Post on 05-Jan-2022
1-4 Dryopteridaceae
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Dryopteridaceae
Wood Fern Family
A large family of perennial ferns from creeping stems. Sixty genera worldwide include 3000 species. The
plants are terrestrial, occasionally growing on rock. Stems are creeping or erect, and sometimes
branched. Scales may or may not be present. Blades are circinnate in bud and may be dimorphic in some
genera. Petioles often have persistent scales. Leaves sometimes have simple blades or may be from 1–5
times pinnate. Blades may be covered with indument of scales, glands or pubescence especially on the
rachises. Sori are borne on the lower surface of the blades, on the veins or terminating a vein. Indusia
are sometimes present.
Key to genera
A. Fertile fronds vastly different from sterile fronds. B
B. Sterile blades deeply and irregularly divided; fertile blades twice-pinnate; sori enclosed in small round pinnules.
Onoclea
bb. Sterile and fertile blades once-pinnate; sori on linear pinnae, enclosed by hardened pinnae margins.
Matteuccia
aa. Fronds all same size, although fertile pinnae may be smaller than the sterile pinnae on the same frond.
C
C. Indusia scale-like and segmented, completely surrounding sori. Woodsia
cc. Indusia attached centrally or marginally and not segmented, or
absent.
D
D. Sori elongated, straight or hooked at one end;
indusia present.
E
E. Costal grooves shallow; stems long-creeping.;
blades once pinnate.
Deparia
ee. Costal grooves deep; rhizomes short-creeping
or erect; blades twice–pinnate.
Athyrium
dd. Sori not as above; indusia present or absent. F
F. Indusia attached at distinct point,
round or kidney-shaped.
Dryopteris
ff. Indusia absent, or if present, laterally attached,
hoodlike and arching.
G
G. Indusia kidney-shaped, attached at
the sinus.
Dryopteris
gg. Indusia attached by a central stalk Polystichum
H. Indusia present, may be
inconspicuous; rhizomes
reclining, creeping; scales <
5mm long.
Cystopteris
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hh. Indusia absent. I
I. Rhizomes long, blades
broadly triangular; petioles
longer than the blades; scales
absent.
Gymnocarpium
ii. Rhizomes short or arching;
scales > 5mm long.; blades
ovate or lanceolate; stipes
shorter than the blades and
very
scaly at the base; scales more
than 5mm long.
Athyrium, in part
Athyrium Roth
A worldwide genus, only two species are native to North American. Fronds arise from erect or short-
creeping rhizomes. They are deciduous, with the stipe half the blade length or less. Stipe bases are
swollen and toothed, persisting over the winter as a food storage structure (tropophore).
Athyrium filix–femina (L.) Roth
Northern Lady Fern
Ours have the fronds twice pinnate, with nearly alternating
dentulate pinnules. Pinnules adjacent the rachis are often
smaller than distal ones. Sori are straight or curved,
arranged in rows, and covered by toothed pubescent
indusia. Stipes are brittle, bearing scales only at the base.
These plants have been named ssp. angustum (Willd.) RT
Clausen.
Frequents borders, of roads, forests, wetlands, thickets or
pastures.
Common throughout.
NF to SK, south to NC and MO; CO. Greenland.
Photo by Sean Blaney
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Cystopteris Bernh.
Bladder Ferns
A genus of 20 species, five are found in Nova Scotia. Monomorphic fronds are deciduous, arising on long
stipes, up to three times the blade length. Trophopods are present. Blades are at least once pinnate; the
pinnae reduce in size distally. Smooth plants although they may be sparsely pubescent in the axils. Sori
arranged in single rows central on the toothed pinnules. Indusia form a hood above the sori. These may
be persistent or deciduous at maturity. Readily forms hybrids, complicating identification.
Keys to species
A. Blades widely deltoid ovate; lowermost pinnae with unequal sides; rhizomes cordlike, long-creeping; frond bases > 10mm apart.
Cystopteris montana
aa. Blades elliptic-deltate; proximal pinnae equal; rhizomes not cordlike,
short-creeping; bases of fronds < 5mm apart.
B
B. Rachis, costae, indusia and veins of distal pinnae sparsely to densely pubescent with glandular hairs; blades lanceolate; rachis and costa
usually with bulblets.
C
C. Only later fronds fertile; stipes reddish when young, aging green or straw-coloured; spores 33–38μ.
C. bulbifera
cc. Distal pinnules only sparsely pubescent; nearly all with sori; stipes not reddish; spores 38–60μ.
