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FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY,
OWERRI
CHE 505/510: RESEARCH PROJECT REPORT
ON
PRODUCTION OF ETHYLENE FROM BIO-ETHANOL
USING ZEOLITE COMPOSITE CATAYSTCATALYST
FROM LOCALLY-SOURCED CLAY
DONE BY
AGHA JOSEPH IREGISTRATION NUMBERO.
!00"1#$0%&%SUPERVISED BY
ENGRMR ISIOMAJ O'OLIE
SUBMITTED TO
THE DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING,SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY (SEET)
FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF
TECHNOLOGY, OWERRI
1
PMB 1526
PMB 1526
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IN PARTIAL FUFILLMENTFULFILLMENTOF THE
RE(UIREMENTS FOR A BACHELORS) DEGREE IN CHEMICAL
ENGINEERING *BENG+
OCTOBER,OCTOBER!01$
2
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CERTIFICATION
This is to !"ti#$ th%t th! &o"', PRODUCTION OF ETHYLENE FROM BIO-
ETHANOL USING ZEOLITE COMPOSITE CATAYSTCATALYST FROM
LOCALLY-SOURCED CLAY*"!s!+t! i+ this "!*o"t is th! o"i-i+%. &o"' o#
AGHA JOSEPH IFEANYICHU'WU, &ith "!-ist"%tio+ +/0!"
!00"1#$0%$% Th! *"o!t &%s %""i! o/t $ Ch!0i%. E+-i+!!"i+-
P"o!t G"o/* 13 o# th! 2314231 %%!0i s!ssio+, i+./i+-7
AGHA JOSEPH
IFEANYICHU'WU (GRO8P
LEADER)
JONNWA'ALO O'ECHU'WU
C (ASST9 G9L9)
UDENSI CHI'A JOSEPH
EZEILO ONYEDI'AS
OGUI'E TOBECHI MARY-
AGNES
E'WEM PATRICIA
OGOCHU'WU
NNAMANI NDUBUISI M
!00"1#$0%&%
!00"1#$0!%
!00"1#$11%%
!00"1#$0#5%
!00"1#$0"0%
!00"1#"0%0%
!00"1##%1%
MENGR ISIOMAJ O'OLIE
(PRO:ECT S8PER;ISOR)
SIGNAT8REDATE
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ENGR DR M S NWA'AUDU
(HEAD OF DEPARTMENT)PROF
'ENNETH O'PALA
(PRO:ECT CO
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AC'NOWLEDGEMENTS
I &ish to %'+o&.!-! th! H!% o# D!*%"t0!+t, Ch!0i%. E+-i+!!"i+-
D!*%"t0!+t i+ th! F!!"%. 8+i>!"sit$ o# T!h+o.o-$, O&!""i, E+-"9 D"9 M9 S9
N&%'%// #o" his !?o"ts %t t!+i+- to th! &!.#%"! o# st/!+ts o# this *"o!t
-"o/* th"o/-ho/t th! o/"s! o# o/" &o"'9
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I &ish to %.so !@*"!ss si+!"! %**"!i%tio+ to o/" S/*!">iso", M"E+-"9 I9 :9
O'o.i!, #o" his o>!"&h!.0i+- s/**o"t, %>i! %+ t"!0!+o/s h!.* i+
0%'i+- this "!s!%"h *"o!t % s/!ss9
I %'+o&.!-! th! !?o"ts o# %.. th! .!t/"!"s o# th! h!0i%. !+-i+!!"i+-
!*%"t0!+t #o" th!i" "!.!+t.!ss !?o"ts %t i0*%"ti+- >%./%.! '+o&.!-!
th"o/-ho/t th!s! $!%"s, &hih h%s #o"0! th! %sis #o" th! %*tit/!
!0*.o$! i+ this &o"'9
G"!%t!st %'+o&.!-!0!+t -o!s to 0$ 0oth!", M"s9 A-h% Chi+$!"! B"i-!t,
&ho h%s s*%"! +othi+- to -i>! 0! !>!"$thi+-9 Yo/" !?o"ts &i.. +!>!" ! i+
>%i+, Go .!ss $o/9
I &ish to !@*"!ss si+!"! %**"!i%tio+ to o/" S/*!">iso", E+-"9 I9 :9 O'o.i!, #o"
his o>!"&h!.0i+- s/**o"t, %>i! %+ t"!0!+o/s h!.* i+ 0%'i+- this
"!s!%"h *"o!t % s/!ss9
I %++ot #%i. to %'+o&.!-! th! s/**o"t %+ o+t"i/tio+s o# %.. 0$
o..!%-/!s i+ *"o>ii+- th! "!/i"! i+t!..!t #o" !@!/ti+- this *"o!t
&o"'#o" th!i" !i%tio+ %+ o
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ABSTRACT
I+"!%si+- #ossi. #/!. *"i!s %+ o+!"+s o>!" -"!!+ho/s! -%s (GHG)
!0issio+s h%>! +o& #o/s! th! %tt!+tio+ o# "!!+t "!s!%"h %+
!>!.o*0!+t !?o"ts o+ "!+!&%.! #!!sto' #o" !th$.!+! *"o/tio+ %s
%-%i+st *"o/tio+ %s! o+ *!t"o.!/0
!@*!"i0!+ts &!"! %""i! o/t /si+- % si0*.! .%o"%to"$% >i!& to !st%.ish 0i"oo./0! o# "o0i+! &%t!" /! to isso.>! !th$.!+!9 A
h%"%t!"isti */+-!+t s0!.. %.so o+"0! th! *"!s!+! o# i!th$.
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si!iti!s %1-%%
CHAPTER THREE: MATERIALS AND METHODS491 M%t!"i%.s R!/i"! %$-%#492 P"!*%"%tio+ M!thos %#-$0
CHAPTER FOUR: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION91 R!s/.ts %+ O/to0!s $1-$%92 Dis/ssio+A+%.$sis $%-$"
CHAPTER FIVE: CONCLUSION AND
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LIST OF FIGURES
Fi-/"! 2917 F.o& Di%-"%0 o# %+ Eth$.!+! P"o/tio+ P.%+t 8si+- Li/i F!!s
Fi-/"! 2927 Eth$.!+! P"o/t Yi!. %t 8si+- Di?!"!+t F!!sto's
Fi-/"! 2947 P"o!ss F.o&sh!0! o# MTO P"o!ss
Fi-/"! 297 L%o"%to"$ S!t
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Fi-/"!927 ;o./0! o# Eth$.!+! *"o/! >!"s!s ti0! -"%*h #o" t!0*!"%t/"!
"%+-! (413
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CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
11 BAC'GROUND
Eth$.!+! is th! *"i0%"$ o0*o+!+t i+ 0ost *.%stis, 0%'i+- it !o+o0i%..$
>%./%.!9 It is *"o/! *"i0%"i.$ $ st!%0!.$ ! *"o/! $ th! !h$"%tio+ o# !th%+o., &hih %+ ! *"o/!
#"o0 #!"0!+t%tio+ *"o!ss!s /si+- "!+!&%.! s/st"%t!s s/h %s -./os!, st%"h
%+ oth!"s9 D/! to "isi+- oi. *"i!s, "!s!%"h!"s +o& .oo' %t %.t!"+%ti>! "!%tio+s
to *"o/! green ethylene, /t th! *"o!ss is #%" #"o0 !i+- %s !o+o0i%..$
o0*!titi>! %s /si+- #ossi. #/!.s9 M%+$ st/i!s h%>! i+>!sti-%t! %t%.$sts %+
+!& "!%tio+ !+-i+!!"i+- t!h+o.o-i!s to i+"!%s! !th$.!+! $i!. %+ to .o&!"
"!%tio+ t!0*!"%t/"!, i+ %+ !?o"t to 0%'! th! "!%tio+ %**.i%.! i+ i+/st"$ %+
0ost ost
I+ %itio+ to th! "/! oi. iss/!s, th! t!h+o.o-i!s /s! #o" !th$.!+! *"o/tio+
h%>! si-+i%+t i0*%t o+ th! !+>i"o+0!+t9 St!%0 "%'i+- is th! 0ost !+!"-$
o+s/0i+- *"o!ss i+ (P.%!ho.!"1) th! h!0i%. i+/st"$ %+ it /""!+t.$
%o/+ts #o" %**"o@i0%t!.$ 13 to 233 0i..io+ to++!s o# CO !0issio+s &o".&i!
(N!!.is !t %.9, 2336 (N!!.is !t %.9, 2336) (N!!.is !t %.9, 2336))9 Go%.s to !>!.o*
%.t!"+%ti>! "o/t!s #o" !th$.!+! *"o/tio+ &hih h%>! #%>o/"%.! !+!"-$
o+s/0*tio+ %+ -"!!+ho/s! -%s!s !0issio+ h%>! !!+ "o/-ht /*9 I+ %
+/tsh!.., #"o0 oth !+>i"o+0!+t%. %+ !o+o0i *!"s*!ti>!s, it is th!"!#o"! o#
1
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i+t!"!st to st/$ %.t!"+%ti>! so/"!s #o" !th$.!+! *"o/tio+ %s &!.. %s !+!"-$
s%>i+- *ot!+ti%.s o?!"! $ %.t!"+%ti>! *"o!ss!s9
C%t%.$ti !h$"%tio+ o# !th%+o. to !th$.!+!, %..! Eth%+o.
o# 0i"oi%. !th%+o. to !th$.!+!9 R!*o"t! %t%.$sts #o" !th%+o. !h$"%tio+
i+./! si.i% %./0i+% (Ro% !t %.9, 1J6J)(Ro% !t %.9, 1J6J), %ti>%t! %./0i+%
(oi0% !t %.9, 1J1)(oi0% !t %.9, 1J1), h!t!"o*o.$%i (A.i !t %.9, 2313), %+
!o.it!s (M%o !t %.9, 1J)9
C%t%.$sts %s! o+ %ti>%t! %./0i+% (!o.it!s) %"! th! 0ost i0*o"t%+t 'i+ o#
%t%.$st #o" io< !th%+o. !h$"%tio+, %+ %"! th! %t%.$sts o0i+%+t.$ /s! i+
/""!+t i+/st"i%. *"o/tio+9 Si!+ti D!si-+Ch!0%t/" h%s !>!.o*! %+
i0*"o>! %./0i+% %t%.$st, S$+o. &hih h%>i+- h%s % 0%i+ o0*ositio+ o# A.!O%
M-OSiO!9 It o?!"s hi-h *"o/ti>it$ th%t %..o&s % "!/tio+ o# tot%. "!%to"
>o./0! (Ch!+, 2313)9 B!si!s, it h%s hi-h $i!. o+>!"sio+ %+ s!.!ti>it$ &hih
.!%s to !tt!" /ti.i%tio+ o# th! !th%+o. #!! %+ .!ss $%tio+
2
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%+ th/s, it *!"0its .o+-!" "/+s o# o*!"%tio+ (Ch!0%t/" E+-i+!!"i+- G"o/*,
+992311)9
!o.it! %t%.$st o# HSM!s %.0ost 133
o# !th%+o. o+>!"sio+ %+ !th$.!+! s!.!ti>it$ (Ch!+, 2313)9
111PROPERTIES OF ETHYLENE
Eth$.!+! h%s #o/" h$"o-!+ %to0s o/+ to % *%i" o# %"o+ %to0s th%t %"!
o++!t! $ % o/.! o+9 A.. si@ %to0s th%t o0*"is! !th$.!+! %"! o*.%+%"9
Th! 0o.!/.! is %.so "!.%ti>!.$ "i-i7 "ot%tio+ %o/t th! CC o+ is % hi-h
!+!"-$ *"o!ss th%t "!/i"!s "!%'i+- th!
