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Market Insider Quarterly Bulletin

MEDICINAL PLANTS & NATURAL INGREDIENTS MARKET INSIDER June 2015

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Disclaimer

The ITC Market Insider is placed at the disposal of users for information only. It is not designed to replace the appropriate professional advice in any way. The pricing data is based on ITC sources and can change at any time. Although the International Trade Centre strives to keep the data current and accurate, errors can occur. ITC does not bear any liability for any inaccuracy, error, discrepancies in prices or related information. Mention of company names, commercial products and brand names does not imply endorsement by the International Trade Centre. For further information, please refer to the ITC Terms and Conditions, section 2.0 Disclaimers.

Contact: Market Insider International Trade Centre UNCTAD/WTO Palais des Nations, 1211 Geneva 10, Switzerland Tel: +4122 730 01 11 Fax: +4122 730 05 72 Email: marketinsider@intracen.org Twitter: @ITCMktInsider Web: http://www.intracen.org/itc/market-insider/ Market Insider for Medicinal Plants is prepared by: Josef A. Brinckmann ITC Consultant josefb@comcast.net Cover Picture: Passionflower (Passiflora incarnata L.; Fam. Passifloraceae), Sebastopol, California. Photo by Josef A. Brinckmann, 2015.

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Contents

About the Market Insider for Medicinal Plants & Natural Ingredients ..............................................3

Some Useful Terminology ....................................................................................................................3

1. Industry News and Trends ...........................................................................................................5

1.1. First products launched under new UEBT/UTZ certified herbal tea program .........................5

2. Markets for African Medicinal Plants and Extracts ...................................................................6

2.1. Future uncertain for use of African medicinal tree bark Yohimbe in Europe ...........................6

2.2. BTC financial grants available for small producers of sustainable and fairly traded African medicinal and aromatic plants .............................................................................................................7

2.3. Medicinal Plant Production and GACP Experts to Speak at Herbs of Egypt Expo 2015 ........8

2.4. New opportunities for sustainably wild collected African medicinal plants ..............................9

3. Markets for Asian Medicinal Plants and Extracts ....................................................................11

3.1. 3 week MAP crop production, quality control, and marketing summer school in Gujarat .....11

3.2. Government of India allocates US$15.8 million to set up National Institute of Medicinal Plants 12

3.3. Secretary to Ministry of AYUSH guest of honor at ICSB 2016 ..............................................12

3.4. Union Minister for Earth Sciences calls for agri-entrepreneurship in MAP cultivation ..........13

3.5. Uttarakhand Governor calls for renewed focus on cultivation of aromatic plants .................14

3.6. Minister of State reports short supply of certain endangered medicinal plants .....................14

4. Markets for Latin American Medicinal Plants and Extracts ...................................................16

4.1. Sourcing Peruvian MAPs at Expoalimentaria 26-28 August 2015 ........................................16

5. Sustainable use of Biodiversity News ......................................................................................17

5.1. Hungarian hawthorn assessed as endangered species ........................................................17

5.2. China's first national plan on protection and development of herbal resources for TCM ......18

5.3. BMU allocates €140 000 to protect medicinal plant Arnica in Bavaria ..................................19

6. Currency Rates of Exchange .....................................................................................................21

7. Indicative Prices for Selected Medicinal Botanical Ingredients.............................................21

8. Selected Events ..........................................................................................................................28

9. Herb Profile: Myrrh oleo-gum-resin ..........................................................................................35

10. Company Profile: Arbor Oils of Africa...................................................................................37

11. Medicinal Plants & Natural Ingredients Sector Organizations ...........................................38

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About the Market Insider for Medicinal Plants & Natural Ingredients The Market Insider for medicinal plants & natural ingredients provides market intelligence on the production and international trade of selected botanical raw materials and value-added forms such as extracts and oils.

Market insights are presented for key developments on medicinal plants and botanical nutritional ingredients including analysis of international trade data, market trends, indicative market prices for selected botanical ingredients, trade specifications, market size and growth, target markets, business opportunities, legislation affecting the sector, technology, trade events, producer and product profiles. New sources of information, news that subscribers and readers might have on their specific products or areas are welcome. See more at: http://www.intracen.org/itc/market-insider/medicinal-plants/

Some Useful Terminology API: Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India AYUSH: Ayurveda, Yoga and Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha and Homoeopathy CBD: Convention on Biodiversity CCC: Standard Classification of Commodities of Taiwan CCCCS: Commodity Classification for China Customs Statistics cfu/g: Colony-forming units per gram C&F: Cost & Freight; means the price includes cost and freight charges CFR: Seller has the same responsibilities as when shipping FOB, but shipping

costs are prepaid by the seller CIF: Cost Insurance Freight; means the price includes cost, freight and

insurance CITES: Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora &

Fauna CL: Container load C/S: Cut and sifted COMTRADE: Commodity Trade Statistics Database EDQM: European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines EMA: European Medicines Agency Essential Oils: Odorous product, usually of complex composition, obtained from a

botanically defined plant raw material by steam distillation, dry distillation, or a suitable mechanical process without heating

Extracts: Preparations of liquid (liquid extracts and tinctures), semi-solid (soft extracts and oleoresins) or solid (dry extracts) consistency obtained from Herbal Drugs or animal matter prepared by suitable methods using ethanol or other suitable solvents

EXW: Ex works - Buyer arranges for pick-up of goods at the seller's location. Seller is responsible for packing, labelling, and preparing goods for shipment on a specified date or time frame

Farm Gate Price: Refers to the dollar value of agricultural products that you receive from direct farm sales or the value of primary products used for processing

FAS: Free alongside ship - Buyer arranges for ocean transport. Seller is responsible for packing, labelling, preparing goods for shipment and delivering the goods to the dock

FAS Value: Value of exports at the seaport, airport, or border port of exportation, based on the transaction price including inland freight, insurance, and other

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charges incurred in placing the merchandise alongside the carrier at the port of export

FCA: Free carrier: seller is responsible for costs until the buyer's named freight carrier takes charge

FCL: Full container load FLO: Fairtrade International FOB: Free On Board - means that the price only includes the cost of the item.

Seller arranges for transport of the goods, preparing goods for shipment, and loading the goods onto the vessel

FOR & FOT: Free On Rail or Free on Truck; both refer to goods being carried by rail and should only be used when the goods are carried by rail. The risk of loss or damage is transferred when the goods are loaded onto the rail

FTA: Free Trade Agreement GACP: Good Agricultural and Collection Practice GMP: Good Manufacturing Practice ha: Hectare Herbal Drug Preparations: Obtained by subjecting Herbal Drugs to treatments such as:

extraction, distillation, expression, fractionation, purification, concentration or fermentation. These include comminuted or powdered herbal drugs, tinctures, extracts, essential oils, expressed juices and processed exudates

Herbal Drugs: Whole, fragmented, or cut plants, parts of plants, algae, fungi or lichen, in an unprocessed state, usually in dried form but sometimes fresh. Certain exudates that have not been subjected to a specific treatment are also considered to be herbal drugs

Herbal Teas: Consist exclusive of one or more Herbal Drugs intended for oral aqueous preparations by means of decoction, infusion or maceration; usually supplied in bulk form or in sachets

HPLC: High Performance Liquid Chromatography HPTLC: High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography HS Code: Harmonized System Tariff Code ITC (HS) Indian Trade Classification Harmonized System ITC International Trade Centre / UNCTAD / WTO MAP: Medicinal and Aromatic Plants NLT: Not less than NESOI: Not Elsewhere Specified or Included NMT: Not more than NOP: National Organic Program (USDA) NTFP: Non Timber Forest Products OTC: Over the Counter medicines: Medicines sold without a prescription PE: Powdered Extract PhEur: European Pharmacopoeia SE: Soft Extract TBC: Tea bag cut TCM: Traditional Chinese Medicine THMP: Traditional Herbal Medicinal Product TLC: Thin Layer Chromatography UPI: Unani Pharmacopoeia of India USD: United States Dollar USP: United States Pharmacopeia VAT: Value Added Tax

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1. Industry News and Trends 1.1. First products launched under new UEBT/UTZ certified herbal tea

program

by Market Insider Friday, 05 June 2015 On 21 May 2015, the Union for Ethical Biotrade (UEBT) announced that the first ‘UEBT/UTZ Certified’ herbal teas went on sale in Federal Republic of Germany. One prominent herbal tea brand already promoting this is ‘Meßmer’ (Ostfriesische Tee Gesellschaft GmbH & Co. KG). The new certification program for sustainable herbal tea products was developed by UEBT, a non-profit association that promotes sustainable sourcing of ingredients that come from biodiversity, in collaboration with UTZ Certified, a standards setting organization for sustainable cocoa, coffee, tea and herbal tea. According to the UTZ ‘The Herbal Tea program has two scopes of certification: the UEBT/UTZ Certified Herbal Tea certification and the UTZ Certified Chain of Custody (ChoC) certification. A UEBT/UTZ Certified Herbal Tea certification covers all activities in the production, harvest, post-harvest and processing of the certified produce. The UTZ Certified ChoC certificate covers the processing and trading activities in the supply chain up till the labeled final consumer end-product’. For an organization to obtain UEBT/UTZ Certified Herbal Tea certification it must be a UEBT member and an UTZ Certified member. Sources: 1. Meßmer Tees: https://www.messmer.de/qualitaet-erhalten 2. Union for Ethical BioTrade (UEBT). Celebrating biodiversity: UEBT/UTZ certified herbal tea hits

the shelves. 21 May 2015: http://ethicalbiotrade.org/celebrating-biodiversity-uebtutz-certified-herbal-tea-hits-the-shelves/

3. UTZ Certified. UEBT/UTZ Certified Herbal Tea Documents: https://utzcertified.org/ndp?article&id=26584857

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2. Markets for African Medicinal Plants and Extracts 2.1. Future uncertain for use of African medicinal tree bark Yohimbe in

