EnlightenmentSOL 6d

Age of Enlightenment

•Period of logical thinking and reasoning

•Few rulers embraced the philosophies of the enlightenment-those that did were called enlightened despots

Important Enlightenment Vocabulary

• Philosophe: French philosopher

• Salon: gathering room where the philosophes discussed

• Baroque: artistic style that emerged during the enlightenment

Philosophers—Thomas Hobbes

• Belief: absolute monarchy can work if a contract is in place

• Leviathan: the state must have central authority to manage behavior

Thomas Hobbes

• Ruler protects people while the people surrender all rights to the ruler

John Locke

• Two Treatises on Government: Ppl are sovereign; monarchs aren’t chosen by God

• Belief: Social contract with natural rights

• Ruler protects natural rights• People can change gov’t in cases

of abuse

John Locke

• Natural Rights: God given rights that can’t be taken away (life, liberty, right to own property)

John Locke

• Social Contract: Agreement between ruler and people

• U.S. Application: Declaration of Independence and Constitution

Thomas Paine

• Belief: Popular Sovereignty-people rule themselves

• Common Sense

Thomas Paine

• U.S. Application: Constitution-(We the people, for the people, by the people) and Declaration of Independence-gov’t institution by men (people)

Montesquieu • The Spirit of Laws• Belief: separation

of power to prevent abuse

• U.S. application: 3 branches of gov’t (executive, legislative, judicial)=checks and balances

Voltaire

• Religious toleration

• Belief: people should have individual rights and freedoms (ex. Speech)

Voltaire

• U.S. Application: Bill of Rights (1st 10 amendments to the Constitution)

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

•The Social Contract

•Belief: Government should have a social contract

Rousseau

•Ruler enforces the laws to keep order

•People have to surrender some rights for the good of the community

•U.S. Application: We have a contract-some of our rights are limited

Rousseau cont…

• Belief: Popular Sovereignty• U.S. Application: We rule ourselves-

Representative Democracy

Artists: Composers

• Johann Sebastian Bach

• Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

Artists:

• Eugene Delacroix

• New forms of art:

• Painter

• Paintings depicted classical subjects, public events, natural scenes, & portraits

http://www.artchive.com/artchive/d/delacroix/delacroix_orphan.jpg

Novelist:

• Miguel de Cervantes

• New forms of literature:

• Don Quixote

• The novel

• The Age of Reason witnessed inventions and innovations in technology that stimulated trade and transportation.

Technologies:

•All weather roads improved year-round transport & trade!

•New designs in farm tools increased productivity (agricultural revolution)

•Improvements in ship design lowered the cost of transport

American Revolution

• Who was King of England at the beginning of the Revolution?

• King George III

American Revolution

• Why did the colonists want independence from Britain?

• Taxes—Stamp Act, Tea Act, Intolerable Acts (As a result of debt from French and Indian War)

American Revolution cont…

• What was the major complaint of the colonists?

• No taxation without representation

American Revolution con’d

• Identify 2 violent clashes between the colonists and British soldiers prior to the Revolution

• Boston Massacre—1770; Boston Tea Party 1773

American Revolution cont…

• When and where did the Revolution begin? Why is this significant?

• April 1775-- Lexington, Massachusetts

• “Shot heard round the world”

American Revolution cont…

• Who led the Continental Army?

• George Washington

Identify 4 major battles & their significance

Bunker Hill:Trenton:

• Moral Victory• Low Point for

Continental Army & Broke traditional rules b/c they fought on Christmas

•Saratoga:

•Yorktown:

• Turning point b/c France entered on Continental side

• Cornwallis surrenders the British Army!

American Revolution cont…

• What was the first attempt at a gov’t for the U.S.? Why did it fail?

• Articles of Confederation—weak no national powers

• Laissez Faire--non-interference by the gov’t

• Shay’s Rebellion (difficult to suppress, needed a stronger national gov’t)

Summarize the type of gov’t created by the Constitution

•Popular Sovereignty

•Federal System—between national and state

•People decided!

•Balanced power btwn the 2

•Separation of Powers

•Social Contract

• 3 separate branches

• Why were the Bill of Rights adopted?

• To protect American Liberties/Personal Freedoms