Chapter

2

Matter and Change

Section 2.1Properties of Matter

Objectives Identify properties of matter as extensive or intensive Define physical property, and list several common physical properties of substances Differentiate among three states of matter Describe a physical change

Matter

Matter is anything that

a.) __________________________

b.) __________________________

Mass - __________________________________________________________________

Don’t confuse this with weight, a measure of gravity

Volume - _______________________________________________________________

Describing Matter

Properties used to describe matter can be classified as:

1. Extensive - ____________________________________________________________

Ex.)

2. Intensive - _____________________________________________________________

Ex.)

Properties are…

Words that describe matter (adjectives)

Physical Properties - ______________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

Ex.)

Chemical Properties - ______________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

Ex.)

States of Matter

1. Solid - ________________________________________________________________

2. Liquid - _______________________________________________________________

3. Gas - _________________________________________________________________

Vapor – a substance that is currently a gas, but normally is a liquid or solid at room temperature

States of Matter Result of a Temp. increase

Will it compress?

Definite Volume?

Definite Shape?

Solid

Liquid

Gas

Physical vs. Chemical Change

Physical Change - ________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

Ex.)

Can be reversible; or irreversible

Chemical Change - ________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

Ex.)

Name __________________________________ Date ___________________ Per _____

2.1 Section Review

1. Contrast the characteristics of the three states of matter?

2. What kind of property can only be observed by changing the composition of the material?

3. Which of the following are physical changes?

a. making caramel from sugarb. carving a wooden figure

c. freezing mercuryd. dissolving salt in water

4.Use table 2.1 (in your book) to answer the following questions.

a. Which of the liquids listed has the highest boiling point?

b. What two properties of sucrose distinguish it from sodium chloride

c. What single property do neon, oxygen, and ethanol have in common?

Section 2.2Mixtures

Objectives Categorize a sample of matter as a substance or a mixture Distinguish between homogeneous and heterogeneous samples of matter Describe two ways that components of mixtures can be separated

Mixtures

Mixtures are a _______________________________ of at least ____________ substances; have variable composition. They can be either:

1. Heterogeneous - ________________________________________________________

Ex.)

2. Homogeneous - ________________________________________________________

Ex.)

Every part keeps it’s own properties

Solutions are homogeneous mixtures

Mixed molecule by molecule, thus too small to see the different parts Can occur between any state of matter: gas in gas; liquid in gas; gas in liquid; solid in

liquid; solid in solid (alloys), ect.

Thus based on the distribution of their components, mixtures are called homogeneous or heterogeneous

Phase

The term “phase” is used to describe any part of a sample with uniform composition or properties.

A homogeneous mixture consists of ___________________________ phase

A heterogeneous mixture consists of ___________________________ phases

Separating Mixtures

Some can be separated easily by physical meansEx.) rocks and marbles, iron filings and sulfur (use magnet) Differences in physical properties can be used to separate mixtures

Filtration - ______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

Components of dyes such as ink may be separated by _________________________

________________________________ takes advantage of different boiling points

Name _________________________________ Date ____________________ Per _____

2.2 Section Review

1. What is the difference between a heterogeneous and a homogeneous mixture?

2. Describe a procedure that could be used to separate a mixture consisting of sand and salt

3. Classify each of the following as a substance or a mixture

a.) silver

b.) alphabet soup

c.) textbook

d.) table salt (sodium chloride)

4. Describe in your own words the difference between a pure substance and a mixture

5. Describe ways in which the various components of a mixture can be separated

6. Explain the term phase as it relates to homogeneous and heterogeneous mixtures

Section 2.3Elements and Compounds

Objectives Explain the difference between an element and a compound Distinguish between a substance and a mixture Identify the chemical symbols of elements, and name elements given their symbols

Substances are either:a.) elements, or b.) compounds

Substances: element or compound

Element - __________________________________________

cannot be broken down any simpler and still have properties of that element

all ______________ kind of atom

Compounds - ____________________________________________________________

when broken down, the pieces have completely different properties than the original

compound

made of _______________________________ atoms, chemically combined (not just

a physical blend)

Compound vs. Mixture

Compound Mixture

Elements vs. Compounds

_______________________________ be broken down into simpler substances by

chemical means, but ____________________________________

A “chemical change” is a change that produces matter with a

_______________________________________________ than the original matter

Chemical Change - A change in which one or more substances are converted into

different substances

Heat and light are often evidence of a chemical change

Properties of Compounds

Compounds have quite different properties than their component elements

Due to a _______________________________________, the resulting compound

has new and different properties

o Table sugar –

o Sodium chloride –

o Water –

Symbols & Formulas

Currently, there are 117 elements

Elements have a 1 or two letter symbol and compounds have a formula

An element’s first letter always __________________________, if there is a second

letter, it is written ___________________________

Ex.) B, Ba, C, Ca, H, He

Name ___________________________________ Date __________________ Per _____

2.3 Section Review

1. How can you distinguish between an element and a compound?

2. Write the chemical symbols for each of the following elements

a. copper

b. oxygen

c. phosphorus

d. silver

e. sodium

f. helium

3. Name the chemical elements represented by the following symbolsa. Sn

b. Ca

c. S

d. Cd

e. P

f. Cl

4. Classify each of these samples of matter as an element , a compound or a mixture

a. spaghetti sauce

b. glass

c. table sugar

d. river water

e. cough syrup

f. nitrogen

5. What elements make up the pain reliever acetaminophen, chemical formula C8H9O2N? Which element is present in the greatest proportion by number of atoms.

Section 2.4Chemical Reactions

Objectives Describe what happens during a chemical change Identify four possible clues that a chemical change has taken place Apply the law of conservation of mass to chemical reactions

Chemical Changes

The ability of a substance to undergo a specific chemical change is called a

__________________________________________

o Iron plus oxygen forms rust, so the ability to rust is a chemical property of iron

During a chemical change (also called chemical reaction), ______________________

________________________________________________________________________

Chemical Reactions are…

When one or more substances are changed into new substancesReactants - ____________________________________________

Products - _____________________________________________

The products will have ______________________________________ different from

the reactants you started with

Arrows point _________________________________________________________

Recognizing Chemical Changes

1. Energy ______________________________________________________________

2.

3. 4. Formation of a _________________________________ - a solid that separates from solution (won’t dissolve)

5. Irreversibility – not easily reversed

But, there are examples of theses that are not chemical – boiling water bubbles, etc.

Law of Conversion of Mass

During any chemical reaction, the mass of the products is always equal to the mass of the reactants

_____________________________ can be accounted for

Name ___________________________________ Date ___________________ Per ____

2.4 Section Review

1. State the difference between a physical change and a chemical change, and list three likely indications that a chemical change has taken place

2. Classify the following changes as physical or chemical

a. cookies are baked

b. water boils

c. salt dissolves in water

d. a firefly emits light

e. milk spoils

f. a metal chair rusts

3. Consider the law of conservation of mass as you answer this problem. When ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) breaks down explosively, it forms nitrogen gas (N2), oxygen gas (O2), and water (H2O). When 40 grams of ammonium nitrate explode, 14 grams of nitrogen and 8 grams of oxygen are formed. How many grams of water are formed?

4. State several physical or chemical properties that could be used to distinguish between each of the following pairs of substances and mixtures

a. gasoline and water

b. copper and silver

c. water and saltwater

d. aluminum and steel

5. Hydrogen and oxygen react chemically to form water. How much water would be formed if 4.8 grams of hydrogen reacted with 38.4 grams of oxygen