Europe

by Market Insider Friday, 15 May 2015 Yohimbe (Pausinystalia johimbe) tree bark is a product of African biodiversity. The yohimbe tree is native to Middle African regions of Democratic Republic of Congo, Gabonese Republic, Republic of Cameroon, Republic of the Congo, and Republic of Equatorial Guinea. Extracts and powders of wild harvested yohimbe bark are widely used in certain countries (especially in the United States of America) as ‘dietary supplements’ (alone or in combination with other ingredients) that are marketed as libido enhancers and as aids for bodybuilding. On 11 March 2015, a new Commission Regulation (EU) 2015/403 amended Annex III to Regulation (EC) No 1925/2006 placing under 'scrutiny' Yohimbe bark and its preparations originating from Yohimbe (Pausinystalia yohimbe (K. Schum) Pierre ex Beille) by adding it in Part C of Annex III (‘Substances whose use in foods is prohibited, restricted or under Community scrutiny’). For medicinal use, Member State Federal Republic of Germany had issued a ‘negative monograph’ already in 1987, meaning that marketing authorization for yohimbe as an active ingredient would not be not permitted in Germany. In the meantime, yohimbe has been classified as a medicinal product (MP) on ‘List A’ of Germany’s ‘List of Substances of the Competent Federal Government and Federal State Authorities’, which means that ‘the substance has so far been known as a medicinal product only. Due to the associated risks, its use in food is not recommended, irrespective of the dose’. The newly adopted Community Regulation, which is the culmination of a process that was initiated by Germany back in 2009, states the following: 'As there is a possibility of harmful effects on health associated with the use of Yohimbe (Pausinystalia yohimbe (K. Schum) Pierre ex Beille) and its preparations in foods, but scientific uncertainty persists, the substance should be placed under Union scrutiny and therefore, should be included in Part C of Annex III to Regulation (EC) No 1925/2006. Consequently, during the period of Union scrutiny and pending a decision on whether to allow the use of the substance or to place it in Part A or B of Annex III to Regulation (EC) No 1925/2006 at the end of the scrutiny period, national provisions regulating the use of Yohimbe (Pausinystalia yohimbe (K. Schum) Pierre ex Beille) in food should still apply'. Sources:

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1. Betz JM. Yohimbe. In: Coates PM et al (eds). Encyclopedia of Dietary Supplements, Second

Edition. Informa UK Ltd. 2010;861-868. 2. Bundesinstitut für Arzneimittel und Medizinprodukte (BfArM). Liste der Monographien der E-

Kommission (Phyto-Therapie), die im Bundesanzeiger veroeffentlicht sind. Stand: 31.07.1994. 3. Bundesamt für Verbraucherschutz und Lebensmittelsicherheit (BVL). List of Substances of the

Competent Federal Government and Federal State Authorities Category 'Plants and plant parts. Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London: Springer. 2014.

4. European Commission. COMMISSION REGULATION (EU) 2015/403 of 11 March 2015 amending Annex III to Regulation (EC) No 1925/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council as regards Ephedra species and Yohimbe (Pausinystalia yohimbe (K. Schum) Pierre ex Beille). Official Journal of the European Union. 12.3.2015; L 67/4. Available at: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32015R0403. Accessed 14 May 2015.

5. Orwa C, Mutua A, Kindt R, Jamnadass R, Simons A. Pausinystalia johimbe. In: Agroforestree Database: a tree reference and selection guide version 4.0. 2009. Available: at: http://www.worldagroforestry.org/treedb2/AFTPDFS/Pausinystalia_johimbe.pdf. Accessed 14 May 2015.

6. Sunderland TC et al (2004). Yohimbe (Pausinystalia johimbe) in Clark L and Sunderland T (2004). The Key Non-Timber Forest Products of Central Africa: State of the Knowledge. Technical paper No.122, U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID).

2.2. BTC financial grants available for small producers of sustainable and fairly traded African medicinal and aromatic plants

by Market Insider Friday, 24 April 2015 The Trade for Development Centre (TBC), a program of the Belgian Development Agency (BTC), has put a call out for applications from ‘small producer organisations’ and ‘micro, small and medium sized enterprises’ engaged in fair and sustainable trade of medicinal and aromatic plants (MAP) in selected African countries. The current call is targeted to African MAP enterprises or organizations, in business for at least 2 years, that are ‘small producers’ organisations’ or ‘collector organisations’ (= producer cooperatives or producer associations) or ‘micro, small and medium enterprises’, either with a contractual relationship with one or more ‘small producers’ organisations’, located in any one of the following countries: Democratic Republic of the Congo Kingdom of Morocco People’s Democratic Republic of Algeria Republic of Benin Republic of Burundi Republic of Mali Republic of Mozambique Republic of the Niger Republic of Rwanda

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Republic of Senegal Republic of South Africa Republic of Uganda United Republic of Tanzania The submitting organisations can choose to apply for either a financial support (project grant), either a marketing support, either both. Grant application rules and forms are available to download in English, Dutch, and French languages at: http://www.befair.be/en/content/call-applications-fruits-vegetables-nuts-rice-medicinal-aromatic-plants The application form and required accompanying documents need be submitted by e-mail to: Liliana.FLORESRENDON@btcctb.org by a deadline of 07 June 2015. Sources: 1. BTC Trade for Development. Call for applications fruits, vegetables, nuts, rice, medicinal &

aromatic plants. April 2015. Available at: http://www.befair.be/en/content/call-applications-fruits-vegetables-nuts-rice-medicinal-aromatic-plants

2.3. Medicinal Plant Production and GACP Experts to Speak at Herbs of Egypt Expo 2015

by Market Insider Thursday, 23 April 2015 Organized and sponsored by the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) – Egyptian Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (EMAP) Project, ‘Herbs of Egypt’ brings together international experts in medicinal and aromatic plant (MAP) production techniques, good agricultural and collection practices (GACP), and export marketing. The ‘Herbs of Egypt’ event is co-located with the ‘Food Africa Cairo’ trade show 6-9 May 2015 at the Cairo International Convention Centre (CICC). While the educational sessions are open to the public, the primary audience is Egyptian MAP producers and exporters who have been participating over the past 4 years in the EMAP Project ‘Upgrading the Medicinal & Aromatic Plants Value Chain – Access to Export Markets’. Sessions and speakers include, among other topics:

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Market Trends and Value Addition for Egyptian and northern African MAPs Prof. Dr. Mohammed HMAMOUCHI President, Arab Federation of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (FAPAM) Criteria and procedures used (by international buyers) to qualify, purchase and import medicinal and aromatic plants and how Egyptian suppliers compare Edward J. FLETCHER, Chief Operating Officer, Botanicals Division of Strategic Sourcing, Inc. (SSI) GACP implementation in the growing and harvesting MAPs: techniques in the field and post-harvest practices Dr. agr. Matthias LORENZ, Senior Plant Cultivation Expert, Steigerwald Arzneimittelwerk GmbH (Bayer AG) New drying techniques (natural and industrial) for aromatic plant crops Prof. Dr. Joachim MUELLER, Managing Director, University of Hohenheim, Institute of Agricultural Engineering Essential oils production – improved technologies for distillers Dr Sudeep TANDON, Principal Scientist and Head, Process Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CIMAP), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) Begun in 2011, the Egyptian Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (EMAP) project is an agro-industrial development initiative aiming at upgrading the Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (MAP) sector in Egypt by establishing an integrated quality and safety scheme, improving varieties, increasing productivity, reducing losses, and upgrading production and processing technologies. Event Resources: EMAP Directory of Egyptian Exporters – Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Sector: http://www.emap-eg.org/emap/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/low%20res%20proof%20for%20web.pdf Herbs of Egypt Facebook Event Page: https://www.facebook.com/events/361865450674519/ Herbs of Egypt Technical Sessions Agenda: http://www.emap-eg.org/emap/?page_id=1298

2.4. New opportunities for sustainably wild collected African medicinal plants

by Market Insider Monday, 20 April 2015

According to a feature story in the April-May edition of SPORE, ‘Sustainable harvesting and processing of medicinal plants for use in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries is

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providing valuable livelihood opportunities for rural communities’. SPORE is a bi-monthly magazine for agricultural and rural development in Africa, Caribbean and Pacific (ACP) countries, published the Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Cooperation (CTA). The article highlights two recent developments that are signalling positive change for the medicinal and aromatic plants (MAP) sector in ACP countries: (1) The recent coming into force of the 2010 ‘Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic

Resources and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits Arising from their Utilisation’.

(2) The emergence of sustainable harvesting standards and certification systems that provide independently verified assurance that plant-derived ingredients have been harvested sustainably and equitably, based on international ABS laws. In particular the article discusses the a) FairWild Standard, administered by the FairWild Foundation (FWF), assesses harvest and trade of wild plants against various ecological, social and economic requirements, and has been adopted in numerous countries and contexts; and b) the Ethical BioTrade Standard, administered by the Union for Ethical BioTrade (UEBT), a Swiss-based industry organisation whose members undergo independent assessments of their adherence to ABS regulations, as well as of the environmental and social sustainability of their ingredient sourcing activities.

African countries where implementation projects are discussed include Kingdom of Lesotho, Kingdom of Morocco, Republic of Botswana, Republic of Namibia, Republic of South Africa, and Republic of Zimbabwe. The Ethical BioTrade Standard is available in five languages (English, French, German, Portuguese and Spanish) at: http://ethicalbiotrade.org/resources/#2 The FairWild Standard is available in fourteen languages (Armenian, Azeri, Bosnian, Chinese, English, French, Georgian, German, Hungarian, Japanese, Polish, Portuguese, Russian and Spanish) at: http://www.fairwild.org/documents/ Sources: 1. Thorp S. Medicinal Plants Value Chains: Going wild for new opportunities. SPORE. Apr-May

2015; No 175, p. 20. Available at: http://spore.cta.int/images/stories/pdf/SE175-WEB.pdf 2. FairWild Foundation (FWF). 2010. FairWild Standard: Version 2.0. FairWild Foundation,

Weinfelden, Switzerland. Available at: http://www.fairwild.org/documents/ 3. Union for Ethical BioTrade (UEBT). 2012. STD01 - Ethical BioTrade Standard – 2012-04-11.

