AssetMap
AdditiveManufacturingOpportunities
NortheastOhio
July2016
Preparedfor:
FundforourEconomicFuture
Preparedby:
YoungstownBusinessIncubator
TeamNEO
MAGNET
AmericaMakes
Asset Map of Additive Manufacturing Opportunities in Northeast Ohio 2
TableofContentsI. Introduction
A. ScopeofWorkB. AdvisoryCouncilC. Process
II. ValueofWork:IdentifyingNortheastOhioAMValueChain
A. WhyNortheastOhio?
III. TheAdditiveManufacturingLandscape&MarketOpportunitiesA. GlobalAMLandscapeandMarketOpportunitiesB. OhioandNortheastOhioAMLandscapeandMarketOpportunities
1. Tooling2. Materials3. Research,Development,EngineeringandDesign4. JobsGrowth
IV. CompetitiveAnalysisA. BenchmarkingNortheastOhioAgainstOtherRegions
V. AssetInventoryinNortheastOhioA. NortheastOhio'sAMSupplyChainB. InvestmentsinNortheastOhio’sAMInfrastructure
Asset Map of Additive Manufacturing Opportunities in Northeast Ohio 3
VI. Voice-of-the-CustomerInterviewsA. PartsManufacturersB. ServiceBureaus 1. TheTechnologyHouse 2. rp+mC. OEMs 1. Biomedical 2. Aerospace 3. AdvancedManufacturingD. MaterialsE. DesignHousesF. WorkforceTrainingandEducation 1.IndustryTrainingandHiringPractices 2.CurrentAMEducationalCurriculaG. LimitationstoEntrepreneurshipandCommercialization
VII. BusinessUseCases
VIII. OutcomesandRecommendationsA. VisionB. Goals
1. Formofaregionalcluster2. DriveuseofAMfortooling,fixturesandmanufacturing3. GrowadoptionofAMthrougheducationandworkforcetraining4. Buildoutsupplychaininkeyverticalmarkets a. materials b. biomedical c. aerospaceanddefense d. automotive
5. Establishframeworkforentrepreneurshipandcommercialization
IX. Bibliography
X. IndustryTermsandAcronyms
XI. Appendix:ListofAMAssetsintheNortheastOhioRegion
Asset Map of Additive Manufacturing Opportunities in Northeast Ohio 4
INTRODUCTION
I. INTRODUCTION
A. ScopeofWork
Thepurposeofthisstudy,theAssetMapofAdditiveManufacturingOpportunitiesinNortheastOhio(AssetMap)istocreateaclearvisionfortheintegrationoftheAdditiveManufacturing(AM)supplychaininnortheastOhio.AprimarycomponentofthisvisionistheabilitytocapitalizeonthetechnologyadvancementsbeinggeneratedbyAmericaMakes,thenationalacceleratorforAMand3Dprinting(3DP).
Tothisend,aprojectteamwasassembledinNovember2015.Theteam,whichiscomprisedofmembersoftheYoungstownBusinessIncubator(YBI),TeamNEO,MAGNET,andAmericaMakes,begantheprocessofroadmappingtheregionalcommercializationlandscapetoidentifyAMopportunities.
Objectivesinclude:• maximizingongoingAMresearchanddevelopment• generatingnewindustryapplicationsofAM• stimulatingregionalentrepreneurialactivity• drivingbusinessandeconomicgrowththroughoutthenortheastOhioAMsupply
chainTheroadmappingprocessemployedistheInSeven©model.Thismodelisdesignedtoidentifykeyregionalstrengthsasthebasisoflong-termcluster-developmentopportunitiessurroundingthoseassets.
Asset Map of Additive Manufacturing Opportunities in Northeast Ohio 5
FigureA:TeamNEOInSeven®RoadMappingProcess
B. AdvisoryCouncil
AnAdvisoryCouncilconsistingofstakeholdersthroughouttheregionwasestablishedtoguideallAssetMapactivities.AdvisoryCouncilmembersincluderepresentationfromprominentend-usercompanies,keysupplychainparticipantsandleadingacademicinstitutions.TheroleoftheAdvisoryCouncilhasbeentoprovide:aplanstructure;marketandtechnicalguidance;connectionstomarketparticipants;consistentengagementduringdevelopmentoftheworkproduct;andreviewofallplanoutcomesandrecommendations.
