs koy trcs rozg`cs prm`bmpoics>

Ci hcsbg`gbmamc`tg pgpuior, ci turmsag siua bgag sc ko bgac`tohg o`tcrmgrac`tccs uò prbtmbo o` c` hcsorrgiig o pcsor hc grmlmòrsc kobc as hc ?66 ogs, `g csuò tmpgiglo auy bga` quc sucic probtmbor tghg ci au`hg y o` cs hcsbg`gbmho pgraubkgs, hc ok io `cbcsmhoh hc prgju`hmzor c` ciio y obcrbor u` pgbg as cstcturmsag o igs quc ig hcsbg`gbc`.

Vgr rozg`cs pcrsgòics, cs u` tmpg hc turmsag quc hcshc quc supc hc i ac otrong

hcdmhg su bgapimbohg lrohg hc obcptobm`. Kc c`bg`trohg c` io m`vcstmlobm` iogpgrtu`mhoh hc pghcr bg`gbcr hc uò ao`cro as bcrboò y prgju`ho u` tcao to`m`tcrcso`tc y bouso`tc hc to`to bg`trgvcrsmo bgag cs ci bosg hc io pgdrczo y suotrobtmvg turstmbg.

Hcdmhg o ios agtmvobmg`cs hc igs turmstos quc ig probtmbo` y o su jmòimhoh. Citurmsag hc sgi y pioyo, hc ag`too, ruroi, hc bgapros, agùac`tgs, hc `mcvc, cxmstcàubkgs tmpgs hc turmsag igs buoics probtmboags kodmtuoiac`tc y buyos agtmvobmg`cs yjm`cs sg` tgtoiac`tc biorgs, `g brco` cxpcbtobm` oiluò `m aorlc` poro prclu`torscsgdrc i. C` ci bosg hci turmsag siua `g cs os. _u agtmvo o u` turmsto o probtmborig7_u dusbo bg` ciig7

Vgr scr u` tmpg hc turmsag auy brmtmbohg y òho cxc`tg hc pgiambo y bg`trgvcrsmo.

Cs cstc tmpg hc turmsag tmbg7 Cst dmc` kobcr hc io pgdrczo uò juc`tc hc


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-2-

m`lrcsgs7 _u puchc rcpgrtor o sus kodmto`tcs y turmstos7 Cxmstc` gpm`mg`cs y pu`tgshc vmsto auy hmsporcs sgdrc ci turmsag siua.

Cstos sg` oiluòs hc ios rozg`cs pgr ios quc ci cstuhmg sgdrc ci turmsag siuarcsuito to` m`tcrcso tc.

?.8. ACXGHGIGLO

Voro rcoimzor ci cstuhmg sc ko` odgrhohg hmstm`tos juc`tcs hc m`jgraobm`>

Juc`tcs Vrmaormos> sc usor ci cstuhmg caprmbg, c` ci quc sc rcoimzor u` aucstrcgoicotgrmg hmrmlmhg o uò scbbm` hc io pgdiobm` (turmstos pgtc`bmoics hc turmsag siua)S` bucstmgòrmg hc 3 prclu`tos o 43 pcrsgòs, jcbkoho c`trc ci ?6-43 Nu`mg hc 46?3.

Sò vcz gdtc`mhgs igs hotgs, sc olrupor` y cstrubturor` poro cstodicbcr ioscstohstmbos y igs m`hmbohgrcs quc sg` rcicvo`tcs poro ci cstuhmg pcrsgòi hc ioshmstm`tos agtmvobmg`cs quc mapuiso` o rcoimzor cstc tmpg hc turmsag, igs hmstm`tgs pu`tgs

hc vmsto y ci lrohg hc obcptobm` quc tmc`c io prbtmbo c`trc igs portmbmpo`tcs.Juc`tcs scbu`hormos> O trovs hc uò rcvmsm` dmdimglrjmbo, hg`hc sc mhc`tmjmbor`

ios juc`tcs rciobmgòhos bg` cstc tcao c` bucstm`. Sò vcz mhc`tmjmbohos, sc kor u`jmitrohg y uò scicbbm` cxkoustmvo cxtroyc`hg jmòiac`tc ios prm`bmpoics opgrtobmg`csrcjcrmhos oi gdnctg hc cstuhmg.

Csto rcvmsm` sc ko kcbkg sgdrc imdrgs, ortbuigs hc rcvmsto bmc`tjmbos, bg`jcrc`bmos,trodongs sgdrc ci tcao trotohg y gtros juc`tcs wcds.

Rc ko` bg`suitohg grlo`msags bgag io Bgamsm` Curgpco, @obmg`cs S`mhos, ciM`smtutg Drosmicg hc Lcglrojo y Cstohstmbo, M`stmtutg Au`mbmpoi hc Srdo`msag VcrcmroVossgs hc Tg hc No`cmrg g io Gjmbmò @obmgòi hc Cstohstmbo hc Jmimpmòs.

Vgr itmag sc cxtrocr` ios bg`biusmg`cs c` dosc o io m`vcstmlobm` rcoimzoho, bg` iojmòimhoh hc iiclor o uò `mbo vmsm` y gpm`m` sgdrc sm cs tmbo g `g io rcoimzobm` hccstc tmpg hc turmsag y su mapobtg `clotmvg y pgsmtmvg c` io sgbmchoh.

Koy quc tc`cr c` buc`to quc cs u` tcao pgbg hcsorrgiiohg bmc`tjmboac`tc, iospudimbobmg`cs quc cxmstc` sg` pgbos y c` gtrgs mhmgaos (pgrtulus, oica`, m`lis)ig quc hmjmbuito u` trodong hc cstos borobtcrstmbos.


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Kurtohg Lmi, O`o

-8-


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BOVXSIG 4

XSTMRAG RISA

4.?. GTMLC@ ] CZGISBM@

Riua grmlmòrmoac`tc cro uò cxprcsm` hci orlgt quc sc rcjcro o oignoamc`tgsm`hmvmhuoics, as torhc pos o kobcr rcjcrc`bmo o igs potmgs troscrgs y pgr itmag scus poro hcsbrmdmr oignoamc`tgs urdo`gs c`tcrgs (Aoy`c, ?==2).

Ci grmlc` ctmagilmbg hc io poiodro cs bg`trgvcrtmhg yo quc ci Hmbbmgòrmg Gxjgrh hcCtmagiglo ig hcsbrmdc bgag uò poiodro hc grmlc` hcsbg`gbmhg, pcrg prcsuac u`grmlc` 'lmto`g'. Oilu`gs outgrcs sm` cadorlg, prcsupg`c` quc tmc`c u` grmlc` mrio`hs.(Bossmhy 466


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Kurtohg Lmi, Oò

-:-

Igs dorrmgs dongs oi porcbcr prgvgborg` hc uò jgrao auy m`tc`so ios jo`tosossubmos c` io durlucso hc Ig`hrcs. Hcshc ci pu`tg hc vmsto hc io biosc achmo, iopgdrczo y igs tulurmgs hcstobodo` `g sig pgr io amscrmo y io c`jcrachoh, sm`gtoadm` pgr ci crgtmsag, ci imdcrtmònc y ci soivonmsag scxuoi. @g cs hc cxtroor,c`tg`bcs, quc igs dorrmgs pgdrcs, o`tc igs gngs hc io sgbmchoh hc Ig`hrcs, io buoi jucjgrnoho dong uòs cxpcbtotmvos agroics auy rlmhos y uòs rclios sgbmoics m`jicxmdics,jucro` rcos hc to`tg oacòzo, bag hc burmgsmhoh crtmbo> igs siuas jucrg`bg`smhcrohgs iulorcs hc hcbohc`bmo agroi y imdcrtmònc.

Jmluro 4.?. Riuaam`l m` tkms Xgw`

Juc`tc> @cw ]gre Xmacs (?;;8)

Vcrg cstc jcàc`g `g juc cxbiusmvg hc Ig`hrcs, juc c` ouac`tg y sc cxtc`hm ogtrgs poscs hci au`hg.

Hcshc achmohgs hci smlig [M[, osc`toamc`tgs pgdrcs hc CCSS, Jro`bmo c M`hmotoadm` jucrg` ctmquctohgs bgag siua, hc cstc aghg ios pcrsgòs bg` aoygr pghcrohqumsmtmvg hc io bmuhoh hc @ucvo ]gre bgac`zorg` o vmsmtor iulorcs bgag ci Dgwcryy Igwcr Cost Rmhc, igs dorrmgs hc màmlro`tcs pgdrcs hc io bmuhoh, poro vcr bag vmvcio gtro amtoh.

Gtrg bosg cs ci hc Ruhjrmbo, c` io hboho hc ?=;6 igs rcsmhc`tcs `clrgs

grlo`mzodo` tgurs poro chubor o igs dio`bgs hc igs lgdmcr`gs igboics sgdrc bag vmvoio pgdiobm` `clro. Cstos vmsmtos pgbg o pgbg jucrg` ouac`to`hg, otroyc`hg os oaubkgs turmstos m`tcròbmgòics quc qucro` oprc`hcr as sgdrc ci oportkcmh.

O achmohgs hc io hboho hc ?==6 sc cxtc`hm su prbtmbo o u` `mvci au`hmoi,tc`mc`hg bgag hcstm`g ios zgòs as hcsjovgrcbmhos hc igs poscs c` vos hchcsorrgiig. (Rtcm`drmè, A., 46?4)

Ci turmsag siua sc ko cxtc`hmhg bg` u` hmòamsag `gtodic c` aubkgs poscs hciRur Ligdoi hcshc io hboho hc ?==6. Rm` cadorlg, cstc jcàc`g sig rcprcsc`to ioctopo as rcbmc`tc hc io kmstgrmo hc ?36 ogs hc turmsag siua.

Io obtuoi ligdoimzobm` hc csto jgrao hc turmsag, quc pgr aubkg tmcapg sc imamtodo

o ios lro`hcs bmuhohcs hci @grtc, puchc scr c`tc`hmho bgag u` boadmg y bgag uòctopo as hci hcsorrgiig hci turmsag siua o csboio ligdoi.


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-s.[M[

Bkmò Xgw`, Imttiy Mtoiy(@]B, Ro` Jro`bmsbg>Vrm`bmpmgs s. [[)

Au`mbmpmg, jovcio,siua (Ngko``csdurl,Tmg, Au`dom)Vrm`bmpmgs s. [[M

Bg`tcxtgssgbmoics hccacrlc`bmo Rgbmchoh (c` su

bg`nu`tg)

M`hustrmoimzobm`,sgbmchoh hc bioscs,bgig`mzobm` / Mapcrmg

Drmt`mbg, io`clgbmobm` hc iobgrpgrcmhoh

Amlrobm`/@ucvg Au`hg,

aghcr`mzobm`, Jgrhmsag

Ligdoimzobm`, sgbmchohau`hmoi, pgst-

bgig`moimsag

@obm`/rclm`

Srdo`mzobm`, amlrobm`ruroi-urdoò, iosrcjgraos sgbmoics /dmc`cstor

Oarmbo aghcrò,mhc`tmhoh òbmgòi / kmstgrmoòbmgòi, brmsgi /osmamiobm`, hmsbrmamòbm` /robmsag

Cn. C` Ruhrjmbo> pgst-oportkcmh,tro`sjgraobm`

Bmuhoh

Brcbmamc`tg urdo`g,sclrclobm` / tulurmgs,hcsorrgiig, cpmhcamos /bicro, ci so`coamc`tg

Amlrobm` m`tcrò ysclrclobm` hcojrgoacrmbo`gs, bgig`mosamlro`tcs urdoòs

Bgapctmbm` ligdoi hcbmuhohcs, pcrsmstc`bmohc potrg`cs hcsclrclobm` cbgàmboct`g, brcbmamc`tgurdo`g, m`jgraoimhoh

Xurmsag

Xurmsag urdo`g(Zmonc sgbmoi/crtmbg hchcsbudrmamc`tg urdo`g)

Xurmsag urdo`g bgagjcàc`g hc aosos

Ci turmsag m`tcròbmgòic` igs poscs c`hcsorrgiig bgag u`jcàc`g hc aosos,turmsag urdo`g c` igsposcs c` hcsorrgiig,lcstm` hc hcstm`gsurdo`gs

Aghg y achmghcbg`strubbm`turstmbo

Buituroimzobm` hc iopgdrczo

Bghmjmbobm`

hgamò`tc hcicsqucao buituroi

Cspobmoimzobm` hcio pgdrczo (siuabgag)

Buituro hc imdcrtmònc

Agroi / màgroi

Ci iulor hci màgroi igsGtrgs

Xurmsag Riua Agroi

Buituros màmlro`tcs

Aghcr`g / prcaghcr`g

Iulor hc prc aghcr`g Gtrg

Xurmsag Riua t`mbg

-Buituro Ojrmboò/Drosmico/ M`hmo-(Out`tmbg) buituro hcigboimhoh ligdoi / igboi

-Iulor igboi c` ciau`hg ligdoimzohg-Iulor hc hmsto`bmo(buituroics) c` io oihcoligdoi

Xurmsag Riua Ligdoi

Xodio 4.?. Igs cicac`tgs csc`bmoics hci Riua o trovs hc igs ogs.

Juc`tc> Ciodgrobm` prgpmo o portmr hc Rtcm`drmè, A., (46?4)


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Kurtohg Lmi, Oò

-;-

Zmsmtor y cxpcrmac`tor hc prmacro ao`g io pgdrczo, io buoi sc osmlò tcrrmtgrmoiac`tc obmcrtos rcos hc io bmuhoh ('siuas'), sc ko ao`tc`mhg bgag io acto hci turmsag siuabg` ci posg hci tmcapg.

Cstc tmpg hc cspobmoimzobm` smrvc poro bg`brctor y vmsuoimzor io pgdrczo. Igscncapigs hc Ig`hrcs y CC.SS. hcaucstro` quc ci siua smcaprc juc m`tcrprctohg yvmstg bgag 'ci gtrg iohg hc io bmuhoh "y bgag ci iulor hci Gtrg'5 oi amsag tmcapg,miustro` quc cstc "Gtrg" smcaprc kodo smhg aubkg as quc ci "Gtrg cbgàmbg, cshcbmr, quc io hmjcrc`bmo `g sig rcsmho c` ci `mvci cbgàmbg hc igs dorrmgs. Vgr igto`tg, io buituroimzobm` hc io pgdrczo cs csc`bmoi poro ci turmsag hc dorrmgs pgdrcs.(Rtcm`drmè, A. 46?4)

Cxmstc uò lro` hmjcrc`bmo c`trc igs hmstm`tgs c`jgqucs hci turmsag siua o trovs hcigs tmcapgs. Amc`tros quc c` igs au`mbmpmgs hc io obtuoi Ruhjrmbo io amroho turstmbocst bc`troho c` "io buituro ojrmboò", quc troto` hc c`bg`tror y bgaprc`hcr io buiturohc io lc`tc igboi grmc`tohg o u` sc`tmhg hc bgau`mhoh y opclg o io igboimhoh, c` ciIg`hrcs vmbtgrmo`g, io pgdrczo sc odgrh hcshc u` pu`tg hc vmsto agroi, bgag

bgac`toags o`tcrmgrac`tc, c` u` bg`tcxtg hmsbursmvg hc uò buituro hc imdcrtmònc yc` CC.SS. o jmòics hci smlig [M[ y prm`bmpmgs hci [[, igs tgurs sc c`jgbodo` c`buiturmzor sgdrc ios hmstm`tos ct`mos quc oii sc c`bg`trodo`.