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CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF ETHYLENE
E; @ 4;746438 .6=97;@; 2.3.@ 239? .@ ; 9 74?;.9@> ; 697 74?;.9@> .@?34=938647.;.9@, 9.;.9@,
*"o!ssQ
To o*!"%t! % .%o"%to"$
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1$ JUSTIFICATION OF STUDY
Eth$.!+! is /""!+t.$ th! 0ost o+s/0! i+t!"0!i%t! *"o/t i+ th! &o".9 I+
233J it &%s !sti0%t! th%t th! &o". !0%+ #o" !th$.!+! &%s o>!" 13 0i..io+
to+s *!" $!%", &ith %+ %**"o@i0%t! $!%".$ i+"!%s! o# 4959 O+! o# th! 0ost
i0*o"t%+t /s!s o# !th$.!+! is th! *"o/tio+ o# *o.$>i+$. h.o"i! (P;C)9 P;C
/""!+t.$ s!">!s o>!" 3 o# th! o+st"/tio+ 0%"'!t9 This i+./!s *.%stis,
o0i+%ti+- *i*! %+ tti+-s, &io&s, sii+-, !'i+- %+ #!+i+-9 I+ %itio+,
P;C s!">!s 63 o# th! &i"! %+ %.! *.%stis 0%"'!t %+ 25 o# th! o%ti+-s
0%"'!t9This i+"!%s! i+ !0%+ #o" !th$.!+! %s % *!t"oh!0i%. #!!sto' %+
o+s!/!+t.$ i+ th! !o+o0i -%i+s %"! % st"o+- 0oti>%tio+ #o" st/i!s i+to th!
!>!.o*0!+t o# !i!+t t!h+o.o-i!s %*%.! o# *"o>ii+- !th$.!+!, %+ h!+!
this *"o!t9 Th! >i%i.it$ o# this *"o!t is %.so *"o0*t! $ th! %>%i.%i.it$ o# th!
"%& "!so/"!s "!/i"! to s$+th!si! th! !o.it! %t%.$st i+ /s!9
15 SCOPE OF STUDY
C%t%.$st &o/. ! *"!*%"! $ "!/tio+ to %**"o*"i%t! si!9
A""%+-!0!+t o# th! %**"o*"i%t! !@*!"i0!+t%. s!t/*9
C%t%.$ti !h$"%tio+ o# Eth%+o. to Eth$.!+! /si+- th! !o.it! %t%.$st9
Co..!tio+ %+ %+%.$sis o# >%"io/s *"o/ts o# th! "!%tio+
5
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CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
!1 BAC'GROUND OF ETHYLENE
Eth$.!+! is % hi-h !0%+ *"o/t !%/s! it is %+ !ss!+ti%. "%& 0%t!"i%. i+ th!
*"o/tio+ o# *.%stis, i+ *%"ti/.%" .o& %+ hi-h !+sit$ *o.$!th$.!+!s %+ P;C9
I+ th! 8S %.o+!, th! $!%".$ !0%+ is %**"o@i0%t!.$ 5MM to++!s o# !th$.!+!9
T"%itio+%..$, !th$.!+! is *"o/! $ "%'i+- o# h!%>$ h$"o%"o+s #"o0 #ossi.
#/!.s9 I+ #%t, i+ th! 1J63s this *"o!ss &%s so *"ot%.! th%t !th$.!+! &%s /s!
to *"o/! !th%+o. i+ th! "!>!"s! o# th! *"o!ss /s! $ this *.%+t9 Ho&!>!", %
&o".&i! oi. "isis i+ 1J4 "%is! *!t"o.!/0 *"i!s 0%'i+- "%'i+- % 0/h .!ss
!o+o0i%..$ "!%so+%.! 0!tho o# !th%+o. *"o/tio+9 Si+! *.%stis "!0%i+ i+
hi-h !0%+, !th$.!+! *"o/tio+ >i% !th%+o. is !i+- !@*.o"! %-%i+9
!11PROPERTIES OF ETHYLENE
Eth$.!+! h%s #o/" h$"o-!+ %to0s o/+ to % *%i" o# %"o+ %to0s th%t %"!
o++!t! $ % o/.! o+9 A.. si@ %to0s th%t o0*"is! !th$.!+! %"! o*.%+%"9
Th! 0o.!/.! is %.so "!.%ti>!.$ "i-i7 "ot%tio+ %o/t th! CC o+ is % hi-h
6
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!+!"-$ *"o!ss th%t "!/i"!s "!%'i+- th! it$ 39JJ2
S*!i H!%t 3 oF (Bt/.0o.
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*"o/ts9 So0! o# its 0%o" "!%tio+s i+./! *o.$0!"i%tio+, o@i%tio+,
h%.o-!+%tio+ %+ h$"oo.>! i+ st!%0 "%'i+- to !th$.!+!9
Th! /""!+t #!!sto's #o" o.!+ *"o/tio+ %"! !"i>! #"o0 "/! oi. %+
+%t/"%. -%s s/h %s +%*hth% %+ !th%+!9 Th! %>%i.%i.it$ o# #!!sto'
!*!+s o+ th! o0*ositio+ o# "/! oi. %+ +%t/"%. -%s %+ th!i" *"o/tio+
>o./0! (R%hi0i %"i0%!h, 2311)9 Fo" i+st%+!, st!%0 "%'i+- o# .i-ht
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+%*hth% *"o/!s %o/t t&i! th! %0o/+t o# !th$.!+! ot%i+! #"o0 st!%0
"%'i+- o# >%//0 -%s oi. /+!" +!%".$ si0i.%" o+itio+s9
Th! t$*i%. *"o!ss o# st!%0 "%'i+- is sho&+ i+ Fi-/"! 291!.o&9 G!+!"%..$,
.i/i #!! %"! "%'! &ith .o&!" "!si!+! ti0!s %+ hi-h!" st!%0 i./tio+
"%tios th%+ thos! /s! #o" -%s #!!sto's9 B!si!s, 0%@i0/0 o.!+ $i!.s %+ !
ot%i+! %t .o&!" h$"o%"o+ *%"ti%. *"!ss/"!s, *"!ss/"! "o*s, %+ "!si!+!
ti0!s #o" .i/i #!!s (M%t%" H%th, 2333)9 C"%'i+- *"o!ss o*!"%t! %t hi-h!"
s!>!"it$ i+"!%s!s th! !th$.!+! *"o/t %+ $
So/"!7 M%t%" H%th, 2333U
J
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G!+!"%..$, .i/i #!! %"! "%'! &ith .o&!" "!si!+! ti0!s %+ hi-h!" st!%0
i./tio+ "%tios th%+ thos! /s! #o" -%s #!!sto's9 B!si!s, 0%@i0/0 o.!+
$i!.s %+ ! ot%i+! %t .o&!" h$"o%"o+ *%"ti%. *"!ss/"!s, *"!ss/"! "o*s,
%+ "!si!+! ti0!s #o" .i/i #!!s (M%t%" H%th, 2333)9 C"%'i+- *"o!ss
o*!"%t! %t hi-h!" s!>!"it$ i+"!%s!s th! !th$.!+! *"o/t %+ $! !!+ !i%t! to th! "!s!%"h!s o+ !>!.o*i+- % +o>!.
*"o!ss th%t %+ o>!"o0! th! !i!+i!s o# st!%0 "%'i+-9
!!11 C;38;.? C7?.@ 9 N=!.$ .o& s!.!ti>it$ i+ !th$.!+! #"o0 h!%>$ #!!s9 This
13
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.!%s to %t%.$ti *$"o.$sis &hih h%s !!+ st/i! !@t!+si>!.$ to o>!"o0!
th! sho"to0i+- o# st!%0 "%'i+-9
C%t%.$ti "%'i+- is % *"o!ss i+ &hih th! h!%>$ h$"o%"o+ 0o.!/.!s %"!
o+>!"t! i+to .i-ht!" 0o.!/.!s $ o+t%ti+- th! h!%>$ h$"o%"o+ &ith
th! !o.it! %t%.$st9 F"o0 th! T%.! 294, it &%s +ot! th%t th! !th$.!+! $i!. is
.o&!" &hi.! th! *"o*$.!+! $i!. is hi-h!" i+ o0*%"iso+ &ith o+>!+tio+%. st!%0
"%'i+- *"o!ss (N!@%+t, 1JJ)9It h%s !!+ !st%.ish! ho&!>!" th%t !th$.!+!
$i!. is .o&!", &ith hi-h!" *"o*$.!+! $i!., &h!+ th! %t%.$ti "%'i+- *"o!ss is
o0*%"! to th! st!%0 "%'i+- *"o!ss (N!@%+t, 2314)9
Th! *!"#o"0%+! o# % /i %t%.$ti "%'i+- (FCC) /+it is !*!+!+t o+ % .%"-!