Asset Map of Additive Manufacturing Opportunities in Northeast Ohio 6
FigureB:AdvisoryCouncil,AssetMapofAMOpportunities
CouncilMembers Company ValueChain
TracyAlbers,President
rp+m Production/Design
JohnBaliotti,DirectorofMarketingandBusinessDevelopment
FormerlyofTheExOneCompany
EquipmentManufacturer
JohnBarnes,VicePresidentofAdvancedManufacturingandStrategy
AlcoaTitanium&EngineeredProducts
Materials
BarbEwing,ChiefOperatingOfficer
YoungstownBusinessIncubator
R&D
TimFahey,VicePresidentofIndustryandInnovation
TeamNEO R&D
RobGorham,DirectorofOperations
NationalCenterforDefenseManufacturingandMachining
R&D
TracyGreen,VicePresident,StrategicandInstitutionalDevelopment
LorainCountyCommunityCollege
Workforce/R&D
MarkHorner,VPBusinessDevelopment
TheTechnologyHouse
Production
AnthonyHughes,FounderandPresident
TheLantermanGroup Design/Commercialization/Workforce
Asset Map of Additive Manufacturing Opportunities in Northeast Ohio 7
HowardKuhn,SeniorTechnologist
FormerlyoftheExOneCompany
EquipmentManufacturer
AaronLaLonde,PrincipalMaterialsEngineer
Swagelok Design/Production/End-User
BrandonLamoncha,SalesManager,SolutionProvider
HumtownProducts Production
RichLonardo,PrincipalConsultant
DefenseandEnergySolutions,LLC.
R&D
GeorgetteNelson,Leader,AdditiveProgramsatGeneralElectric
GeneralElectric End-User/Production
DavePierson,SeniorDesignEngineer
MAGNET R&D/Design/Engineering/Production
JulieMichaelSmith,ExecutiveVicePresident,ExecutiveDirector,AdvancedMethodsinInnovation
AST2(AppliedSystemsandTechnologyTransfer)
Workforce/Design/Production/R&D
EvanSpirk,ProductDesignManager;JohnSpirk,Co-Founder,Co-President
NottinghamSpirk Design
DarrellWallace,AssistantProfessor/Owner
YoungstownStateUniversity/Assimilogic
R&D
Asset Map of Additive Manufacturing Opportunities in Northeast Ohio 8
C.Process
ThefirststageoftheprojectincludedanextensivereviewofpreviouslycompletedroadmapsandAMmarketanalyses,inordertoaccuratelyassesstheexistingAMlandscape,aswellasexistingandfuturemarketopportunities.ThedefinedmarketopportunitieswerethenusedtodevelopavaluechainmodelwhichwaspopulatedbymarketparticipantsexistinginnortheastOhio.Fromthatvaluechain,keysegmentswereselected,andmorethanfiftyvoice-of-the-customer(VOC)interviewswereconductedamongresourcesthatrepresentthecoreassetsoftheregion.
VOCinterviewsrelyondirectinteractionswithend-usersandkeysupplychainassets;forthisreason,theVOCmethodwasdeemedmosteffectivefortheidentificationofkeyusecasesandthedeterminationofnearandlong-termAMopportunities.
Interviewswerealsoconductedwithleadingindustryresourcesfromsurroundingregions.TheinformationgatheredhasbeenusefulinassessingnortheastOhio'scompetitivepositioning.Basedontheseinterviews,asetofrecommendationsforsupportofAMgrowthinnortheastOhiowasdeveloped.
Theremainderofthisreporthasbeenorganizedintosevensections:
• ValueoftheWork
• TheAdditiveManufacturingLandscapeandMarketOpportunity
• CompetitiveAnalysis
• AssetInventory
• Voice-of-the-CustomerInterviews
• BusinessUseCases
• OutcomesandRecommendations
Asset Map of Additive Manufacturing Opportunities in Northeast Ohio 9
VALUEOFWORKII. VALUEOFWORK
TheopportunityAMpresentswithinnortheastOhioincludesbuildingonthealreadyrobustmanufacturingbasetoaidtheregion’sabilitytoremaincompetitive.Thereisalsoadirectopportunityforcompaniesandend-userswhodesignandproduceusingAMtechnologiestopositivelyimpacttheirbottomlinethroughproductionefficiencies,reductionintimetomarket,andmarketdevelopment.
Theultimateoutcomeoftheroadmappingworkistoidentifygrowthandcommercializationopportunitiestohelptheregionretainandgrowjobsandadvancetheregion’scompetitiveness.