C. laurentiana
bb. Glandular pubescence absent; blades ovate; bulbets absent. D
D. Pinnae at acute angles to rachis; pinnae margins with round teeth.
C. tenuis
dd. Pinnae typically at 90degrees to rachis; margins serrated.
C. fragilis
Cystopteris bulbifera (L.) Bernh.
Bulbet Bladder Fern
A delicate species, the blades are twice-pinnate; pinnules
are toothed. Tips of the fronds are long-attenuate.
Frequently the frond bears small bulbs distally, at the base
of a pinnule, up to the size of a small pea. Internodes are
less than 5mm long.
Spores produced from June to September.
Photo by David Mazerolle
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Fertile or calcareous soils, where it forms dense colonies in
forested gypsum sinkholes.
Local, Kings and Cumberland counties to eastern Cape
Breton.
NF to ON, south to GA and AZ.
Photo by Sean Blaney
Cystopteris fragilis (L.) Bernh.
Brittle Fern
Delicate and fragile this fern has smooth stipes, which are
usually darker in colour at the base. Scales, if present, are
scattered at the base. Blade is smooth, with lowermost
pinnae widely separated from the upper ones. Pinnae are
oriented 90 degrees to rachis.
Often frequents higher altitudes than others of the genus.
Associated with waterfalls, ravines, deciduous forests and
moist cliffs.
Scattered from Digby Neck and Cumberland County to
northern Cape Breton. So far unknown in southwestern NS.
NF to AK, south to NC and CA; Eurasia.
Photo by David Mazerolle
Photo by Sean Blaney
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Cystopteris laurentiana (Weatherby) Blasdell
Laurentian Bladder Fern
Internodes are very short, usually less than 5mm long.
Occasional glandular hairs are found especially on
specimens with large spores. Our C. fragilis specimens
should be examined for inclusion here.
Cliff ledges, cracks and crevices, especially calcareous rock.
So far known only from Victoria and Inverness counties.
Species ranges from NF to ON, south to IA, IL and PA.
Cystopteris montana (Lam.) Berhn. Ex Desvaux, Mountain Bladder Fern was recently recorded from
Victoria and Inverness counties. The presence of it is still considered to be dubious in Nova Scotia.
Cystopteris tenuis (Michx.) Desv.
McKay’s Brittle Fern
Smooth stipes arise from creeping rhizomes, with short
internodes. Fronds clustered at the top of the stems. Stipe
bases persistent. Scales are black or tan. Pinnae attached at
acute angle to rachis. Indusia lack glands.
Limited to shady rock on cliff–faces or beneath forests.
From Brier Island, Digby Co. to Kings and Colchester
counties. Cape Breton.
NS to ON, south to AL, AR and NV.
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Photo by Roger Lloyd
Deparia Hooker & Greville
A genus of 50 species worldwide; our single species was once included in Athyrium. Fronds are narrowly
elliptic to lanceolate. The sterile and fertile fronds are similar and deciduous. Stipe is less than half the
length of the blade. Its swollen base may be dark red with two rows of teeth. Scales are light brown. Sori
elongated, straight or hooked. Indusia have thickened margins.
Deparia acrostichoides (Swartz) M. Kato
Silvery Spleenwort
Very long fronds arise from the rhizome. Blades are
lanceolate, each pinna long and tapering to a point. Sori
placed at a 45-degree angle to the midrib and on either side
of it. Upon maturity, they turn silvery.
July to September.
Deciduous forests, seepy slopes and streamsides in alluvial
soils. Photo by Sean Blaney
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From Annapolis County to northern Cape Breton, less
frequent along the Atlantic.
Elsewhere from NS to ON, south to GA and LA; eastern Asia.
Photo by Roger Lloyd
Dryopteris Adanson
Wood Ferns
Temperate ferns, they are best developed in Asia. They may be evergreen or deciduous. Often difficult
to separate because of frequent hybridisation. Hybrids are excluded from the key below, being generally
intermediate in form to their parents.
A. Plants aromatic; blades densely scaly, glandular; old fronds persisting;
fronds to 25cm in length.
Dryopteris fragrans
aa. Plants not aromatic; blades smooth or sparsely scaly and not glandular or only
slightly so; old fronds not persisting; fronds exceeding 25cm in length.
B
B. Blades 2–3-times pinnate at base. C
C.Innermost lower pinnules shorter than adjacent pinnules on basal pinnae.
