ChemistryChemistryChapter 1 & 2Chapter 1 & 2Introduction to Chemistry & Matter Introduction to Chemistry & Matter and Changeand Change

Chemistry – study of matter Chemistry – study of matter and the changes it undergoes.and the changes it undergoes.

Organic chemistry – Organic chemistry – chemistry of carbon chemistry of carbon compounds.compounds.

Inorganic chemistry – Inorganic chemistry – chemistry of non-carbon chemistry of non-carbon compounds.compounds.

Physical chemistry – defines Physical chemistry – defines chemical behavior chemical behavior mathematically.mathematically.

Analytical chemistry – Analytical chemistry – identifying the composition identifying the composition of materials.of materials.

Biochemistry – the chemistry Biochemistry – the chemistry in living organisms.in living organisms.

Mass –the amount of matter Mass –the amount of matter in an object.in an object.

Matter – anything that has Matter – anything that has mass and takes up space mass and takes up space (not energy).(not energy).

substance (pure) – has a substance (pure) – has a fixed composition unlike a fixed composition unlike a mixture; (i.e. element or mixture; (i.e. element or compound)compound)

Physical property – what a Physical property – what a substance looks like. (color, substance looks like. (color, size, shape)size, shape)

Physical change – change in Physical change – change in physical appearance. (chop, physical appearance. (chop, cut, paint)cut, paint)

Change of state – a physical Change of state – a physical change of a substance from change of a substance from one state to another. one state to another. Requires the addition or Requires the addition or removal of heat.removal of heat.

Changes of State

Solid – matter with definite Solid – matter with definite shape and volume.shape and volume.

Liquid – matter with Liquid – matter with indefinite shape and definite indefinite shape and definite volume.volume.

Gas – matter with indefinite Gas – matter with indefinite shape and volume.shape and volume.

Molecule animation

Vapor –gaseous form of a Vapor –gaseous form of a substance that is normally a substance that is normally a liquid or solid at room liquid or solid at room temperature.temperature.

Plasma – atoms lose their Plasma – atoms lose their electrons at a high electrons at a high temperature.temperature.

Mixture – a physical blend of Mixture – a physical blend of two or more substances.two or more substances.

Heterogeneous mixture – not Heterogeneous mixture – not uniform.uniform.

Homogeneous mixture – Homogeneous mixture – uniform mixtureuniform mixture

Solution – a homogeneous Solution – a homogeneous mixture. (ex. Salt water or mixture. (ex. Salt water or kool-aid)kool-aid)

phase – part of a system with phase – part of a system with uniform composition and uniform composition and properties.properties.

Ex. Oil and water are Ex. Oil and water are

in two phases; in two phases;

Ice water has two Ice water has two

phasesphases

distillation – physical method distillation – physical method of separation involving of separation involving boiling, then condensing boiling, then condensing vapor.vapor.

Atom – smallest unit of an Atom – smallest unit of an element.element.

Element – a pure substance Element – a pure substance made of only one kind of atom.made of only one kind of atom.

Compound – two or more Compound – two or more elements that are chemically elements that are chemically bonded.bonded.

Mixtures vs Pure Mixtures vs Pure SubstanceSubstance

Chemical symbol – Chemical symbol – represents an elementrepresents an element 1 – 3 letters1 – 3 letters the first letter is capitalizedthe first letter is capitalized

Ex. Fe, Si (not SI!!!)Ex. Fe, Si (not SI!!!)

Chemical property – a Chemical property – a substance’s ability to substance’s ability to undergo changes that undergo changes that transform it into different transform it into different substances. substances. Ex. Flammable, reacts with Ex. Flammable, reacts with

water, etc.water, etc.

Chemical change (or Chemical change (or chemical reaction) – Change chemical reaction) – Change in which one or more in which one or more substances are changed into substances are changed into new substances.new substances.

Reactants – substances that Reactants – substances that react in a chemical change. Go react in a chemical change. Go on the left of a chemical on the left of a chemical equation.equation.

Products – substances that are Products – substances that are formed in a chemical change. formed in a chemical change. Go on the right of a chemical Go on the right of a chemical equation.equation.

Reactants Reactants Products Products

2Na + Cl2Na + Cl22 2NaCl 2NaCl

HH22O O H H2 2 + O+ O22

2Na + 2H2Na + 2H22O O 2NaOH + H 2NaOH + H22

2K + 2H2K + 2H22O O 2KOH + H 2KOH + H22

Indicators of a Indicators of a chemical change (5)chemical change (5)

•Color change

•Odor change

•Production of a gas or a solid (precipitate)

•Energy change (heat, light, sound)

•Usually irreversible

Law of conservation Law of conservation of massof massMass is neither created nor destroyed

Mass reactants = mass products

2Na + Cl2 2NaCl

(10g reactants) (10g products)