+/0!" o# *%"%0!t!"s &hih*%"%0!t!"s th%ti+/!+! th! o+>!"sio+ *"o!ss i+
th!i" o&+ &%$9 Th! *%"%0!t!"s th%t h%>! !!+ st/i! i+./! th! #!!
o0*ositio+, "!si!+! ti0!, t!0*!"%t/"!, %t%.$st!"sio+ *"o!ss (D/*%i+ !t %.9,
2336)9
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(1JJ) "!*o"t! th! i0*.!0!+t%tio+ o# o+
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R!s!%"h!s o+ >%"io/s %.t!"+%ti>! so/"!s %s "/! oi. s/stit/t! #o" !th$.!+!
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%0ost+$, B!.oh.%>, S0i"'%i (2311) h%>! is.os! th! /s! o# >!-!t%.! oi.s
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*$"o.$sis "!%tio+s o# oth th! "%*!s!! oi. %+ "/! oi. #"%tio+s %"! si0i.%", it
&o/. ! *ossi.! to !0*.o$ &!..
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I+ %itio+, 0/.ti*.! st/i!s "!-%"i+- th! to*i h%>! !!+ */.ish!9 Fo"
i+st%+!, Bi!.%+s'$ !t %.9 (2313) %+ D/*%i+, Cost%, Sh%>!"i!+, M%''!!,
Mo/.i+ (233) h%>! st/i! o+ %t%.$ti "%'i+- o# "%*!s!! oi. to hi-h ot%+!
-%so.i+! %+ .i-ht o.!+s9 Th! "!s!%"h!s %-%i+ #o/+ th%t th! >!-!t%.! oi.s %+
! /s! i+ #/!. *"o/tio+ %+ *!t"oh!0i%. i+/st"i!s %+ #o"0 si0i.%"
*"o/ts %s t"%itio+%. "/! oi. #!!sto' /+!" th! o0*%"%.! o*!"%ti+-
o+itio+9 F/"th!"0o"!, th! >!-!t%.! oi. %+ ! .!+! &ith th! #!! o# %+
!@isti+- FCC /+it %t &hih +o s$+!"-!ti !?!ts !t&!!+ oth #!!s %**!%" to !
*"!s!+t9
As % "!s/.t, %t%.$ti "%'i+- o# >!-!t%.! oi. 0i@! &ith o+>!+tio+%. FCC
#!!sto' is % *ot!+ti%. %.t!"+%ti>! #o" i+"!%si+- th! sh%"! o# "!+!&%.! #/!.s i+
th! 0%"'!t9 Ho&!>!", this %.t!"+%ti>! sho/. ! !>%./%t! #/"th!" i+ t!"0s o#
t!h+i%., !o+o0i >i%i.it$ %+ !+>i"o+0!+t%. i0*%ts si+! th! *"o/ts
o+t%i+ .%"-! %0o/+ts o# %"o0%tis (D/*%i+ !t %.9, 233)9
!!!1 A3;47@;.4 P79?4>> T4? 97 E;
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F.74 !%: P79?4>> F39>?>
S97?4: UOP, !011K
Ao"i+- to th! MTO *"o!ss sho&+ i+ Fi-/"! 294, th! 0!th%+o. is 0%i+.$
*"o/! #"o0 s$+th!sis -%s &hih %+ ! ot%i+! #"o0 %+$ so/"! o# %"o+!"$ t/! to % %th o# &%t!"
&h!"! &%t!" %+ !th%+o. isso.>! i+ th! &%t!" %+ i+so./.! !th$.!+! is o..!t!
%s -%s i+to % -.%ss t/!9
!% ETHYLENE FROM BIO-ETHANOL
15
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Th! 0%o" !+!t o# /si+- !th%+o. %s th! "%& 0%t!"i%. #o" !th$.!+! *"o/tio+
i+st!% o# #ossi. #/!.s is th%t !th%+o. is "!+!&%.!Q it %+ ! *"o/! #"o0
#!"0!+t%tio+ o# #!!sto's s/h %s o"+ o" s/-%" %+!9 I# th! !0%+ #o"
!th$.!+! "!0%i+s hi-h &hi.! th! s/**.$ o# #ossi. #/!.s is i0i+ish!, th! s!..i+-
*"i! o# !th$.!+! 0%$ ! "i>!+ /*, 0%'i+- this *"o!ss *"ot%.!9
Aitio+%..$, %s !+>i"o+0!+t%. %&%"!+!ss !o0!s 0o"! soi%..$ *"!>%.!+t,
-o>!"+0!+ts %"! !+o/"%-i+- o0*%+i!s to 0o>! %&%$ #"o0 #ossi. #/!.s !%/s!
th!$ %"! +o+> D4>?7.=;.9@ 97 I@>;7.3 P79?;.9@ 9 E;
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!%! MECHANISM OF REACTION
This "!%tio+ is !"oo"! o/tsi! o# th!
t!0*!"%t/"! "%+-! %+ so !"!%s! !th$.!+! $i!.9
!%$ CATALYSIS OF THE REACTION
D!>!.o*0!+t o# %+ !?!ti>! %t%.$st is th! #o/+%tio+%. %+ "iti%. st!* #o"
%t%.$ti *"o!ss9 M%+$ %t%.$sts h%>! !!+ st/i! #o" !th$.!+! *"o/tio+ >i%
!th%+o. !h$"%tio+ *"o!ss9 Doh!i0, H%+%#$ E.
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o+>!"sio+ o# JJ9J6 %+ !th$.!+! s!.!ti>it$ o# JJ9 9Th! %t%.$st /+!"
st/$ i+ this &o"' is % o0*osit! !o.it! %t%.$st s$+th!si! #"o0 .o%..$! (%0o"*ho/s)
#o"0, 0!t%
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Soi/0 h$"o@i! %+ !o.>!s th! #o..o&i+-7
B4@4?.;.9@ 9 N> '93.@ C387
C.%$ ./0*s %"! "/sh! %+ s"!!+! &ith % 200 %+ 100 si!>! to "!0o>!
.%"-! %+ o%"s! *%"ti.!s s/h %s *!.!s, sto+!s %+ -"it9 At this st%-!, th!
h!0i%. o0*ositio+ is !t!"0i+! /si+- @!"$ .itt.! .%$ is .!#t i+ th!
1J
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s/s*!+sio+9 A-%i+, =!s th! "$st%..o-"%*hi st"/t/"%. st%t/s
%+ *h%s!s o# th! !+ti"! o0*o+!+t i+ %0%t!"i%.9 =
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h%"%t!"i!/+'+o&+ "$st%..i+! 0%t!"i%.9 Ph%s! h%"%t!"i%tio+ o# th!
s$+th!sis Ns/ .%$ &%s o+! /si+- =RD9
49 Fo/"i!" T"%+s#o"0 I+#"%!.oit$ (394 hZ1 396 hZ1), .o& !th$.!+! $i!., %+
"!.%ti>!.$ hi-h "!%tio+ t!0*!"%t/"! (453 VC 53 VC), "!s/.ti+- i+ hi-h !+!"-$
o+s/0*tio+ %+ .o& /ti.i%tio+ o# !/i*0!+t %*%it$ (Ch!+ !t %.9, 233)9 Th/s,
i+>!sti-%tio+s o>!" !o.it!s h%>! !!+ o+! i+ o"!" to !>!.o* % %t%.$st &hih
%..o&s "!%tio+ %""i! o/t %t .o&!" t!0*!"%t/"! &ith -oo %t%.$ti *!"#o"0%+!9
HSM
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Fi-/"! 297E;.9@ 947 T46=47;74 97 D.474@; C;38>;>
S97?4: Z! o0*%"! th! %t%.$ti *!"#o"0%+! o#
%./0i+% %t%.$st, HSM
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S97?4: Z! %tt"%t! %tt!+tio+ %s *ot!+ti%. %t%.$sts /! to th!
0/.ti#/+tio+%. *"o*!"ti!s o# th! s%.t #o"0%tio+9 P%"ti/.%".$, A-4P12O3
h%sA-4P1!O$0 h%s !0o+st"%t! hi-h %t%.$ti %i.it$, 0%'i+- it % *"o0isi+-
%t%.$st #o" th! !h$"%tio+ o# !th%+o. to !th$.!+!, /t its hi-h %iit$ "!/!s its
st%i.it$9
Oth!"s %"!Oth!"s %"!s/00%"i! i+ th! #o..o&i+- t%.!7
T%.! 2917 S6678 9 ; 9 D.474@; C;38>;> U>4 97 ;
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T%.! 2917 S6678 9 ; 9 D.474@; C;38>;> U>4 97 ;! !!+ "!*o"t! o" *%t!+t! &hih %"! i+./i+-
P!t"o"%s T!h+o.o-$ (B%""%%s !t %.9, :o%o, Co/ti+ho, 1J) %+ Si+o*!
T!h+o.o-$ (T!+-, %+-, =i!, G%+ !t %.9, 233)9
2
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!%$1 L66> F3..4 B4 T4?!.o*! si+! 1JJ to i0*"o>! th! !th$.!+!
$i!. $ o+t"o..i+- th! t!0*!"%t/"! &hih i+ t/"+ %>oii+- th! hot %+ o.
s*ots9 Th! !th$.!+! $i!. h% i+"!%s! to JJ95 &ith !th$.!+! s!.!ti>it$ o#
JJ96 %+ !th%+o. o+>!"sio+ o# JJ96 (Ts%o Ho&%", 1JJ)9 Th! %t%.$st
/s! %+ ! %+$ >%"i!t$ o# !h$"%tio+ %t%.$st s/h %s %./0i+%, si.i%%t! .%$s %+ !o.it!s9 I+ this t!h+o.o-$, si.i%!.o*0!+t
*"o-"%0 #o" !th%+o. !h$"%tio+ (F%"ih%, 2313)9
Th! o*!"%ti+- o+itio+s, "!%to" ![/!+t o0*ositio+ %+ *"o!ss o& i%-"%0
#o" L/00/s F./ii! B! s$st!0 %"! sho&+ i+ T%.! 291 %+ Fi-/"! 29 %s! o+
Tso/ Ho&%" (1JJ)7
T%.! 2927O=47;.@ C9@.;.9@ @ P79?; C96=9>.;.9@ 9 L66>
T4?9 H97, 1""K
T!0*!"%t/"!, VF 53A>!"%-! s/*!"i%. >!.oit$, #ts 39
R!si!+! ti0!, s 29
P"!ss/"!, *si- J96
E4@; C96=9>.;.9@, 693
%t!" 53932
25
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Eth$.!+! J95
A!t%.!h$! 393
Eth%+o. 391J
T%.! 2927O=47;.@ C9@.;.9@ @ P79?; C96=9>.;.9@ 9 L66>
T4?9 H97, 1""K
Fi-/"! 29: P79?4>> F39 D.76 9 L66>)> F3..4 ETE P79?4>>
S97?4: APEC, !00"K
Ch!0%t/" h%s !>!.o*! % *o.$0!" -"%! !th$.!+! *"o/tio+ *"o!ss /si+- th!