IthasbeendeterminedthatbydefiningtheregionalAMvaluechainandidentifyingeconomicusecasesofmerit,wecanfacilitatesuccessfuladoptionofthetechnologyandmarketentryintovaluechaingapsbyin-regioncompaniesandoriginalequipmentmanufacturers(OEMs).ArobustregionalAMvaluechainandecosystemshouldenablein-regioncompaniestobettercontendwithglobalcompetitionandcapitalizeonthetechnology,bringingbenefitsdirectlytothematerialssuppliers,fabricatedmetalproductsmanufacturers,andplasticproductsmanufacturersthatareabundantinnortheastOhio.
Additionally,thisworkwouldbenefitOEMsandend-userswhosefinishedproductswouldincorporateAMproducedparts.EconomicdevelopmentorganizationsinnortheastOhio,suchasMAGNETandYBI,couldbenefitthroughincreasedawarenessanddemandforthetechnology,generatinggreaterwealthcreationwithintheirtargetregions.Thearea’sinstitutionsofhighereducationwithAMcurriculumcouldbenefitsignificantlyastheyarebetterabletolinktheirresearchtoindustry.Entrepreneurswillespeciallybenefitastheygainaccesstoservices,valuechainpartners,andknow-howtohelpthemlaunchtheirbusinesses.
A.WhyNortheastOhio?
NortheastOhiohasanadvantagedpositionforcapitalizingonthetransformationaleffectAMwillhaveonmanufacturingeconomies.Theregion’sindustriallegacyincludes273,000manufacturingworkers–62percentabovethenationalaverage–afoundationwhichholdsvastpotentialforacceleratingregionalandnationalgrowthwithintheAMcacheoftechnologies.Theexistingfabricofmanufacturers,end-usemarkets,regionaleconomicdevelopmentandentrepreneurialsupportorganizations,professionalassociations,andhighereducationmakesnortheastOhioahotbedofcurrentandpotentialAMcapabilities.
• ThepresenceofAmericaMakesinnortheastOhioprovidesengineeringresources,aprototypingcenter,researchanddevelopmentopportunities,acadreofAMexperts,accesstothenationalAMcommunityandasignificantbodyofIP.ThepresenceoftheflagshipprogramfortheNationalNetworkforManufacturingInnovationintheregionisauniqueassetthatcanandshouldbe
Asset Map of Additive Manufacturing Opportunities in Northeast Ohio 10
leveragedbythestateofOhioandregionaleconomicdevelopmentagenciesintheireffortstoattractandretaincompaniestonortheastOhio.
• CompaniesprimedtofeedandutilizetheAMsupplychainincluding1,900-plusmetalfabricationestablishmentsandmorethan800plasticprocessors,togetheremployingmorethan100,000people.
• End-usemarkets,whichareapartofnortheastOhio’sdriverindustrycache,includetheaerospace,medical/dental,andautomotiveindustries.Theseindustrieswereresponsiblefor62percentofAMsystemsalesworldwidein2014.Aerospace,medical/dental,andautomotiveaccountfor478establishmentsinnortheastOhioandover38,000jobsintheregion.
• TheconnectingfabricofregionalorganizationsdedicatedtocompanyandentrepreneurialgrowthincludesYBI’sexpertiseasanincubatorandintechnology-basedeconomicdevelopment;TeamNEO’sexpertiseinprivate/publiccollaborationandregionalinnovationclusterdevelopment;MAGNETasthepre-eminentcenterformanufacturinggrowthinnortheastOhio;BioEnterpriseinbiotechbusinessformation,recruitment,andacceleration;JumpStart’ssupportofdiverseentrepreneurs,highgrowthcompaniesandtheecosystemsthatsupportthem;andcountyeconomicdevelopmentorganizations,suchastheStarkDevelopmentBoardandTeamLorainCounty.
• PrivatesectororganizationsandnationalassociationslocatedinnortheastOhiowithexpressedinterestinAMincludeASMInternational,theworld'slargestassociationofmetals-centricmaterials,engineers,andscientists;SME(formerlyknownastheSocietyforManufacturingEngineers),dedicatedtoadvancingandeducatingthemanufacturingindustry;AllianceforWorkingTogether(AWT),aconsortiumof75+manufacturingcompaniesworkingonthesustainabilityofmanufacturinginthecommunity;andtheLantermanGroup,aconsultingfirmfocusedonintegratingadditivemanufacturingpracticesintoexistingbusinesses.
• Significantworkforce,intellectualproperty(IP)andR&DcapabilitiesfromhighereducationincludingLorainCountyCommunityCollege’s(LCCC)SmartCenter;CuyahogaCommunityCollege’sDigitalDesignandManufacturingTechnologycurriculum;CaseWesternReserveUniversity’s(CWRU)AdditiveManufacturingStudiointhink[box];andYoungstownStateUniversity’s(YSU)CenterforInnovationInAdvancedManufacturing(CIAM).