Io bghmjmbobm` hci csqucao buituroi bg` su hmstm`bm` hgamò`tc c`trc "ig agroi" yig "màgroi", quc cro auy rcicvo`tc c` ci bosg hc Ig`hrcs, boadm buo`hg ci turmsagsiua sc ohcbu o igs turmstos c` ci bg`tcxtg oacrmbo`g. Igs ospcbtgs agroics tghovonulodo` u` popci mapgrto`tc c` ci turmsag siua hcshc u` pu`tg hc vmsto oacrmbo`g,(Hgwim`l 466 io hmstm`bm`c`trc "ig ligdoi" y "ig igboi". C` rcsuamhos buc`tos, pghroags, pgr ig to`tg, bg`trostorci turmsag siua agroi hc Ig`hrcs Cost C`h hci smlig [M[ y ci c`jgquc t`mbg hciturmsag siua c` igs CC.SS. hc prm`bmpmgs hci smlig [[, pgr u` iohg, bg` ci c`jgqucobtuoi hci turmsag siua pgr gtrg, ig ligdoi y ig igboi. (Rtcm`drmè, A., 46?4)

Ci hcsorrgiig hci turmsag Riua c` tmcapgs hc u` turmsag au`hmoi aosmvg hc iorlohmsto`bmo, `g sc doso sgioac`tc c` uò cxtc`sm` ligdoi hci jcàc`g. Ioshmstm`bmg`cs quc sc c`buc`tro` c`trc ci @grtc (grmlc` hc igs turmstos) y ci sur (dorrmgsaorlmòics bgag hcstm`gs hc igs turmstos) toadm` cst` loò`hg bg`smhcrodicac`tcc` mapgrto`bmo. Cstg m`biuyc ios hmstm`bmg`cs c`trc ig ligdoi ("oihco ligdoi") y ig igboi(dorrmgs pgdrcs bgag iulorcs hc hmsto`bmo buituroi c` io oihco ligdoi), os bgag c`trcci turmsag ligdoimzohg prgbchc`tc hci @grtc y ci kodmto`tc hc igs dorrmgs pgdrcs c` ciRur.

Ci "dorrmg aorlmòi hc hcstm`g rcprcsc`to u` o`kcig hc io igboimhoh c` u` au`hgligdoimzohg7 Cs ci "dorrmg aorlmòi hc hcstm`g u` iulor poro vmsmtor bg` ci jm` hccxpcrmac`tor io hmvcrsmhoh buituroi hci au`hg oacòzohg pgr ios jucrzoskgaglc`cmzohgros hc io ligdoimzobm` y ci turmsag ligdoi7

Obtuoiac`tc ci turmsag siua, sc iicvo o bodg prm`bmpoiac`tc o trovs hc tgurs,vmsmtos lumohos (achmo`tc outgds, bgbkc g cxbursmg`cs o pmc) o trovs hc igs buoicsigs turmstos puchc` bg`gbcr y cxpcrmac`tor hc prmacro ao`g c` qu bg`hmbmg`cs vmvc`


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sus kodmto`tcs y ovcrmluor as sgdrc csc iohg, `g to` dg`mtg, quc csbg`hc` iosbmuhohcs.

Cs mapgrto`tc scoior quc u` rcbgrrmhg pgr igs dorrmgs pgdrcs "tpmbg" cs hmjbmi hchcjm`mr c` io obtuoimhoh. Cstgs rcbgrrmhgs sc ohopto` o hmjcrc`tcs prcsupucstgs hcvmonc, jgboimzobm` hc agbkmicrgs hc dong prcsupucstg, os bgag ci scbtgr turstmbg

prcamua. Cxmstc` tgurs hc hmstm`tos loaos hc c`jgqucs dosohgs c` io bgau`mhoh hcisiua, quc buc`to` bg` u` oitg `mvci hc portmbmpobm` hc igs rcsmhc`tcs, kosto igs vmoncsrcoimzohgs pgr caprcsormgs, bg` uò portmbmpobm` hc igs rcsmhc`tcs imamtoho.

Igs tgurs hc dorrmgs pgdrcs toadm` sc jgrao` c` lro` achmho pgr subg`tcxtuoimzobm` kmstrmbo y ios bg`hmbmg`cs sgbmg-pgitmbos> ios cxbursmg`cs pgr igspucdigs hc Ruhjrmbo cst` vm`buiohos bgag bgac`toags oi iclohg hc io pgitmbo hcioportkcmh, amc`tros quc ios vmsmtos o ios jovcios c` Drosmi tmc`c` bg``gtobmg`cscxtmbos. (Hrr, C.5 Nojjc, T. 46?4)

Cstgs siuas sg` dorrmgs quc ko` posohg hc givmhohgs o vmstgs bgag cxtmbgs,out`tmbgs y bgag portc hc igs agùac`tgs y iulorcs quc hcdc` scr vmsmtohgs pgr igsturmstos poro bg`gbcr vcrhohcroac`tc uò bmuhoh, g, o` as, iicl`hgsc o

bg`smhcror bg`gs hc io bmuhoh.Xo`tg cs os quc yo bg`stmtuyc u` cicac`tg mapgrto`tc c` io loao hc gjcrtos

rcoimzohos pgr io m`hustrmo hci turmsag urdo`g, pgr cncapig, u` tgur pgr dorrmgs pgdrcssc ko bg`vcrtmhg c` portc hci prglroao sto`horh hc uò vmsmto o Tg hc No`cmrg,rcbgrrmc`hg io jovcio hc aoygr cxtc`sm` bgag cs io Tgbm`ko.

Vgr cncapig, scl` Bgrhms, (Rcrvmbmg hc m`jgraobm` bgau`mtormg hc Rcrvmbmg yHcsorrgiig hc io Bgamsm` Curgpco) o`tog qumc`cs vmsmtodo` Tg hc No`cmrg scbg`jgraodo` bg` obuhmr o igs pu`tgs turstmbgs bismbgs, bgag io cstotuo hci BrmstgTchc`tgr y ci Vo` hc Ozbor, pcrg okgro ios jovcios sc ko` bg`vcrtmhg c` u` hcstm`gmluoi hc pgpuior c` io sclu`ho bmuhoh as lro`hc hc Drosmi. Xoadm` c` Ruhjrmbo citurmsag hc dorrmgs aorlmòics sc ko crmlmhg c` u` jcàc`g hc aosos quc m`biuyc iocsto`bmo c` oignoamc`tgs smtuohgs c` cstos zgòs.

C` Bmuhoh hci Bodg, Ruhjrmbo, pgr cncapig, as hc 266.666 turmstos vmsmto` iobmuhoh boho og poro vcr igs dorrmgs pgdrcs y c` Tg hc No`cmrg as hc 86.666turmstos (Jrcmrc Achcmrgs, D. 466=). Csto bmjro m`hmbo quc ci turmsag siua cs yo u`lro` `clgbmg pcrsgòimzohg c` Drosmi y Ruhjrmbo, c`trc gtrgs iulorcs.

Csto jgrao hc turmsag cs auy bgapicno bgag vcrcags pgstcrmgrac`tc, yo qucpio`tco hmvcrsos bucstmg`cs rciotmvos o io hcsmluoihoh, ci pghcr y sudnctmvmhoh. Rcl`Hrr C. & Nojjc T. (46?4) cs u` turmsag dosohg c` ci oitrumsag y ci vgycurmsag, bg` ciquc sc tmc`c uò pcrbcpbm` hc io pgdrczo, io amscrmo y io vmgic`bmo bgag u` prghubtgturstmbg.

Ci bm`c toadm` ko nulohg u` popci ju`hoac`toi mapuiso`hg cstc tmpg hc turmsag,u` cncapig obtuoi cs io M`hmo, hg`hc ci turmsag siua ko sujrmhg u` `gtodic ouac`tg ysc ko mhg cxpo`hmc`hg.

Io jucrzo mapuisgro hc cstc hcsorrgiig ko smhg io c`grac otc`bm` hc igs achmgspgr io pcibuio loòhgro hc gbkg Gsbors Riuahgl Amiimgòmrc (466=), io buoi buc`tobg` u` tci` bgag Hkorovm hc jg`hg, ci dorrmg aorlmòi as lro`hc hc Auadom(Rtcm`drmè, A. 46?4).

O roz hc pcibuios bgag csto g Bmuhohc hc Hcus, oadmc`toho c` iosjovcios hcTg hc No`cmrg, c` ios buoics sc rcprcsc`to` igs dorrmgs aorlmòics, sc bg`gbc io vmhohc sus kodmto`tcs, io vmgic`bmo hc igs dorrmgs, ios hrglos, io cxbiusm` sgbmoi, io boimhohhc vmho y io iubko m`tcrò hc cstgs iulorcs. Lrobmos o ciios ci bg`bcptg hc turmsag siua

capcz o gdtc`cr as otc`bm` pgr portc hc igs achmgs hc bgau`mbobm` yobohambgs pgr mluoi.


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Kurtohg Lmi, Oò

-?6-

Cstg prgvgb u` obcrboamc`tg c`trc cstc tmpg hc turmsag y pcrsgòs quc `g tcò`bg`sto`bmo hci amsag, ouac`to`hg os su m`tcrs y bgag bg`scbuc`bmo u` `gtodicm`brcac`tg hc turmstos c` cstgs poscs.

4.4. RISAR

Cxmstc` auitmtuh hc poscs hg`hc sc probtmbo ci turmsag siua. O bg`tmùobm`, c` cismlumc`tc aopo (jmluro 4.4.) pghcags gdscrvor io hmstrmdubm` au`hmoi hc siuas, cshcbmr, hg`hc sc c`buc`tro` ios aoygrcs bg`bc`trobmg`cs hc osc`toamc`tgs mrrcluiorcshc pgdiobm`>

Jmluro 4.4. % hc pgdiobm` urdoò vmvmc`hg c` osc`toamc`tgs mrrcluiorcs.(4663)

Juc`tc> S@-KODMXOX (4663)


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Zcags quc cxmstc uò c`grac bg`bc`trobm` hc siuas c` tgho io zgò sur hci pio`cto(Oarmbo hci sur, Ojrmbo y Osmo) toi bgag bgac`to (Rtcm drmè, A., 46?4).

O bg`tmùobm` vcags bg` as hctoiic igs poscs bg` aoygr àcrg hc kodmto`tcsquc vmvc` c` siuas (todio 4.4.). Bgag puchc gdscrvorsc igs pgrbc`toncs as cicvohgspcrtc`cbc` o poscs ojrmbo`gs, Ctmgpo bg` u` ==.8%, Xo`zo`mo bg` u` =4.?% y Ruho`

bg` u` ;3.


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Kurtohg Lmi, Oò

-?4-

Jmluro 4.2. Hmstrmdubm` hc turmsag siua y cstmaobm` hci àcrg hc turmstosquc ig probtmbo` pgr og (46?4)

Juc`tc> Rtcm`drmè, A. (46?8)

Io aoygro hc cstgs turmstos rcoimzor` tgurs hc 4-2 kgros hc hurobm` nu`tg bg` u`luo pgr igs dorrmgs pgdrcs y ci ;6% ig kor c` sig hgs hcstm`gs> igs siuas hcRuhjrmbo y ios jovcios hc Drosmi. Hc`trg hc cstgs hcstm`gs, Ruhjrmbo tmc`c cxbursmg`cspgr igs pucdigs o trovs hc bosm tghos ios bmuhohcs y igs pucdigs as lro`hcs hcipos, amc`tros quc ios vmsmtos o ios jovcios c` Drosmi sc bg`bc`tro` prm`bmpoiac`tc c`su bopmtoi, Tg hc No`cmrg.

O bg`tmùobm` sc aucstro uò imsto hc igs poscs y bmuhohcs hg`hc cxmstc uòaoygr probtmbo hc turmsag siua nu`tg bg` sus siuas as vmsmtohgs (todio 4.2.)>


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Vgdiobm` Dorrmg Riua

Drosmi (Tg hc No`cmrg) Jovcio Tgbm`ko

Orlc`tmò (Duc`gs Omrcs) Zmiio Io Dgbo

Acxmbg (Rmòigo) Aozotio`

Komtm Vgrt ou Vrm`bmpc

Jmimpmòs (Ao`mio) Ragecy Agu`tom`

M`hg`csmo (Noeorto) Eoapu`l Vuig

Bkmò Dcmnm`l

Xomio`hmo (Do`lege) Ropko` Vkut

M`hmo (Auadom) Hkorovm

Clmptg (Ci Bomrg) Bmuhoh hc igs aucrtgs

Ec`mo (@omrgdm) Emdcro

@oamdmo (\m`hkgce) Eotuturo

Ruhjrmbo (Bmuhoh hci Bodg) Zmiio hc Ekoycimtsko / Rgwctg

Xodio 4.2. Vrm`bmpoics poscs, bmuhohcs y dorrmgs hg`hc sc probtmbo turmsag siua.

Juc`tc> Ciodgrobm` prgpmo.

Bgag sc puchc gdscrvor cxmstc` uò lro` bo`tmhoh hc iulorcs c` tghg ci au`hg

hg`hc sc probtmbo ci turmsag siua, ou`quc `g sg` igs `mbgs hg`hc sc iicvo o ioprbtmbo cstc tmpg hc turmsag, c` poscs m`hustrmoimzohgs hci `grtc toadm` sc c`buc`trouò oapimo gjcrto poro igs hcao`ho`tcs, bgag pgr cncapig cs ci bosg hc Kgio`ho yCstohgs S`mhgs.

4.2. HCAO@HO ] GJCTXO

4.2.?. Hcao`ho>

Sò bucstm` biovc poro io m`vcstmlobm` hci turmsag siua bg`tcapgr`cg sg` igsturmstos quc ig probtmbo`.

Ci turmsag siua cs probtmbohg pgr turmstos hc tghg ci au`hg, pcrg sg` c` su aoygroturmstos prgbchc`tcs hc poscs hcsorrgiiohgs hci prmacr au`hg igs quc sc oicno` hcsus poscs c` dusbo hc uò cxpcrmc`bmo hmstm`to, out`tmbo, hg`hc cst` c` bg`tobtghc ao`cro hmrcbto bg` c`tgr`gs hg`hc vmvo` pcrsgòs pgdrcs, hc`trg hc cstosbmuhohcs c` pic`g brcbmamc`tg y hg`hc cxmstc to`to hcsmluoihoh y jucrtcs bg`trostcssgbmoics.

S` cncapig biorg sg` ios jovcios hc Tmg hc No`cmrg, ios buoics sg` vmsmtohos hcshckobc qum`bc ogs sgdrc tghg pgr turmstos curgpcgs y `grtcoacrmbo`gs (Jcrò`hcz. N.466


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Kurtohg Lmi, Oò

-?8-

Igs rcbgrrmhgs siua, bgag bgac`toags, pcramtc` o igs turmstos prgju`hmzor ybg`gbcr hc prmacro ao`g io smtuobm` hc cstgs dorrmgs, pcrg ig otroyc`tc hc cstocxpcrmc`bmo y uò bioro agtmvobm` cs quc sc rcoimzo sm` bgrrcr `m`l` tmpg hc rmcslg.

Rtcm`drmè, A. (46?4) huho quc ci o`smo hc io cagbm` sgbmg-vgycur y ci hcscg hccxpcrmac`tor u` "pcimlrg sclurg" g uò "ovc`turo omsioho" sco sujmbmc`tc poro

bgaprc`hcr cstc jcàc`g turstmbg oòitmboac`tc. Cstc cicac`tg hc rmcslgbg`trgiohg (Jrcmrc-Achcmrgs, D. 466=) cs sig uò cxpimbobm` auy porbmoi hc ig qucagtmvo o igs turmstos o vmsmtor ios zgòs urdoòs capgdrcbmhos.

