Post on 05-Jan-2016
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Cell IntroductionCell Introduction
• Prokaryotic Cell: A cell that is lacking Prokaryotic Cell: A cell that is lacking a nucleus and most organellesa nucleus and most organelles
• Eukaryotic Cell: A cell that contains a Eukaryotic Cell: A cell that contains a membrane bound nucleus and other membrane bound nucleus and other membrane bound organelles. membrane bound organelles.
• Organelles: “mini-organ” part of the Organelles: “mini-organ” part of the cell with a specific job. cell with a specific job.
Cell IntroductionCell Introduction
• Prokaryotic CellProkaryotic Cell: A cell that is lacking : A cell that is lacking a nucleus and most organellesa nucleus and most organelles
• Eukaryotic CellEukaryotic Cell: A cell that contains a : A cell that contains a membrane bound nucleus and other membrane bound nucleus and other membrane bound organelles. membrane bound organelles.
• OrganellesOrganelles: “mini-organ” part of the : “mini-organ” part of the cell with a specific job. cell with a specific job.
Prokaryotic CellsProkaryotic Cells• A cell that lacks a nucleusA cell that lacks a nucleus
• Still has Genetic information (DNA) just Still has Genetic information (DNA) just not contained in the nucleusnot contained in the nucleus
• Bacteria and archaea are two types of Bacteria and archaea are two types of prokaryotic cellsprokaryotic cells
• These appear to be the earliest These appear to be the earliest organisms on earth. organisms on earth.
Eukaryotic CellsEukaryotic Cells
• A cell with a membrane bound nucleus A cell with a membrane bound nucleus and membrane bound organellesand membrane bound organelles..
• Genetic material is contained in the Genetic material is contained in the nucleusnucleus
• These are broken up into Plant cells These are broken up into Plant cells and Animal cellsand Animal cells
Eukaryotic CellsEukaryotic Cells
• A cell with a membrane bound nucleus A cell with a membrane bound nucleus and membrane bound organellesand membrane bound organelles..
• Genetic material is contained in the Genetic material is contained in the nucleusnucleus
• These are broken up into Plant cells These are broken up into Plant cells and Animal cellsand Animal cells
Two Basic types Cell membrane
cytoplasm
Cell membrane
cytoplasm
nucleus
Cell organelles
Prokaryote
Eukaryote
Prokaryotes Eukaryotes
Cell membraneRibosomesCell wall
NucleusEndoplasmic reticulumGolgi apparatusLysosomesVacuolesMitochondriaCytoskeleton
Compare and Contrast
Animal cell -Eukaryote
Plant cell - Eukaryote
Cell TheoryCell Theory• The generalization The generalization
that that all living things all living things are composed of are composed of cells cells and are the and are the basic unit of basic unit of structure structure and and function in living function in living things.things.
• All cells come from All cells come from existing cellsexisting cells
Cell OrganellesOrganelle: “Mini” organ
Nucleus
A large organelle that contains the cells genetic material (DNA)
The “brain” of the cell
Nuclear Envelope: a pair of membranes that surrounds the nucleus
Nuclear pores: Holes or pores in the nuclear envelope that allow materials to leave the nucleus.
Chromatin
Nucleolus
Pore
Nucleus
Two membranesof nuclear envelope
Roughendoplasmicreticulum
Ribosomes
Ribosome
A small organelle used to change DNA into proteins
The “assembly line” of the cell
Made up of proteins and nucleic acids
Ribosomes are found on the outside of the Endoplasmic Reticulum and others are found floating in the cell.
Ribosome
Smooth ER
Rough ER
Nuclearenvelope
Ribosomes
Endoplasmic ReticulumAn extensive network of membranes that
builds cell materials
Two types of Endoplasmic ReticulumRough E.R.
Has Ribosomes attached to the outside of the membrane
Creates proteinsSmooth E.R
Does not have Ribosomes attached to the membrane
Creates enzymes and lipids
Transport vesiclebuds off
Ribosome
Polypeptide
Glycoprotein
Sugarchain
Rough ER
Secretary(glyco-) proteininside trans-port vesicle
Golgi Apparatus
An organelle made up of a series of membrane sacs
Makes changes and directs the materials created by the E.R.
Like a shipping store that packs, directs, and ships materials.
“Receiving” side ofGolgi apparatus
Transportvesiclefrom ER
New vesicleforming
“Shipping”side of Golgiapparatus
Transportvesicle fromthe Golgi
Plasmamembrane
Rough ER
Lysosomes
Transport vesicle(containing inactivehydrolytic enzymes)
Golgiapparatus
Engulfmentof particle
“Food”
Foodvacuole
Digestion
Lysosomeengulfingdamagedorganelle
Vacuole
A large membrane bound sack found inside of the cell
Contractile Vacuole: Used to pump out excess water in cells
Central Vacuole: Stores chemicals and helps plant growth.
LM
650
Centralvacuole
Nucleus
Contractilevacuoles
Nucleus
ChloroplastC
olo
rize
d T
EM
8,7
00
LysosomesMembrane bound sack that
contains digestive enzymes
Lysosomes are used to break down macromolecules
Break down incoming food
Destroy harmful bacteria
Recycle damaged organelles
ChloroplastA photosynthetic organelle found
in plant cells
Converts sunlight and CO2 into sugar and oxygen
ChloroplastStroma
Inner and outermembranes
Granum
Intermembranespace
TE
M 9
,750
MitochondriaThe organelle that
creates energy for cells
Uses food to create chemical energy (ATP)
Found in plant and animal cells
Creation of energy happens on the membranes inside of the mitochondria
Mitochondrion
Intermembranespace
Outermembrane
Innermembrane
Cristae
Matrix TE
M 4
4,88
0
CytoplasmThe entire region between the nucleus
and plasma membrane
A fluid filled space
Flagella and Cilia
Flagella: a long, thin, whip-like structure
Created with microtubules that allow a cell to move
Cilia: smaller, and more numerous hair-like structures
Created with bundles of microtubules
Outer microtubuledoublet
Centralmicrotubules
Radial spoke
Dynein arms
Plasmamembrane
FlagellumElectron micrographsof cross sections:
Flagellum
Basal body
TE
M 2
06,5
00
Basal body(structurallyidentical tocentriole)
TE
M 2
06,5
00
Plasma Membrane
A thin outer layer of a cell
Regulates the flow of molecules into and out of the cell
Made up of a Phospholipid bilayer with membrane proteins, cholesterol, and carbohydrates embedded.
Cytoskeleton
A network of fibers extending through the cytoplasm
Microtubules: Straight hollow tubes used for rigidity and shape
Outer microtubuledoublet
Centralmicrotubules
Radial spoke
Dynein arms
Plasmamembrane
FlagellumElectron micrographsof cross sections:
Flagellum
Basal body
TE
M 2
06,5
00
Basal body(structurallyidentical tocentriole)
TE
M 2
06,5
00
Cell Wall
A strong layer outside of the plasma membrane, used to maintain shape in plant cells
Cell wall is found only in certain bacteria and plant cells.