@! ! s$st!0 %s sho&+ i+ Fi-/"! 9299 It /s!s % +!& %t%.$st %..! S$+o.
%t%.$st &hih &%s !>!.o*! $ H%.o+ Si!+ti D!si-+ #o" th!i" *"o/tio+
*"o!ss9 H%.o+ .%i0s th%t S$+o. %+ st%$ i+ o+ti+/o/s o*!"%tio+ #o" !i-ht
0o+ths &itho/t th! +!! o# "!-!+!"%tio+ %+ %.! to h%+.! %i%%ti o*!"%tio+
(APEC, 233)9 This !+%.! @! ! "!%to" to ! /s! %+ o*!"%t!
26
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%i%%ti%..$ %t t!0*!"%t/"! "%+-! o# 5JJ VF to J VF9 Th! "!*o"t! !th$.!+!
$i!.s %+ !th%+o. o+>!"sio+ %"! o# JJ %+ JJ9 "!s*!ti>!.$ (F%"ih%, 2313)9
Fi-/"! 297 P79?4>> F39 D.76 9 H3?9@ S?.4@;.?/C ETE P79?4>>So/"!7 APEC, 233JU
!%$! SINOPEC T4?!.o*! %+ %ti>%t! %./0i+% %t%.$st &hih h%s hi-h
%"o+ s!.!ti>it$ to !th$.!+! i+ @! ! "!%to"9 Th! o'i+- t!+!+$ is
s/**"!ss! !i!+t.$ %+ th/s, +o "!-!+!"%tio+ is "!/i"! #o" this s$st!09 As %
"!s/.t, th! !th$.!+! s!.!ti>it$ %+ !th%+o. o+>!"sio+ ot%i+! i+ this s$st!0
%"! J %+ JJ i+ th! o*!"%ti+- t!0*!"%t/"! "%+-! o# 43 VC to 4J3 VC
%o"i+- to T!+- !t %.9 (233)9 Th! *"o!ss o& i%-"%0 o# SINOPEC ETE *"o!ss
h%s sho&+ i+ Fi-/"! 9429J9
2
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Fi-/"! 29J7P79?4>> F39 D.76 9 SINOPEC)> ETO P79?4>>S97?4: T4@
4; 3, !00&K
!%$$ P4;7927> T4?!.o*! % "!%to" s$st!0 &hih is % s!"i!s o# @! ! "!%to"s
th%t o*!"%t! %i%%ti%..$9 Th! %""%+-!0!+t i+>o.>!s si0/.t%+!o/s i+t"o/tio+
o# #"!sh #!! %+ "!%to" ![/!+t &hih &o"'! %s s!+si.! h!%t %""$i+- /i
!t&!!+ th! "!%to"s %s sho&+ i+ Fi-/"! 92913(B%""%%s, !t %.9, 1J)9 Th!
*"!#!""! %t%.$st #o" this i+>!+tio+ is %./0i+% %+ si.i% %./0i+% /! to its
%>%i.%i.it$9
Th! %i%%ti @!
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*"o!ss is %.so !si-+! to .o&!" th! #o"0%tio+ o# /+&%+t! $!s !th$.!+! *"o/tio+ %t 15 &t to J3 &t o# th!
st"!%0 o# #/!. -%s ot%i+! $ o
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F.74 !10: B39? D.76 9 P4;7927>)> C9-=79?4>>.@ P79?4>>
S97?4: A@74 R44@4 4; 3, !00&K
!%5 COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGES OF THE ETE ROUTE
This o0*%"iso+ is 0%! i+ t!"0 o# !+!"-$ /s!, CO2, CO2 !0issio+, *"o/tio+
ost %+ !th$.!+! $i!. #o" *!t"oh!0i%. *"o/tio+9
St!%0 "%'i+- is th! 0ost !+!"-$ o+s/0i+- *"o!ss o0*%"! to FCC %+ ETE9
It is th! 0ost !+!"-$ o+s/0i+- i+ th! h!0i%. i+/st"$ %+ !0itt! +!%".$ 233
0i..io+ to++!s o# CO2 /! to th! o0/stio+ o# #ossi. #/!.s i+ $!%" 2333 (T%o %t
!.9, 233)9 C"%'i+- *"o>i!s th! h!%t o# "!%tio+ %+ th! s!+si.! o" .%t!+t h!%t
to "i+- th! "!%t%+ts to th! !si"! "!%tio+ t!0*!"%t/"! &hiht!0*!"%t/"! th%t
is >!"$ hi-h, 53 VC to J33 VC (Gi!.!+ !t %., +992312)9 It /s!s 0%@i0/0 !+!"-$ o#
3 G: *!" to+ o# !th$.!+! %+ !0itt! %"o/+ 2 to++!s o# %"o+ io@i! #o"
43
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!>!"$ to+ o# !th$.!+! *"o/! &hih is th! hi-h!st %0o+- th! oth!"s (T%o !t %.9,
2336)9
B!si!s, th! !+!"-$ /s! %+ CO!!0issio+ #o" "%'i+- *"o!ss %"! hi-h!" /! to
th! #o"0%tio+ o# o'! i+ th! "%'!"9 Aitio+%. !+!"-$ is "!/i"! #o" !o'i+- o"
!#o/.i+- #o" >%"io/s s!tio+s o# % st!%0 "%'!"9 This %itio+%. !+!"-$ /s! i+
!o'i+- %+ !#o/.i+- is +ot t%'!+ i+to o+si!"%tio+ i+ th! "!s/.t9 ith th!
%itio+ o# !+!"-$ /s! #o" sh/to&+ %+ "!.%t! 0%i+t!+%+!, %**"o@i0%t!.$ 1
to 2 o# tot%. !+!"-$ /s! %"! %! (T%o !t %.9, 2336)9 Th!"!#o"!, #/"th!"
st/i!s o+ "!/i+- th! o'! #o"0%tio+ i+ th! st!%0 "%'!" is "!/i"! to !@t!+
th! #/"+%! .i#! %+ i+"!%s! th! i+t!">%.s !t&!!+ sh/to&+s &hih i+ t/"+,
"!/! th! !+!"-$ o+s/0*tio+ %+ o*!"%ti+- ost9
O+ th! oth!" h%+, T%o P%t!. (233J) h%>! "!>i!&! o+ M%i! st%"h ETE %+
S/-%"%+! ETE *"o!ss &hih h%>! i+t!-"%t! &ith th! !th%+o. *"o/tio+9 This
.!%s to si-+i%+t i?!"!+! i+ t!"0 o# th! iss/!s o+!"+! %s o0*%"! to
st%+< %.o+! ETE *"o!ss9 Ho&!>!", oth o# th! ETE *"o!ss!s %"! !+o$i+- %
.o&!" !+!"-$ /s! %+ CO2 !0issio+ i+ !th$.!+! *"o/tio+ %s o0*%"! to
+%*hth% st!%0 "%'i+- *"o!ss9
I+ t!"0 o# *"o/t $i!., !th$.!+! $i!. ot%i+! #"o0 ETE "o/t!s is hi-h!"
o0*%"! to "%'i+- *"o!ss %s "%'i+- *"o!ss &i.. *"o/! $
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B!si!s, th! !+!"-$ ost o# +%*hth% "%'i+- *"o!ss is hi-h &h!"! th! !+!"-$
ost o# *$"o.$sis s!to" h% %o/+t! #o" 3 o# *"o/tio+ ost i+
t$*i%. +%*hth%
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Fi-/"! 29117 E;! h!%>$ %+ .i-ht o+t%0i+%+ts9 Th! otto0 *"o/t o# !th$.!+! o./0+
o+sists o# h!%>i!" %"oh$"%t!s, !th%+o., i!th$. !th!", %+ %!t%.!h$! %+
th! %"o+ 0o+o@i!, 0!th%+!, %+ h$"o-!+ %"! s!*%"%t! #"o0 !th$.!+! %s
to* *"o/ts i+ th! st"i**!"9 Th! .i-ht $.;.9@ 9 P938647 G74 E;isso+ L/+i+, 2311U
C96=9@4@; C96=9>.;.9@
Eth$.!+! (>o. ) JJ9J5
C%"o+ Mo+o@i! (>o. **0) 5
C%"o+ Dio@i! (>o. **0) 13
Eth%+! 3935
!5 APPLICATIONS OF ETHYLENE
44
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Eth$.!+! &%s "st ot%i+! #"o0 !th%+o. i+ th! 1th!+t/"$, &h!+ !th%+o. &%s
*%ss! o>!" % h!%t! %t%.$st9 Th! *.%stis i+/st"$ -%>! "is! to s!>!"%. !th%+o.
!h$"%tio+ /+its &hih o*!"%t! #"o0 th! 1J43s /* /+ti. th! 1J63s9 Th! %>!+t
o# +%*th% (.i/!! *!t"o.!/0 -%s) "%'i+- "!+!"! th!s! !h$"%tio+ /+its
!#/+t9 N%*th% "%'i+- i+>o.>!s % .i/i #!! o# s%t/"%t! h$"o%"o+s
i./t! &ith st!%0 %+ h!%t! to !@t"!0! t!0*!"%t/"!s i+ th! %s!+! o#
o@$-!+9 Th! #/+tio+%.it$ o# this *"o!ss "!>!"s! i+/st"i%. t"!+s, t/"+i+-
!th$.!+! i+to % "%& 0%t!"i%. #o" !th%+o., %s o**os! to % !"i>%ti>! o# it9
Eth!+! is th! .!%i+- s$+th!ti o"-%+i h!0i%. i+ th! &o". i+ t!"0s o# s%.! o#
*"o/tio+9 A.tho/-h !th!+! is &i!.$ /s! %s % st%"ti+- 0%t!"i%. i+ th!