D. intermedia
cc. Innermost lower pinnules longer than those adjacent. D
D. Lower basal pinnule on each basal pinna closer to the upper basal pinnule, rather than to
second upper one.
D. carthusiana
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dd. Lower basal pinnule closer to the second upper pinnule rather than the upper proximal one.
D. campyloptera
bb. Blades pinnate to twice–pinnate at the base. E
E. Sori marginal or nearly so; stipes with dense tuft of tawny scales at the base.
D. marginalis
ee. Sori midway between margins and midribs of
pinnules; stipes with tan or dark brown scales at
the base.
F
F. Stipes <1/4 length of fronds; scales mixed in size and shape.
D. filix–mas
ff. Stipes to 1/3 length of frond; scales broad to narrow but not hairlike.
D. cristata
Dryopteris campyloptera (Kunze) Clarkson
Eastern Spreading Wood Fern; dryoptère arquée
Larger and more triangular than others of the genus.
Deciduous, the frond forms an arching crown above the
stout scaly rhizome. Stipe is shorter than the blade and not
glandular. Pinnae borne on short stalks. Spreading habit.
Most abundant under maple, especially where moist and
cool.
Along the Fundy shores and in Cape Breton. Few Yarmouth
County collections, but generally not Atlantic.
NF to QC, variously south to NC.
Hybrids form with D. expansa and with D. intermedia.
Photo by Sean Blaney
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Dryopteris carthusiana (Vill.) Fuchs
Spinulose Wood Fern; dryoptère spinuleuse
Lanceolate blades borne atop brown, scaly stipes. Pinnae
are attached at an angle. Pinnules have spine-tipped teeth.
Inner lower pinnules of the basal pinnae are longer than the
adjacent ones.
Produces spores from June to August. Damp woods.
Scattered from Lunenburg and Queens counties to northern
and eastern cape Breton.
NS to YT, south to OR, AR and GA.
Will form hybrids with five other species. In particular, D. X
triploidea Wherry ( D. intermedia X carthusiana) has been
collected from Shelburne to Inverness counties. Ranges
from NS to ON and New England south to NC, KY and MN.
Photo by Ross Hall
Dryopteris cristata (L.) Gray
Crested Shield Fern; dryoptère à crêtes
Narrow fertile fronds and glossy sterile fronds will separate
this species. Basal pinnae are reduced in size and deltate.
Fertile fond pinnae turned 90 degrees to rachis. Firm and
erect, this species does not form solid colonies, rather
occurs in small numbers.
In wet alder thickets, swamps and bogs. Can persist in sunny
locales.
Scattered throughout but not abundant.
NF to BC, south to ID, MO and AL. Europe and western Asia.
Dryopteris X boottii (Tuckerm.) Underw. is a hybrid with this
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Photo by Sean Blaney and D. intermedia. A frequent hybrid in Canada. In NS we
have widely scattered localities. Ranges from NF to ON and
WI, south to VA, WVA and TN.
Dryopteris filix-mas (L.) Schott.
Male Fern; dryoptère fougère-mâle
With narrowly lanceolate fronds reaching 1m in length, this
fern is unmistakable. Pinnae are toothed; the stipe short
and heavily scaled. Resembles D. marginalis, but is not as
leathery in texture.
Spores produced from late June to early September.
Deciduous forests and ravines. Characteristic of the
deciduous forest of north–central Cape Breton.
Frequent around Aspy Bay and Bay St. Lawrence, Victoria
Co.
Greenland; NF to ON south to IL and PA; in the west BC to
SK, south to CA and TX. Ireland and Eurasia.
Photo by Sean Blaney
Dryopteris fragrans (L.) Schott
Fragrant Wood Fern;
Small distinctive fern with glandular fronds. Plants have a
pleasing aroma. Dried persistent fronds distinguish it from
Woodsia.
Spores produced from June to September.
Look for it in dryish cliff overhangs and in crevices along
streams or waterfalls. Photo by Sean Blaney
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Not common. Scattered along the Cobequids between
Earltown and Parrsboro and streamside in northern Cape
Breton.
An arctic species, NF to AK south to MN and mountainous
NY; western Asia.
STATUS: YELLOW-listed.
.
Photo by Sean Blaney
Dryopteris intermedia (Muhl.) Gray
Evergreen Wood Fern; dryoptère intermédiaire
Fronds are lacy in appearance with bluish-green leaves
persisting into the winter. Basal proximal pinnules are
shorter than the adjacent ones. Stipe is scaly near the base.