Amsterdam, Netherlands: UEBT. Available at: http://ethicalbiotrade.org/resources/#2

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3. Markets for Asian Medicinal Plants and Extracts 3.1. 3 week MAP crop production, quality control, and marketing summer

school in Gujarat

by Market Insider Friday, 15 May 2015 Government of India’s ‘Directorate of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research’ (DMAPR) is part of the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), an autonomous organization under the Department of Agricultural Research and Education (DARE), Ministry of Agriculture. DMAPR mandates include the development of appropriate production, protection and processing technologies for important medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs) through basic, strategic and applied research, and to serve as a MAP information data bank, and transfer the knowledge and technologies to MAP farmers. 14th of July through 3rd of August 2015, ICAR-DMPAR presents a 3-week summer school on the topic of advances in medicinal and aromatic plant research in Anand, Gujarat. Candidates need to apply and register through the Capacity Building Programme (CBP) Portal. Application deadline is 25 May. For information on eligibility and how to apply, see the course brochure at: http://www.dmapr.org.in/News/summer%20school%20brouchure.pdf The course will cover recent advances in MAP production, protection, crop improvement as well as practical aspects on analysis, quality control and extraction. The 21 day training programme offers theory and practical application in areas including:

Principles of Good Agricultural and Collection Practices (GACP) for MAPs Implementing organic farming standards for MAP production MAP crop improvement for improved yield and quality Pre and post-harvest management and value-addition of MAPs Integrated pest management in MAP crops Quality control and certification of MAP crops Marketing and MAP supply chain Valorization of waste or bi-products of MAP crops

Sources: 1. ICAR-DMAPR. ICAR-sponsored summer school on Advances in Medicinal and Aromatic Plants

Research 14th July to 3rd August 2015: http://www.dmapr.org.in/News/summer%20school%20brouchure.pdf

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3.2. Government of India allocates US$15.8 million to set up National Institute of Medicinal Plants

by Market Insider Tuesday, 28 April 2015 In response to a question in the ‘Rajya Sabha’ (the ‘Council of States’, upper house of the Parliament of Republic of India), the Minister of State, Ministry of AYUSH (Ayurveda, Yoga & Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha and Homoeopathy), Shri Shripad Yesso Nalk stated that the Government of India has allocated Rs. 100.00 crores (= US $ 15,800,855.00) for the establishment of a National Institute of Medicinal Plants (NIMP). As per information furnished by Pharmaceutical Export Promotion Council (Pharmexcil) of Ministry of Commerce and Industry, India’s export value of AYUSH and value-added products of medicinal plants is given in table below:

For export promotion of medicinal plants and traditional medicines of the Indian Systems of Medicine, Pharmexcil participates each year in leading international natural ingredients and products exhibitions such as Vitafoods Europe (Geneva), Supply Side West (Las Vegas, Nevada) and Engredea (Anaheim, California). Pharmexcil also organizes annual Reverse Buyer/Seller Meets in Republic of India focused on herbals and AYUSH products, enabling small and medium companies to develop relationships and start business with international importers and distributors of Indian medicinal plants and traditional herbal medicinal products. Source: 1. Press Information Bureau (PIB), Government of India. Medicinal and Aromatic Plants/Herbs. 24-

April-2015. Available at: http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=118611.

3.3. Secretary to Ministry of AYUSH guest of honor at ICSB 2016 by Market Insider Thursday 23, April 2015 Shri Nilanjan Sanyal, Secretary to the Ministry of AYUSH (Ayurveda, Yoga & Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha and Homoeopathy), Government of India, was the Guest of Honor at last weeks’ 15th Annual Oxford International Conference on the Science and Regulation of Botanicals (ICSB 2015) which took place at the University of Mississippi, United States of

India’s exports of AYUSH products including medicinal herbs & their value added products (Rs. in Crores and US$ equivalent)

S. No. Commodity 2012-13 2013-14

1. AYUSH (medicinal and aromatic plants)

889.98 (= US$ 140.8 million 973.89 (= US$ 154 million)

2. Value added products of medicinal plants

1264.01 (= US$ 200 million) 1246.09 (= US$ 197.1 million)

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America. Some objectives of the Ministry of AYUSH include developing and implementing schemes for the promotion, cultivation and regeneration of medicinal plants used in the Indian systems of medicine as well as building awareness of the AYUSH systems internationally. While he explained that the Ayurvedic system of medicine is recognized and practiced in a number of neighboring Asian countries where Ayurvedic herbal drug preparations also have been granted marketing authorizations, Shri Sanyal pointed out that there still exists no legal framework for education and clinical practice of Ayurvedic medicine in the European Union and United States of America. Furthermore, to date, not a single Ayurvedic herbal medicinal product or formulation has been granted marketing authorization or registration in the European Union and/or United States of America. This appears to be a market access barrier that the Ministry of AYUSH hopes to resolve so that Indian manufacturers and exporters of AYUSH herbal medicinal products and preparations can legitimately participate in the American and European markets and just as importantly these populations can have access to safe and effective traditional herbal medicinal products of India.

3.4. Union Minister for Earth Sciences calls for agri-entrepreneurship in MAP cultivation

By Market Insider Monday, 20 April 2015 This week, the Union Minister for Earth Sciences, Dr, Harsh Vardhan, stated that the Republic of India has the potential of becoming the world’s largest supplier of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (MAP). While on a visit to the Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CIMAP) Research Center in Purara, Uttarakhand, Dr. Harsh Vardhan emphasized the need to promote agri-entrepreneurship in MAP cultivation due to the growing global demand. Main activities of the CIMAP Research Center Purara include:

Collection, conservation, domestication and characterization of MAPs of Uttarakhand, R&D programme for agrotechnology development for hill region, especially Uttarakhand; Integrated soil fertility management in MAPs; Training, awareness, skill upgradation and field demonstrations for the farmers, SHGs,

NGOs, State govt. and entrepreneurs; Rural development by promoting medicinal and aromatic crop cultivation and technology

dissemination through training and capability building; Quality analysis of essential oils, industrial scale distillation of aromatic crops; Field survey for cultivation of MAPs and feasibility studies and multiplication of elite plant

propagules of MAPs.

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The Minister said that the North-East region has great potential in MAP development and If agri-entrepreneurship is developed further, the region could see a growth in jobs and upward mobility. Sources: 1. India has the potential of becoming the world’s largest supplier of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants:

Dr Harsh Vardhan. Indian Bureaucracy. 13 April 2015: http://www.indianbureaucracy.com/uncategorized/india-has-the-potential-of-becoming-the-worlds-largest-supplier-of-medicinal-and-aromatic-plants-dr-harsh-vardhan/

2. CSIR-CIMAP Research Centre Purara: http://www.cimap.res.in/english/index.php/research-centers/2014-04-04-04-42-43

3.5. Uttarakhand Governor calls for renewed focus on cultivation of aromatic plants

by Market Insider Monday, 20 April 2015 This week, Dr. Krishan Kant Paul, Governor of the Indian State of Uttarakhand called for a renewed focus on the cultivation of aromatic plants in remote villages as a way to stop the migration of people from the rural areas in search of work. 'Cultivation of aromatic plants would have to be encouraged in unirrigated, infertile land and those villages in hill areas where lack of livelihood opportunities is leading to increased migration towards the plains,' Paul said during a visit to the Centre for Aromatic Plants in Selaqui Industrial Area. Aromatic plant cultivation could prove a good source of income for farmers as the emerging industry which uses aromatic plants had infinite possibilities for boosting the economy of the state, he said. Sources:

1. Press Trust of India. Cultivation of aromatic plants should be encouraged to stop migration from hills: KK Paul. 16 April 2015.

3.6. Minister of State reports short supply of certain endangered medicinal plants

by Market Insider Wednesday, 01 April 2015 On 20th March 2015, in response to a question in the ‘Rajya Sabha’ (the ‘Council of States’, upper house of the Parliament of Republic of India), the Minister of State, Ministry of Ayurveda, Yoga & Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha and Homoeopathy (AYUSH), Shri Shripad

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Yesso Nalk made statements about the availability of medicinal plants including certain endangered medicinal plants that are important for use in the Indian Systems of Medicine. According to Minister Shripad Naik, there are 7,835 licensed manufacturers of Ayurvedic medicines and 1,209 manufacturers of Unani, Siddha and/or Homoeopathic medicines in the Republic of India as of last count in 2014. The Minister went on to state: ‘Certain medicinal plants are threatened and endangered causing their short supply, due to which the industry perceives difficulties in the procurement of medicinal plant materials’ such as:

Guggul: the oleoresin exudation from Commiphora wightii also known as Commiphora mukul (Fam. Burseraceae); a small perennial tree or shrub up to 1.2-1.8 m high growing wild in rocky tracts of the northwestern states of Rajasthan and Gujarat, Guggul exudate is collected during winter season by making incisions in the bark or in summer when the exudate is falling from the bark itself.

Katuki: the dried rhizome with root of Picrorhiza kurroa (Fam. Scrophulariaceae); a perennial that grows wild on the northwestern Himalayas from Kashmir to Sikkim.

Kuth: the dried roots of Saussurea lappa also known as Saussurea costus (Fam.

Asteraceae); a tall, robust, perennial herb with thick roots, found growing wild in Kashmir at an altitude of 2,500-3,600 m, the roots are collected in September-October.

Jatamansi: the dried rhizome of Nardostachys jatamansi (Fam. Valerianaceae); an erect perennial herb, 10-60 cm high growing wild at an altitude of 3,000-5,000 m on the sub-alpine Himalayan tracts.

The Minister also summarized some main points concerning what the Government of India is proactively doing to support the availability and supply of important medicinal plants for use in the Indian Systems of Medicine by stating the following: ‘Government of India has set up National Medicinal Plants Board under the Ministry of AYUSH for overall development of the medicinal plants sector including conservation, cultivation, processing and storage of medicinal and aromatic plants for promoting the availability of herbal raw materials. The National Medicinal Plants Board has implemented a Central Sector Scheme for supporting conservation, development and sustainable management of medicinal plants and a Centrally Sponsored Scheme of National Mission on Medicinal Plants, which is now merged in the National AYUSH Mission notified on 29th September 2014. Through such schemes, grant-in-aid is provided to support for survey, inventorization, in-situ conservation and ex-situ conservation of medicinal plants, development of herbal gardens, linkage with Joint Forest Management Committees, research and development etc. Through National Mission on Medicinal Plants, Government has supported cultivation of medicinal plants with backward linkages for establishment of nurseries for supply of planting material etc. There is also provision for forward linkages for post-harvest management, marketing infrastructure, certification etc.’ Sources: 1. Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia Committee. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. New Delhi:

Government of India, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Department of Ayurveda, Yoga & Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha & Homoeopathy.