*"o/tio+ o# 0%+$ h!0i%.s %+ *"o/ts, 0ost o# th! !th!+! *"o/! i+
A/st"%.i% (%o/t 63) is /s! to 0%'! *o.$!th!+!, &hih is /s! to *"o/!7
P.%sti !/i*0!+t !-9 o&.s, /'!ts, i+s, -.% &"%*9
Co>!"s #o" 0!t%. o+t%i+!"s !-9 *i*i+- th%t is s/s!*ti.! to o""osio+9
I+s/.%ti+- 0%t!"i%.s9
O;4> 9 4;!+ts s/h %s 0!th$.%t! s*i"its9
So.>!+ts i+ os0!tis, "/-s %+ *!"#/0!s9
A "%& 0%t!"i%. i+ th! 0%+/#%t/"! o# oth!" h!0i%.s9
H!"ii!s9
Th! *"o/tio+ o# !th$.!+! -.$o. &hih is /s! %s %+ %+ti#"!!! so./tio+9
Th! *"o/tio+ o# t!o+ &hih is /s! to 0%'! +o+ sti' oo'i+- /t!+si.s9
T
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I+s/.%tio+ %"o/+ !.!t"i%. %.!s9
P%'%-i+-9
P"o/ts t"%itio+%..$ *"o/! #"o0 -.%ss, "/!"9
T;874@4 >4 97:
T%*! %+ .0 "!!.s, to$s, *%'%-i+-9
A/io %ss!tt! o@!s9
C%si+-s #o" T;\s %+ "%ios9
Th!"0%. i+s/.%tio+9
P"o/tio+ o# "!s9
P"o/tio+ o# o!+ th! */.i o+!"+ %o/t -.o%. &%"0i+-, s%"it$ o# #ossi. #/!.s %+
i+"!%si+- oi. *"i!s, io! to%$9 B!si!s, /sto0!" i+t!"!st i+ "!+!&%.$ so/"! 0%t!"i%.s,
*%"ti/.%".$ i+ th! *%'%-i+- %"!%, is th! *"i0%"$ !0%+ "i>!" #o" io
B7>46 E;
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Th! *"o/tio+ %*%it$ o# 233 333 to++!s *!" $!%" /s!s 133 "!+!&%.! "%&
0%t!"i%.s &hih is th! s/-%"%+! %s! !th%+o. %s #!!sto' (N!t R!so/"!s
I+t!"+%tio+%., 2311)9 I+ %itio+, B"%s'!0 *.%++! to !st%.ish th! s!o+
#%to"$ to *"o/! *o.$!th$.!+! #"o0 s/-%"%+!!+!ss o#
its >i+$. *"o/tio+ *.%+t i+ S%+to A+"!, B"%i.9 This !@*%+sio+ o# S%+to A+"!
*.%+t &%s !sti0%t! to ! o0*.!t! $ 2313 &ith %++/%. i+st%..! %*%it$ o#
463 333 to++!s o# *o.$>i+$.h.o"i! (P;C) %+ 63 333 to++!s s/-%"%+!
%s! io
B9743.>, A>;7.
Bo"!%.is is %+ o"-%+is%tio+ &hih #o/s!s o+ *"o/i+- *.%sti 0%t!"i%.s /si+- th!
#!!sto's o# +%*hth%, /t%+!, *"o*%+! %+ !th%+!9 D/! to th! !@isti+-
46
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*"o/tio+ %*%iti!s %"! /+%.! to 0!!t th! !0%+, Bo"!%.is h% *.%++! to
!@*%+ its *"o/tio+ o# !th$.!+! %t St!+/+-s/+, S&!!+, $ /si+- io
Tot%. P!t"oh!0i%.s, IFP E+!"-i!s No/>!..!s (IPFEN) %+ its s/sii%"$ A@!+s
h%>! !+t!"! i+to % *%"t+!"shi* to !>!.o* +!& t!h+o.o-$ th%t %+ *"o/! io! i+ HC., %+ t"%+s#!" to th! .%!.! ott.!9
Soi/0 H$*oh.o"it! &%s %! i+to it9
Th! "!s/.ti+- 0i@t/"! &%s s&i".! %+ %**! &h!+ +ot i+ /s!9
%!$ SETUP OF APPARATUS
SETUP 1
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Th! %""%+-!0!+t #o" s!t/* 1 is sho&+ i+ g!re ).+, %+ its *"o!/"! is %s
#o..o&s
A "o**i+- /"!tt! &%s i+s!"t! i+to % t&o &%$ !.i>!"$ t/!9
At th! otto0 o# th! !.i>!"$ t/! &%s th! %t%.$st i+ 0!%s/"! /%+tit$9
Th! !.i>!"$ t/! &%s h!. >!"ti%..$ &ith % .%0* %tt%h! to % "!to"t st%+,
%+ &%s %.%+! /*o+ %+ !.!t"i h!%t!"9
Th! s!o+ o/t.!t o# th! !.i>!"$ t/! &%s .i+'! to % o+!+s!" $ %
o++!ti+- t/!9
%t!" &%s *%ss! i+to th! o/t!" sh!.. o# th! -.%ss o+!+s!" i+ % o/+t!"
/""!+t o& o+-/"%tio+ to th! o& o# -%s9
Th! i++!" t/! o# th! o+!+s!" &%s o++!t! to % t&o &%$ "!o>!"$ -.%ss
*.%! i+ % %th o# i!9
Th! o/t.!t o# th! "!o>!"$ t/! &%s o++!t! >i% % "/!" t/! i+to %
%.i"%t! t!st t/! ho.i+- % 0!%s/"! %0o/+t o# "o0i+! &%t!"9
Th! !o.o"is%tio+ o# "o0i+! &%t!" sho&! th! *"!s!+! o# !th$.!+!, %+ th!
i+"!%s! i+ its >o./0! i+i%t! th! %0o/+t o# !th$.!+! %so"!9
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Fi-/"! 4917S4;= 1
SETUP !
Th! %t%.$st &%s *.%! i+ !t&!!+ t&o "o/+.$ /t %sh.!ss .t!" *%*!" i+ %
ho"io+t%..$ *.%! $.i+"i%. -.%ss t/! o*!+ o+ oth si!s9
Ho.!s &!"! o"! i+to t&o o"'s to %..o& th! i+s!"tio+ o# -.%ss t/!s %+ %
th!"0o0!t!"9
A th!"0o0!t!" %+ t/! &!"! i+s!"t! i+to o+! o# th! o"'s, &hi.! th! oth!" o"'
h!. o+.$ % t/!9
E%h o"' &%s /s! to sh/t th! $.i+!" %i"
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Th! t/! *"ot"/i+- #"o0 th! o"' th%t h% % th!"0o0!t!" st/' i+to it &%s
o++!t! i+to th! o"' #o" th! "o/+ otto0 %s'9
Th! oth!" o++!ti+- t/! to th! -.%ss $.i+!" &%s st/' i+to % o+!+s!"9
%t!" &%s *%ss! th"o/-h th! o+!+s!" i+ % o/+t!" /""!+t o& o+-/"%tio+9
Th! i++!" t/! o# th! o+!+s!" &%s o++!t! to % t&o< &%$ "!o>!"$ -.%ss i+
%+ i! %th9
Th! o/t.!t o# th! "!o>!"$ t/! &%s o++!t! >i% % "/!" t/! i+to % %.i"%t!
t!st t/! ho.i+- % 0!%s/"! %0o/+t o# "o0i+! &%t!"9
Th! !o.o"is%tio+ o# "o0i+! &%t!" sho&! th! *"!s!+! o# !th$.!+!, %+ th!
i+"!%s! i+ its >o./0! i+i%t! th! %0o/+t o# !th$.!+! %so"!9
A B/+s!+ /"+!" &%s /s! % h!%ti+- so/"!9
Fi-/"! 4927 S4;= !
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%!5 COLLECTION OF PRODUCTS
Th! !si-+ #o" *"o/t o..!tio+ is %s! o+ s!*%"%tio+ o# -%s!o/s *"o/ts $
th! o+!+s%tio+ o# h!%>i!" o0*o+!+ts i+./i+- /+"!%t! !th$.!+!, &%t!" %+
i!th$.
o..!t! %.o+-si! *ossi.! t"%! %0o/+ts o# oth!" .i-ht "!%tio+ *"o/ts %s
-%s9 This -%s st"!%0 is th!+ o"'! to % t/! o+t%i+i+- "o0i+! &%t!" #o"
i00!i%t! isso./tio+ %s o+s!/!+t iso.o"%tio+ o# th! "o0i+! &%t!"9
%% SET-UPS
N/0!"o/s !@*!"i0!+t%. s!t/*s &!"! t"i! i+ th! o/"s! o# this "!%tio+, %+
>%"io/s 0oi%tio+s &!"! 0%! o>!"ti0! &h!+!>!" % h%..!+-! &%s
!+o/+t!"! o" %+ i+o+sist!+$ &ith th! s!t/* &%s +oti!9 T&o %si
%""%+-!0!+ts &!"! /s! %+ th!i" *"o!ss o>!">i!& %+ .i0it%tio+s %"!
is/ss! !.o&9
%%1 SET-UP 1
I+ this s!t/* !th%+o. &%s "o**! %t % o+t"o..! "%t! #"o0 th! /"!tt! i+to th!
%t%.$st h%0!", /! to th! hi-h t!0*!"%t/"! i+ th! "!%tio+ h%0!" th!
!th%+o. i00!i%t!.$ >%*o"i! %+ o+t%t! th! %t%.$st9 Th! >%*o/" st"!%0
.!#t th"o/-h th! si! %"0 o# th! t/! i+to th! o+!+s!" &h!"! s/**os! i!th$.
5
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!th!" %+ /+"!%t! !th%+o. &!"! o+!+s!, !th$.!+! &hih h%s % >!"$ .o&
oi.i+- *oi+t &%s .!#t /+o+!+s! %+ %so"! i+ "o0i+! &%t!"9
STRENGTHS OF SET-UP
This %""%+-!0!+t &%s !%s$ to s!t/*, 0%'i+- it s/it%.! #o" .%o"%to"$
!@*!"i0!+ts9 A.so, th! o&"%t! o# !th%+o. o/. ! ot%i+! $ o/+ti+- th!