Cxmstc` aubkos as agtmvobmg`cs quc m`bmto` o igs turmstos o rcoimzor cstc tmpg hcturmsag, smc`hg cstos hc auy hmvcrso `hgic.

Os, io m`vcstmlobm` poro bg`gbcr ci hcscg hc igs turmstos hc mr o igs dorrmgs pgdrcssc puchc sodcr c` su aoygro o trovs hc c`bucstos oapimos y c`trcvmstos hcc`jgqucs buoimtotmvgs. Tgijcs, Rtcm`drmè y Ski (466=) c`bg`trorg` quc igs turmstos qucprobtmbodo` turmsag siua sc agstrodo` burmgsgs, yo sco pgrquc dusbo` io cagbm` hcig hcsbg`gbmhg g pgrquc ig probtmbo` poro bg`trmdumr oi hcsorrgiig hci pos, porooprc`hcr y vcr io "maolc` rcoi. Tcsuitohgs smamiorcs ko` pghmhg scr gdscrvohgs c`

gtrgs aubkgs hcstm`gs. C` Auadom y Hcikm, io burmgsmhoh y ci hcscg hc vcr as hc iovcrhohcro M`hmo ko smhg auy o acùhg io prm`bmpoi roz` hc igs turmstos poro c`tror cìos jovcios (Dosu, 46?45 Hysg`, 46?45 Acsbkeoè, 46??). C` Tg hc No`cmrg, igsrcsuitohgs hc ios c`bucstos opu`to` o u`gs rcsuitohgs auy smamiorcs (Jrcmrc-Achcmrgs, D. 46?2).

Voro io jcbko `g ko kodmhg `m`luò m`vcstmlobm` sgdrc ios agtmvobmg`cs hc igsturmstos poro io prbtmbo hci turmsag siua, pcrg scro m`tcrcso`tc rcjicxmgòr sgdrc ioshmjcrc`bmos c`trc igs turmstos hc siua pmg`crgs y igs prmacrgs usuormgs pgr u` iohg yturmstos quc sig vo` o hcstm`gs as aohurgs, pgr gtrg iohg.

Rtcm`drmè ct oi. (46?4) ko` orluac`tohg quc boho hcstm`g tmc`c probtmbo`tcs hcturmsag siua prgjcsmgòics, sg` tghos oquciios pcrsgòs quc sc ohc`tro` c` ci siua

hcdmhg o uò lro` vormchoh hc rozg`cs prgjcsmgòics bgag puchc` scr iom`vcstmlobm`, ci pcrmghmsag y ci ortc, os bgag ci trodong sgbmoi y hc hcsorrgiig, ciobtmvmsag, io rcimlm` y io pio`mjmbobm` urdoò. Cstgs turmstos hc turmsag siuaprgjcsmgòics o acùhg hcscapco` u` popci biovc c` ci cstodicbmamc`tg hcm`jrocstrubturos quc iuclg puchc` scr cxpigtohos pgr igs turmstos as bg`vc`bmgòics.Cstg m`biuyc ci cstodicbmamc`tg hc gpcrobmg`cs hc luo hc turmsag, kgstcicro y gtrgsscrvmbmgs quc pcramto` ci obbcsg. Sò vcz quc ci turmsag siua ko brcbmhg kosto u`bmcrtg toaog c` u` sgig hcstm`g, ci turmsag siua poso o scr outgatmboac`tc uòvmsmto gdimlotgrmo" c` io imsto hc tghgs igs turmstos.

Vgr gtro portc ios agtmvobmg`cs sg` hmjbmics hc c`tc`hcr, igs gpcrohgrcs turstmbgs`graoiac`tc ho` o igs turmstos ios nustmjmbobmg`cs quc iuclg bgaportmr` bgag portc hc

su cxpimbobm` hc io cxpcrmc`bmo.Aubkgs hc igs turmstos vc` io prbtmbo hc cstc turmsag bgag uò gpgrtu`mhoh hc

rcbg`smhcror su obtmtuh o`tc io vmho, ics oyuho y qumcrc` amror ci au`hg o trovs hc igsgngs hc igs kodmto`tcs hc io boiic poro scr bg`sbmc`tcs hc quc koy pcrsgòs quc vmvcàubkg pcgr y hc cso jgrao sc`tmrsc ojgrtuòhgs.

Gtro hc ios agtmvobmg`cs cs io oyuho quc puchc` prcstor o trovs hc csto prbtmbo oigs as hcsjovgrcbmhgs, o trovs hc hmstm`tos grlo`mzobmg`cs, ios amsaos caprcsos hctgurs, bgapro`hg prghubtgs hc igs kodmto`tcs hc cstgs siuas, g smapicac`tcbgiodgro`hg.

S` cstuhmg hc io ju`hobm` Lctimg Zorlos aucstro bgag igs turmstos cxtro`ncrgs

bgm`bmhc` c` quc ci prm`bmpoi agtmvg hc ios vmsmtos o ios jovcios cs bg`gbcr aghgs hcvmho hmstm`tgs y brcc` c` io bopobmhoh hci turmsag poro bg`trmdumr oi hcsorrgiigopgrto`hg dc`cjmbmgs sgbmoics y cbgàmbgs o ios bgau`mhohcs. (Io ju`hobm` Lctimg


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Zorlos juc ju`hoho c` ?=88, cs uò grlo`mzobm` sm` jm`cs hc iubrg hchmboho o ioc`sco`zo y o io dsqucho hci hcsorrgiig, ohcas, ho u` iulor sml`mjmbotmvg o iom`vcstmlobm`, cstmauio`hg o sus prgjcsgrcs o portmbmpor c` pudimbobmg`cs hc tghg ciau`hg)

Vgr gtrg iohg, gtro hc ios pgsmdics agtmvobmg`cs sg` ios cxpcbtotmvos hc igs turmstos

o io kgro hc rcoimzor ci vmonc sgdrc ig quc vo` o c`bg`tror, to`tg igs turmstos òbmgòicsbgag cxtro`ncrgs m hmbo` io pgdrczo, ios vmvmc`hos prcbormos y ci trjmbg hc hrglosbgag cicac`tgs prcsc`tcs c` ios jovcios. Amc`tros quc io sgimhormhoh, io oiclro y iosoado sg` rcsoitohgs bgag ospcbtgs pgsmtmvgs quc igs turmstos cspcro` c`bg`trorbuo`hg vmsmto` ios jovcio bormgbos (Bgcikg, O.5 Jrcmrc Achcmrgs, D. & Ag`tcmrg, I. 46?4)Zcr cso boro rcoi hc io pgdiobm` prcsc`tc c` igs siuas quc `g c`bg`troro` hc gtrgaghg.

O bg`tmùobm` sc aucstro io cstrubturo, rcsuitohgs y pgstcrmgr oìmsms hci cstuhmgcaprmbg rcoimzohg o trovs hc u` aucstrcg oicotgrmg hmrmlmhg o turmstos pgtc`bmoics hcturmsag siua (lro` posm` pgr vmonor y bg`gbcr iulorcs pgbg bg`vc`bmgòics, bg`tmùoprglroaobm` hc vmoncs y prbtmbo hc hmstm`tgs tmpgs hc turmsag).

Io cstrubturo hci bucstmgòrmg cs io smlumc`tc (todio 4.8.)

Bucstmgòrmg

L`crg Aosbuim`g / Jcac`m`g

Choh Ac`gs hc ?; / ?;-4= / 26-36 / As hc 36

Rodcs qu cs ci turmsag Riua7 Rm / @g

Ig probtmboros7 Rm / @g

Vgr qu7

Xodio 4.8. C`bucsto usoho poro io rcoimzobm` hci cstuhmg.


Igs sunctgs sg` 43 pcrsgòs, hmvmhmhos pgr l`crg y sm` a`mag g axmag hc choh,hmjcrc`bmo`hg os buotrg ro`lgs> ac`gs hc ?;, ?;-4=, 26-36 y as hc 36.

O bg`tmùobm` sc ics prclu`to pgr ci bg`gbmamc tg quc tmc`c` g `g hc cstc tmpg hcturmsag (c` bosg hc `g bg`gbcrig, sc ics ko jobmimtohg uò cxpimbobm` poro os pghcrbg`tmùor bg` ci bucstmgòrmg). C` dosc o io m`jgraobm` quc tmc`c` sgdrc ci turmsag

siua sc ics prclu`to pgr su prbtmbo, sm cstoro` hmspucstgs g `g o rcoimzorig.Vgr itmag ci sunctg hcdc cxpimbor su cicbbm`, sodmc`hg hc cso jgrao buoi ko smhg

su prm`bmpoi agtmvobm` poro obcptor g rcbkozor su prbtmbo.

Hc cstos 43 pcrsgòs>

- ?2 sg` auncrcs> ? pcrsgò ac`gr hc ?;5 : pcrsgòsc`trc igs ?; y 4=5 2 pcrsgòs c`trc igs 26 y 365 y 2pcrsgòs aoygrcs hc 36 ogs.

- ?4 kgadrcs> ? pcrsgò ac`gr hc ?;5 : pcrsgòsc`trc igs ?; y 4=5 2 pcrsgòs c`trc igs 26 y 365 y 4pcrsgòs bg` as hc 36.


22/56

Kurtohg Lmi, Oò

-?:-

Jmluro 4.8. Vgrbc`tonc ro`lg hc choh hc igs c`bucstohgs.Juc`tc> Ciodgrobm` prgpmo.

Xros prclu`torics sgdrc sm probtmboro` g `g cstc tmpg hc turmsag, ci 24% hc igs sunctgs(3 auncrcs y 2 kgadrcs) ko` rcspg`hmhg quc `g ig probtmboro` hcdmhg o su joito hctmbo y agroi, o io bg`vmbbm` odsgiuto hc `g cstor oyuho`hg o igs kodmto`tcs hc cstgsdorrmgs pgdrcs.

C` boadmg ci :;% hc ciigs (; auncrcs y = kgadrcs) cstoro` hmspucstgs oprobtmborig. C`trc igs hmstm`tgs agtmvgs sc c`buc`tro` io brcc`bmo hc quc csto prbtmbocs ju`hoac`toi poro ci obcrboamc`tg o io rcoimhoh hc hmbkg pos, io oyuho quc sc ics

puchc gjrcbcr o sus kodmto`tcs, to`tg cbgàmboac`tc bgag sgbmoiac`tc (bcrboò,bgaprc`sm`) y io bg`trmdubm` cbgàmbo poro io acngro hc igs dorrmgs, `g sig hcjgrao m`hmvmhuoi.

Jmluro 4.3. Vgrbc`tonc pcrsgòs c`bucstohos quc probtmboro` turmsag siua ypcrsgòs quc `g.


;%

8;%48%

46%

To`lg hc choh

-?;

?;-4=

26-36

36

:;%

24%

Vrbtmbo

Rm

@g


23/56


-?

Jmluro 4.:. Vgrbc`tonc y agtmvobmg`cs hc io prbtmbo hc turmsag siua


S` 32% cstoro hmspucstg o rcoimzor turmsag siua poro bg`gbcr hc prmacro ao`g iogtro rcoimhoh hci pos, pmc`so` quc sc puchc ohqumrmr bg`gbmamc`tg hc oquciig quc`graoiac`tc `g vcags y bg`bmc`bmor o igs vmsmto`tcs hcio bruho rcoimhoh hc amics hckodmto`tcs.

Ci 4=% ig probtmboro poro gjrcbcr oyuho o cstos pcrsgòs, bg`trmdumr c` sudmc`cstor hc uò jgrao u gtro.

Vgr itmag u` ?;% sc smc`tc otrohg pgr cstgs siuas pgr smapic burmgsmhoh, scrportbmpcs hc bag vmvc` sus kodmto`tcs, rcoimzor u` turmsag tgtoiac`tc hmstm`tgpuhmc`hg bg`gbcr hc prmacro ao`g ios bg`hmbmg`cs y vmhos hc ios pcrsgòs quc vmvc`c` c`tgr`gs hc pgdrczo.

Xros cstc cstuhmg pghcags iiclor o io bg`biusm` hc quc cxmstc u` 24% quc `grcoimzoro cstc tmpg hc turmsag hcdmhg o uò lro` joito hc tmbo y agroi, jrc`tc o u` :;%quc s ig rcoimzoro, vgivmc`hg os o uò hc ios rozg`cs pgr ios quc sc cst rcoimzo`hgcstc trodong, hmspormhoh cxtrcao hc gpm`mg`cs c` buo`tg o io prbtmbo hci turmsag siua.

Igs rcsuitohgs hc igs cstuhmgs to`tg ci ac`bmgòhg o`tcrmgrac`tc bgag igsrcoimzohgs pgr m`vcstmlohgrcs sg`, bgaprc`smdicac`tc, sgrprc`hc`tcs, pucstg qucbg`trohmbc` ios `gbmg`cs bgau`cs hc ig quc kobc` igs turmstos huro`tc susvobobmg`cs. Cs bmcrtg, quc obcrborsc o io pgdrczo puchc scr uò jgrao hc'hmsto`bmorsc hc io vmho bgtmhmoò "5 sm` cadorlg, ci hcscg hc vcr "gtro bgso" bgagvcags c` ios agtmvobmg`cs hc uòs vobobmg`cs bgau`cs pgr ig lc`croi sc rcjmcrc ooilg olrohodic, kcragsg y rciono`tc.

32%

4=%

?;%

Agtmvobmg`cs

Tcoimhoh / Bg`bmc`bmor

Oyuhor

Burmgsmhoh


24/56

Kurtohg Lmi, Oò

-?;-

C` bg`trostc bg` cstg, ci turmsag siua porcbc bgrrcspg`hcr o ig iioaohg "turmsag`clotmvg"> uò cspcbmc hc puc`tm`l sgbmoi c` ci quc igs, c` su aoygro, durlucscsvmhgs hc cagbmg`cs otrohgs pgr io o`lustmo, dusbo` cxpcrmac`tor io prgju`hmhohsgbmoi. (Rtcm`drmè, A. 46?4)

4.2.4. Gjcrto>

Amc`tros quc c` su ctopo m`mbmoi, ci turmsag siua o acùhg mapimbo pgbg as quc u`pcqucg lrupg hc gpcrohgrcs turstmbgs igboics y luos5 c` igboimhohcs hg`hc cxmstcuò aoygr prbtmbo, sc c`buc`tro uò oapimo loao hc caprcsos as pcqucos ylro`hcs bg` hmjcrc`tcs lrohgs hc prgjcsmgòimhoh m`vgiubrohos c` io grlo`mzobm` hcvmoncs, luos, ortcsoò, pcrjgrao`bc, otrobbm` hc vmsmto`tcs, oignoamc`tg y botcrm`l(pgr cncapig, igs rcstouro`tcs g dorcs) (Jrcmrc-Achcmrgs, D. 46?25 Egc`s, 46?8).

Bc`tr`hg`gs c` io gjcrto cxmstc uò oapimo loao poro tghg oquci quc qumcroprobtmbor cstc tmpg hc turmsag, hcshc tgurs o pmc, c` am`mds, nccp g agtg toxm bg`to`hgbg` kodmto`tcs hc igs dorrmgs bgag luos, csto`bmos c` bosos portmbuiorcs tc`mc`hg iogpgrtu`mhoh hc u` bg`tobtg o` as bcrbo`g puhmc`hg bg`vmvmr bg` igs kodmto`tcs hc

cstgs siuas, kgtcics bg`strumhgs hc`trg hc igs dorrmgs poro tghgs oquciigs quc qumcro`tc`cr uò vmsm` as bcrboò hci iulor pcrg `g qucrmc`hg prcsbm`hmr hc iosbgaghmhohcs prgpmos hc u` kgtci c m`biusg kgtcics brcohgs bg` ci jm` hc rcbrcor cstgsdorrmgs y sus bg`hmbmg`cs hc vmho, pc`sohgs poro u` bimc`tc hc oitg sto`hm`l qucqumcro vmvmr io cxpcrmc`bmo sm` tc`cr quc ovc`turorsc c` ci siua y o su vcz bg`tor bgòiluòs bgaghmhohcs bgag pgr cncapig wmjm.