2. Press Information Bureau (PIB), Availability of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants/Herbs.

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4. Markets for Latin American Medicinal Plants and Extracts 4.1. Sourcing Peruvian MAPs at Expoalimentaria 26-28 August 2015

by Market Insider Monday, 22 June 2015 EXPOALIMENTARIA 2015, taking place 26-28 August 2015 at the Jockey Exhibition Centre in Lima Peru, includes companies offering Peruvian medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs) within the categories of ‘Bio-Trade and Natural Products’, ‘Ethnic Products, ‘Functional and Nutraceutical Products’, ‘Organic Products’, and ‘Spices’. Over 30,000 visitors are expected to attend Expoalimentaria 2015, the largest international trade show in the region. Some of the region’s leading producers, processors and exporters of MAP ingredients and products will be among the approximately 600 exhibitors including:

Algarrobos Organicos: http://www.algarrobosorganicos.pe/ Andean Roots: http://www.andeanroots.com.pe/ Biocunas: http://www.biocunas.com/ Bionaturista del Biologo Blas Silva: http://www.bionaturista.com.pe/ES/ Candela Peru: http://www.candelaperu.net/ COSOP: http://www.csorganicosdelperu.com/ Ecoandino S.A.C.: http://www.ecoandino.com/portal/ Exportadora Norpal: http://www.exportadoranorpal.com/ G Foods Native S.A.C: http://www.gfoodsnative.com/portal/ Inkanatura World Peru Export S.A.C.: http://www.inkanatural.com/ Koken del Peru: http://www.kokendelperu.com/ Laboratorio TAKIWASI: http://www.laboratorio.takiwasi.com/ MG Natura Peru S.A.C: http://www.mgnaturaperu.com/ Natural Peru S.A.C.: http://www.naturalperu.com/ Naturik - Agroindustrias Osho S.A.C: http://www.agroindustriasosho.com/ Peruvian Nature S&S S.A.C: http://www.peruviannature.com/ Promaca E.I.R.L: http://www.promaca.com.pe/web/ Stevida: http://www.steviadelecuador.com/ Villa Andina S.A.C: http://www.villaandina.com/ Vitallanos Perú S.A.C: http://www.vitallanosperu.com/ Vivadis: http://www.vivadis.net/

Source: 1. Expoalimentaria 2015: http://www.expoalimentariaperu.com/

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5. Sustainable use of Biodiversity News 5.1. Hungarian hawthorn assessed as endangered species

by Market Insider Thursday, 04 June 2015 Hungarian hawthorn (Crataegus nigra) is a medicinal plant endemic to parts of Europe including areas within Hungary, Republic of Croatia, Republic of Serbia, Slovak Republic (possibly extinct), and Romania (possibly extinct). The flower-bearing branches (with leaf & flower) of this species and other European Crataegus species are wild-collected for use in European traditional herbal medicinal products. In the European Union, Hungarian hawthorn (and extracts made from it) is regulated as an active ingredient of medicinal products that require pre-marketing authorization by national authorities before a finished product can be sold. The European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines (EDQM) establishes official pharmacopoeial standards for the composition, identity, quality, purity, and strength of 'Hawthorn Leaf and Flower' raw materials and extracts whilst the European Medicines Agency (EMA) establishes the labelling standards for what can or must be stated on the herbal product labels and on the patient information leaflet (PIL). On 26 May 2015, the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) announced the availability of the ‘IUCN European Red List of Medicinal Plants’, which provides, for the first time, information on the status of all major medicinal plants native to Europe. The assessment included 400 vascular plants from ninety families, of which 2.4% (nine plants) of extant medicinal plants (for which sufficient data are available) were assessed as threatened (endangered or vulnerable). In addition to Hungarian hawthorn, the other 8 medicinal plant species assessed as threatened were Artemisia granatensis, Atropa baetica, Chimaphila umbellata, Dactylorhiza iberica, Himantoglossum comperianum, Iris spuria, Plantago maxima, Sideritis reverchonii, and Tetraclinis articulata. The 75-page book, published by the European Commission, is available to download at: http://cmsdata.iucn.org/downloads/iucn_european_red_list_of_medicinal_plants_web.pdf Sources:

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1. Allen, D., Bilz, M., Leaman, D.J., Miller, R.M., Timoshyna, A. and Window, J. 2014. European Red List of Medicinal Plants. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union.

2. European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines (EDQM). Hawthorn Leaf and Flower. In: European Pharmacopoeia, Eighth Edition (PhEur 8.0). 2014.

3. IUCN Press Release. Europe’s medicinal plants in decline, 2 percent threatened with extinction – IUCN report. 26 May 2015.

5.2. China's first national plan on protection and development of herbal resources for TCM

by Market Insider Friday, 29 May. 2015 In late April 2015, the People’s Republic of China's cabinet, the State Council, released P.R. China's first ever ‘Chinese Herbal Medicine Resources Protection and Development Plan (2015-2020)’. The plan, compiled by a total of 12 governmental agencies, consists of 7 major activities to be carried out by 2020, primarily aiming at better protection of wild-collected medicinal plants that are used in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), increased quantity and improved quality of cultivated medicinal plants, and a mature pricing mechanism. By 2020, the plan calls for the Chinese herbal medicine resources protection and monitoring system to be functioning, effectively alleviating supply and demand problems of endangered medicinal plants; production of commonly used medicinal plants continues to develop steadily; science and technology for Chinese herbal medicine significantly increased; production and quality of TCM is improved and modernized; and sufficient supply of botanical raw materials with market price stability. According to officials in charge of supervising the plan, the plan comes at a time when over-exploitation is threatening the wild TCM plants and the worsening quality of farmed TCM resources diminishing the efficacy of TCM formulations. The seven main tasks defined in the plan are summarized here below:

1) implement a resources protection project for wild-collected Chinese medicinal plants, carry out the 4th National Survey of Chinese Medicine Resources (and create a census database), establish a national Chinese medicine resources monitoring network (in each province, autonomous region and municipality), and establish a Chinese National Germplasm Resources Conservation System (including the establishment of protected areas for endangered wild medicinal plants and animals, medicinal botanical gardens, medicinal plant germplasm banks, in situ conservation of >5,000 medicinal plant species, ex-situ conservation of >6,500 medicinal plant species, in vitro conservation of 7,000 medicinal species germplasm);

2) establish breeding and planting bases for the production of high-quality Chinese medicinal plants including endangered or rare Chinese medicinal plants, in TCM economic development zones;

3) develop and implement technological innovations for Chinese herbal medicines,

strengthen basic research, breeding technologies, modern production technologies;

4) implement innovation projects to upgrade Chinese herbal medicines production organizations;

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5) build a quality assurance system of Chinese herbal medicines to enhance and improve production and quality standards, quality inspection systems, and establish a full process traceability system for Chinese herbal medicinal products;

6) build a Chinese herbal medicine production information network service platform to

strengthen security of supply medicines;

7) build a modern logistics system for Chinese herbal medicine. In a related internet radio interview, Anastasiya Timoshyna, Medicinal Plants Programme Leader at TRAFFIC, speaks with Ding Heng of ‘People in the Know', available to listen at: http://english.cri.cn/7146/2015/05/14/3621s878660.htm. TRAFFIC’s mission is to ensure that trade in wild plants and animals is not a threat to the conservation of nature. Sources: 1. Heng D. 2015-05-14 Protection and Development of China's Traditional Medicinal Resources.

News Plus. 14 May 2015: http://english.cri.cn/7146/2015/05/14/3621s878660.htm

2. 国务院办公厅转发《中药材保护和发展规划(2015—2020年)》: http://www.gov.cn/xinwen/2015-

04/27/content_2853739.htm

3. 国务院办公厅关于转发工业和信息化部等部门中药材保护和发展规划（2015—2020年）的通知

国办发〔2015〕27号: http://www.gov.cn/zhengce/content/2015-04/27/content_9662.htm

5.3. BMU allocates €140 000 to protect medicinal plant Arnica in Bavaria

by Market Insider Friday, 01 May 2015 Arnica (Arnica montana) is a medicinal plant endemic to Europe where it occurs in the wild widespread from Kingdom of Norway to the Balkans and from Kingdom of Spain to Ukraine. The flower heads are harvested (from both wild-collection and some controlled cultivation) for use in European herbal medicinal products but are also exported for use in medicinal products worldwide. In Europe, the commercial supply of wild harvested Arnica flower is for the most part obtained from Bosnia & Herzegovina, Republic of Croatia, Republic of Italy, Montenegro, Romania, Republic of Serbia, Kingdom of Spain, former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, and Ukraine.

