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2.0 CELL STRUCTUREAND ORGANISATION
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2.1 Cell Structure and Function
Cell the basic unit of living thing
Living component of a cell is called the
protoplasmProtoplasm consist of the cytoplasm and the
nucleus and surrounded by a plasma
membrane
The cytoplasm contains organelles
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The organelles consist of
a) nucleusb) mitochondria
c) chloroplasts
d) vacuoles
e) ribosomes
f) lysosomes
g) golgi apparatus
h) endoplasmic reticulum
i) centrioles
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Exercise
1. Draw a plant and an animal cell.
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a) Cell membrane
- general terms that refers to any membrane
found within a cell
- the cell surface membrane which encloses the
content of the cell is called the plasmamembrane
- made of proteins and lipids
- form a boundary which separates the content of
a cell from outer environment- semi-permeable and act as a selective barrier
- regulates the movement of substances into and
out of the cytoplasm
The Cellular Components Of Animal And
Plant Cell And Their Functions
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b) Cell wall
- only can be found in plant cell
- a rigid outer layer that surrounds theplasma membrane
- composed of cellulose, a tough and fibrous
carbohydrate
- permeable to all fluids
- provide mechanical support
- give shape
- protect plant cell from rupturing
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c) Nucleus
- largest organelle in the cell
- consist of 3 main componenti) Nuclear envelope separates the
nucleus content from the cytoplasm
ii) Chromatin carries the genetic
material (DNA deoxyribonucleic acid)
iii) Nucleolus darker and dense region
- carry genetic information which
determines the characteristics andfunction of a cell
- controls all the activities which take place in
the cell
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d) Vacuole
- a fluid-filled sac, surrounded by
tonoplast (semi-permeable membrane)- the fluid inside the vacuole is called cell
sap
- act as a storage place in a cell
- contains water, organic acids, sugars,
amino acids, mineral salts, waste substance,
pigments and metabolic by-product
- in freshwater organism (Paramecium sp.)have contractile vacuole to regulate
water balance
- support herbaceous plants from wilting easily
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e) Mitochondria
- singular-mitochondrion- the site of cellular respiration which
release energy when food substances
(glucose) are broken down by enzymes in themitocondria
- energy is released in the form of ATP
(adenosine triphosphate) which can bereadily used by cells
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f) Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
- consist of a network of folded membranes
forming interconnected tubules/sac in the
cytoplasm
- the membranes are continuous with the
nuclear membrane
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- 2 forms
(i) Rough ER
the outer surface cover with
ribosomes
- transports proteins (enclosed in
vesicles) made by the ribosomes
can be transported from one part
of the cell to another
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(ii) Smooth ER
smooth outer surface, lack of
ribosomes
- the site of important metabolic
reactions (synthesis of lipids and
detoxification of drugs and poison)
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g) Ribosomes
- compact, spherical organelles found
attached on the surface of rough ER
or suspended freely in the cytoplasm
- consist of two sub-unit, one small and one
large, each comprises a type of
ribonucleic acid (RNA) and protein
- site of protein synthesis
- use information carried by the
chromosome to make protein
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h) Golgi apparatus
- consist of a stack of flattenedmembranous sacs
- new membrane is continuously added to
one end and buds of as vesicles at theother end
- function as a processing, packaging and
transporting centre of carbohydrates,proteins, phospholipids and glycoprotein
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i) Lysosomes
- membrane bound sac that contain
hydrochloric acid that digest and break
down complex organic molecule (protein,
lipids, polysaccharides and nucleic acid)
- eliminate damage or worn outorganelles
and help the cell renew itself
- can fuse with food vacuoles, digest thecontent and the breakdown product pass
into cytoplasm and become the cell
nutrient
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j) Centrioles
- small cylindrical structure that occur in
pairs located just outside the nucleus
- composed of complex arrangement ofmicrotubules
- not present in plant cell
- form spindle microtubules during celldivision
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k) Chloroplast- typically lens-shaped
- membranous structure contain green
pigment chlorophyll- chlorophyll captures the energy of
sunlight and converts light energy into
chemical energy during photosynthesis
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Exercise
1. Complete this table:
4. Lysosomes
3. Golgi apparatus
2. Mitochondria
1. Nucleus
FunctionsCellular components
A
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as a digestive compartments4. Lysosomes
a processing, packaging andtransport centre of
carbohydrates, proteins and
glycoproteins
3. Golgi apparatus
the site of cellular respiration
which releases energy in the
form of ATP
2. Mitochondria
Controls the activities of acell
contains DNA which
determine the characteristics
of a cell and its metabolic
reaction
1. Nucleus
FunctionCellular components
Answer
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Do not haveHaveCentrioles
Carbohydrate is stored
in the form of starch.
Carbohydrate is stored
in the form of
glycogen.
Food storage
Have a large central
vacuole.
Usually small and
numerous ,filled with
food or water.
Vacuoles
Have chloroplastDo not havechloroplasts.
Chloroplast
Have cell walls.Do not have cell walls.Cell wall
Have a fixed shape.Do not have a fixed
shape.
Shape
Plant cellsAnimal cellsStructure/
characteristic
Answer
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The similarities between animal and plant
cells
Both have a nucleus, cytoplasm, a plasma
membrane, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria,endoplasmic reticulum and ribosomes.
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The Density of Organelles in
Specific Cells
Different cells in the body perform different
functions
The density/abundance of certain organelles
found in a cell is related to the specific
function
The density of organelles in specific cells.doc
http://the%20density%20of%20organelles%20in%20specific%20cells.doc/http://the%20density%20of%20organelles%20in%20specific%20cells.doc/http://the%20density%20of%20organelles%20in%20specific%20cells.doc/