C`bg`troags u`g hc cstgs bosgs c` Digcajg`tcm` (Ruhjrmbo), hg`hc u` kgtci hciung ko qucrmhg rcbrcor io amscrmo y pcùrmo hc aubkgs kglorcs ojrmbo`gs poro quc susbimc`tcs bg`gzbo`, hc prmacro ao`g y pgr u`gs hos, csto huro rcoimhoh.

Ci kgtci c` bucstm` cs ci Rko`ty Xgw` hci Cagyo Iuxury Kgtci & Rpo. C` cstccspobmg sc ko` rcbrcohg o aghg hc bkodgios g bosctos quc ho` `gadrc oi bgapicngios sko`tys. Rg` bkgzos g acngr hmbkg, bkodgios bg`strumhos bg` bkopos g`huiohosg buoiqumcr aotcrmoi mapcracodic bg` pgbos g bosm `m`luò bgaghmhoh. ] pcsc o ciig,igs kuspchcs polo` pgbg as hc :6 curgs pgr `gbkc.

Ios dorrobos buc`to` bg` uò iaporo hc porojmò, vcios y u` dog cxtcrmgr.Oirchchgr sc oag`tgò io dosuro y io hcbgrobm` rcbrco u` oadmc`tc pgbg soiudrc,pcrg, tghg cs u` oadmc`tc kcbkg o achmho poro bimc`tcs hc oitg sto`hm`l quc qumcro`bgag kcags bgac`tohg o`tcrmgrac`tc vmvmr csto cxpcrmc`bmo hc bcrbo.

Io prgpmo bgapoo vc`hc io csto`bmo c` ci bgapicng bgag uò cxpcrmc`bmo `mbo igsbimc`tcs tmc`c` quc kobcr su prgpmg juclg, mhcoi poro trodonor c` cqumpg y porobcicdror jmcstos tcatmbos bg` bopobmhoh poro 34 pcrsgòs.

C` buo`tg o igs tgurs, o pcsor hc quc cstgs sg` bgigbohgs c` u` bg`tcxtg hc uòcxpcrmc`bmo buituroi, utmimzo`hg uò òrrotmvo hci prglrcsg, igs tcaos prm`bmpoics smluc`smc`hg ci cxgtmsag hc io pgdrczo y ios aoios bg`hmbmg`cs hc vmho hc igs rcsmhc`tcs(Tgijcs, 46?65 Rtcm`drmè, A. 46?4). Oiluòs hmvcrsmjmbobmg`cs sc puchc gdscrvor c`hcstm`gs as aohurgs. C` ios jovcios, sc gjrcbc` tgurs o ios hmstm`tos portcs hc cstosy sc bc`tro` c` io asmbo juè drosmico (Tgijcs, 46?6), amc`tros quc c` Ruhjrmbolmros ausmboics y cxbursmg`cs c` dmbmbicto o igs au`mbmpmgs prgpgrbmgò` ùcvosjgraos hc cxpcrmac`tor igs siuas. C` oadgs poscs, ci cvc`tg hc io Bgpo Au`hmoi hcio JMJO sc ko trohubmhg c` uò scrmc hc vmsmtos quc tmc`c` ci jtdgi u gtro cxpcrmc`bmohcpgrtmvo bgag ci bc`trg hci tgur. S` hcsorrgiig rcbmc`tc c` Rgwctg, Ruhjrmbo cs iogjcrto hc pom`tdoii y puc`tm`l c` siuas. (AbEoy, X. 46?2).

Vcrg `g sig `gs c`bg`troags bg` tgurs y oignoamc`tg dsmbg hc`trg hc ios gjcrtoshc cstos bmuhohcs, bgag pghcags vcr o bg`tmùobm`, cxmstc` auitmtuh hc agtmvgs yjgraos hc ohc`trorsc c` cstgs dorrmgs y bg` boho u`g hc ciigs iicvorsc uò


25/56


-?=-

cxpcrmc`bmo tgtoiac`tc hmstm`to, pghro` scr bg`smhcrohos cstos cxpcrmc`bmos bgagroaos hci turmsag siua>

- C` 4663 bgac`z c` Duc`gs Omrcs ci Zmiio Xgur, quc o`mao oi turmsto osgdrcvmvmr huro`tc uò `gbkc c` zgòs bg`jimbtmvos bgag io vmiio 2?. Cstgsscrvmbmgs sc prgagbmgò` toadm` c` Ruhjrmbo, M`hmo y Axmbg, c m`biusg c`

bmuhohcs hc poscs m`hustrmoimzohgs bgag Kgio`ho y Cstohgs S`mhgs.- Cxmstc` hmvcrsgs tgurs bgag igs grlo`mzohgs c` Xomio`hmo y Rrm Ioèo tros ci

Xsuòam c` 4668, g igs quc iicvorg` o aubkgs turmstos o vmsmtor @ucvo Gric`stros ci kurob` Eotrmò c` 4663.

- C` Rmcrro Icgò koy vmoncs pgr zgòs rcstrm`lmhos buyg otrobtmvg rcsmhc c` iopgsmdmimhoh hc vcr cxpigsmg`cs c` hmrcbtg.

- ] o cstgs sc suao ci iioaohg turmsag pmquctcrg> oilu`gs nvc`cs curgpcgspcrao`cbc` huro`tc u`gs hos c` Orlc`tmò bg` uò joamimo hc pmquctcrgs porovmvmr ios prgtcstos.

Cstos sg` ios aitmpics boros hci turmsag hc pgdrczo, bgag pghcags vcr cxmstc uò

lro` vormchoh hc gjcrtos hc hmvcrso `hgic.(Jcrò`hcz, N.O. 466


26/56

Kurtohg Lmi, O`o

-46-


27/56


-4?-

BOVXSIG 2

VORCR

2.?. DTORMI> JOZCIOR

M`trghubbm`>

Drosmi, bg`brctoac`tc Tg hc No`cmrg, cs u`g hc igs iulorcs biovc hc io prbtmbo hcturmsag siua, ios jovcios.

Ios jovcios sg` dorrmgs pgdrcs quc sc crmlc` c` ios prm`bmpoics bmuhohcs hc Drosmi.Cxmstc` hcshc kobc as hc ?66 ogs c` Tg hc No`cmrg y obtuoiac`tc sc hmstrmduyc`pgr tghos ios rclmg`cs hc io bmuhoh. Rg` bg`smhcrohos u` prgdicao sgbmoi, agroi y

csttmbg, cstmlaotmzohos, prgkmdmhos y, oiluòs vcbcs, crrohmbohos, ios jovcios scjucrg` cxpo`hmcrg` hcshc c`tg`bcs c` àcrg hc vmvmc`hos y c` pgdiobm` rcsmhc`tc,pucs boho vcz oidcrlo` u` aoygr àcrg hc kodmto`tcs.

Ios jovcios bgac`zorg` o hcbgror ci pomsonc bormgbo o jm`cs hci smlig [M[, pcrgrcbm` c` io hboho hc ?=26 ohqumrmcrg` portc hc su hmac`sm` c` io bmuhoh. Hmczogs hcspus, c`trc ?=8? y ?=82, sc prghung u` m`brcac`tg hcsachmhg hc supgdiobm` y ios outgrmhohcs `g sodo` bag bg`trgiorig. Hmvcrsos obbmg`cs bg` jm`csurdo`stmbgs m`tc`torg` scr opimbohos pgr io Oiboiho hc Tg hc No`cmrg c m`biusmvc ciLgdmcr`g hci pos, pcrg ù`bo tuvmcrg` xmtg.

C`trc ?=86 y ?=;6, buo`hg ci pos otrovcs ci bmbig hc grg hc su m`hustrmoimzobm`,ci brcbmamc`tg hc ios jovcios cstuvg jucrtcac`tc osgbmohg o io amlrobm` m`tcrò. Ios

jovcios cro` prbtmboac`tc io `mbo oitcròtmvo hc vmvmc`ho poro io pgdiobm` ruroi quciiclodo o io bmuhoh, sm` pgsmdmimhohcs hc m`scrtorsc c` ci acrbohg jgraoi hc vmvmc`ho.

Hcshc io hboho hc igs gbkc`to, bg` io joic`bmo hci smstcao pdimbg hc bg`strubbm`y jmò`bmoamc`tg hc vmvmc`hos pgpuiorcs, y io brmsms hci aghcig hcsorrgiimsto, ci àcrghc jovcios y hc su pgdiobm` rcsmhc`tc smluc ouac`to`hg prglrcsmvoac`tc, pcrg cstovcz pgr io bg`nu`bm` hc trcs jobtgrcs> ci brcbmc`tc hjmbmt kodmtobmgòi, igs oitgs `hmbcshc hcscapicg y ci capgdrcbmamc`tg hc io pgdiobm` urdoò. (Hc _ucmrgz, I.B &Bgrro, I. 4666).

Bg` igs ogs ci brcbmamc`tg hc ios jovcios, quc jucrg` io buò hc io soado, brc cioadmc`tc prgpmbmg poro quc io hcim`buc`bmo y ios grlo`mzobmg`cs hci òrbgtrjmbgc`bg`troro` c` ciios ios doscs pcrjcbtos poro su rcjulmg. Bg`sgimhorg` joao hc

vmgic`tos, hc rchubtg hci brmac` y ci òrbgtrjmbg, ios `gtmbmos y ci bm`c bg`sgimhorg`cso maolc` cstmlaotmzohgro quc olrovodo io scporobm`.

Cstgs dorrmgs sg` vmstgs `g sig bgag iulorcs hg`hc odu`ho io pgdrczo, sm`g qucsg` bg`sto`tcac`tc rciobmgòhgs hc jgrao `clotmvo bg` ci brmac`, c`jcrachohcs, ioamscrmo, ctb.

Vcrg o pcsor hc ciig, koy gtro rcoimhoh, hg`hc cstgs dorrmgs g siuas sg` pcrbmdmhgsbgag iulorcs out`tmbgs, tgtoiac`tc gpucstgs o ig quc io bmuhoh qumcrc agstror,aubkg as rcoimstos quc ci rcstg hc cspobmgs y pomsonc, rcprcsc`to`hgvcrhohcroac`tc ci aghg hc vmho hc uò bmuhoh g pos. Hc csto jgrao sc puchc`hcsmlòr bgag iulorcs hc rcoimhoh (Acsbkeoè, N. 46??)5 Hysg`, V. 46?4).

Io prgimjcrobm` hc ios jovcios cs u` prgdicao lc`croimzohg c` tghos ios bmuhohcshc Drosmi (todio 2.?.), hg`hc oirchchgr hc ?4 amiig`cs hc pcrsgòs vmvc` c` cstgs


28/56

Kurtohg Lmi, Oò

-44-

iulorcs. Tg hc No`cmrg, uò lro` bmuhoh bg` uò pgdiobm` cstmaoho hc ?:.8:?.?


29/56


-42-

O bg`tm`uobm` pghcags gdscrvor u` aopo bg` io hmstrmdubm` hc ios jovcios hc Tmghc No`cmrg c` 46?6, su cxtc`sm`, to`tg hc boho jovcio, bgag ci bg`nu`tg hc ciios(jmluro 2.?.)>

Jmluro 2.?. Jovcios y su cxtc`sm` (Tg hc No`cmrg)Juc`tc> M`stmtutg Au`mbmpoi hc Srdo`msag Vcrcmro Vossgs (MVV) 46?6

Bgag gdscrvoags c` io jmluro o`tcrmgr ios jovcios hc aoygr cxtc`sm` sg` ios hcTgbm`ko y Zmhmloi, ios as vmsmtohos obtuoiac`tc pgr igs turmstos.

Hcdmhg o bmcrtgs obg`tcbmamc`tgs bgag io Bgpo hci au`hg hc jutdgi (46?8), iobcicdrobm` hc igs nuclgs giapmbgs quc sc bcicdror c` Tg (46?:) y ci oulc hc ioprbtmbo hc cstc tmpg hc turmsag, sc pusg c` aorbko u` prgycbtg poro quc sco` igsnvc`cs hc ios jovcios igs quc luc` o igs turmstos pgr ios boiics hc cstgs sudurdmgs c`tro`sjgraobm`, yo quc o ho hc kgy sg` bosm 26 ios jovcios pobmjmbohos, ios

prm`bmpoics c` tram`gs hc pcimlrgsmhoh.


30/56

Kurtohg Lmi, Oò

-48-

Io prcsc`bmo hc ios S`mhohcs hc Vgimbo Vobmjmbohgro (SVV) o io c`troho hc cstosm`hmbo quc c` ciios yo `g tmc`c` ci pghcr igs òrbgtrojmbo`tcs, io lro` aoygro hc ciigssg` camlrohgs jgrzgsgs o jovcios hc io pcrmjcrmo g zgòs hci m`tcrmgr, ig buoi kosusbmtohg huros brtmbos hcdmhg o quc csto tro`sjgraobm` `g ko sml`mjmbohg u`vcrhohcrg lgipc oi òrbgtrjmbg, sm`g as dmc` uò gpcrobm` hc aoqumiionc oitrosiohorsc io obtmvmhoh o gtrg iulor.

Hcdmhg o cstg, uò vcz pobmjmbohos y bg` scrvmbmgs hc oluo y iuz, ci `mvci hc vmho cìo jovcio capmczo o sudmr y aubkgs kodmto`tcs `g puchc` kobcr jrc`tc o cstgs prcbmgspgr ig quc tcramò` vc`hmc`hg, hc csto jgrao sc puchc gdscrvor bag cstboadmo`hg ci pcrjmi hc cstgs.

Obtmvmhoh Xurstmbo>

Cxmstc uò lro` obtmvmhoh turstmbo oirchchgr hci turmsag siua, c` ci prmacr iulor hcio imsto sc c`buc`tro` igs tgurs pgr ios jovcios, vmsmtos o ios prm`bmpoics jovcios hc Tmghc No`cmrg.

Io pmg`cro c` rcbgrrmhgs pgr ios jovcios juc io caprcso Jovcio Xgur, brcoho pgrAorbcig Orastrg`l. Bgac`z su obtmvmhoh c` ?==4, hcdmhg o io aoio rcputobm` hc iosjovcios juc auy hmjbmi ohqumrmr brchmdmimhoh hc ios olc`bmos hc turmsag y kgtcics igboics,pcrg pgbg o pgbg juc bg`smlum`hgig.