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In the European Union, Arnica flower (and extracts made from it) is regulated as an active ingredient of medicinal products that require pre-marketing authorization by national authorities before a finished product can be sold. The European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines (EDQM) establishes official pharmacopoeial standards for the composition, identity, quality, purity, and strength of Arnica flower raw materials and extracts whilst the European Medicines Agency (EMA) establishes the labelling standards for what can or must be stated on the herbal product labels and on the patient information leaflet (PIL). On 16 April 2015, the German ‘Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation, Building and Nuclear Safety’ (BMU) issued a joint press release with the German ‘Federal Agency for Nature Protection’ (BfN) announcing a new project to protect ‘Arnica montana’ in the State of Bavaria. About €140 000 are allocated to support the project, which not only aims to protect the habitat of this medicinal plant where it occurs in Bavaria (in mountain meadows), but also aims to demonstrate the benefits of investing in the protection of biological diversity and ‘ecosystem services’ (benefits people obtain from ecosystems). BfN President Professor Dr. Beate Jessel stated that due to habitat loss, intensive use, and illegal wild collection, the wild populations have diminished, and furthermore without taking targeted actions this species faces extinction in Bavaria. There are protection measures in place for Arnica montana in some European countries for example in Germany it is classified as ‘Vulnerable (level 3)’ on the German Red List. Specific objectives of the project include management and protection of wild populations of Arnica and its habitat particularly in the Bavarian ‘Vogtland’ region, significantly increase the population size in the region by targeted propagation and seeding, develop a program for sustainable regional use and marketing of regional (geographical indication) Arnica products, and raise public awareness about the importance of biodiversity. Sources: 1. Bundesministeriums für Umwelt, Naturschutz, Bau und Reaktorsicherheit (BMU).Gemeinsame

Pressemitteilung mit dem Bundesamt für Naturschutz (BfN): Neues Projekt schützt Heilpflanze "Arnika" in Bayern. Nr. 082/15 | Berlin, 16.04.2015: http://www.bmub.bund.de/presse/pressemitteilungen/pm/artikel/neues-projekt-schuetzt-heilpflanze-arnika-in-bayern/

2. Landschaftspflegeverband Landkreis und Stadt Hof e.V. Sicherung von Ökosystemdienstleitungen – Nachhaltige Nutzung und Vermarktung der Ressource Arnika montana: http://arnikaprojekt-hof.de/projekt/projektziele/

3. European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines (EDQM). Arnica flower (Arnicae flos). In: European Pharmacopoeia, Eighth Edition (PhEur 8.0). Strasbourg, France: EDQM. 2014.

4. European Medicines Agency (EMA) Committee on Herbal Medicinal Products (HMPC). Final Community Herbal Monograph on Arnica montana L., flos. London, UK: EMA. 06 May 2014.

5. Franke R, Albert H, Brunner P, Eickmeyer F. Arnika (Arnica montana L.). In: In: Hoppe B (ed.). Handbuch des Arznei- und Gewürzpflanzenbaus, Band 4. Bernberg, Germany: Verein für Arznei- und Gewürzpflanzen SALUPALNTA e.v. Bernberg. 2012;56-86.

6. The IUCN List of Threatened Species: http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/162327/0

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6. Currency Rates of Exchange

Rates of Exchange: 6 June 2015

CURRENCY CODE UNITS 1 / USD UNITS 1 / EUR

Chinese Yuan Renminbi CNY 6.20320 6.89486

EURO EUR 0.899685 1.0000

Indian Rupee INR 64.1100 71.2583

Nepalese Rupee NPR 102.088 113.471

Russian Ruble RUB 56.2947 62.5715

United States Dollar USD 1.0000 1.11150

Source: XE Currency Converter: http://www.xe.com/currencyconverter/

7. Indicative Prices for Selected Medicinal Botanical Ingredients Note: Prices should be considered indicative only and reflect the price of a product of a specific grade or quality from the specified origin. Great care should be taken when comparing prices of medicinal herbs of different origins, grades, qualities and quantities.

AJOWAN FRUIT

Botanical name: Trachyspermum ammi Hindi name: Ajwain / Sanskrit name: Yavani

Pharmacopoeial name: Trachyspermi Ammi Fructus

Medicinal uses:

Traditional Ayurvedic Medicine: a) flatulence with a gurgling sound; b) distension of abdomen due to obstruction to passage of urine and stools; c) diseases of abdomen; d) abdominal lump; e) intestinal parasites; f) sharp piercing pain.

Traditional Unani Medicine: a) flatulence in the stomach; b) gastric pain; c) anorexia; d) colic; e) pertussis; f) diarrhoea; g) hysteria; h) cholera.

MARKET PRICE CONVERTED TO US$ / kg

DATE OF PRICE

Jamnagar, Gujarat

5500~12625 INR / quintal (= 100 kg); Modal price:

9063 INR / quintal

$0.8579~$1.96927 / kg (Modal price: $1.41366 /kg

05.06.2015

AMLA FRUIT

Botanical name: Phyllanthus emblica / Chinese name: Yuganzi (餘甘子)

Hindi name: Amla / Nepalese name: Amala / Sanskrit name: Amalaki Pharmacopoeial name: Phyllanthi Fructus

Medicinal uses:

Traditional Ayurvedic Medicine: a) bleeding disorders; b) hyperacidity; c) increased frequency and turbidity or urine; d) burning sensation.

Traditional Chinese Medicine: a) to remove heat in the blood and blood stasis; b) maldigestion; c) dyspepsia, abdominal pain; e) cough; sore throat, and dryness of the mouth.

MARKET PRICE CONVERTED TO US$ / kg

DATE OF PRICE

Nepalgunj, Nepal

55.00 NPR / kg $0.538751 / kg 15.05.2015

Kattapanna, Kerala

24.00~28.00 INR / kg $0.3744~$0.4368 / kg 30.05.2015

Yulin, Guangxi Zhuang

Autonomous Region

11.00 CNY / kg (≥10,000 kg)

$1.77328 / kg 06.06.2015

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BARBARY WOLFBERRY FRUIT

Botanical name: Lycium barbarum

Chinese name: gou qi zi (枸杞子) / Pharmacopoeial name: Lycii Fructus

Medicinal uses:

Traditional Chinese Medicine: a) general debility with deficiency of vital essence manifested by aching of the loins and knees, dizziness and tinnitus; b) diabetes caused by internal heat; c) anaemia; d) impaired vision.

MARKET PRICE CONVERTED TO US$ / kg

DATE OF PRICE

Anguo, Hebei

65.00 CNY / kg (380 Grade; Ningxia origin)

$10.4785 / kg 06.06.2015

Anguo, Hebei

58.00 CNY / kg (380 Grade; Xinjiang origin)

$9.35001 / kg 06.06.2015

CALAMUS RHIZOME

Botanical name: Acorus calamus

Chinese name: zang chang pu (藏菖蒲) / Nepalese name: Bojho / Sanskrit name: Vaca

Pharmacopoeial name: Acori Calami Rhizoma

Medicinal uses:

Traditional Ayurvedic Medicine: a) colic pain; b) epilepsy; c) asthma; d) constipation; e) mania; f) flatulence; g) otorrhoea; and h) weak memory

Traditional Chinese Medicine: a) tonify stomach yang; b) treat maldigestion and food stagnation; c) diphtheria.

MARKET PRICE CONVERTED TO US$ / kg

DATE OF PRICE

Nepalgunj, Nepal

105 NPR / kg (Origin: Nepal)

$1.02852 / kg 18.05.2015

CHIRATA HERB

Botanical name: Swertia chirayita / Nepalese name: Chiraito (चिराइतो, तततो) / Sanskrit

name: Kiratatikta / Pharmacopoeial name: Swertiae Herba

Medicinal uses:

Traditional Ayurvedic Medicine: a) fever; b) thirst; c) burning sensation; d) inflammation; e) skin diseases; f) ulcer; g) intestinal worms; h) itching; and i) excessive flow of urine.

MARKET PRICE CONVERTED TO US$ / kg

DATE OF PRICE

Nepalgunj Nepal

575 NPR / kg $5.62732 / kg 18.05.2015

CRANBERRY FRUIT

Botanical name: Vaccinium macrocarpon / French name: canneberge / Spanish name: arándano agrio / Pharmacopoeial name: Macrocarponii Fructus

Medicinal uses:

Traditional Western Herbal Medicine: a) to help prevent recurrent urinary tract infections

MARKET PRICE CONVERTED TO US$ / kg

DATE OF PRICE

Ex-whse New Jersey, USA

US$ 2.25 / lb (Min. qty: 1,000 lbs)

$4.96 / kg (Min. qty: 454 kg)

18.05.2015

FENNEL FRUIT

Botanical name: Foeniculum vulgare

Arabic: شمر; Chinese: xiao hui xiang (小茴香) / Hindi: Saunf / Sanskrit: Misreya

Pharmacopoeial name: Foeniculi Fructus

Medicinal uses:

Traditional Ayurvedic Medicine: a) digestive impairment; b) colic pain; c) cough; d) vitiated blood; e) dysentery; and f) piles.

Traditional Chinese Medicine: a) treatment of scrotal hernia with pain and cold extremities; b) dysmenorrhoea with lower abdominal pain and

23

cold sensation; and c) distending pain in the epigastrium with anorexia.

Traditional European Medicine: a) symptomatic treatment of mild, spasmodic gastrointestinal complaints including bloating, and flatulence; b) symptomatic treatment of minor spasm associated with menstrual periods; and c) as an expectorant in cough associated with cold.

MARKET PRICE CONVERTED TO US$ / kg

DATE OF PRICE

Chennai Tamil Nadu

160.00 INR / kg $2.49571 / kg 30.05.2015

FOB Egyptian Port

US$ 1450 / MT (99% Purity; Qty: 12.5

MT / 20’ FCL) $1.45 / kg 07.05.2015

FOB Mumbai Port Maharashtra

US$ 1870~2155 / MT (98%~99% Clean; Qty

14 MT / 20’ FCL) $1.87~$2.155 / kg 03.06.2015

Chengdu Sichuan

12.00 CNY / kg (Northwest origin)

$1.93449 / kg 06.06.2015

FENUGREEK SEED

Botanical name: Trigonella foenum-graecum

Arabic name: حلبة حصي; Chinese name: hu lu ba (胡蘆巴) / Sanskrit name: Methi

Pharmacopoeial name: Trigonellae Foenugraeci Semen

Medicinal uses:

Traditional Ayurvedic Medicine: a) malabsorption syndrome; b) fever; c) increased frequency and turbidity of urine; and d) loss of taste sensation.

Traditional Chinese Medicine: a) cold syndrome of the kidney due to yang deficiency marked by pain and coldness in the lower abdomen; b) hernia; and c) weakness and oedema of the legs caused by cold-damp.

Traditional European Medicine: a) (oral) temporary loss of appetite; b) (cutaneous) symptomatic treatment of minor inflammations of the skin.