Asset Map of Additive Manufacturing Opportunities in Northeast Ohio 11
TheAdditiveManufacturingLandscape
AndMarketOpportunitiesIII. THEAMLANDSCAPEANDMARKETOPPORTUNITIES
A. GlobalAMLandscapeandMarketOpportunities
Additivemanufacturingisforecastedtoremainonasizeableglobalgrowthtrajectoryoverthenextseveralyears.IndustryanalystsWohlersAssociatesestimatedin2015aglobalmarketofmorethan$5.2billionfordirectproductsandservices,withanadditional$1.8inindirectrevenuefromin-houseproduction,foratotalmarketof$7billion.Thisrepresentsa25percentcompoundannualgrowthrate(CAGR),withmostanalystspredictingsimilargrowththrough2020.Whiletherangeofmarketrevenueprojectionsvariesfrom$7billionto$21billionin2020,theconsensusamongindustryexpertsisthatgrowthwillbesignificantandsteady.
WohlersAssociatesfurthersegmentsthecurrentworldwidemarketforproductsandservicestoinclude:
§ Revenuefromsystemsandmaterialsestimatedat$2.4billionin2015.Ofthis,$1.5billionissalesofAMprintingmachinesandsystems,and$770millionduetosalesofAMmaterials.
§ Revenuefromservicesestimatedat$2.8billionin2015,ofwhich$1.7billionisattributedtoservicebureaus.
§ Revenueof$2billioninOEMindirectrevenuefromin-houseproduction.IndirectOEMrevenueiscommonintoolingandfixtureapplicationswherecompaniesuse3DP-dies,moldsandtoolstosatisfytheirownmanufacturingneeds.
Globally,Asia-Pacific,theU.S.,andWesternEuropeareexpectedtoincreasetheircombinedshareofglobalspendingon3Dprintingfrom59.2percentin2014to70percentby2019,accordingtoInternationalDataCorporation(IDC).Chinaisprojectedtobecometheleadingmarketfor3DprintinghardwareandservicesbyIDC.EstimatesalsovarywhenmeasuringtheNorthAmericaandU.S.market,rangingfroman$814million2014NorthAmericanmarketestimatedbyBCCResearch,toa$1.5billionU.S.marketestimatedbyIBISWorldin2014,basedonregionalsalesofcommercialandindustrialprinters.With40percentoftheinstalledmachinebaseinNorthAmerica,actual2015revenuecouldrangeas
Asset Map of Additive Manufacturing Opportunities in Northeast Ohio 12
highas$1.9billionfromservicesandindirectrevenue,whileNorthAmericanshareinmachinemanufactureandmaterialswasmuchlower.
Applications
1. DirectPartsProduction:Thoughholdingthelargestpromiseformarketdisruptionandeconomicimpact,directpartsproduction(end-userparts)remainsthesmallestsegmentoftheend-useprintermarket.Analysts,includingMcKinseyandPiperJaffrey,estimatethatdirectpartproductionaccountsforlessthan30percentofadditivemanufacturingproduction.
TheleapfromusingAMtechnologymainlyforproductdesignandprototypingtoactualvolumeproductionhasbeeneagerlyanticipated.However,catalystsformassproductionremainslowertoevolvethenmanyinthemarkethadanticipated,creatinganenvironmentwhereitisstilltooearlyinthenear-termtocapitalizeonmassproduction.Challengeslieinoperationalizing3Dprintingthroughoutmultipleareasoftheorganizationandsustainingthetechnologyinternallyforanumberofreasons,includingcost,time,designmindset,andleadershipvision.
However,therearesomesegmentsofthemarketthathavebecomecompetitiveinreplacingconventionalprocesses.Industriesattheforefrontofdirectpartproductionareaerospaceandbiomedical.Forexample,GEis3Dprinting19fuelnozzlesforeachLEAPaircraftengine,and90percentoftheplasticshellsforin-the-earhearingaidsarecreatedviaadditivemanufacturing.
2. Prototyping:AMisstillmostcommonlyusedforprototyping,whichincludes,forthepurposesofthisstudy,prototypesforfitandassembly,presentationmodelsandvisualaids.Estimatesrangefrom48percentto70percentof3Dprintingisusedforprototyping,whichisacriticalstepinthenewproductdevelopmentprocess,enablingthemorerapidcreationandoptimizationofdesignsandthefurtherintegrationofthedesignandmanufacturingprocesses.