+/0!" o# "o*s o# !th%+o. i+to th! h%0!" *!" 0i+/t! -i>i+- o+t"o. o>!" %+
!@t"% >%"i%.! i+ th! !@*!"i0!+t9
LIMITATIONS
This s!t/* h% th! #o..o&i+- .i0it%tio+s7
D/! to th! %""%+-!0!+t o# th! %t%.$st i+ th! %t%.$st !, *oo" o+t%ti+-
!t&!!+ th! %t%.$st %+ th! !th%+o. &%s os!">!9
Th! h!%ti+- 0%+t.! &%s 0o"! o# %+ o*!+ h!%t so/"!, %+ si+! th! h!%t
&%s +ot o+!+t"%t!, h!%t ist"i/tio+ %.o+- th! %t%.$st &%s /+!>!+ /!
to th! +%t/"! o# th! t/!, th! %t%.$st %""%+-!0!+t %+ h!%ti+- so/"!9
Th! !si"! t!0*!"%t/"! o# th! "!%tio+ o/. +ot ! ot%i+! /si+- this
s!t/* !%/s! &%t!" &%s /s! %s th! h!%ti+- /i %+ &%s /+%.! to
!@!! its oi.i+- *oi+t /! to %t0os*h!"i o+itio+s9
%%! SET-UP !
D/! to th! .i0it%tio+s !+o/+t!"! i+ th! "st s!t/* %+ %.t!"+%ti>! o+-/"%tio+
&%s 0%! to o>!"o0! th! h%..!+-!s o# th! *"!>io/s s!t/*9
Th! -!+!"%. *"o!/"! is %s st%t! i+ th! !@*!"i0!+t%tio+ h%*t!" o# this "!*o"t9
6
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STRENGTHS OF SET!"%0! th! h%..!+-! o# *oo" o+t%ti+- !t&!!+ th! %t%.$st
%+ th! !th%+o., %.so th! !th%+o. &%s >%*o"i! !#o"! !+t!"i+- th! %t%.$st
h%0!" to %>oi !th%+o. >%*o/" #o"0 $!"*"!ss/"! o# th! s$st!0 "!%ti+- % h%%"o/s !?!t9
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CHAPTER FOUR
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
$1 RESULTS AND OUTCOMES
Th! #o..o&i+- "!s/.ts &!"! ot%i+! #"o0 th! S!t/* 2Th! "!s/.ts *"!s!+t! i+
T%.!s 91 %+ 92 &!"! ot%i+! /si+- S!t/* 2 is/ss! i+ Ch%*t!" 49 &ith
Di?!"!+t t"i%.s, !%h t"i%. h% % s.i-ht i?!"!+! i+ th! %""%+-!0!+t to %0!+ #o"
!""o"s %+ o0*.i%tio+s !+o/+t!"! &ith th! *"!>io/s %""%+-!0!+t &ith
i?!"!+t o+-/"%tio+s o# "!%tio+ %**%"%t/s &!"! /s! i+ th! o/"s! o#
!@*!"i0!+t%tio+, this &%s to i0*"o>! th! i+t!-"it$ o# th! "!s/.ts th/s ot%i+!99
T%.! 91 T234 9 R4>3;> 97 T7.3 1
R/+ Eth%+o.;o./0! /s! T!0*!"%t/"! (oC) Ti0!(S!o+s)
;o./0! o# Eth!"^ /+"!%t!Eth%+o. ^ &%t!"
;o./0! o#Eth$.!+!*"o/!
1 150. 413
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T%.! 92 T234 9 R4>3;> 97 T7.3 !
R/+
T!0*!"%t/"! (oC)
Ti0! (S!s) ;o./0! o# !th!" ^/+"!%t! Eth%+o. ^ %t!"
;o./0! o#!th$.!+!
;o./0!o#Eth%
+o.*"o/!
9
6
0
.
1
3
9
0
.
1 413
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T46=47;74
*9C+
T.64
*M.@;4>+
F7?;.9@ 9
E;
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th! "!%to" h%0!"9 As i+i%t! %.so $ th! "!s/.ts *"!s!+t! %o>!, th! ti0!s
o# "!%tio+ &!"! @! #o" so0! "/+s, &hi.! i+ th! oth!" "/+s, ti0! "!o"i+- &%s
sto**! %t th! *oi+t &h!"! %.. .i/i !th%+o. h%s /st !!+ !>%*o"%t!9
Fi-/"! 91 i+i%t!s th%t #o" i+"!%si+- ti0!s o# "!%tio+, .!ss!" %0o/+ts o#
!th$.!+! &!"! *"o/!, this is s!!+ $ th! o&+s.o*! t"!+ o# th! *.ot9 H!+!,
#"o0 this t"!+, th! %0o/+t o# !th$.!+! *"o/! %++ot ! s%i to ! i"!t.$
*"o*o"tio+%. to ti0! s*!+t i+ th! "!%tio+, this o&!s to th! so*histi%tio+ o# th!
s!t/* /s!9 This %.so o&!s .%"-!.$ to th! i+t!-"it$ o# th! 0!%s/"i+- *"o!/"!s
!0*.o$! to 0!%s/"! th! /%+titi!s o# !th$.!+! *"o/!9
A+oth!" #/+%0!+t%. !@*.%+%tio+ #o" th! !0*i"i%. !>i%tio+ o# Fi-/"! 91 is i+
th! #%t th%t +ot %.. !th$.!+! *"o/! &!"! isso.>! i+to th! "o0i+! &%t!"9
F"o0 th! +%t/"! o# th! !@*!"i0!+t%. s!t/*, !th$.!+! is to ! o..!t! %s -%s,
&hih is h%++!.! i"!t.$ i+to th! "o0i+! &%t!" so./tio+9 Ho&!>!", /"i+- th!
*"o!ss o# !th$.!+! "!o>!"$, /.!s o# -%s !th$.!+! %+ *ossi.! t"%!
%0o/+ts o# oth!" +o+! to !s%*! th! *oo. o#"o0i+! &%t!" i+to th! s*%! i+si! th! o..!tio+ t/!9 Th!"!#o"!, +ot %..
!th$.!+! *"o/! !?!ti>!.$ isso.>! i+to th! "o0i+! &%t!"9 A.so th!"! &!"!
+o si0*.! 0!%+s o# >!"i#$i+- th! #"%tio+ o# !th$.!+! *"o/!, th%t &%s %.&%$s
+ot isso.>! i+ th! "o0i+! &%t!" so./tio+9 Th! *"!0is! %o>! th/s i+i%t! th%t
th! i+"!%s! i+ >o./0! o# th! "o0i+! &%t!" &%s +ot !+ti"!.$ %+ !?!ti>!
0!%s/"! o# !th$.!+! *"o/! $ "!%tio+, %+ h!+! th! +o+! t!+! to&%"s o+! o# th! t!0*!"%t/"!
!@t"!0!s th/s o0*"o0isi+- th! /+i#o"0it$ o# th! /%+titi!s o# !th$.!+!
*"o/! (t!0*!"%t/"! i?!"!+! %s s0%.. %s 133C %+ h%>! o+si!"%.!
i+/!+! o+ th! %0o/+t o# !th$.!+! *"o/!), &! o+si!"! .i0iti+- th!
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t!0*!"%t/"! "%+-! to 413!", th! "iti%.
o!ti>! o# th! *"o!t, +%0!.$, th! o+"0%tio+ o# th! %i.it$ o# th! %t%.$st
/s!, to !?!t th! #o"0%tio+ o# !th$.!+! #"o0 !th%+o., &%s %o0*.ish!9 This
&%s o+"0! $ th! o+sist!+t iso.o"%tio+ o# o"%+-! "o0i+! &%t!" &ith %+
%o0*%+$i+- i+"!%s! i+ th! >o./0! o# th! "o0i+! &%t!"9F"o0 (%g -.+
(Eth$.!+! >o./0! *"o/! >!"s!s ti0! -"%*h) th! %0o/+t o# !th$.!+! *"o/!
%++ot ! s%i to ! i"!t.$ *"o*o"tio+%. to th! %0o/+t o# ti0! s*!+t i+ th!
"!%tio+9 B!%/s! o# th! +%t/"! o# th! s!t/* ot%i+%.!, th! %0o/+t o# !th$.!+!
*"o/! %t %+$ -i>!+ *oi+t o# ti0! o/. +ot ! %s!"t%i+!Q h!+! th!
!@*!"i0!+t o/. +ot ! %""i! o/t %s % o+ti+/o/s *"o!ss9
Th! !@*!"i0!+t &%s o+/t! %th&is! %+ ti0! &%s @! %t >%"io/s >%./!s to
h!' th! "!.%tio+shi* !t&!!+ !th$.!+! #o"0! %+ ti0! !.%*s!9 B/t /! to th!
+/0!" o# o0*.i%tio+s !+o/+t!"! i+ th! o/"s! o# th! !@*!"i0!+t, this
"!.%tio+shi* o/. +ot ! !?!ti>!.$ o+./!, %s it %+ ! s!!+ #"o0 -"%*h, th!"!.%tio+shi* is i+o+./si>! !%/s! %t th! sho"t!st ti0! o# th! "!%tio+ th!
-"!%t!st $i!. o# !th$.!+! &%s "!o"! %+ %t th! .o+-!st ti0! o# "!%tio+ th!
s0%..!st $i!. o# !th$.!+! &%s "!o"!9 This is *"o%.$ /! to th!
i+o+sist!+i!s %+ .i0it%tio+s o# th! !@*!"i0!+t%. s!t/*s /s! %+ th! %>%i.%.!
%**%"%t/s %+ 0%t!"i%.s9
F"o0 Tales -.+ t$ -.) th! 0%@i0/0 *!"!+t%-! o# !th%+o. o+>!"t! to !th$.!+!
is %o/t 23, this >%./! is /it! .o& to ! o# %+$ si-+i%+t i+/st"i%. "!.!>%+!9This "!s/.t 0%$ ! /! to % +/0!" o# "!%so+s &hih 0%$ i+./!7 th!
!@*!"i0!+t%. s!t/* /s! &hih 0%$ h%>! .! to *oo" o+t%ti+- o# !th%+o. &ith
th! %t%.$st, o" th!+ +%t/"! o# th! %t%.$st /s!9 Si+! *"io" %t% o+ th!
*!"#o"0%+! o# this %t%.$st o/. +ot ! ot%i+!, it %++ot ! "/.! o/t th%t th!