MARKET PRICE CONVERTED TO US$ / kg

DATE OF PRICE

Chennai Tamil Nadu

85.00 INR / kg $1.33249 / kg 30.05.2015

FOB Mumbai Port Maharashtra

US$ 1250 / MT (Grade: Sortex; Qty: 21

MT / 20’ FCL) $1.25 / kg 03.06.2015

GINGER RHIZOME

Botanical name: Zingiber officinale

Chinese name: gan jiang (干姜) / Nepalese name: Sutho / Sanskrit name: Sunthi

Pharmacopoeial name: Zingiberis Rhizoma

Medicinal uses:

Traditional Ayurvedic Medicine: a) digestive impairment; b) flatulence; c) anaemia; d) asthma; e) abdominal diseases; and f) rheumatism.

Traditional Chinese Medicine: a) epigastric pain with cold feeling, vomiting and diarrhoea accompanied with cold extremities and faint pulse; and b) dyspnoea and cough with copious expectoration.

Traditional European Medicine: a) symptomatic relief of motion sickness; and b) symptomatic treatment of mild, spasmodic gastrointestinal complaints including bloating and flatulence.

MARKET PRICE CONVERTED TO US$ / kg

DATE OF PRICE

Chengdu Sichuan

25.00 CNY / kg (Yunnan origin)

$4.03018 / kg 06.06.2015

Cochin Kerala

235.00 INR / kg (Grade: old)

$3.66557 / kg 30.05.2015

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FOB Mumbai Port Maharashtra

US$ 3860 / MT (Grade: Good; Qty 14

MT / 20’ FCL) $3.85 / kg 03.06.2015

Nepalgunj Nepal

280 NPR / kg $2.74273 / kg 18.05.2015

GOTU KOLA HERB

Botanical name: Centella asiatica

Chinese name: ji xue cao (积雪草) / Sanskrit name: Mandukaparni

Pharmacopoeial name: Centellae Asiaticae Herba

Medicinal uses:

Traditional Ayurvedic Medicine: a) inflammation; b) tastelessness; c) fever; d) cough; e) itching; f) skin diseases; g) excessive bleeding disorder; h) excessive flow of urine; i) asthma; j) anaemia; k) blood disorders.

Traditional Chinese Medicine: a) jaundice caused by damp-heat; b) heat stroke with diarrhoea; c) urolithiasis and haematuria; d) carbuncles and boils; e) traumatic injuries.

MARKET PRICE CONVERTED TO US$ / kg

DATE OF PRICE

Bozhou, Anhui

13.50 CNY / kg $2.1763 / kg 06.06.2015

ISPAGHULA SEED

Botanical name: Plantago ovata Pharmacopoeial name: Plantaginis Ovatae Semen

Medicinal uses:

Well-established uses: a) for the treatment of habitual constipation; and b) for conditions in which easy defecation with soft stool is desirable, e.g. in cases of painful defecation after rectal or anal surgery, anal fissures and haemorrhoids.

MARKET PRICE CONVERTED TO US$ / kg

DATE OF PRICE

NMCE Spot Price

8245 INR / quintal $1.28607 / kg 05.06.2015

Unjha Gujarat

5000~10250 INR/quintal (Modal price: 8550 INR /

quintal)

$0.779910~$1.59881 /kg (Modal price: $1.33365 /kg)

06.06.2015

JATAMANSI ROOT AND RHIZOME

Botanical name: Nardostachys jatamansi

Chinese name: gan song (甘松) / Nepalese name: Jatamansi / Sanskrit name:

Jatamansi / Pharmacopoeial name: Nardostachyos Radix et Rhizoma

Medicinal uses:

Traditional Ayurvedic Medicine: a) diseases of skin; b) erysipelas (bacterial skin infection); c) burning sensation; d) mental disorders; e) insomnia.

Traditional Chinese Medicine: a) (oral) epigastric and abdominal distension with anorexia and vomiting; b) (external) for toothache and swelling of the foot.

MARKET PRICE CONVERTED TO US$ / kg

DATE OF PRICE

Yulin, Guangxi Zhuang

Autonomous Region

31.00 CNY / kg (Sichuan origin)

$4.99742 / kg 06.06.2015

Nepalgunj, Nepal

750.00 NPR / kg (Nepal origin)

$7.33999 / kg 18.05.2015

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LIQUORICE ROOT

Botanical name(s): Glycyrrhiza uralensis, G. inflata, or G. glabra

Chinese name: gan cao (甘草) / Sanskrit name: Yasti

Pharmacopoeial name: Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma

Medicinal uses:

Traditional Ayurvedic Medicine: a) cough; b) hoarseness of voice; c) phthisis (any wasting or atrophic disease, weakness, diseases due to vata dosha); d) ulcer; and e) gout,

Traditional Chinese Medicine: a) weakness of the spleen and the stomach marked by lassitude and weakness; b) cardiac palpitation and shortness of breath; c) cough with much phlegm; d) spasmodic pain in the epigastrium, abdomen and limbs; e) carbuncles and sores; and f) often added to formulas to reduce drastic or toxic effects of other drugs.

Traditional European Medicine: a) for the relief of digestive symptoms including burning sensation and dyspepsia; and b) used as an expectorant in cough associated with cold.

MARKET PRICE CONVERTED TO US$ / kg

DATE OF PRICE

Chengdu Sichuan

14.50~19.00 CNY / kg (Gansu origin)

$2.3375~$3.06294 / kg 06.06.2015

Yulin, Guangxi Zhuang

Autonomous Region

10.00 CNY / kg (Inner Mongolia origin)

$1.61207 / kg 06.06.2015

Chengdu Sichuan

16.00 CNY / kg (Xinjiang origin)

$2.57931 / kg 06.06.2015

MAHUA FLOWER

Botanical name: Madhuca indica (Syn.: M. latifolia) Hindi name: Mahuwa / Sanskrit name: Gudapushpa

Pharmacopoeial name: Madhucae Flos

Medicinal uses:

Traditional Ayurvedic Medicine: a) asthma; b) burning sensation; c) wound; d) phthisis (wasting disease); e) thirst; f) fatigue, lethargy

MARKET PRICE CONVERTED TO US$ / kg

DATE OF PRICE

Lohardaga, Jharkhand

2800~3000 INR / quintal (Modal price: 2900 INR / quintal)

$0.436749~$0.467946 / kg (Modal price: $0.452348 /

kg) 06.06.2015

SCHISANDRA FRUIT - NORTHERN

Botanical name: Schisandra chinensis / Chinese name: Beiwuweizi (北五味子)

Pharmacopoeial name: Schisandrae Chinensis Fructus

Medicinal uses:

Traditional Chinese Medicine: a) chronic cough and dyspnoea of deficiency type; b) dream emission and spermatorrhoea; c) enuresis and frequent urination; d) chronic diarrhoea; e) spontaneous sweating and night sweating; f) thirst caused by fluid consumption; g) interior heat-wasting thirst; h) palpitation and insomnia

MARKET PRICE CONVERTED TO US$ / kg

DATE OF PRICE

Chengdu, Sichuan

45.00 CNY / kg (Liaoning origin)

$7.25432 / kg 06.06.2015

SCHISANDRA FRUIT - SOUTHERN

Botanical name: Schisandra sphenanthera / Chinese name: Nanwuweizi (南五味子)

Pharmacopoeial name: Schisandrae Sphenantherae Fructus

Medicinal uses:

Traditional Chinese Medicine: a) chronic cough and dyspnoea of deficiency type; b) dream emission and spermatorrhoea; c) enuresis and

26

frequent urination; d) chronic diarrhoea; e) spontaneous sweating and night sweating; f) thirst caused by fluid consumption; g) interior heat-wasting thirst; h) palpitation and insomnia

MARKET PRICE CONVERTED TO US$ / kg

DATE OF PRICE

Chengdu, Sichuan

25.00 CNY / kg $4.03018 / kg 06.06.2015

SENNA LEAF - TINNEVELLY

Botanical name: Cassia angustifolia

Chinese name: fan xie yi (番瀉葉 or 番泻叶) / Sanskrit name: svarnapatri

Pharmacopoeial name: Sennae Angustifoliae Folium

Medicinal uses:

Well-established uses: a) for short-term use in cases of occasional constipation

MARKET PRICE CONVERTED TO US$ / kg

DATE OF PRICE

FOB Mumbai Port Maharashtra

US$ 810 / MT (Grade: Prime 3; Qty: 26 MT /

40’ FCL) $0.81 / kg 03.06.2015

Anguo, Hebei

5.30 CNY / kg (Yunnan origin)

$0.854398 / kg 06.06.2015

SENNA POD - TINNEVELLY

Botanical name: Cassia angustifolia Pharmacopoeial name: Sennae Angustifoliae Fructus

Medicinal uses:

Well-established uses: a) for short-term use in cases of occasional constipation.