Ci prmacr tgur quc sc bg`gbc tuvg iulor c` ?==4, huro`tc io bg`jcrc`bmo Cbg-=4,buo`hg u` lrupg hc portmbmpo`tcs c` ci cvc`tg pmhm o u`gs luos turstmbgs quc igsiicvosc` o bg`gbcr uò jovcio. Io csbglmho juc io Tgbm`ko, uò bgau`mhoh hc as hc3:.666 pcrsgòs bcrboò o Icdig`, u`g hc igs dorrmgs as iungsgs hc io BmhohcAorovmikgso, c` su prmvmiclmoho zgò sur. As hc 46 ogs hcspus, io Tgbm`ko rcbmdcuò achmo hc 2.366 vmsmto`tcs oi acs. (Bostrg, @. 46?3)

As rcbmc`tcac`tc, io jovcio hc Ro`to Aorto, toadm` bg`gbmho bgag Agrrg hc

Hgo Aorto, smtuoho nu`tg o igs dorrmgs hc biosc achmo Ioro`ncmros y Dgtojglg, oi surhc io bmuhoh, sc ko bg`vcrtmhg c` u` rcjcrc`tc hci botoiglohg bgag tgur hc rcoimhoh.Io vmsmto o Ro`to Aorto oporcbc c` ci roèm`l hc XrmpOhvmsgr, c` ci pucstg 8< hc 8=:obtmvmhohcs turstmbos c` Tg. Ci hcspcluc turstmbg hc csto bgau`mhoh sc hmg buo`hg,c` 46?6, Ro`to Aorto juc m`biumho c` ci prglroao Tmg Xgp Xgur hci M`stmtutg Drosmicghc Xurmsag (Cadrotur).

Kgy csto caprcso smluc brcbmc`hg y pgsmdmimto`hg quc boho vcz as pcrsgòspucho` `g sgig vcr bgag sg` ios jovcios, sm`g toadm` tc`cr uò ùcvo pcrspcbtmvo ybgaprc`hcr aubkg as io sgbmchoh drosmico y ci ho o ho hc io bmuhoh.

Ru Vrglroao buc`to bg` io vmsmto hc hgs jovcios, Zmio Bo`gos y io jovcio hc ioTgbm`ko. Cs u` rcbgrrmhg hc bm`bg kgros hg`hc igs turmstos pghr` bg`gbcr hc uò

jgrao as bcrboò, ci bg`tcxtg g aorbg sgbmoi, kmstrmbg y cbgàmbg hc cstgs dorrmgs,sodcr sgdrc igs hm`tm`tgs prgycbtgs sgbmoics quc sc cst` iicvo`hg o bodg, bg`gbcrtoiicrcs, zgòs bgacrbmoics g smapicac`tc poscor pgr io bgau`mhoh.

O bg`tmùobm` u` cncapig ci prglroao hc Jovcio Xgur quc sc aucstro c` suplmò wcd.Tcoimzo` hgs poscgs pgr ho y igs kgrormgs c mtm`crormg puchc` scrboadmohgs hc autug obucrhg ci ho quc sc rcoimbc ci tgur.

Vrglroao Jovcio Xgur>

Bgamc`zo o ios =.66>

- Tcbglmho c` ci kgtci c` u` am`mdus bg` omrc obg`hmbmgòhg. Bgac`tormgs m`mbmoicssgdrc ci bg`tcxtg hc ios jovcios c` Tg y io sgbmchoh drosmico.


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=.26 /?8.26>

- Iicloho o io Tgbm`ko, cxpimbobmg`cs rcspcbtg o io orqumtcbturo, scrvmbmgs pdimbgs,boròvoi, ctb.

- Zmsmto o uò tcrrozo bg` pouso poro sobor jgtgs hc io vmsto m`brcdic hc Tmg. Rckodior sgdrc sclurmhoh, m`jrocstrubturo igboi y gtrgs ospcbtgs hc ios jovcios.

- Hcspus sc donor pgr io Cstroho hc Lvco, uò o`tmluo pmsto hc borrcro J?.

- Voroho gpbmgòi c` ci toiicr hc ortcsoò hc io Tgbm`ko.

- Zmsmto hci rco bgacrbmoi.

?3.26>

- Iicloho o Zmio Bo`gos, vmsmto o io csbucio hc io bgau`mhoh Voro Xm. Cstcprgycbtg sgbmoi cs jmò`bmohg pgr ci tgur. Io csbucio tmc`c bioscs rcluiorcs,bgaputobm` y toiicr hc ortcsoòs, quc sg` gjrcbmhos oi vmsmto`tc.

- Boamòho pgr io bgau`mhoh.- Voroho gpbmgòi poro uò dcdmho c` u` dutcbg.

- Voroho c` io piozo igboi. Rc m`jgraor sgdrc ci prgycbtg Jovcio Domrrg hcurdo`mzobm`.

?:.26>

-Tctgr`g oi kgtci poso`hg pgr ios pioyos hc io zgò sur hc Tmg.

-Bgac`tormgs jmòics.

Cstc cs ci prglroao quc gjrcbc Jovcio Xgur pgr u` prcbmg hc u`gs 46 . Bgagbgac`to c` su mtm`crormgportc hc igs m`lrcsgs prghubmhgs pgr ci tgur oyuho` o jmò`bmorio csbucio hc io bgau`mhoh Voro tm, h`hc igs oiua`gs osmstc` o bioscs rcluiorcs, y oouios hc m`jgratmbo y ortcsoò. (jovciotgur.bga)

Cxmstc` gtros aubkos caprcsos quc rcoimzo` tgur pgr jovcios, gtrg cncapig cs iocaprcso Tmg Aoxmag, bg` schc c` Bgpobodoò. Rus tgurs tmc`c` uò hurobm` hc 2ky achmo y su prcbmg pgr pcrsgò cs hc 23 (todio 2.4.)

Kgrormg

M`mbmg Xcramò Hurobm`

=.66 ?4.26 2.26

?8.66 ? Kgrormg y Vrcbmg hc u` tgur pgr io jovcio.

Juc`tc> Tmg Axmag (46?3)


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Ci mtm`crormg buc`to bg`>

- Io vmsmto o io Jovcio ho Tgbm`ko

- Boamòhos pgr igs boiicng`cs.

- Vorohos c` igs amrohgrcs.

- Zmsmto hc prgycbtgs sgbmoics hc ios bgau`mhohcs.

Ohcas cstc tgur pgr ios jovcios m`biuyc>

- Tcbglmho c` ci kgtci.

- Luo dmim`lc gjmbmoi.

- Hmvcrsos gpbmg`cs hc poscg.

- Jigto hc bgbkcs, jurlg`ctos (vo`s) y outgduscs (ambrgs) (vckbuigs bg` omrcobg`hmbmgòhg)

O portc hc cstgs tgurs, gtros obtmvmhohcs bgag igs cstodicbmamc`tgs kgtcicrgs hc`trghc ios jovcios, to`tg pc`smg`cs bgag kgtcics hc iung, sc ko` kcbkg u` kucbg hc`trg hcio gjcrto turstmbo quc sc puchc c`bg`tror c` cstgs dorrmgs.

Rm kodioags hc gjcrto kgtcicro c` ios jovcios u`g hc igs as iioaotmvgs cs ci kgtciAmro`tc hg Orvrg, u` kgtci cbgilmbg smtuohg c` ig oitg hc io jovcio Zmhmloi, ci buoihmspg`c hc tcrrozos bg` vmstos po`grambos hc ios pioyos hc Icdig` c Mpo`cao.

Cs u` oidcrluc aghcr`g y ciclo`tc y buc`to bg` bg`cxm` \m-Jm lrotumto,rcstouro`tc y smrvc u` hcsoyu`g lrotumtg tghgs igs hos. Xghos ios kodmtobmg`cs cst`

dmc` cqumpohos bg` omrc obg`hmbmgòhg y dog prmvohg aghcr`g. Igs prcbmgs gsbmio`hcshc igs T?3; (86) pgr pcrsgò pgr uò kodmtobm` sto`horh, kosto igs T866 (?66)pgr pcrsgò pgr uò kodmtobm` Hciuxc bg` aol`jmbos vmstos. (Vlmò gjmbmoi Amro`tchg Orvg)

2.4. RSHJTMBO> XG\@RKMV

C` aubkgs poscs hg`hc ko` surlmhg hcstm`gs turstmbgs hc dorrmgs pgdrcs io aoygrbg`bc`trobm` hc io pgdrczo `g sc c`buc`tro c` ios zgòs urdoòs, sm`g c` ios zgòsruroics.

Cstc cs ci bosg c` Ruhjrmbo hg`hc igs pcgrcs `mvcics hc pgdrczo sg` rclmstrohgsc` ios zgòs ruroics hci pos, prm`bmpoiac`tc c` ios zgòs pcrmjrmbos quc bg`stmtuoìgs o`tmlugs do`tusto`s y okgro rchmscohgs bgag "hmstrcssch rcos (BRMT,46?2).(@cvcs y hu Xgmt, 46?2)

C` csc`bmo, cstos rcos lcglrjmboac`tc aorlmòics (Kgacio`hs) sc bg`vmrtmcrg`c` rcscrvos hc ao`g hc gdro doroto quc jucrg` jgac`tohos pgr ios pgitmbos hcsclrclobm` bgig`moi rcjgrzohos pgr io pio`mjmbobm` hci oportkcmh (Jmluro 2.4)


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-4 Tglcrsg`, BA. (46?8)

Hcshc io tro`smbm` hcagbrtmbo hc ?==8, ios cx- Kgacio`hs ruroics sc ko`rcm`tclrohg gjmbmoiac`tc c` Ruhjrmbo. Cbgàmboac`tc, smluc` smc`hg io aoygro hcios rclmg`cs sudhcsorrgiiohos y pgdrcs hci pos (@cvcs, hu Xgmt, 46?2). C` tram`gsoham`mstrotmvgs stgs sc m`bgrpgro` okgro o Ruhjrmbo c` 42 hmstrmtgs prmgrmtormgs hchcsorrgiig g "c` rcos hc hmjmbuitoh quc sc aucstro` c` jmluro 2.:. Cstgs 42 hmstrmtgs

prmgrmtormgs odorbo` io aoygr portc hc io tmcrro quc cro c` u` prm`bmpmg.C` tram`gs hc hcsorrgiig, aubkgs (sm `g io aoygro) hc cstgs 42 hmstrmtgs sg`

cbgàmboac`tc hcpc`hmc`tcs hc uò bgadmòbm` hc rcacsos hc igs camlro`tcs yios sudvc`bmg`cs hci lgdmcr`g sgbmoi, igs buoics sc ko` m`trghubmhg hcshc ?==8.

Cstos rcos sg` ios as pgdrcs, sudhcsorrgiiohos y ios zgòs aorlmòics hci pos(@cvcs, hu Xgmt, 46?2). C` lc`croi, igs 42 hmstrmtgs prmgrmtormgs m`biuyc` as hci 46 pgrbmc`tg hc io pgdiobm` hci pos y aubkgs hmstrmtgs sg` zgòs hc u` jiung bg`tmùgbmrbuior hc camlro`tcs kobmo rcos urdoòs as lro`hcs hci pos c` dusbo hcgpgrtu`mhohcs hc trodong (BRMT, 46?2). Rc borobtcrmzo` pgr u` lro` otrosg hcm`jrocstrubturo c` aotcrmo hc obbcsg o io igs scrvmbmgs dsmbgs bgag ci oluo, ciso`coamc`tg y io vmvmc`ho.


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-4;-

Jmluro 2.2. Vrm`bmpoics 42 hmstrmtgs au`mbmpoics

Juc`tc> Tglcrsg`, BA. (46?8)

Ci hcsorrgiig hci turmsag c` igs siuas ruroics tmc`c uò obbmhc`toho kmstgrmo qucm`vgiubro c` hmvcrsgs tmcapgs uò scrmc hc achmhos quc ko` smhg prgauilohos porootrocr to`tg o dio`bgs y `clrgs suhojrmbo`gs bgag turmstos. (Tglcrsg` 4664, 46?2)

Rc prcsc`to` hgs sud-scbbmg`cs. Ci prmacrg oòimzo drcvcac`tc ci hcsorrgiig hciturmsag siua huro`tc ci pcrmghg hci oportkcmh. Ci sclu`hg sc bc`tro c` pgst-oportkcmh

y hcsbgaprmac c` aoygr hctoiic igs potrg`cs bg`tcapgr`cgs hci turmsag c` igs 42hmstrmtgs prmgrmtormgs.

Io mapgrto`bmo cbgàmbo hci turmsag m`tcròbmgòi poro jrmbo hci Rur koouac`tohg bg`smhcrodicac`tc hcshc ci jm` hci oportkcmh. Ci àcrg hc iiclohosm`tcròbmgòics c` ci pos ouac`t hc 2,: amiig`cs c` ?==8 o =,? amiig`cs c` 466


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Ci turmsag siua c` Ruhjrmbo sc grlo`mzo prm`bmpoiac`tc c` jgrao hc vmoncs lumohgsc` outgds quc rcbgrrc` igs au`mbmpmgs scicbbmgòhgs. Igs hcstm`gs turstmbgs sg` iosrcos rcsmhc`bmoics urdoòs hc oquciigs lrupgs hc pgdiobm` quc o`tcs cro`biosmjmbohgs bgag `g dio`bgs, zgòs rcsmhc`bmoics quc surlmcrg` huro`tc io cro hcioportkcmh y quc jucrg` pio`mjmbohos sgdrc io dosc hc cstc rlmac` hc mhcgiglo robmstoc m`kuaoò. Cstc cs ci cstrotg hc io pgdiobm` as pgdrc quc vmvc c` igs au`mbmpmgs.Io aoygro hc igs kodmto`tcs hc ios bmuhohcs "`clros" tghovo vmvc` oii y, io aoygroo` c` bg`hmbmg`cs hc vmho hcpigrodics. (Zmsscr, Kgglc`hggr`, 46?4)

Ci turmsag siua c` Ruhjrmbo tuvg prcbursgrcs huro`tc io cro hci oportkcmh, pcrgcstc turmsag toi y bgag ig bg`gbcags okgro bgac`z o prm`bmpmgs hc ?==6.

Ios prmacros cxbursmg`cs pgr igs pucdigs sc iicvorg` o bodg pgr Rgwctg (surgcstc)c` Ngko``csdurlg. C` csc agac`tg, ci turmsag siua cro uò cspcbmc hc `mbkgturstmbg poro oquciigs vmoncrgs m`tcrcsohgs hcshc u` pu`tg hc vmsto pgitmbg, oquciigsquc qucro` vmsmtor Rgwctg pgr scr u` iulor quc smadgimzo io gprcsm` y io iubko bg`troci oportkcmh, su gdnctmvg cs vmsmtor smtmgs hc rcsmstc`bmo y ios bosos c` ios quc jmlurossmadimbos, toics bgag @cisg` Ao`hcio y ci gdmspg Xutu, vmvo`.

Juc o portmr hc ok buo`hg turmsag siua cvgiubmg` rpmhoac`tc, cxpo`hm`hgscpgr tghg jrmbo hci Rur bgag u` jcàc`g hc turmsag urdo`g. S` àcrg boho vczaoygr hc vmoncrgs m`tcròbmgòics - sgdrc tghg hc Lro` Drctoo, Oicao`mo, VoscsDongs y CC.SS. - vmon o trovs hc igs siuas y osc`toamc`tgs m`jgraoics hc hmjcrc`tcsgrlc`cs kmstrmbgs y toaogs huro`tc sus vobobmg`cs c` Ruhjrmbo. C` ci prgbcsg, igsospcbtgs kmstrmbgs y pgitmbgs jucrg` m`mbmoiac`tc ios agtmvobmg`cs hc cstc tmpg hcturmsag sujrm u` boadmg. (Tgijcs, A., Rtcm`drmè, A. o`h Ski, B., 466=)

Rcl` hotgs gjmbmoics, as hc 266.666 turmstos portmbmporg` c` cxbursmg`csgrlo`mzohos c` Bmuhoh hci Bodg c` 466:. Cstg cs bosm 43 pgr bmc`tg hci àcrg tgtoioùoi hc vmsmto`tcs m`tcròbmgòics c` ci cxtro`ncrg. Ohcas hci vmonc o io Ag`too hcio Acso, ci vmonc o Bopc Vgm`t, io vmsmto o io bgsto y uò ruto hci vm`g, ci turmsag siua

sc c`buc`tro c`trc ios bgsos maprcsbm`hmdics quc kobcr huro`tc uò vmsmto o Bmuhohhci Bodg.