Indusium and base of the pinnae slightly glandular
pubescent.
Frequents a variety of woodland habitats. Our most
common wood fern.
Throughout the province.
Forms hybrids with eight other species, distinguished by
their glandular indusia, costae and costules.
Ranges from NF to ON, south to GA and AL.
Photo by Sean Blaney
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Dryopteris marginalis (L.) Gray
Marginal Wood Fern; dryoptère à sores marginaux
Fronds are dark green above and grey–green below,
standing up to 60cm. Often evergreen, fronds borne on very
chaffy stipes. Scales are long and narrow. Pinnules are
deeply toothed and acute. Named for its conspicuously
marginal sori.
Grows in drier habitat than other wood ferns, in shady
undisturbed ravines. Typical in deciduous or rocky forests;
calcareous regions.
Common in its habitat throughout.
NS to ON, south to AL and MS; BC; Greenland.
Photo by Sean Blaney
Gymnocarpium
Oak Fern
North–temperate in distribution, we have a single species of the eight oak ferns. Creeping rhizomes bear
deciduous fronds on slender stipes. Rarely pubescent, but they may bear tiny glands. Sori are round and
without indusia.
Gymnocarpium dryopteris (L.) Newm.
Common Oak Fern
Colonial, the fronds reach less than 40cm tall. Blades are
thin and deltate in outline, usually with three glabrous
branches.
Associated with dry, rocky deciduous forests.
Scattered throughout the province.
Greenland; NF to AK, south to OR, AZ and MD; Eurasia.
Photo by Martin Thomas
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Matteuccia Todaro
Ostrich Fern
A single species of this genus reaches Nova Scotia. All are tall, coarse ferns with the mature fertile frond
much shorter and very different in appearance. The vernacular name refers to the resemblance of the
fertile frond to an ostrich feather when mature. The unfurled sterile blade resembles a fiddlehead (a
character shared by all ferns), hence the other common name.
Matteuccia struthiopteris (L.) Todaro
Ostrich Fern; Fiddlehead Fern
One of our larger ferns, reaching a metre or more in height,
The pinnae at the base of the blade are drastically reduced
in size. Veins are straight not forked. Sterile blades are much
longer than the stipes. Fertile fronds are much shorter, with
the sori in rows along the edge, their margins hardened and
rolled over them.
Rich floodplains, along rivers and small streams, in seeps
above cliffs; strongly colonial.
Mostly northern and western, although there are collections
from Kejimkujik National Park, and several Kings County
localities.
NF to AK, south to VA, MO and BC.
Photo by Sean Blaney
Photo by David Mazerolle
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Onoclea L.
Sensitive Fern
A monotypic genus, it is limited to the northern hemisphere. Plants bear two distinctly different fronds.
Fertile fronds are long-persistent over several seasons; sterile frond, is irregular in outline and strongly
deciduous, turning brown at the least frost. They are borne together on creeping rhizomes.
Onoclea sensibilis L.
Sensitive Fern
Sterile fronds have long pinnae with wavy margins,
indistinct from the rachis, oppositely arranged. Fertile
fronds have greenish pinnules that turn dark at maturity.
Sori are borne in rows within the tightly rolled margins of
the pinnules. Fertile frond resembles that of Ostrich Fern,
but for the beadlike appearance of the pinnae, whereas the
Ostrich fern has featherlike appearance.
Grows in wet soils as along streams, in swampy woods,
ditches and elsewhere with a high watertable. Strongly
colonial.
Common throughout NS.
Ranging from NF to MB, south to TX and FL.
Photo by Sean Blaney
Polystichum Roth
Christmas Ferns
These worldwide evergreen ferns total about 180 species. Sterile and fertile pinnae are borne on the
same blade. Stipes equal blades in length or shorter. Pinnae are serrated; scales are present. Sori have
persistent peltate indusia. Three species are found in Nova Scotia.
Key to species
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A. Fertile pinnae contracted; sori indistinct, completely covering lower surface.
Polystichum acrostichoides
aa. Fertile pinnae not contracted; sori distinct. B
B. Fronds only once-pinnate. P. lonchitis
bb. Fronds twice-pinnate. P. braunii
Polystichum acrostichoides (Michx.) Schott
Christmas Fern; Holly Fern; polystic faux-acrostic
Ferns form a crown of dark green fronds, close to the
ground. There is a sharp lobe at the base of the pinnae and
the margins are serrated. Sori are borne on the lower
surface of the reduced distal pinnae.