%t%.$st is i+!?!ti>! i+ *"o/i+- % "!%so+%.$ .%"-! /%+tit$ o# !th$.!+! #"o0 %
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-i>!+ %0o/+t o# !th%+o. h!+! th! %t%.$st _0%$ h%>! .o& %ti>it$, s!.!ti>it$
%+ *!"#o"0%+!9
Th! s*!i o/to0!s o# th! i?!"!+t "/+s %+ !@*!"i0!+t%. o+-/"%tio+s %"!
is/ss! i+ th! #o..o&i+- s!tio+s7
$!1 SET-UPS
N/0!"o/s !@*!"i0!+t%. s!t/*s &!"! /s! i+ th! o/"s! o# this "!%tio+, %+
>%"io/s 0oi%tio+s &!"! 0%! o>!"ti0! &h!+!>!" % h%..!+-! &%s
!+o/+t!"! o" %+ i+o+sist!+$ &ith th! s!t/* &%s +oti!9 T&o %si
%""%+-!0!+ts &!"! /s! %+ th!i" *"o!ss o>!">i!& %+ .i0it%tio+s %"!
is/ss! !.o&9
$!11 SET-UP 1
I+ this s!t/* !th%+o. &%s "o**! %t % o+t"o..! "%t! #"o0 th! /"!tt! i+to th!
%t%.$st h%0!", /! to th! hi-h t!0*!"%t/"! i+ th! "!%tio+ h%0!" th!
!th%+o. i00!i%t!.$ >%*o"i! %+ o+t%t! th! %t%.$st9 Th! >%*o/" st"!%0
.!#t th"o/-h th! si! %"0 o# th! t/! i+to th! o+!+s!" &h!"! s/**os! i!th$.
!th!" %+ /+"!%t! !th%+o. &!"! o+!+s!, !th$.!+! &hih h%s % >!"$ .o&
oi.i+- *oi+t &%s .!#t /+o+!+s! %+ %so"! i+ "o0i+! &%t!"9
STRENGTHS OF SET-UP
5
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This %""%+-!0!+t &%s !%s$ to s!t/*, 0%'i+- it s/it%.! #o" .%o"%to"$
!@*!"i0!+ts9 A.so, th! o&"%t! o# !th%+o. o/. ! ot%i+! $ o/+ti+- th!
+/0!" o# "o*s o# !th%+o. i+to th! h%0!" *!" 0i+/t! -i>i+- o+t"o. o>!" %+
!@t"% >%"i%.! i+ th! !@*!"i0!+t9
LIMITATIONS
This s!t/* h% th! #o..o&i+- .i0it%tio+s7
D/! to th! %""%+-!0!+t o# th! %t%.$st i+ th! %t%.$st !, *oo" o+t%ti+-
!t&!!+ th! %t%.$st %+ th! !th%+o. &%s os!">!9 Th! h!%ti+- 0%+t.! &%s 0o"! o# %+ o*!+ h!%t so/"!, %+ si+! th! h!%t
&%s +ot o+!+t"%t!, h!%t ist"i/tio+ %.o+- th! %t%.$st &%s /+!>!+ /!
to th! +%t/"! o# th! t/!, th! %t%.$st %""%+-!0!+t %+ h!%ti+- so/"!9
Th! !si"! t!0*!"%t/"! o# th! "!%tio+ o/. +ot ! ot%i+! /si+- this
s!t/* !%/s! &%t!" &%s /s! %s th! h!%ti+- /i %+ &%s /+%.! to
!@!! its oi.i+- *oi+t /! to %t0os*h!"i o+itio+s9
929292 SET!"o0! th! h%..!+-!s o# th! *"!>io/s s!t/*9
Th! -!+!"%. *"o!/"! is %s st%t! i+ th! !@*!"i0!+t%tio+ h%*t!" o# this "!*o"t9
STRENGTHS OF SET!"%0! th! h%..!+-! o# *oo" o+t%ti+- !t&!!+ th!
%t%.$st %+ th! !th%+o., %.so th! !th%+o. &%s >%*o"i! !#o"! !+t!"i+- th!
55
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%t%.$st h%0!" to %>oi !th%+o. >%*o/" #o"0 $!"*"!ss/"! o# th! s$st!0 "!%ti+- % h%%"o/s !?!t9
$!! GENERAL EPERIMENTAL/PROJECT LIMITATIONS
F"o0 th! #o"!-oi+-, th! !+ti"! !@*!"i0!+t%. *"o!/"! #o" th! !st%.ish0!+t o#
"!%tio+ 'i+!tis /si+- o/" %t%.$st &%s .i0it! $ % +/0!" o# "/i%. #%to"s,
"!s/.ti+- i+ o/" i+%i.it$ to !?!ti>!.$ !>%./%t! th! h%"%t!"isti *"o*!"ti!s o# o/"
%t%.$st #o" th! "!%tio+9 A +/0!" o# th!s! #%to"s %"! is/ss! %s #o..o&s7
929491 TEMPERAT8RE REG8LATION
C%t%.$st *!"#o"0%+! >%"i!s %t i?!"!+t "!%tio+ t!0*!"%t/"!s #"o0 .it!"%t/"!
"!>i!&, .o&!" "!%to" t!0*!"%t/"! %t %"o/+ 233o" th! *"o/tio+ o#
i!th$. !th!" o>!" !th$.!+!, &hi.! t!0*!"%t/"!s %o>! 433oC o+>!+i!+t.$ #%>o"s
56
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*"o/tio+ o# th! !si"! *"o/t !th$.!+!9 Fo" th! !sti0%tio+ o# %t%.$st
*!"#o"0%+! %t i?!"!+t "!%tio+ t!0*!"%t/"!s %!/%t! t!0*!"%t/"! "!-/.%tio+
!o0!s >!"$ i0*o"t%+t !s*!i%..$ i+ os!">i+- th! t!0*!"%t/"! o# !st
*!"#o"0%+!9 I+ th! o/"s! o# o/" !@*!"i0!+t % 0%+/%. B/+s!+ /"+!" s!">! %s
o/" h!%ti+- so/"!, h!+! o/" i+%i.it$ to .os!.$ o+t"o. t!0*!"%t/"! .!#t /s
o*!"%ti+- &ithi+ th! "%+-! o# 413!"$ %s &!.. %s th! !-"!! o# o+>!"sio+ %hi!>%.! #o"
% %th o# "!%t%+t(s)9 This !o0!s !>!+ 0o"! si-+i%+t #o" "!%tio+s i+>o.>i+-
so.i %t%.$sts %s it is !si"! to o*ti0%..$ o+t%t th! "!%t%+ts &ith th! %t%.$st
!9 Th! .i0it! .%o"%to"$ %**%"%t/s %>%i.%.! to /s *.%! % o+st%+t o+ th!
!-"!! o# so*histi%tio+ &! &o/. h%>! %tt%i+! i+ o+-/"i+- o/" s!t/* %+ %s
s/h 0o"! /%+titi!s o# !th%+o. &!"! "!o>!"! i+ th! *"o/t st"!%0 %s
o0*%"! to "!s/.ts #"o0 i+/st"$ s%.! o+-/"%tio+s "!% o? #"o0 .it!"%t/"!9
929494 ANALYSIS OF REACTION PROD8CTS
B!si!s >!"i#$i+- th! o0*o/+s *"!s!+t i+ th! *"o/t st"!%0 $ si0*.!
.%o"%to"$ t!h+i/!s, it is %.so i0*o"t%+t to h!' th! %0o/+ts $ &hih th!s!
o0*o+!+ts %"! *"!s!+t9 Th!s! %0o/+ts h!.* to !t!"0i+! th!i" o+!+t"%tio+s,
&hih i+ t/"+ #o"0 th! %sis #o" !>%./%ti+- s/h *%"%0!t!"s %s th! o+>!"sio+ o#
!th%+o., th! $i!. o# !%h *"o/t (i!th$. !th!" %+ !th$.!+!) %+ s!.!ti>it$ o#
5
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!%h *"o/ts9 A.so *"o*!" %+%.$sis o# *"o/t st"!%0 h!.*s to -!t *%"ti%.
*"!ss/"! %t% &hih %"! >!"$ /s!#/. #o" 0o!.i+- o# "!%tio+ 'i+!tis9
92949 FLO MONITORING
As !s"i! i+ th! %+%.$sis, th! "st s!t/* *"o>i! th! !st 0!%+s o#
o+t"o..i+- o&"%t! o# th! !th%+o., $ o/+ti+- th! +/0!" o# "o*s o# .i/i
!th%+o. "o**i+- *!" ti0!9 Th! %/"%$ o# this 0!tho ho&!>!" &%s /+"!.i%.!
%+ 0ost i0*o"t%+t.$ o/. +ot t%'! %"! o# th! F.o&"%t! o# -%s!s, &hih #o"0
th! 0%o"it$ o# th! *h%s!s !i+- !%.t &ith i+ th! !@*!"i0!+t9 F.o&"%t! is /s/%..$
% /s!#/. *%"%0!+t!" to 0o+ito" #o" this "!%tio+ %s it h!.*s to i+i%t! /%+titi!s
o# 0%t!"i%.s *!" ti0!, %+ i+>%"i%.$ th! s*!i 'i+!ti *%tt!"+ o# th! "!%tio+9
CHAPTER FIVE
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
51 CONCLUSION
To%$, %.0ost %.. !th$.!+! is *"o/! #"o0 *!t"o.!/0 !"i>%ti>!s, /t io0%ss
%+ %.so ! /s! %s %+ %.t!"+%ti>! #!!sto' #o" th! *"o/tio+ o# io
oi+- this, % %t%.$st &hih *"o>i!s #o" #%st!" "!%tio+ %+ !+h%+! $i!.s o#
5
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!th%+o. is i+!>it%.!9 A0o+- th! %t%.$sts %*%.! o# !+h%+i+- this .%ss o#
"!%tio+s %"! !o.it! %t%.$sts, %+ i+ this "!s!%"h &o"', th! !i!+$ o# %
.o%..$!.$ *"o/! !th$.!+!9 Ho&!>!", 0o+ito"i+- o# !ss!+ti%.
"!%tio+ o+itio+s s/h %s t!0*!"%t/"! o# "!%tio+, *%"ti%. *"!ss/"! o# -%s!o/s
*"o/ts, o&"%t!s o# "!%t%+ts %+ *"o/ts %.i'!, %+ s*%!! i/.t9 To % .%"-! !@t!+t s!>!"%. 0oi%tio+s to th! si0*.!
s!t/* &!"! /s! to i0*"o>! th! /%.it$ o# "!s/.ts -ot %+ th/s %**"o@i0%t! th!
