Introduction to Cell Notes
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Introduction to Cell Notes
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Transcript of Introduction to Cell Notes
Introduction to Cell Notes
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• What is one thing these to things have in common?
• They both consist of cells.
Discovery of The Cell• Every living thing from the tiniest
bacterium to the largest whale is made up of one or more cells.
Discovery of The Cell• What was developed, that allowed us
to discover cells?
• Microscopes, which was developed in the seventeenth century.
Discovery of Cell• In 1665 and English scientist Robert
Hooke used a microscope to look at a slice of cork.
Disc. Cell• These little boxes
reminded him of small rooms which monks lived in, and he called them……
• Cells
Cell Theory• After 150 years scientist used Hooke’s
observations to form the Cell Theory.• The Cell Theory has 3 parts:• 1. All living things are composed of
one or more cells.• 2. Cells are the basic units of
structure and function in an organism.• 3. New cells have to come from
existing cells
Cell Diversity• Not all cells are alike. They are
diverse in size, shape and internal organization.
Cell Diversity
• 1. Size:• Most cells only visible with a microscope.• A cell must have a high surface area to
volume ratio.• Why?• So that nutrients can enter the cell
efficiently.
Examples• Largest: nerve
cell in giraffe leg is 2m long (6.5 feet)
Example• Smallest: bacteria
is 0.2 micrometers (0.000008 inches)
Cell Diversity• 2. Shape: Shape of
cell reflects the cells function (job).
• Nerve cells have long extensions to receive nerve signals.
Dead skin cells are flat to cover the body surface
• White blood cells can change shape to move through narrow openings to find and destroy bacteria
Cell Organization• 3. Internal Organization:• Organelle – “tiny organ” within cell,
they carry out specific functions for the cell to live.
• Example: – Nucleus – contains DNA and RNA,
directs activities of the cell
Types of Cells• There are 2 types of cells:• Eukaryotic Cells – have membrane-
bound organelles and a nucleus. ex. Animal cells
• Prokaryotic – no membrane-bound organelles or a nucleus. ex. bacteria
Cell Organelles
•READ THE MESSAGE BELOW!!!!!
• You should already know all of the cell organelles and their functions, but just in case you forgot, the following slides will give you the name and function of the cell organelles that you need to know.
Cell Organelle• Cell Membrane –
surrounds the cell, made up of phospholipids and proteins.
Cell Membrane• Function: is to control what goes in
and out of the cell. • This means cell membranes are
selectively permeable.
Organelles
• Cytoplasm – the fluid in the cell that holds the organelles in place.
Mitochondria• Mitochondria are scattered
throughout the cytoplasm.• Function: makes energy (ATP)• The more ATP a cell needs the more
mitochondria it will have in the cytoplasm.– Ex. Liver cells and muscle cells
Ribosomes• Ribosomes are the most numerous
organelles in the cell.• Function: produce proteins.• Some ribosomes are inserted into
membrane of endoplasmic reticulum (called Rough E.R.)
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
• The ER functions as an intracellular highway, is a path along which molecules move from one part of the cell to another.
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
• A cell has 2 types of ER:• Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (rough
ER): which produces large amounts of proteins to be exported.– Has ribosome in membrane (makes it rough)
• Smooth ER: is used to synthesis steroids in gland cells, regulate calcium in muscles, and break down toxins in liver cells.
Golgi Apparatus• Golgi Apparatus
Function: processes, packages, and secrets proteins in the cell to prepare them for export.
Lysosomes• Lysosomes Function: are spherical
organelles that digest proteins, carbs, lipids, DNA, RNA, organelles, and viruses.
• Lysosomes are like the clean up crew for the cell. (Garbage men).
Cilia and Flagella• Cilia (hair like)• Flagella (tail like)• Function:
organelles that extend from the surface of the cell, where they assist in movement.
Cilia and Flagella• Cilia are also found on the surfaces
of cells in multicellular organisms.• Where can they be found on human
cell surfaces?• On cells lining your respiratory tract• They trap particles from the air you
inhale.
Nucleus• Nucleus function:• 1. Stores
hereditary information in its DNA.
• 2. Site where RNA is copied from DNA
• 3. Contains the nucleolus
Nucleus• Most nucleus
contain one spherical area inside the nucleus called the Nucleolus.
• Nucleolus – is where you find all of the DNA.
Plant Cells• Plant cell have 3 additional parts.• 1. Cell walls• 2. Vacuoles• 3. Plastids• All are important to plant functions.
Cell Walls• Cell Wall - lies
outside the cell membrane.
• The cell wall function: helps support and protects the cell.
• The cell wall is mostly made up of cellulose, a type of carbohydrate.
Vacuoles• Vacuoles function –
is a store molecules like enzymes, wastes, and mostly water.
• Can take up to 90% of the cells space.
Plastids• Plastids – contain pigments, which
absorb visible light (for photosynthesis).
• Most familiar type of plastid is the chloroplast.
• Chloroplast – are organelles that convert light energy into chemical energy (glucose).