Ci turmsag siua cs u` `clgbmg c` oulc c` ci quc boho vcz sg` as igs gpcrohgrcsturstmbgs odrm`hgsc boam`g oam`g c` ci acrbohg. C` Bmuhoh hci Bodg, sc puchc`mhc`tmjmbor oprgxmaohoac`tc 36 gpcrohgrcs turstmbgs hmstm`tgs. Amc`tros to`tg, u`brcbmc`tc àcrg hc lro`hcs olc`bmos hc vmoncs quc gpcro` c` uò grlo`mzobm`m`tcròbmgòi g uò dosc suprorrclmgòi m`biuyc` okgro toadm` cxbursmg`cs pgr igssiuas c` su loao hc prghubtgs. Ci turmsag siua ko hcsorrgiiohg os c` u` jcàc`ghci turmsag hc aosos c` Ruhjrmbo (Tgijcs y Rtcm`drmè, A. 466=).

Hc`trg hc cstgs gpcrohgrcs turstmbgs `gs c`bg`troags bg` io caprcso Zoags, iobuoi rcoimzo tgurs c` u`g hc igs siuas g tgw`skmp, bgag sg` iioaohgs. Ru caprcso

rczo quc igs vmoncrgs aghcr`gs sc c`buc`tro` boho vcz as m`tcrcsohgs c` iosvobobmg`cs quc mapimbo` ci oprc`hmzonc y rcoimzo` cxpcrmc`bmos buituroics iicvohos obodg hc uò ao`cro cbgilmbo y sgstc`mdic.

Vrcjmcrc` iioaor o sus vmoncs, cxpcrmc`bmos. Rus kuspchcs sc porcbc` as o igsvmoncrgs quc o turmstos. Igs vmoncrgs puchc` bg`tor bg` io jicxmdmimhoh hc ciclmr ci tgurquc hcsco` rcoimzor, hg`hc scr` rcbglmhgs y scr` iicvohgs hc ùcvg o su kgstoi ukgtci.

Ios vmsmtos m`biuyc` u` rcbgrrmhg o pmc pgr ci siua hc Io`lo y uò dordobgo c` igsjoagsgs, Luluictu (hc iu`cs o vmcr`cs) hc Azgim, g u` oiaucrzg grlo`mzohg c` uòboso (igs jm`cs hc scaoò y jcstmvgs).


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Zoags hcsbrmdc bgag bgigrmhg, vmdro`tc, gbupohg y obglchgr c`trc gtrgs ohnctmvgsio vmho hci au`mbmpmg c m`vmto o tghg ci quc qumcro o u`mrsc poro cxpigror io vmhobgtmhmoò y io buituro hci pucdig xkgso quc vmvc` c` igs siuas.

C` Io`lo, ios boiics sg` ci oiao hc su bgau`mhoh. Cs c` ios boiics hg`hc igs `mgsnuclo` jtdgi, bgacrbmo`, boamò` y kodio`, hg`hc igs `mgs y ios `mos sc

c`buc`tro`.Io caprcso Zoags tmc`c uò lro` vormchoh hc tgurs. S` tgur dsmbg pgr Io`lo cs

ci smlumc`tc>

Mtm`crormg>

- Aooòs> Vmbe-ups c`trc ;.26-=.66 (vmsmto gpbmgòi igs hgam`lgs oi cvo`lcimg).

- M`biuyc oiaucrzg> Hos c`trc scaoò c` Azgims, g igs jm`cs hc scaoò y hosjcstmvgs bgamho boscro.

- Tctgr`g> Oprgxmaohoac`tc o ios ?2.66.

- Xorhcs> Vmbe-ups c trc ?2.26-?8.66. M`biuyc vmsmto o Koppy Jcct VrgycbtgNuvc`tuh.

- Tctgr`g> Oprgxmaohoac`tc o ios ?

Igs vmsmto`tcs sg` rcbglmhgs c` Bmuhoh hci Bodg ci vmcr`cs pgr io torhc y bg`gbc` osu joamimo hc obglmho. O portmr hc c`tg`bcs sc rcoimzo u` rcbgrrmhg o pmc poro c`scorci au`mbmpmg o`tcs hc hmsjrutor hc uò bcò bg` su joamimo.

Ci sdohg tros ci hcsoyu`g, bg`gbcr` Koppy Jcct Vrgycbtg Nuvc`tuh., hg`hcportmbmpor` c` uò vormchoh hc prgycbtgs bg` igs `mgs kosto io kgro hc bgacr bg` sujoamimo hc obglmho. Vgr io torhc igs vmsmto`tcs tmc`c` tmcapg imdrc kosto io bcò bg` su

joamimo hc ùcvg.Vgr io `gbkc, igs vmsmto`tcs tc`hr` io gpbm` hc u`mrsc o Rmvmwc y sus oamlgs c`

uò out`tmbo `gbkc c` ci tgw`skmp, pcrg sm ig hcsco, ci vmsmto`tc puchc posor io `gbkcbg` su joamimo hc obglmho.

Ci hgam`lg cs ho imdrc. Hcspus hci hcsoyu`g, ci vmsmto`tc puchc u`mrsc o u`g hcigs lrupgs hc ios mlicsmos igboics hc Io`lo y csbubkor Lgspci. O portmr hc c`tg`bcstc`hr io gpbm` hc u`mrsc o Rmvmwc y sus oamlgs c` Azgim hc c` Luluictu poro uòdordobgo trohmbmgòi ojrmboò c` ci rcstouro`tc as o`maohg hc Bmuhoh hci Bodg(tro`spgrtc m`biumhg, io bor`c y ios dcdmhos pgr buc`to prgpmo).

Xros ci oiaucrzg ci hgam`lg, sc vmsmtor ci au`mbmpmg hc Euibko.

Ci poquctc m`biuyc>- 2 hos oignoamc`tg c` boso hc uò joamimo / 4 @gbkcs.


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- Zmcr`cs bcò, sdohg hcsoyu`g, ci oiaucrzg y io bcò, ci hcsoyu`g hcihgam`lg.

- Vrgycbtg hc Zgiu`tormohg c` io aooò hci sdohg.

- Xrosiohgs

- Ci usg hc io dmbmbicto

Vrcbmg voro c`trc T?336 (?62) cxbiuyc`hg dmbmbictos y trosiohgs y T?==6 (?24)(m`biuyc`hg dmbmbictos y trosiohgs).

2.2. JMIMVM@OR> DOTO@LO]R

@oho ac`gs quc 8 amiig`cs hc pcrsgòs vmvc` c` dorrmgs pgdrcs hc Ao`mio, yo sco cìgs bcac`tcrmgs, dorrmgs hc bkodgios o ig iorlg hci rg Vosml g c` io portc supcrmgr hcu` c`grac vcrtchcrg hc orhmc`tc dosuro bg`gbmhg bgag Ragecy Agu`tom`.

Bosm io amtoh hc io pgdiobm` hc Jmimpmòs vmvc pgr hcdong hci uadroi hc pgdrczo. CÀo`mio, oirchchgr hc ios bkodgios hci cxtrorrohmg sc prghubc bord` vclctoi oi omrcimdrc. Kgadrcs, auncrcs y `mgs hcshc io choh hc scms ogs trodonodo` 48 kgros oi hoporo pghcr loòrsc ci sustc`tg hmormg.

Io sclrclobm` tmc`c uò iorlo kmstgrmo c` Ao`mio. Bgag u` c`biovc cspogi c` io

pgbo bgig`moi cspogio, kodmto`tcs òtmvgs vmvo` c` ios ojucros hc ig quc kgy sg` igsdorrmgs hc Xg`hg, Rto Bruz, _umopg y Roapoigb. Igs bkm`gs vmvo` c` ci Vorm`, u`hmstrmtg quc sc bg`vmrtm c` portc hc io prcsc`tc Dm`g`hg. (Tolrolmg. A. 4662)

Igs dorrmgs aorlmòics cst` hmspcrsgs c` 34: bgau`mhohcs pgr tghos ios bmuhohcsy au`mbmpmgs hc Ao`mio, quc oidcrlo 4,3 amiig`cs hc pcrsgòs c` tmcrros vobosprmvohos g pdimbos, pgr ig lc`croi o ig iorlg hc igs rgs, bcrbo hc igs vcrtchcrgs hcdosuro, o ig iorlg hc ios vos hci jcrrgborrmi, hcdong hc igs puc`tcs y oi iohg hc igsiulorcs m`hustrmoics. Xoapgbg cs rorg c`bg`trorsc siuas nu`tg o ao`smg`cs c` zgòsrcsmhc`bmoics rmbos. Ou`quc koy rciotmvoac`tc lro`hcs bgau`mhohcs siuas, ci potr`hc osc`toamc`tg hc io pgdiobm` urdoò pgdrc c` Ao`mio lc`croiac`tc sc hmspcrso,udmbohg hg`hc koyo gpgrtu`mhoh y cspobmg. (S@-KODMXOX, 4662)

Igs dorrmgs aorlmòics `g puchc` scr bioroac`tc biosmjmbohgs pgr udmbobm`, yo quccst` auy hmspcrsgs c` Ao`mio5 pcrg c` tram`gs lc`croics sc puchc` biosmjmbor scl`ci tmpg hc bg`strubbm`>

- Tcjulmg tcapgroi o portmr hc aotcrmoics rcbupcrohgs.

- Tcjulmg scampcrao`c tc.

- Tcjulmg pcrao`c`tc.

Cxmstc uò botclgro ohmbmgòi quc sc bg`gbc bgag "gbupo`tcs micloicsprgjcsmgòics" y sc hcjm`c bgag m`hmvmhugs g lrupgs quc gbupo` tmcrros sm` cibg`sc`tmamc`tg hci prgpmctormg y quc tmc`c` m`lrcsgs sujmbmc`tcs poro uò vmvmc`hoicltmao. Ci tram`g toadm` sc opimbo o oquciigs o igs quc sc ics ko gtgrlohgs


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prcvmoac`tc uò vmvmc`ho pgr portc hci lgdmcr`g, pcrg quc vc`hm, orrc`h g trosposy sc m`stoi micloiac`tc c` csc amsag iulor g c` gtro rco urdoò bgag gbupo`tcs cm`trusgs c` tmcrros poro vmvmc`hos sgbmoics. Ci tram`g `g sc opimbo o igs m`hmvmhugs glrupgs quc oiqumio` io tmcrro y io vmvmc`ho hc igs "sm`hmbotgs prgjcsmgòics. Rm`hmbotgsprgjcsmgòics sg` ios grlo`mzobmg`cs m`jgraoics c micloics quc bggrhmò`scbrctoac`tc ios obtmvmhohcs hc igs gbupo`tcs micloics prgjcsmgòics.

Igs lostgs hc vmvmc`ho mapimbo` prm`bmpoiac`tc kmpgtcbos g oiqumicrcs5 pcrg igs'geupos' `g polo` òho. Rm` cadorlg, io aoygro hc igs gbupo`tcs micloics rcoimzo`m`vcrsmg`cs m`mbmoics hc vmvmc`ho, yo quc polo` pgr igs hcrcbkgs hc io tmcrro porobg`strumr su boso. (S@-KODMXOX 4662)

Tcoimzo`hg u` prgachmg, ios trcs buortos portcs hc igs kglorcs c` igs dorrmgs siuashc Ao`mio sg` rcsmhc`tcs o iorlg piozg (as hc bm`bg ogs). Igs osc`toamc`tgsprgachmg sg` hc ?=.4 ogs hc choh y bg` jrcbuc`bmo hc 86 ogs hc choh, g as.

Io aoygro hc igs kglorcs pgdrcs urdo`gs ko` cstohg vmvmc`hg c` Ao`mio huro`tcbosm hgs hbohos. Io amtoh hc io pgdiobm` hc igs dorrmgs pgdrcs cst capicoho c` ciscbtgr jgraoi. Ci capicg m`jgraoi bg`smstc, c` su lro` aoygro, c` io oyuho hgastmbo,

io bg`hubbm`, ao`g hc gdro poro bg`strubbm`, capicg pgr buc`to prgpmo, trodong c`jdrmbos y io vc`to.

Ao`mio bg`sto hc ?4 bmuhohcs, 3 au`mbmpmgs y ?:=8 doro`loys, quc sc rmlc` pgr susrcspcbtmvos u`mhohcs hc lgdmcr`g igboi (SLI). Ci Bhmlg hc Lgdmcr`g Igboi (ILB)gdimlo o ios oham`mstrobmg`cs igboics o prgpgrbmgòr u` lgdmcr`g hc igs bmuhoho`gscjmbmc`tc y cjmboz y prgagvcr ci dmc`cstor lc`croi hc`trg hc sus rcspcbtmvosnurmshmbbmg`cs tcrrmtgrmoics. Ios oham`mstrobmg`cs igboics sg` rciotmvoac`tc out`gaos.

Io Outgrmhoh hc Hcsorrgiig Actrgpgimto`g hc Ao`mio (AAHO) juc brcohg bg` ci jm`hc loro`tmzor io prcstobm` cjcbtmvo hc igs scrvmbmgs5 io ohgpbm` y opimbobm` hcpgitmbos, `graos, rclios y rcluiobmg`cs, os bgag igs prglroaos y prgycbtgs, pororobmgòimzor y gptmamzor ci usg hci sucig y prgpgrbmgò` hmrcbbm` poro ci brcbmamc`tg

urdo`g y io cxpo`sm`5 io rckodmimtobm` y ci hcsorrgiig hc igs dorrmgs siuas y zgòshctcrmgrohos5 ci hcsorrgiig hc m`stoiobmg`cs poro vmvmc`hos y io prcstobm` hc igsscrvmbmgs sgbmoics cbcsormgs. (Tolrolmg, A. 4662)

Bg` ci ouac`tg hc io hcsbc`troimzobm`, io portmbmpobm` hc ios G@L y iosgrlo`mzobmg`cs pgpuiorcs (GV) c` io pio`mjmbobm`, cncbubm` y sclumamc`tg hcprgycbtgs imhcrohgs pgr SLI ko ouac`tohg.

Io ILB prcsbrmdc io jgraobm` hc igs bg`scngs igboics hc hcsorrgiig (VAO) ugrlo`msags cspcbmoics poro scrvmr bgag iulorcs hc rcprcsc`tobm` hc iosbgau`mhohcs, o trovs hc sus grlo`mzobmg`cs, poro cxprcsor sus gpm`mg`cs sgdrcbucstmg`cs quc ics ojcbto`.

Io Hcbiorobm` hc Hcrcbkgs hc ?=;< gtgrlo o tghgs igs bmuhoho`gs ci hcrcbkg hcobbcsg o uò vmvmc`ho oscqumdic. C` ?=;:, ci lgdmcr`g sc bg`vmrtm c` 'jobmimtohgr' y scoprgd io Icy hc Hcsorrgiig Srdo`g y Zmvmc`ho (SHKO).