MARKET PRICE CONVERTED TO US$ / kg

DATE OF PRICE

FOB Mumbai Port Maharashtra

US$ 1785 / MT (Qty: 26 MT / 40’ FCL)

$1.785 / kg 03.06.2015

SHATAVARI ROOT

Botanical name: Asparagus racemosus Nepalese name: Satawari (Kurilo) / Sanskrit name: Satavari

Pharmacopoeial name: Asparagi Racemosus Radix

Medicinal uses:

Traditional Ayurvedic Medicine: a) hyperacidity; b) piles; c) diarrhoea; d) abdominal lump; e) phthisis (any wasting or atrophic disease); f) diarrhoea with blood; g) bleeding disorder; h) disorders of blood i) gout; j) erysipelas (bacterial skin infection); k) inflammation; l) duodenal ulcer; m) urinary disorders; n) hoarseness of voice; o) night blindness; p) puerperal disease; q) vitiation of breast milk; r) insufficient lactation

Traditional Unani Medicine: a) diarrhoea; b) spermatorrhoea; c) excessive nocturnal emission; d) leucorrhoea; e) premature ejaculation; f) dysentery

MARKET PRICE CONVERTED TO US$ / kg

DATE OF PRICE

Nepalgunj, Nepal

200~250 NPR / kg $1.96~$2.45 / kg 18.05.2015

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Price Sources

China: Alibaba: http://www.1688.com/ Chengdu Traditional Chinese Medicine Price Index: http://www.ysindex.com Chinese Medicinal Herb E-Commerce Office: http://www.zyctd.com/ and

http://www.zyccst.com/ Egypt:

Private companies India:

Agmarknet, Directorate of Marketing & Inspection (DMI), Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India: http://agmarknet.nic.in/arrivals1.htm

ICAR (Indian Council of Agricultural Research) - Directorate of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research: http://www.dmapr.org.in/HeadPage/FarmProduct.html

Madhya Pradesh State Agricultural Marketing Board (Mandi Board): http://mpmandiboard.gov.in/

National Multi-Commodity Exchange of India Ltd. (NMCE): http://www.nmce.com/marketdata/SpotPriceInfo.aspx

Private companies Spices Board India (SBI): http://www.indianspices.com/php/domestic_weekly.php Tribal Co-Operative Marketing Development Federation of India Limited (TRIFED):

http://www.trifed.in/trifed/ Nepal:

Asia Network for Sustainable Agriculture and Bioresources: http://www.ansab.org/ USA:

Private companies

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8. Selected Events

June 15-18, 2015 6th Global Summit on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants The summit is a forum for medicinal and aromatic plant (MAP) conservation biologists, farmers, research scientists, traditional health practitioners, academicians, medical and pharmaceutical representatives, NGOs, policy makers, and government agencies. Srinagar, Jammu & Kashmir, Republic of India http://www.sivaramfoundation.org/events/6th-global-summit-on-medicinal-and-aromatic-plants-june-15-18-2015-srinagar-jammu-kashmir-india/

June 18-21, 2015 TaiHerbs 2015 - Taiwan International Herb and Natural Products Expo Exhibitor profile: Chinese Raw Herbs, Medicinal Herb / Herbal Remedies, Functional Foods / Products, Biomedicine and Beauty Products, Test & Inspection Equipment, Health Care & Therapy, Raw Materials, Equipment & Related Services, Research & Development. Taipei, Taiwan http://www.taiherbs.com.tw/en_US/index.html

June 24-26, 2015

Healthplex & Nutraceutical China 2015（HNC 2015), co-located with Food ingredients

Asia-China, Health ingredients & Natural ingredients (Fi Asia-China, Hi & Ni) Exhibitor profile includes suppliers of natural and botanical ingredients used in health food, nutraceutical, and natural pharmaceutical products, as well as suppliers of traditional Chinese medicinal ingredients such as ganoderma sporophore (ling zhi), cordyceps fungus (dong chong xia cao), ginseng root (ren shen), and edible bird's nest (yan wo). Shanghai, People’s Republic of China http://www.figlobal.com/asia-china/home/

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June 29-July 2, 2015 Society for Economic Botany Conference and Indigenous Plant Use Forum The main theme of the conference is “Global Vision on Indigenous Plants and Economic Botany”. There will also be a field trip to a rooibos farm and factory in Clanwilliam, the center of the rooibos industry. Rooibos is the most important indigenous MAP crop in the region. Clanwilliam, Western Cape, Republic of South Africa http://www.econbot.org/

July 20-22, 2015 4th International Conference on Agriculture & Horticulture (Agri-2015) The conference theme is “Enhancing Modern and Sustainable Agricultural Practices” wherein “Spices, Herbs and Medicinal Plants” and among the listed conference highlights. Beijing, People’s Republic of China http://agriculture-horticulture.conferenceseries.com/index.php

August 12-14, 2015 III CONGRESO LATINOAMERICANO DE PLANTAS MEDICINALES Main objectives include: Medicinal plant processing technology, cultivation and marketing of medicinal plants, Identifying the needs of producers for the cultivation of medicinal plants, Public private partnerships for development of medicinal plant crop production projects, State policies to promote local development of medicinal plant production. Iquitos, Republic of Peru http://www.iiap.org.pe/varionoti317.aspx

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August 23-27, 2015 63rd International Congress and Annual Meeting of the Society for Medicinal Plant and Natural Product Research (GA) Budapest, Hungary http://ga2015.hu/

August 26, 2015 World Ayurveda Expo Exhibitor profile includes suppliers of herbal ingredients / medicinal plants used in the Ayurvedic system of medicine as well as manufacturers of finished medicinal products of Ayurvedic system, Ayurvedic clinics, hospitals and spas. Hyderabad, Republic of India http://www.worldayurvedicexpo.com/

August 26-28, 2015 Natural & Organic Products Asia – Hong Kong Mainly a finished products trade show, the exhibitor profile includes suppliers of culinary herbs, spices and seasonings, traditional herbal medicinal products, functional foods and dietary supplements, nutraceuticals. Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (SAR), People’s Republic of China http://www.naturalproducts.com.hk/beta/

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August 26-28, 2015 Expoalimentaria 2015 Some of the region’s leading producers, processors and exporters of medicinal and aromatic plant ingredients and products will be among the approximately 600 exhibitors. Lima, Republic of Peru http://www.expoalimentariaperu.com/

September 1-6, 2015 I Congreso Mundial de Fitoterapia y I Congreso Peruano de Fitoterapia Congress themes include cultivation and agronomy of medicinal plants, sustainable harvesting and production, industrial production of herbal drugs, herbal extracts, and herbal functional foods. Lima, Republic of Peru http://www.fitoterapiaperu.org/index.php/presentacioncongreso

October 5-9, 2015 Supply Side West One of largest trade shows with 1,700 of the world's top health ingredient suppliers and equipment companies, as well as lab-testing firms, logistics and packaging experts. Mandalay Bay, Las Vegas, Nevada, United States of America http://west.supplysideshow.com/

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October 14-17, 2015 2nd International Conference on Natural Products Utilization: From Plants to Pharmacy Shelf (ICNPU 2015) Conference topics include: Conservation and sustainable uses of natural resources, metabolomics, genetic engineering, ethnobotany, ethnopharmacology. herbal medicine and botanical supplements. Plovdiv, Republic of Bulgaria http://www.icnpu2015.cim.bg/

October 21-22, 2015 The International Conference of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Conference topics include good agricultural and collection practice (GACP) for medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs), organic production of MAPs and impact on environment, producing MAPs according to international standards, sustainable use of wild MAPs, value addition of MAPs, saving germplasm, seedling and tissue culture production, acclimatization of new species, climate change, traditional herbal medicine practice in different societies, and more. Desert Research Centre (DRC), Ministry of Agriculture and Land Reclamation 1 Mathaf Al-Mataria-Cairo, Arab Republic of Egypt https://www.facebook.com/events/416390035157658/

October 22-23, 2015 8th Shanghai International Conference on Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Medicine Hosted by the Modern Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Industry Office of Shanghai Municipality, the conference theme is technology innovation and industry development. Shanghai, People’s Republic of China http://www.s-tcm.com/english.html

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November 24-26, 2015 The 7th Conference of the International Seabuckthorn Association (ISA 2015) Main themes include: Seabuckthorn in environmental conservation; Seabuckthorn resources development; Post harvest management of seabuckthorn; Seabuckthorn in health protection; Entrepreneurship development for commercialization of seabuckthorn; International co-operation on seabuckthorn. New Delhi, Republic of India http://www.sanddorn.net/circular_I_revised.pdf

November 27-29, 2015 Natural Health Food, Ingredients, Extracts, Nutraceutical Products & BIO-Pharma Expo 2015 (NFI & NHext, Bio-PhEx 2015) Exhibitor profile includes suppliers of botanical extracts, essential oils, nutraceutical & pharmaceutical ingredients, health food Ingredients, herbal preparations, food additives, seasonings. KINTEX (Korea International Exhibition Center, Hall 7), Gayong City, Republic of Korea http://www.nfikorea.co.kr/eng/

December 3-4, 2015 ICMAP 2015: 17th International Conference on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Conference topics will include Biodiversity, management and conservation of MAPs, Biotechnology, cultivation and industrial processing of MAPs, Quality control, Economics and Marketing, IPR and Patent Laws, Causes and consequences of over exploitation of MAPs in natural habitats Penang, Malaysia http://www.waset.org/conference/2015/12/penang/ICMAP

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December 22-23, 2015 2nd World Congress of Ayurveda, Traditional Medicine and Medicinal Plants AYU-EXPO 2015 Colombo, Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka http://iim.cmb.ac.lk/icaust2014/

June 9-10, 2016 XIV International Conference on Medicinal Plants and Natural Products (ICMPNP 2016) Conference topics will include: Medicinal Plants and Natural Products, Essential Oil: production and use, Medicinal Plants: identification, cultivation, genetics, taxonomy, biodiversity, Sustainable Practices in Research, Resource Management and Production. San Francisco, California, United States of America http://www.waset.org/conference/2016/06/san-francisco/ICMPNP

November 29 – December 1, 2016 Health ingredients Europe (HiE) & Natural ingredients (Ni) HiE & Ni is one of leading global events for ingredients used in dietary supplements, nutraceuticals, functional foods & healthy beverages. Frankfurt, Federal Republic of Germany http://www.figlobal.com/hieurope/home

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9. Herb Profile: Myrrh oleo-gum-resin

Although of African origin, myrrh gum-resin (as well as various extracts and the essential oil distilled from it) is used in systems of traditional and modern medicine worldwide. Myrrh-based ingredients are also used as food flavoring agents, as functional components of cosmetic products, and as incense for religious purposes.

Nomenclature: Pharmacopoeial name(s): Myrrha; Gummi Myrrha; Gummi Resina Myrrha; Resina

Commiphorae Myrrhae Botanical name(s): Commiphora myrrha (T. Nees) Engler; Fam: Burseraceae (syn:

Commiphora molmol (Engl.) Engler) and/or other related species of Commiphora, other than Commiphora mukul (Hook. ex. Stocks) Engler (syn: Commiphora wightii (Arn.) Bhandari), which is known as ‘guggul’.

Common names:

Amharic: Kerbe

Chinese: 沒藥 (moyao)

English: Myrrh, Hirabol myrrh, true myrrh French: Myrrhe Somali: Malmal (oleo-resin); malmal that is naturally secreted is called

“Suhul‟ (or “Suxul”) and malmal produced by tapping is called “Sarac‟

Origin, Natural Distribution and Wild Harvesting: Myrrh oleo-gum-resin is obtained by tapping stems and branches of wild Commiphora myrrha trees (and trees of other related Commiphora species) mainly in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, Federal Republic of Somalia / Republic of Somaliland, Republic of Kenya, and Republic of Djibouti.