*!"#o"0%+! o# th! -i>!+ %t%.$st9 It is !.i!>! th%t F"o0 th! o/to0! o# o/"
!@*!"i0!+t%tio+ it is o+>!+i!+t to st%t! th%t th! %t%.$st *"o0is!ssho&s% .ot o#
!o+o0i *ot!+ti%. #o" th! i+/st"i%.
%+ /+"!%t! !th%+o. %0o/+t &%s %hi!>!, i+>%"i%.$ 0!%+i+- th%t i+ th!
*"!s!+! o# s/i!+t t!0*!"%t/"!s %+ *"o*!" o+t%ti+- o# %t%.$st %+
"!%t%+t, th!"! &i.. ! >!"$ !i!+t $i!.s o# !th$.!+!9
Fi+%..$, th! *ot!+ti%. #o" io
&i.. !*!+ o+ th! #/t/"! %>%i.%i.it$ %+ *"i! o# th! io0%ss #!!sto', &hih
%"! .i+'! to !>!.o*0!+ts i+ #oo !0%+ %+ th! /s! o# io0%ss #o" io#/!.s,
h!%t %+ !.!t"iit$ *"o/tio+9 Th! ost o# io
5J
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th! .o%. *"i! o# th! io0%ss #!!sto' %+ is sti.. hi-h!" th%+ th%t o#
*!t"oh!0i%. !th$.!+! i+ 0ost sit/%tio+s9
I+ Ni-!"i% th! %>%i.%i.it$ o# th! Ns/ .%$ *"i0%"$ *"!/"so" #o" th! %t%.$st /s!
#o" th! "!%tio+ 0%'!s #o" so 0/h +%+i%. -%i+s, h!+! th! +!! #o" #/"th!"
"!s!%"h i+to th! *"os*!ts o# #/..$ !>!.o*i+- this %t%.$st #o" -"!%t!" !o+o0i
-"o&th, %+ th! %o0*%+$i+- !+-!+!"i+- o# % -"!!+!" #/t/"!9
5! RECOMMENDATIONS
Fo" th! s/!ss o# #/"th!" st/$ o# th! %t%.$st th/s t!st! it is !ss!+ti%. to
o+si!" th! #o..o&i+- "!o00!+%tio+s7
Th! *"o/ts ot%i+! sho/. ! %+%.$s! &ith % G%s Ch"o0%to-"%*h$ /+it
i+ o"!" to *"o>i! *%"%0!t!"s +!!ss%"$ #o" 'i+!ti st/i!s9
A+ !.!t"i h!%t!" &ith th!"0ost%t sho/. ! /s! to !+s/"! th%t "!%tio+
t%'!s *.%! %t s*!i t!0*!"%t/"!s9
A "!%to" o+-/"%tio+ sho/. ! /s! to %..o& #o" !tt!" o+t%ti+-
!t&!!+ !th%+o. %+ th! %t%.$st to !+s/"! %!/%t! 0!%s/"!0!+t o#
%t%.$st *!"#o"0%+!9
Th! *"!ss/"! o# th! s$st!0 sho/. ! 0!%s/"! to !+%.! 'i+!ti st/i!s o#
th! "!%tio+9
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REFERENCES
A.., T T, A3-;;.;;4
; 97 >434?;.4 4> 97
?9@47;.@ 4;, V, J99, B, C9;.@, R C L., , R.>, JB *1""&+ M943.@ @ 9=;.6.;.9@ 9 6943 IV
#3..4 ?;38;.? ?7?.@ @.;A%ChE Journal, $$ *"+, !0#&-!0"
E@P? *!00+ &ow and Crystalse announce plans to make polyethylene from
su!arcane in 'ra(il# R4;7.44 S4=;46247 !, !011 796
< ;; =: // 4 @ = ? ? 9 6 / 9 - @ - ? 7 8 > ; 3> 4 - @@ 9 @ ? 4 - = 3 @ > - ; 9 - 6 4 -
= 9 38 4 ; 7- ? @ 4 - .@ - 2 7 .3/
F7.4@;4 .@
I@;47@;.9@3 O7@.;.9@ 9 P.>;@. W964@ E@.@447>
G.434@, D, B4@@?47, ', T6, C *!01!+ %EA Petrochemical Scenarios for *+,+-
*+.+: Ener!y Technolo!y Perspecties# P=47 74=97;4 28 I@;47@;.9@3 E@478A4@?.4> P7.>
ICIS *!005+ /ill the !reen reolution work0 R4;7.44 S4=;46247 !, !011, 796
< ;; =: // .? .> ? 9 6 / A 7 ; .? 34 > /!005 / 10/!" / !0105 / .33- ; < 4 - 7 4 4 @ - 7 4 9 3 ; .9 @ -
9 7 < ; 6 3
433.@, M J9>9@, I *!010+ Surfactants from renewable sources S44@
9.6, M, A., T, A>6., Y *1"&1+ C;38>; 97 =79?;.9@ 9 4;
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Computer and Chemical En!ineerin!, !1, S&&-S&"!
M9, R L V, L44>4, P, M?L47?< A@38>; *!01!+ /orld ethanol production forecast *++1-*+2* by
country3 millions of !allons R4;7.44 M7?< 10, !01!, 796
< ;; =: // 6 7 4 ; 7 4 > 4 7 ? < @ 38 > ; ? 9 6 /!00& / 01/!# / 9 7 3 - 4 ; < @ 9 3- = 7 9 ? ; .9 @ -
9 7 4? > ; - !00& - !01!/
M;7, S H;?, G3 P794>>.9@3 P23.>? 97 #& 48 =79?4>>4>Journal of Ener!y, %! *+, 110$-11!%
N4; R4>97?4> I@;47@;.9@3 *!011+ 'raskem Ethanol-to-Ethylene plant3 'ra(il
R4;7.44 S4=;46247 !# !011 796 < ;; =: / / ? < 4 6.? 3>-
; 4? / 2 7 > 4 6 - 4 ; < @ 9 3/
N4@; *1""+ Ethylene ia catalytic naphtha crackin!# R4;7.44 O?;9247 !&, !011,
796 < ; ; =: / / ? < 4 6 > 8 > ; 4 6 > ? 9 6 /7 4 = 9 7 ; > /> 4 7 ? < / 9 ? > / 2 > ; 7 ? ; > /"# > 1! 2 > =
N4@; *!00&+ $reen polyethylene R4;7.44 O?;9247 1%, !011, 796< ;; =: // ? < 4 6 > 8 > ; 4 6 > ? 9 6 /7 4 = 9 7 ; > /> 4 7 ? < / 9 ? > /2 > ; 7 ? ; > /0#0 S 11Q 2 > =
G!o"-! O9 A, G94==47;, A, P7>
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T9, R, P;43, M, B39, ' *!00#+ O34.@> 796 ?9@4@;.9@3 @ ;9?>: E@478 >4 .@ >;46 ?7?.@ @ 3;47@;.4 =79?4>>4> Journal of
Ener!y, %1 *$+, $!5-$51
T4@, J, W@, R, .4, Z, G@, Y *!00&+ 6ew olefin production technolo!ies in
S%69PEC S0R%PT P=47 =74>4@;4 ; W973 P4;79436 C9@74>>, S=.@
T>9, U H97, B *1""+ P79?;.9@ 9 4; .@
;B"!ht L%#o"! (2314) Up!radin! of bioethanol: kinetic modelin! of the
catalytic conersion of (eolitesMS? T.>, [email protected]>.;8 9 G4@;
B"i-!&%t!", A9 ;9Chemical # En!ineerin! # Journal, !00%, "1, &10!
Ch723, A P *!00$+ R4?;.9@ 4@.@447.@ >;.4> .@ .9@4?.@ ?;384 4>;47.?;.9@ 74?;.9@> [email protected]>.;8 9 P@4
Ch!0%t/" E+-i+!!"i+- G"o/*, S&!!+ , Ethylene from Ethanol@
Ch!+, Y9Q /, Y9Q T%o, L9Q D%i, B9Q Y%+-, M9Q Ch!+, 9Q h/, =9 D!h$"%tio+ "!%tio+ o#
io!" 0oi! SAPO %t%.$sts9 :9 I+9 E+-9 Ch!09 2313, 16,
1229
G.%sto+! T"i! (1)9 :o/"+%. o# Ch!0i%. Soi!t$ 2, 369
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Ho, C9 RQ D!i.!, :9 FQ Chi%+-, HQ Hi'0%+, D9A Bh%+, (+9) A# inetics3
5echanism and site re8uirements of Ethanol &ehydration on ;-Al*9,
D4=7;64@; 9 C S?.4@?4 [email protected]>.;8 9
M.@@4>9; M.@@4=93.>, MN *@+
I*%ti!?, ;9 (1J32)9 No Tit.!9 B!"9 Ch!09 G!s, 45, 139
+i!., LQ i+t!", O Sto"', %". (1J3)9 Ethylene3 keystone to the
petrochemical industry N4 Y97: M D447 ISBN 0-&!$-#"1$-
M%"ti+, B*!01%+ P79?;.9@ 9 B.9-4;4 1&;9@ 9 ;; T8=4> .@ ;
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i+!., M9 E9 (1J63)9 i+!tis o# th! !h$"%tio+ o# %.oho. o+ %./0i+%9 C%t%.$sis,
, J9
Y/!, P9 L9, O.%o#!, O9 (1J)9 'i+!tis o# %/!o/s *h%s! %t%.$ti !h$"%tio+ o#
2< *"o*%+o.9 Ch!09 E+-9 R!s9 D!s, 2
h%+-, =9Q %+-, R9Q Y%+-, =9Q h%+-, F9 Co0*%"iso+ o# #o/" %t%.$sts i+ th!
%t%.$ti !h$"%tio+ o# !th%+o. to !th$.!+!9 Mi"o*o"o/s M!so*o"o/s M%t!"9
233, 116, 2132159
APPENDI
Fi-/"! A7 I0%-! Sho&i+- B"o0i+! %t!", !#o"! %+ %#t!" Disso.>i+- Eth$.!+!
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Fi-/"! B7 E@*!"i0!+t%tio+ %t N!& Co+!*ts L%9, Oi+!
Fi-/"! C7 ;i!& o# E+ti"! P"o!ss S!t
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