Found in moist woods, especially of beech and maple;
thickets and slopes, throughout the province.
Ranges from NS to ON, south to FL and TX.
P.Xpotteri Barr is a named hybrid between this and the next species. Collections extant from Colchester County and Cape Breton. Leaves are narrower than those of P. brauni and the sporangia are misshapen.
Photo by Sean Blaney
Polystichum braunii (Spenner) Fee
Braun’s Holly Fern; polystic de Braun
Fronds are scaly, to 1m in length. Pinnules appear to be in
pairs, with awned teeth. Sori arranged in two ranks along
the midrib. North American plants have been separated
from the typical variety of Europe, as var. purshii Fern.
Favours deciduous forests, ravines and seepy slopes.
Common in northern Cape Breton, and at Folly Lake, Photo by Sean Blaney
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Colchester Co. Found along the north mountain from
Annapolis County to Cape Blomidon, Kings Co., in the
Cobequids, eastward to western and central Cape Breton.
NF to ON, south to MN and PA; in the west AK, BC and ID.
Eurasia.
Polystichum lonchitis (L.) Roth
Holly Fern; polystic faux-lonchitis
This fern has very long and narrow fronds arising from short,
scaly stipes. Pinnae are slightly curved upwards, their
margins serrated. This is a small species with lustrous dark
green fronds, of restricted distribution in NS.
Alkaline soils, on gypsum or limestone, rocky and shady
spots.
Northern Cape Breton: Cape North, Bay St. Lawrence to
Whycocomagh and River Denys.
Elsewhere from NF to ON south to NY; AK and NT south to
AZ; Greenland. Eurasia.
STATUS: YELLOW-listed.
Photo by Rodger Lloyd
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Woodsia R. Brown
Small ferns of the north-temperate or tropical high altitudes, there are 30 species. These plants are
usually associated with rock. Compact and creeping, all fronds are similar and may be deciduous or
evergreen.. Rows of sori on distal pinnules only.
Key to species
A.Blades and rachis smooth or nearly so; proximal pinnae fan–shaped, wider than long; mature stipes green or stamineous.
Woodsia glabella
aa. Blades or rachis lightly pubescent or scaly; proximal pinnae longer than wide, triangular; mature stipes reddish brown or dark purple.
B
B. Lanceolate scales absent on lower pinnae surfaces; largest pinnae
with 1–3 pairs of pinnules.
W. alpina
bb. Lanceolate scales very common on lower surfaces; largest pinnae with 4–9 pairs of pinnules.
W. ilvensis
Woodsia alpina (Bolton) SF Gray
Alpine Woodsia; woodsie alpine
A cespitose species it has smooth blades. Bases of the stipes
are sparsely scaly. The middle pinnae have 2–3 lobes.
Dry cliffs. An arctic species.
It is confined to northern Cape Breton: North Aspy River,
Cheticamp River, Big Southwest Brook, Inverness County
and Indian Brook, Victoria County.
Arctic regions. NF to AK, south to BC and NY; Ireland and
Eurasia.
Photo by Sean Blaney
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Woodsia glabella R. Br.
Smooth Woodsia; woodsie glabre
Fronds are smooth, with but a few sessile glands. The stipe
is green or yellowish, but not brown. The small pinnae are
sessile, nearly round and shallowly lobed.
A very rare fern, only found on vertical cliffs or streamside.
Mainland Nova Scotia has a single locality at Jeffers Brook,
Cumberland County. The remainder of known sites are in
northern NS: Big Southwest Brook, Lockhart Brook, and on
Sky Glen Mountain.
Arctic, NF to AK, south to BC, MN and NY; Iceland and
Eurasia.
STATUS: YELLOW-listed.
Photo by Sean Blaney
Photo by Roger Lloyd
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Woodsia ilvensis (L.) R. Br.
Rusty Woodsia; woodsie d'Elbe
Larger than our other Woodsias, it is easily separated on the
jointed stipes. Blades are scaly. Sori nearly covering
undersurfaces of blades.
Less restricted in habitat on cliffs and ledges, talus slopes.
From Digby Neck to Truro and Halifax. Northward through
the Cobequids to Cape Breton.
Elsewhere from NF to AK, south to NC and BC; Eurasia.
Photo by Sean Blaney
Photo by Roger Lloyd