• Analog and Digital • Aperiodic and Periodic Signals •

Signals

• Analog and digital• Aperiodic and periodic signals• Analog signals

WCB/McGraw-Hill The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1998

Figure 4-1


Transformation of Information to Signals

Figure 4-2


Analog and Digital Clocks

Figure 4-3


Analog and Digital Signals

Figure 4-4


Periodic Signals

Figure 4-5


Aperiodic Signals

Figure 4-6


Sine Wave

Figure 4-7


Phases

Figure 4-8


Amplitude Change

Figure 4-9


Frequency Change

Figure 4-10


Phase Change

Figure 4-11


Time and Frequency Domain

Figure 4-12


Examples

Figure 4-13


Signal with DC Component

Figure 4-14


Complex Waveform

Figure 4-15


Bandwidth

Figure 4-16


Digital Signal

Figure 4-17


Amplitude, Period, and Phase for a Digital Signal

Figure 4-18


Bit Rate and Bit Interval

Figure 4-19


Harmonics of a Digital Signal

Figure 4-20


Exact and Significant Spectrums

Figure 4-21


Bit Rates and Significant Spectrums

Figure 4-22


Corruption Due to Insufficient Bandwidth

Figure 4-23


Bandwidth and Data Rate

Figure 4-24


Example

Figure 4-25


Example

Figure 4-26


Example

Chapter 5

Encoding

Figure 5-1

Different Conversion Schemes

Figure 5-2

Digital to Digital Encoding

Figure 5-3

Types of Digital to Digital Encoding

Figure 5-4

Unipolar Encoding

Figure 5-5

Types of Polar Encoding

Figure 5-6

NRZ-L and NRZ-I Encoding

Figure 5-7

RZ Encoding

Figure 5-8Manchester and Diff. Manchester Encoding

Figure 5-9

Types of Bipolar Encoding

Figure 5-10

Bipolar AMI Encoding

Figure 5-11

B8ZS Encoding

Figure 5-12

HDB3 Encoding

Figure 5-13

Solution to Example 5.1

Figure 5-14

Solution to Example 5.2

Figure 5-15


Analog to Digital Encoding

Figure 5-16


PAM

Figure 5-17


Quantized PAM Signal

Figure 5-18


Quantizing Using Sign and Magnitude

Figure 5-19


PCM

Figure 5-20


From Analog to PCM

Figure 5-20-continued


From Analog to PCM

Figure 5-21


Nyquist Theorem

Figure 5-22


Digital to Analog Encoding

Figure 5-23


Figure 5-24


ASK

Figure 5-25


Bandwidth for ASK

FSKFigure 5-27


Bandwidth for FSKFigure 5-28


PSKFigure 5-29


PSKConstellation

Figure 5-30


4-PSKFigure 5-31


4-PSKCharacteristics

Figure 5-32


8-PSKCharacteristics

Figure 5-33


PSKBandwidth

Figure 5-34


4-QAM and 8-QAMConstellations

Figure 5-35


8-QAM SignalFigure 5-36


16-QAMConstellation

Figure 5-37


Bit Rate and Baud Rate

Figure 5-38


Figure 5-38-continued


Bit Rate and Baud Rate

Figure 5-39


Analog to Analog Modulation

Figure 5-40


Figure 5-41


Amplitude Modulation

Figure 5-42


AM Bandwidth

Figure 5-43


AM Band Allocation

Figure 5-44


Frequency Modulation

Figure 5-45


FM Bandwidth

Figure 5-46


FM Band Allocation

• Analog and Digital • Aperiodic and Periodic Signals •

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