Ci SHKO gjrcbc u` hcsorrgiig urdo`g y hc vmvmc`ho, amc`tros quc, c` ci aorbg hcicsqucao hc acngroamc`tg bga` - ci Vrglroao hc Acngro hc zgòs - ci lgdmcr`gpuchc cxprgpmor tmcrros poro io rcvc`to o igs rcsmhc`tcs hcspus hc hcsorrgiior ci smtmgy c m`trghubmr scrvmbmgs dsmbgs c m`stoiobmg`cs. Ci lgdmcr`g cstodicbm u` smstcao hcjmò`bmobm` hc vmvmc`ho vmodic o trovs hc io rcobtmvobm` hc ios m`stmtubmg`cs, amc`trosquc io jmò`bmobm` hc ios kmpgtcbos o iorlg piozg cs oscqumdic m`biusg poro oquciigsquc sc c`buc`tro` pgr hcdong hc io i`co hc pgdrczo, csto prgbchm hc igs jg`hgs hcsclurgs oham`mstrohgs pgr ci smstcao hc sclurmhoh sgbmoi. (S@-KODMXOX 4662)


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Io jucrzo hci c`jgquc hc Ao`mio sc c`buc`tro c` io obbm` poro io acngro hc igsdorrmgs siuas, rcluiormzobm`, jmò`bmobm` hc io vmvmc`ho, io amtmlobm` hc io pgdrczo yio bgiodgrobm` bg` ios G@L y ios grlo`mzobmg`cs bgau`mtormos. Io cjmbobmo o iorlgpiozg hc cstc c`jgquc cs, o pcsor hc io lro` bo`tmhoh hc prgdicaos hc igs dorrmgssiua c` Ao`mio, prgdodic, hc csto jgrao sc hcagstror quc io ohkcsm` pcrao`c`tc oio pgitmbo urdoò bg`hubmr o rcsuitohgs sotmsjobtgrmgs.

Rcl` io Gjmbmò @obmgòi hc Cstohstmbo (46?6), io bmuhoh hc Ao`mio sc hmvmhc c`hmcbmsms hmstrmtgs oham`mstrotmvgs, (Jmluro 2.8.) quc o su vcz sc sudhmvmhc` c`doro`loys.

Jmluro 2.8. Vrm`bmpoics ?: hmstrmtgs au`mbmpoics

Juc`tc> Sadog C. (46?2)

Io hmstrmdubm` hc doro`loys pgr hmstrmtgs y su pgdiobm` io c`bg`troags c` iosmlumc`tc todio 2.2.>


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-28-

@gadrc Doro`loys Vgdiobm` (Bc`sg 46?6)

Dm`g`hg ?6 ?4.=;3

Cramto ?2


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Ro` O`hrs

Ro` O`hrs cs ci sclu`hg hmstrmtg as hc`soac`tc pgdiohg hc Ao`mio hcspus hcXg`hg.

Dolg`l Rmio`loDolg`l Rmio`lo cs u` rco hc gbupo`tcs micloics hcspus hc quc io pgdiobm` hc

ios boiics jucro trosiohoho oqu hcshc ci bc`trg hc Ao`mio o csto zg`o hc ?=


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gdnctmvg poroicig cs bg`sclumr quc igs `mgs voyo` o io csbucio, os quc sm `g iglro`soborigs hc ios amòs, oi ac`gs trodonor` ac`gs kgros.

Aoioyo Emhs Am`mstrmcs (AEA) bgag kcags bgac`tohg cs uò G@L sm` `mag hciubrg quc bgac`z sc obtmvmhoh c` 466? hc io ao`g hci rcvcrc`hg Tcy`mxg` Tgsoics,hmrcbtgr hc AEA.

Rc brc bg` ci gdnctmvg cs oyuhor o ios joamimos quc vmvc` c` Ragecy Agu`tom` osoimr hc io pgdrczo o trovs hc hmstm`tgs prgycbtgs, h`hgics cspcro`zo y u` juturgacngr o trovs hc obtmvmhohcs y prglroaos toics bgag igs hc ùtrmbm`, rcjulmg,chubobm`, otc`bm` ahmbo y prgvmsm` hc achmboac`tgs. Xghos cstos obbmg`csdc`cjmbmo` yo o bmc`tgs hc `mgs quc vmvc` c` Ragecy Agu`tom` sm` io otc`bmòhcbuoho y o sus joamimos.

Io caprcso Ragecy Xgurs juc brcoho pgr Nuimo Ewcc c` 46??, Ci bg`bcptg òbmbuo`hg sc grlo`mz u` tgur o pmc bg` u` lrupg hc vmsmto`tcs y rcsmhc`tcs hc Ao`mio oios zgòs siua hg`hc sc gjrcbm bgag vgiu`tormo. Xros cstg ag`t uò cxpgsmbm` bg`tghos ios jgtglrojos tgaohos c m`vmt o igs portmbmpo`tcs. Cstgs obodorg`c`tusmosaohgs pgr io cxpgsmbm`, y cstuvmcrg` hmspucstgs o bgaportmr kmstgrmos sgdrc

sus vmhos bg` igs m`vmtohgs. (Bbcrcs, N. 46?8)Huro`tc io jgtglrojo o pmc `gtorg` quc aubkgs rcsmhc`tcs sc agstrodo` o igs

jgtlrojgs bg` grluiig y hml`mhoh, y puhmcrg` vcr bgag sc kobo` rcbgrrmhgs hc siua cìo M`hmo y Drosmi, hc cso jgrao Nuimo Ewcc hcbmhm bgac`zorigs oii.

Ragecy Xgurs rcoimzo rutos bg` luos o trovs hc ios prgju`hmhohcs hc cstgsdorrmgs pgdrcs, pcramtm`hgics o igs vmsmto`tcs kodior bg` io lc`tc y oprc`hcr sgdrcbag vmvc`, bgac` y loò`, gjrcbc o igs turmstos io gpgrtu`mhoh hc vmsmtor ci dosurcrg ybg`gbcr o ios pcrsgòs quc vmvc` hc kurlor y rcbmbior io dosuro quc oii tcramò.

@g cs poro igs hdmics hc bgroz`. Igs vmsmto`tcs pmso` o trovs hc ogs hc dosurodio`ho bgaprmamho bg` ci gigr hc io bgamho, igs o`maoics aucrtgs y hcscbkgs

kuao`gs jigto`hg c` ci omrc.Rm dmc` puchc porcbcr o aubkgs bgag uò jgrao hc vgycurmsag, scl` io

ju`hohgro ios vmsmtos `g cst` hcstmòhos o trotor ci iulor bgag uò otrobbm` turstmbo,sm`g poro odrmr igs gngs y ios ac`tcs hc io gtro boro hc Ao`mio. Rc ko` tgaohg achmhostoics bgag io prgkmdmbm` hc jgtglrojos huro`tc ios lmros poro hor o igs rcsmhc`tcs u`pgbg hc prmvobmhoh y `g kobcr quc sc smc`to` bgag sm cstuvmcro` c` u` zggilmbg.

Io caprcso bg`troto o luos quc vmvc` c` igs dorrmgs pgdrcs, prgpgrbmg``hgics uàchmg hc vmho. Oilu`gs hc igs dc`cjmbmgs toadm` vo` o uò grlo`mzobm` dc`jmbo,Dokoy ot ]oao` `m Ro` Aortm` hc Vgrrcs, quc tmc`c bgag gdnctmvg acngror io vmho hcigs `mgs hcsjovgrcbmhgs o trovs hc prglroaos hc bopobmtobm` poro io sudsmstc`bmo,chubobm` y soiuh.

Ragecy Xgursvc rcobbmg`cs m`brcdics c` igs vmsmto`tcs. Igs turmstos quc sc pg`c`c` bg`tobtg poro hgòr, ics bgau`mbo` quc cst` m`spmrohgs o kobcr oilg, y oiluòspcrsgòs hmbc` quc tghovo pmc`so` obcrbo hc su cxpcrmc`bmo y okgro vc` sus vmhoshc ao`cro hmjcrc`tc.(Bbcrcs, N. 46?8)

Bgag rczo io wcd hc Ragecy Xgurs, `g sg` sig vmsmtos, gjrcbc` uò cxpcrmc`bmo,brcyc`hg quc csto cqumvoic o uò vmsm` prgju`ho. Rus tgurs sg` `mbgs y kg`cstgs,u` tcstmag`mg hc igs tmcapgs boadmo`tcs y su m`tcrbg`cxm` ligdoi.


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- Volpol> gdscrvor y bgaprc`hcr ios sgdros quc bg`smhcro` u` iung igsrcsmhc`tcs quc vmvc` c` io zgò.

- rco hc Tcbmbionc> Zcr bag aubkgs hc igs rcsmhc`tcs sc loò` io vmho.

- rcos Tcsmhc`bmoics> Voscor pgr io zgò y vmsmtor io boso hc oil` igboi.

- Cstcrg hc Zmtos> Bgaprc`hcr io mapgrto`bmo hci rg c` io bgau`mhoh.

- Xro`spgrtc pdimbg> Io cxpcrmc`bmo hc tro`spgrtc pdimbg c` Jmimpmòs bgag igsrcspg`sodics turstmbgs quc tgao` u` toxm bgicbtmvg y trmbmbig / euimliml.

Igs tgurs sc hcsorrgiio` tghgs igs hos pgr ios aooòs. Bgac`zo`hg o ios =>66oa y bg` uò cxtc`sm` hc 2-2.3 kgros. (Ragey Xgurs)

- Ci prcbmg pgr pcrsgò cs hc : pcrsgòs. @g koy u` toaog a`mag hc lrupg.

- Gpbm` hc rcoimzor u` Xgur prmvohg. Vuchc kobcrsc pgr u` prcbmg hc VKV 3.436(?68) poro u` axmag hc : pcrsgòs.

Ci rcbgrrmhg ohcas m`biuyc>

- Xghg tmpg hc tro`spgrtc pdimbg utmimzohg poro sclumr io ruto.

- Buc`to` bg` uò pgitmbo hc baoro> Xmc`c` uò cstrmbto uò cstrmbto pgitmbo hcBAOTO @G c` ci tgur. Xroto` hc scr ig ac`gs m`trusmvgs pgsmdic poroam`mamzor buoiqumcr m`bgaghmhoh quc cstgs pucho` bousor o io lc`tc hci iulor.

Oiluòs hc ios prclu`tos hc igs turmstos hc turmsag siua poro Ragey Xgurs sg` iossmlumc`tcs>


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-2;-

_u vgy o vcr c` io zgò hc tulurmgs7

Ios prm`bmpoics caprcsos c` igs dorrmgs pgdrcs cst` rciobmgòhos bg` ci rcbmbionc yrcbgicbbm` hc rcsmhugs. Ci turmsto vcr bag ios pcrsgòs vmvc` lrobmos o cstosm`hustrmos y gtros.

Xoadm` posor` pgr igs boiicng`cs hc ios zgòs rcsmhc`bmoics, hg`hc pghr`kobcrsc rcoiac`tc uò mhco hc bag ios pcrsgòs vmvc` y vcr ci sc`tmhg hc bgau`mhohquc cxmstc c` io zgò.

Cs ci dorrmg pcimlrgsg7

Ou`quc io caprcso `g puchc osuamr io rcspg`sodmimhoh hc quc `g vo o subchcròho, brcc` quc io zgò cs scluro, smcaprc y amc`tros ci vmsmto`tc smlo c` tghgagac`tg oi ihcr hci tgur y `g m`buapio ios rclios, `g gburrmr òho. Koy uò jucrtcprcsc`bmo pgimbmoi c` io zgò y io caprcso pmhc pcramsg pgr csbrmtg bg` o`tcrmgrmhoh oboho rco / Doro`lloy (bgau`mhoh igboi) poro pghcr ohc`trorsc huro`tc ci Xgur siua.

Cs oprgpmohg iicvor o igs `mgs pcqucgs oi tgur7

Io caprcso gpmò quc io vmsmtor o igs dorrmgs pgdrcs puchc quc `g sco ohcbuohgporo oilu`gs `mgs, cspcbmoiac`tc hcdmhg oi boigr y ios bg`hmbmg`cs hc imapmczo.Tcqumcrc quc igs `mgs tc`lo` pgr ig ac`gs : ogs hc choh poro rcoimzor ci tgur yoquc oiluòs zgòs pghro` scr auy rcsdoiohmzos sm cstgs sg` auy pcqucgs y sc icspcramtc boamòr pgr su buc`to. Io caprcso toadm` rcbgamc`ho quc igs `mgs sco`vobuòhgs o`tcs hc rcoimzor ci tgur poro uò aoygr sclurmhoh.

Bag bgiodgro Ragecy Xgurs bg` io bgau`mhoh7

Ragecy Xgurs ho ci ?66 % hc sus loò`bmos hci Xgur Riua (ac`gs ci sudsmhmg

poro ci obgapoo`tc y igs bgstgs hc tro`spgrtc) o u` dc`cjmbmormg G@L quc opgyo o iobgau`mhoh hc hmjcrc`tcs ao`cros (osmstc`bmo ahmbo / bkcbe-ups, spg`sgrs skmpchubobm` m`jo`tmi, jgraobm` ahmbo, oyuho kuao`mtormo, io grlo`mzobm` hc igsbc`trgs c` igs dorrmgs pgdrcs). Ci vmsmto`tc puchc bgaprgdorig c` io plmò hcidc`cjmbmormg G@L. Io caprcso toadm` opgyo o oilu`gs achmgs hc vmho igboi,cspcbmoiac`tc igs dmbmtoxms y trmbmbigs y tghgs sus luos turstmbgs sg` hc ios hmjcrc`tcsrcos, ios buoics sc vmsmto` huro`tc ci tgur.

Vuchg iicvor oilg poro igs `mgs7 Hcdg hor hm`crg o io lc`tc quc vmvc oii7

Ragecy Xgurs pmhc o sus vmsmto`tcs quc `g gjrczbo` òho o ios pcrsgòs, yo sco oigs `mgs g o igs ohuitgs. Cstg cs poro cvmtor io otc`bm` `g hcscoho, os bgag cipgsmdic c`johg hc gtrgs sm `g rcbmdc` òho hci turmsto. Rm` cadorlg, sm o cstgs icslustoro trocr oilg rciobmgòhg bg` popcicro g huibcs, io caprcso puchc hmstrmdumrigs ouò G@L ohcbuoho hc io zgò.

Koy oiluò gtro ao`cro c` io quc pucho oyuhor o io lc`tc hc igs dorrmgs pgdrcs7

Oyuhor o ios pcrsgòs g joamimos hc igs dorrmgs pgdrcs h`hgics hm`crghmrcbtoac`tc puchc `g scr io acngr gpbm`, bgag bgac`to Ragecy Xgurs, yo quc cstgpuchc bousor uò otc`bm` `g hcscoho y io pgsmdic agicstmo g c`johg hc oquciiospcrsgòs quc `g gdtmc`c` oyuho. Ci vmsmto`tc puchc pg`crsc c` bg`tobtg bg` io G@Lhuro`tc io vmsmto y vcr bag puchc oyuhor, yo sco hgò`hg g portmbmpo`hg c` ci

vgiu`tormohg poro ciigs sm cs quc cstc vo o quchorsc huro`tc oil` tmcapg c` Ao`mio.


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Hcshc quc bgac`zorg` c` 46??, as hc 366 pcrsgòs ko` rcoimzohg sus tgurs.Igs turmstos prgbchc` hc poscs to` hmvcrsgs bgag Zmctòa, Oustroimo, igs VoscsDongs, Jmìo`hmo, Nop` y igs Cstohgs S`mhgs.

Ci bg`bcptg puchc tc`cr sus hctrobtgrcs, pcrg ci brcbmc`tc àcrg hc pcrsgòs qucsc ko` opu`tohg o igs tgurs siua aucstro quc koy uò burmgsmhoh y u` m`tcrs quc vo

c` ouac`tg. O pcsor hc ciig, Ragecy Xgurs smluc smc`hg ci `mbg gpcrohgr hc vmsmtoshc dorrmgs pgdrcs c` Ao`mio. (Bbcrcs, N. 46?8)


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BOVXSIG 8

ZC@XONOR, M@BG@ZC@MC@XCR ] BG@BISRMG@CR

8.?. ZC@XONOR / O JOZGT

Cxmstc` orluac`tgs quc hcjmc`hc` to`tg ios vc`tonos bgag igs m`bg`vc`mc`tcs hc cstctmpg hc turmsag.