Authorized uses in European Union: Cosmetic Ingredient

Commiphora Myrrha Leaf Cell Extract: Masking, Skin protecting Commiphora Myrrha Oil: Masking, Skin conditioning, Tonic Commiphora Myrrha Resin: Masking Commiphora Myrrha Resin Extract: Nail conditioning, Skin conditioning Commiphora Myrrha Resin Water: Masking

Traditional Herbal Medicinal Product (THMP)

Therapeutic indications for the use of Myrrh Tincture PhEur [1:5 (w/v), solvent ethanol 90 % (V/V)] in the European Union are: Cutaneous use: Traditional herbal medicinal product for treatment of minor wounds and small boils (furuncles); Oromucosal use: Traditional herbal medicinal product for treatment of minor ulcers and inflammation in the mouth (stomatitis and gingivitis).

HS Codes used for Myrrh: Traded form BTI CCC CCCCS CROSS ITC SC SMOTI

Dried resin 1301902100 13019020 1301909090 13019031 13019050 13019031

Essential oil 3301295050

Homoeopathic mother tincture

30039000

Tincture 30049000

Legend: BTI: Binding Tariff Information rulings of the European Commission Taxation and Customs Union

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CCC: Standard Classification of Commodities of the Republic of China (Taiwan) CCCCS: Commodity Classification for China Customs Statistics (PRC) CROSS: Customs Rulings Online Search System (U.S. Customs & Border Protection) ITC: Indian Trade Classification SC: Saudi Customs, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Central Department of Statistics & Information SMOTI: Somaliland Ministry of Trade and Investment

Production and Trade: Myrrh of Ethiopian and Somalian origins dominates the global market (USAID, 2010)1. Ethiopia is the leading exporter of myrrh gum in terms of value and volume. Over 50% of the 2013 export value and volume of Ethiopia’s exports of all gums and resins (HS130190) went to just three countries, People’s Republic of China, United Arab Emirates, and Republic of Tunisia (Source: UN COMTRADE database). Ethiopia: Estimated annual production of Commiphora gums in Ethiopia is 8,585 tonnes [88% myrrh (C. myrrha) and 12% opopanax (C. guidottii)], from an estimated area of 171,300 ha (Millennium Cities Initiative, 2013)2. Somaliland: Somaliland’s capacity for myrrh production is estimated at 110 MT corresponding to revenue of US$ 0.55 million with potential capacity of 1,500 MT (Soloviev and Abdi, 2013)3. Quality Standards For quality control testing there are different applicable standards depending on the market where the myrrh will be processed and used as a component of medicinal products, a USP (United States Pharmacopeia) monograph for use as an over-the-counter (OTC) drug product component, and a PhEur (European Pharmacopoeia) monograph for use as an active ingredient of registered traditional herbal medicinal products (THMPs).

Comparison of quality standards for Myrrh: USP and PhEur

Standard Myrrh USP 38 Myrrh PhEur 7.0

Characters Odor: characteristic and aromatic Taste: aromatic, bitter, and acrid

Taste: bitter

Content Volatile oil: NLT 6.0%; Alcohol-soluble extractives: NLT 40% and NMT 70%.; Water soluble extractives: NLT 50%

Matter insoluble in ethanol: Maximum 70 per cent.

Identification tests Macroscopic evaluation; Color reaction test; Thin layer chromatography.

Macroscopic evaluation; Microscopic examination; Thin layer chromatography.

Foreign matter NMT 2% NMT 2 per cent m/m.

Loss on drying NMT 15% Maximum 15 per cent.

Total ash NMT 10.0% Maximum 7.0%

Acid-insoluble ash NMT 5.0% No requirement.

Storage Store in tight containers, and store at controlled room temperature, in a dry place.

Store protected from light.

Heavy metals NMT 0.002% total heavy metals Cadmium: NMT 1.0 mg/g Lead: NMT 5.0 mg/g Mercury: NMT 0.1 mg/g

1 USAID. Expanding Investment Finance in Northern Kenya and Other Arid Lands Market assessment Annex 3:

Sector profiles. Ministry of State for Development of Northern Kenya and Other Arid Lands, Care International Kenya. 2010. 2 Millenium Cities Initiative (MCI) Mikelle Investment Team. Investment opportunity in Mekelle, Regional State of

Tigray, Ethiopia. Production of Essential Oils and Extracts from Aromatic Gums. New York: Earth Institute at Columbia University. 2013. 3 Soloviev P, Abdi AA. Directory for Somaliland Gums, Resins and Essential Oils. Republic of Somaliland Ministry

of Trade and Investment. December 2013.

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10. Company Profile: Arbor Oils of Africa

Organisation name: Arbor Oils of Africa

Related organisation: N/A

Addresses: P.O. Box 24, Naro Moru, Republic of Kenya 10105

Telephone numbers: +254 714053917; +254 (0)20-3522881

Email: Hilary Somerlatte: info@oilsafrica.com

Website: http://www.oilsafrica.com/

FairWild Profile: http://www.fairwild.org/publication-downloads/other-documents/FairWild_species_products.pdf

SELECTED ORGANIC & FAIRWILD MAPs PRODUCED BY ARBOR OILS OF AFRICA

Frankincense (a.k.a. Olibanum) oleo-gum-resin of Boswellia neglecta S. Moore, Fam.

Burseraceae; and the essential oil distilled from it.

Myrrh oleo-gum-resin of Commiphora confusa Vollesen, Fam. Burseraceae; and the essential oil distilled from it.

CERTIFICATIONS

FAIRWILD Certification Agent: Institute for Market Ecology (IMOswiss AG).

ORGANIC Certification Agent: Institute for Market Ecology (IMOswiss AG). Certificate Number: 120326 Certificate available at: http://www.imo.ch/logicio/pmws/indexDOM.php?client_id=imo&page_id=certview&lang_iso639=en

Image Source: http://www.nyrorganic.com/us/pdf/frankincense-booklet.pdf

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11. Medicinal Plants & Natural Ingredients Sector Organizations

Name of Organization Website

Agribusiness in Sustainable Natural African Plant Products (ASNAPP)

http://www.asnapp.org.za/

Agricultural Export Council (AEC) Egypt, Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Committee

http://www.aecegypt.com/

Albanian Essence Producers and Cultivators Association (EPCA)

epca_mp@yahoo.com

American Botanical Council (ABC) http://abc.herbalgram.org/

American Council for Medicinally Active Plants (ACMAP)

http://www.acmap.org/

American Herbal Products Association (AHPA) http://www.ahpa.org

Arab Federation of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (FAPAM)

http://fapam.um5s.ac.ma/

Asia Network for Sustainable Agriculture and Bioresources (ANSAB)

http://www.ansab.org/

Association for African Medicinal Plants Standards (AAMPS)

http://www.aamps.org/en/

Association of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants of Greece (ΑMΑPs of Greece)

http://eng.eaffe.org/

Association for Medicinal and Aromatic Plants of Southeast European Countries (AMAPSEEC)

http://www.amapseec.org/

Association Française des professionnels de la Cueillette de plantes sauvages (AFC)

http://www.cueillettes-pro.org/

Association pour les Plantes Médicinales et Aromatiques de Guadeloupe (APLAMEDOM-Guadeloupe)

http://aplamedarom.fr/

Association pour les Plantes Aromatiques et Medicinales de la Réunion (APLAMEDOM- Réunion)

http://www.aplamedom.org/

Association Tunisienne des Plantes Aromatiques et Médicinales (ATPM)

http://atpm.wifeo.com/

Associazione Italiana fra Coltivatori, Raccoglitori, Trasformatori, Importatori, Esportatori, Grossisti e Rappresentanti di Case Estere di Piante Medicinali, Aromatiche, Spezie, Estratti Vegetali, Oli Essenziali e loro derivati (ASSOERBE)

http://www.assoerbe.eu/

British Herb Trade Association (BHTA) http://www.bhta.org.uk/

Canadian Herb, Spice and Natural Health Products Coalition (CHSNC)

http://www.saskherbspice.org/CHSNC/

Central Herbal Agro Marketing Federation of India (CHAMF)

http://www.chamf.org/

Chamber of Herbal Industries of the Philippines, Inc. (CHIPI)

http://chipi.org.ph/

Egyptian Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (EMAP) http://www.emap-eg.org/

European Herb Growers Association (EUROPAM)

http://www.europam.net/

European Herbal Infusions Association (EHIA) http://www.ehia-online.org/

Federation of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Stakeholders (FEDMAPS)

http://www.fedmaps.org/

Federazione Italiana dei Produttori di Piante http://www.fippo.org/

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Name of Organization Website

Officinali (FIPPO)

Instituto Peruano de Productos Naturales (IPPN)

http://www.ippn.org.pe/

International Council for Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (ICMAP)

http://www.icmap.org/

International Trade Union of Genuine Regional Materia Medica (TUGRMM)

www.tugrmm.com/en/

Jadi Buti Association of Nepal (JABAN) http://www.jaban.com.np/

Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Association of India (MAPAI)

http://www.dmapr.org.in/MAPAI/

National Medicinal Plants Board (NMPB) http://nmpb.nic.in/

PELERO CZ o.s. (Association of the Producers and Processors of Medicinals and Aromatic Plant and Spices)

http://www.pelero.cz/

Phytotrade Africa http://phytotrade.com/

Polski Komitet Zielarski (Polish Herbal Committee)

http://www.pkz.pl/

Regional Network for Medicinal and Aromatic plants in the Near East and North Africa (AARENINA)

http://www.aarinena.org/MHPWeb/

Singapore Chinese Medicines and Health Products Merchant Association

http://www.tcm.org.sg/

Société Marocaine des Plantes Aromatiques et Médicinales (SOMAPAM)

http://somapam.voila.net/

Verein für Arznei- und Gewürzpflanzen (SALUPLANTA e.V.)

http://www.saluplanta.de/