Signals

• Analog and digital• Aperiodic and periodic signals• Analog signals

WCB/McGraw-Hill The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1998

Figure 4-1

WCB/McGraw-Hill The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1998

Transformation of Information to Signals

Figure 4-2

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Analog and Digital Clocks

Figure 4-3

WCB/McGraw-Hill The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1998

Analog and Digital Signals

Figure 4-4

WCB/McGraw-Hill The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1998

Periodic Signals

Figure 4-5

WCB/McGraw-Hill The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1998

Aperiodic Signals

Figure 4-6

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Sine Wave

Figure 4-7

WCB/McGraw-Hill The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1998

Phases

Figure 4-8

WCB/McGraw-Hill The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1998

Amplitude Change

Figure 4-9

WCB/McGraw-Hill The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1998

Frequency Change

Figure 4-10

WCB/McGraw-Hill The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1998

Phase Change

Figure 4-11

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Time and Frequency Domain

Figure 4-12

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Examples

Figure 4-13

WCB/McGraw-Hill The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1998

Signal with DC Component

Figure 4-14

WCB/McGraw-Hill The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1998

Complex Waveform

Figure 4-15

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Bandwidth

Figure 4-16

WCB/McGraw-Hill The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1998

Digital Signal

Figure 4-17

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Amplitude, Period, and Phase for a Digital Signal

Figure 4-18

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Bit Rate and Bit Interval

Figure 4-19

WCB/McGraw-Hill The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1998

Harmonics of a Digital Signal

Figure 4-20

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Exact and Significant Spectrums

Figure 4-21

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Bit Rates and Significant Spectrums

Figure 4-22

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Corruption Due to Insufficient Bandwidth

Figure 4-23

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Bandwidth and Data Rate

Figure 4-24

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Example

Figure 4-25

WCB/McGraw-Hill The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1998

Example

Figure 4-26

WCB/McGraw-Hill The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1998

Example

Chapter 5

Encoding

Figure 5-1

Different Conversion Schemes

Figure 5-2

Digital to Digital Encoding

Figure 5-3

Types of Digital to Digital Encoding

Figure 5-4

Unipolar Encoding

Figure 5-5

Types of Polar Encoding

Figure 5-6

NRZ-L and NRZ-I Encoding

Figure 5-7

RZ Encoding

Figure 5-8Manchester and Diff. Manchester Encoding

Figure 5-9

Types of Bipolar Encoding

Figure 5-10

Bipolar AMI Encoding

Figure 5-11

B8ZS Encoding

Figure 5-12

HDB3 Encoding

Figure 5-13

Solution to Example 5.1

Figure 5-14

Solution to Example 5.2

Figure 5-15

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Analog to Digital Encoding

Figure 5-16

WCB/McGraw-Hill The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1998

PAM

Figure 5-17

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Quantized PAM Signal

Figure 5-18

WCB/McGraw-Hill The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1998

Quantizing Using Sign and Magnitude

Figure 5-19

WCB/McGraw-Hill The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1998

PCM

Figure 5-20

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From Analog to PCM

Figure 5-20-continued

WCB/McGraw-Hill The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1998

From Analog to PCM

Figure 5-20-continued

WCB/McGraw-Hill The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1998

From Analog to PCM

Figure 5-20-continued

WCB/McGraw-Hill The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1998

From Analog to PCM

Figure 5-21

WCB/McGraw-Hill The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1998

Nyquist Theorem

Figure 5-22

WCB/McGraw-Hill The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1998

Digital to Analog Encoding

Figure 5-23

WCB/McGraw-Hill The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1998

Figure 5-24

WCB/McGraw-Hill The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1998

ASK

Figure 5-25

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Bandwidth for ASK

FSKFigure 5-27

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Bandwidth for FSKFigure 5-28

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PSKFigure 5-29

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PSKConstellation

Figure 5-30

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4-PSKFigure 5-31

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4-PSKCharacteristics

Figure 5-32

WCB/McGraw-Hill The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1998

8-PSKCharacteristics

Figure 5-33

WCB/McGraw-Hill The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1998

PSKBandwidth

Figure 5-34

WCB/McGraw-Hill The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1998

4-QAM and 8-QAMConstellations

Figure 5-35

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8-QAM SignalFigure 5-36

WCB/McGraw-Hill The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1998

16-QAMConstellation

Figure 5-37

WCB/McGraw-Hill The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1998

Bit Rate and Baud Rate

Figure 5-38

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Figure 5-38-continued

WCB/McGraw-Hill The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1998

Bit Rate and Baud Rate

Figure 5-39

WCB/McGraw-Hill The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1998

Analog to Analog Modulation

Figure 5-40

WCB/McGraw-Hill The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1998

Figure 5-41

WCB/McGraw-Hill The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1998

Amplitude Modulation

Figure 5-42

WCB/McGraw-Hill The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1998

AM Bandwidth

Figure 5-43

WCB/McGraw-Hill The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1998

AM Band Allocation

Figure 5-44

WCB/McGraw-Hill The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1998

Frequency Modulation

Figure 5-45

WCB/McGraw-Hill The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1998

FM Bandwidth

Figure 5-46

WCB/McGraw-Hill The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1998

FM Band Allocation