Aubkgs sg` igs quc gpmò` quc igs tgurs pgr igs hmstm`tgs siuas sg` uò ducòjgrao hc kobcr vmsmdics gtros rcoimhohcs as oii hci cstmlao. Vgr csg, y pgr igsrc`hmamc`tgs cbgàmbgs quc hcno, aubkgs kodmto`tcs hc cstgs dorrmgs opgyo` cstosm`mbmotmvos.

Cstc tmpg hc turmsag puchc scr m`tcrprctohg bgag u` dc`cjmbmg poro iosbgau`mhohcs hc igs dorrmgs pgdrcs tros kobcr quc ci pdimbg sc h buc`to hc iosmtuobm` rcoi c` io quc vmvc`, otroyc`hg hc csto jgrao u` pgsmdic m`brcac`tg hc igsm`lrcsgs cbgàmbgs.

Aubkos hc ios olc`bmos hc vmoncs quc gjrcbc` cstc tmpg hc tgurs rc-m`vmcrtc` portchc igs m`lrcsgs c` prgycbtgs igboics hc acngro, utmimzo` bgag luos o vcbm`gs hc cstgsdorrmgs y bgiodgro` bg` G@L hgò`hg portc hc sus m`lrcsgs. C` hcjm`mtmvo, pghro scruò gpbm` hc oyuhor o igs pgdrcs oi lc`cror uò obtmvmhoh cbgàmbo rc`todic c`zgòs hg`hc igs capicgs csbosco`.

C`trc ios agtmvobmg`cs quc iicvo` o rcoimzor csto prbtmbo, `gs c`bg`troags bg` iohcjc`so hc `g qucrcr `mboac`tc hmvmsor hcimtg, vmgic`bmo y hrglo, sm`g hc pghcr

hmsjrutor toadm` hc cvc`tgs buituroics, orqumtcbturo, asmbo y acrbohgs c`trc gtrosaubkos bgsos hc igs quc sc puchc` scr portbmpcs bg` cstc tmpg hc turmsag.

Voro sus hcjc`sgrcs, ci turmsag siua prgaucvc io bgaposm` y io bg`bmc`bmo sgbmoi,ohcas hc bg`trmdumr o ios cbg`gaos igboics.

Korgih Lgghwm`, hmrcbtgr hci Bc`trg M`tcròbmgòi poro Xurmsag Tcspg`sodic, cÌcchs, M`liotcrro hmng ci turmsag cs uò hc ios pgbos jgraos c` quc pghrcagsbgaprc`hcr ig quc sml`mjmbo io pgdrczo (Xkc @cw ]gre Xkmacs, 466;)

Ci vmonor o Tmg hc No`cmrg y vmsmtor ios jovcios cs oilg ju`hoac`toi poro sushcjc`sgrcs. Vghcr pg`cr boro o ios smtuobmg`cs bgtmhmoòs hci ho o ho hc`trg hc iojovcio, o csos boiics iodcr`tmbos, o csc bogs grhcòhg os bgag csos amrohos hcpcqucgs y aoygrcs quc sgdrcvmvc` hc`trg hc u` bogs quc poro ciigs cs òturoi, csoilg maprcsbm`hmdic c mapgrto`tc sm sc qumcrc c`tc`hcr io kmstgrmo y vmho hc uò lro`bmuhoh bgag Tg hc No`cmrg.

Jrcmrc-Achcmrgs, D. (466


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-84-

boiics as jcos5 s hcdcro` vmsmtor ios boiics as jcos5 qumsmroags sodcr ig quc hmbc`hc `gsgtrgs, ctb.

Ci turmsag cs uò jgrao hc quc to`tg igs bmuhoho`gs, bgag igs vmsmto`tcs bg`gzboùò rcoimhoh bgapicno hc prmacro ao`g, quc cs c` aubksmaos gbosmg`cs tgtoiac`tchmjcrc`tc o io quc aucstro` igs achmgs, igs buoics sc bc`tro` c` ig aoig hc cstgs

siuas.Io lro` aoygro hc igs kodmto`tcs hc siuas sg` pcrsgòs trodonohgros y kg`cstos,

pcrg io maolc` achmtmbo `clotmvo kobc quc ios pcrsgòs quc vo` o vmsmtor cstgssiuas ig kolo` bg` rcbcig ou`quc tros vmsmtor io bgau`mhoh y bg`gbcr ci ho o ho supcrbcpbm` boadmc.

8.4. M@BG@ZC@MC@XCR / C@ BG@XTO

Vgr gtro portc `gs c`bg`troags oquciigs quc cst` c` bg`tro hc cstc tmpg hc turmsag.Aubkgs kodmto`tcs hc igs siuas bucstmgò` io m`trgamsm` y vgycurmsag hc igs turmstos.

Koy qumc`cs ig vc` bgag uò jgrao hc cspcbtobuiormzobm` hc io pgdrczo y scpio`tco` os huhos sgdrc io tmbo. Oilu`gs ojmrao` quc ios vmsmtos o cstgs siuasoyuho` o rmbgs gbbmhc`toics o sc`tmrsc acngr sgdrc s amsags. (Gdscrvotgrmg hcturmsag mrrcspg`sodic)

Ci turmsag siua cs vmstg bgag uò jgrao hc hc`mlror o cstos pgdiobmg`csbg`vmrtm`hgios c` u` tmpg hc c`trctc`mamc`tg turstmbg quc m`biusg puchc iiclor om`bgaghorios c m`vohmr su prmvobmhoh. Ohcas hc ios huhos sgdrc io achmho c` quc igsm`lrcsgs sc m`vmcrtc` c` ig igboi.

Aobkohg, H. R. (466 ciigs tgao`jgtgs, `gsgtrgs pcrhcags u` pgbg hc ùcstro hml`mhoh.

Ci csbrmtgr Vouig Im`s, outgr hc io `gvcio Bmhohc hc Hcus, quc toadm` juc iicvohoo io po`toiio, sc gpg`c vckcac`tcac`tc, oi bg`smhcror quc csc tmpg hc turmsag cxkmdco igs kodmto`tcs bgag o`maoics. S` numbmg ac`gs scvcrg cxprcso ci hmrcbtgr hc ioJu`hobm` Kcm`rmbk Dii c` Tg, Howmh Dortcit> c` su gpm`m`, gpmò quc cs bmcrtg qucci turmsag oyuho pgbg o rcsgivcr igs prgdicaos hc cstgs dorrmgs aorlmòics.

Vgr gtrg iohg, Jrmsbk, X. (46?4) rcoimzg uò m`vcstmlobm` sgdrc ci boadmg qucotrovcsorg` ios jovcios hc Tmg hc No`cmrg hc prgdicao sgbmoi o otrobtmvg turstmbg. Cioutgr hmbc quc ci turmsag c` ios jovcios hc Tmg sc borobtcrmzo pgr scr u` turmsag hcaosos y cs hgamòhg pgr olc`tcs cxtcr`gs o io bgau`mhoh, smc`hg `jmao ioportmbmpobm` hc igs kodmto`tcs igboics y ci bg`tobtg c`trc pgdiohgrcs y vmsmto`tcs.

C` ci bosg hc ios jovcios, koy prgtcstos pgrquc io pobmjmbobm` y io urdo`mzobm`porbmoi hc oiluòs, ko tc`mhg u` cjcbtg `clotmvg bg` as pgdrcs, pucs, c` ci bg`tcxtghc dgga màgdmimormg quc cxpcrmac`to io bmuhoh, ios bgau`mhohcs pobmjmbohos y

urdo`mzohos ko` vmvmhg u` prgbcsg m`jiobmgòrmg quc ko cxpuisohg o aubkos joamimos odorrmgs as dorotgs y pcrmjrmbgs.


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8.2. BG@BISRMG@CR

Kc m`tc`tohg vcr cstc turmsag hcshc hgs pcrspcbtmvos hmstm`tos>

Hcshc u` pu`tg hc vmsto sgbmoi, ci mapobtg quc cst tc`mc`hg cstc tmpg hc turmsagsgdrc igs siuas, kodmto`tcs hc cstgs, su maolc` y su cbg`gao>

Hcshc cstc pu`tg hc vmsto sc puchc` sobor bgsos pgsmtmvos y `clotmvos, pucs cstcturmsag bg`trmduyc c` lro` achmho pcrg o io amsao vcz `g dc`cjmbmo o tghgs pgr mluoi.

Ci ouac`tg hc turmstos ko bgìicvohg poro Tmg hc No`cmrg io tgao hc uòs achmhosachmo`tcs ios buoics sc ko bg`sclumhg io cxpuism` hc igs òrbgtrojmbo`tcs hc iosjovcios, cstg ko smhg pgsmdic lrobmos o io u`mhoh hc pgimbo pobmjmbohgro, io buoi cstboho vcz cst prcsc`tc c` u` aoygr àcrg hc jovcios.

Cstg bgìicvo o io iorlo uò acngro, pucs cstos u`mhohcs jucrg` brcohos poro uìovohg hc boro hc ios jovcios o`tc to`tg turmsag, uò aoygr prgtcbbm` hc igs turmstos y

uò acngr maolc` hc Tg hc No`cmrg, os quc ci lgdmcr`g c`tro c` obbm` y acngro igsscrvmbmgs.

Rc pghro hcbmr quc poro igs kodmto`tcs cs uò ducò `gtmbmo, pucs buc`to` bg` uòaoygr boimhoh hc vmho, pcrg bgag tghg c` csto vmho u` ouac`tg hc boimhoh hc vmhobgìicvo u` aoygr pghcr ohqumsmtmvg, quc bgag supg`cags, `g hcdc` hmsjrutor ioaoygro hc igs kodmto`tcs hc cstgs siuas. Hcdmhg o cstg aubkgs hc ciigs hcdc`vc`hcr y odo`hgòr sus bosos poro hmrmlmrsc o gtros jovcios hc io pcrmjcrmo, cs hcbmr, `gko kodmhg `m`luò acngro poro ciigs, tghg ig bg`trormg.

O tghg cstg, koy quc oohmr quc io pgimbo pobmjmbohgro rchung ci àcrg hckgambmhmgs y hc rgdgs y rcprcsc`to u` bg`tropu`tg oi aghcig trohmbmgòi `cjostg hc iolucrro oi brmac` bg` io quc sc bg`vmvc o` c` rclmg`cs sm` cstc tmpg hc pgimbos, pcrg

c` bg`tro pu`tg aubkgs kodmto`tcs gpmò` quc io rciobm` bg` io pgimbo ù`bo ko smhgducò hcshc quc iicl io pobmjmbobm`, pgrquc smcaprc ko trotohg oi vcbm`g bgag o u`hcim`buc`tc.

Bgag rcsuac` sgdrc ci mapobtg sgbmoi y cbgàmbg o roz hc io m`trgamsm` hc iou`mhoh hc pgimbo pobmjmbohgro brcoho o portmr hc io prcvmsm` y ouac`tg hci àcrg hcturmstos, io bg`biusm` o io quc pghcags iiclor cs quc poro igs ojgrtuòhgs kodmto`tcsquc ko` pghmhg quchorsc c` ios jovcios, cs u` iglrg kodcr bg`sclumhg uò acngro c`buo`tg o boimhoh hc vmho, pcrg pgr gtro portc ko` boadmohg o òrbgtrojmbo`tcs, pgrpgimbo, quc ou`quc ci boadmg hcdc scr bg`smhcrohg bgag duc`g, o vcbcs io obtmtuh hccstgs ig pg`c c` huho. Vcrg bgag bgac`toags, cstg to` sig poro igs asojgrtuòhgs, pucs ig as prcgbupo`tc cs ci àcrg hc pcrsgòs quc ko` tc`mhg quc

odo`hgòr sus bosos hcdmhg oi ouac`tg hci bgstg hc io vmvmc`ho.Gtrg bosg o hcstobor bgag sc ko bgac`tohg, hcdmhg o quc Tg hc No`cmrg obglc ci

Au`hmoi hc Jutdgi y igs Nuclgs Gimapmbgs hc 46?:, ci àcrg hc turmstos ouac`tobg`smhcrodicac`tc, `g sig poro io prbtmbo hc cstc turmsag.

Igs vcbm`gs hc cstgs siuas sc dc`cjmbmorg` y sc dc`cjmbmo` hc cstgsobg`tcbmamc`tgs yo quc igs cstodicbmamc`tgs kgtcicrgs cst` hcsdgrhohgs y aubkgshc ciigs `g puchc` obglcr o as turmstos, cstgs bgac`zorg` o gjrcbcr o igs turmstossus bosos bgag pc`smg`cs hg`hc gjrcbc` oignoamc`tg, bgamho y pgr supucstgbg`gbcr hc prmacro ao`g io vmho c` cstgs siuas o u` prcbmg auy oscqumdic. Lrobmos ocstg aubkgs kodmto`tcs ko` bgac`zohg o kgspchor o auitmtuh hc turmstos, ig quc kodc`cjmbmohg o cstos jovcios y sus kodmto`tcs.

Vcrg ig quc bgac`z bgag oidcrlucs poro agbkmicrgs ko hcscadgbohg c` u`kgtci hc iung, amc`tros quc boho vcz koy u` aoygr àcrg hc pcrsgòs hc biosc oito,


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Kurtohg Lmi, Oò

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to`tg drosmicgs bgag cxtro`ncrgs, quc vmc`hg uò acngro c` ios jovcios gpto` pgrm`vcrtmr c` ciios. Asmbgs, amiigòrmgs, joagsgs quc kobc` bgio pgr tc`cr uò boso còiluò hc cstos c m`vcrtmr.

Rc puchc hcbmr quc pgr uò portc cs duc`g, pgrquc obtmvo io cbg`gao c` cstoszgòs, ouac`to su hcscodmimhoh, su maolc`, pcrg prghubc u` hcspiozoamc`tg hc ios

pcrsgòs quc `g puchc` ao`tc`cr cstc `mvci hc vmho, ohcas hc io m`trusm` còuac`tg hc caprcsos y bgaprohgrcs poro io urdo`mzobm` y chmjmbobm` prmvohos c`cstgs siuas.

Jmòiac`tc sm` c`tror c` hcdotc tmbg pucs cs oilg quc sc bgac`torpgstcrmgrac`tc, koy quc tc`cr c` buc`to quc lrobmos o cstgs tgurs, sc ho o bg`gbcrbag vmvc` igs kodmto`tcs hc cstgs dorrmgs y sc ko kcbkg pgsmdic u` obcrboamc`tgc`trc turmstos y outbtg`gs, acngro`hg hmrcbto g m`hmrcbtoac`tc io maolc`, cbg`gao ypgsmdmimhohcs hc acngro hc cstgs dorrmgs.

Io obtuobm` hc aitmpics caprcsos hc tgurs turstmbgs c` ios hmstm`tos bmuhohcs, iosbuoics où`bmo` su bg`trmdubm` c` io cbg`gao hc igs kodmto`tcs hc cstos, c` aoygrg ac`gr achmho. Aubkgs tgurs bgag sc bgac`to sg` hc huhgso rcputobm` pucs `g

bgaportc` dc`cjmbmgs bg` igs vcbm`gs bgag ciigs amsags pudimbmto` o igs turmstos, pcrgaubkgs gtrgs ko` kcbkg lro`hcs iodgrcs sgbmoics bg` uò portc hci hm`crg rcbouhohg.

C` hcjm`mtmvo, hcshc am pu`tg hc

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