3. Tooling:Toolingis,byitsnature,alow-volume/highvariabilityproductionprocess.Itisalsothesinglelargestcostcomponentofmostmassproducedproducts.Someadditivemanufacturingprocesseshavebeendemonstratedtobeeffectiveatproducingviabletoolingforapplicationsincludingmolding,casting,andforming.Currentapplicationsaregenerallylimitedtoexpendablemolds(asingreensandcasting)orlow-volumeproductiontoolinginmoldingandlight-gageformingapplications.Thishasopeneduptheopportunityformanufacturerstoproducecomponentscosteffectivelyatmuchlowerproductionvolumesthanpreviouslypossible.Thishassignificantimplicationsforincreasinginnovationthroughlowerfixedcapitalcostsandshorterdesigniterationcycles.
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AMtoolingisalsomorereadilyintegratedintotheexistingmanufacturingecosystem.AMtoolingyieldscomponentsthataremanufacturedbytraditionalprocessesandthataremadefromtraditionalmaterials.Thus,theyareabletobeincorporatedintothetraditionalsupplychainwithoutadditionalbarriers.
AttherecentSMERAPID2016conference,anannualconferencededicatedtotheaccelerationofAM,marketresearchersfromtheUniversityofTennessee-KnoxvilleOakRidgeNationalLibrary(UTK-ORNL)estimatedthatthetotalglobaladdressablemarketfortoolingwouldgrowto$68.7billionby2020.Unfortunately,thissizeableopportunityisoffsetbywhatresearcherssaywillbeadirectcorrelationbetweentheoffshoringoftoolingandthelossofdomesticmanufacturingjobs.From1997to2010,thevolumeofU.S.toolingimportsgrewfrom$1.3billionto$4.8billion,withacorrespondingdeclineindomesticmanufacturingjobs.Researchersprojectthatanidealtargetforreshoringaportionofthisimmensemarketisthelowquantity,highcustomization,largeareatooling.TheyestimatethattheaccessiblemarketforAMtoolingintheU.S.willbe$8.8billionby2020.Thisisasizablegrowthopportunity,asthe2015marketestimateforAMtoolinginNorthAmericawouldberoughly$800million,a40percentshareofindirectrevenueestimates.
Research&Development
Globally,severalregionsarefocusedontheexpansionof3DPtechnologyacrossindustries.Theseinternationaleffortsaresuretoplayamajorroleininternationalcommercialcompetitionandeconomicgrowth.Nationalsecurityisanothercriticalfocus,sincetheU.S.militaryisusing3DPtechnologytoaddressabroadrangeofneeds.Afewapplicationsinclude3Dprintedweapons,uniformswithbiometricsensorsandtheabilitytoproducespareequipmentpartsinremotelocations.
AccordingtoWohlers’sanalysis,NorthAmericaandEuropeleadtheadoptionof3DP,holding68percentofthecurrentmarketshare.EmergingmarketsincludeSouthKorea,China,Japan,andSingapore,allofwhichhaveanextensiveindustrialbaseaswellasstronggovernmentsupportinbothfundingandpolicy.
Severalinterestingandrelevantlessonscanbegleanedfromtheinvestmentsbeingmadebythosenations.Forinstance,SouthKoreaisspendingapproximately20percentofitsAMinvestmentintrainingitsworkforce.Theirstrategicgoalsareveryspecific:deploy5,000printersinschoolsandtrain13,000teachers.AnotherspecificSouthKoreangoalistocreate130“3DPromotionCenters."SingaporeandChina,ontheotherhand,havetargetedaninvestmentof$400USDperperson(over5years)and$45USDperpersonrespectivelyinanefforttobecomeworldleadersinAMproduction.
Onanationallevel,theU.S.government,academiaandtheprivatesectorallplayaroleinthedevelopmentofAMtechnologies.AccordingtotheScienceandTechnologyPolicyInstitute,the
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UnitedStatesbegantofundAMresearchanddevelopmentin1986.Sincethattime,morethan$200millionhasbeenpouredintoAMresearchbytheNationalScienceFoundation(NSF).OtherfederalagencieshavealsobeeninvolvedinAMresearchanddevelopment,including,butnotlimitedto,theNationalAeronauticsandSpaceAdministration(NASA),theNationalInstituteofScienceandTechnology(NIST),theDepartmentofDefense(DOD),andtheDepartmentofEnergy(DOE).
FigureCbelowdemonstratesthecurrentstatusofresearchinvestmentsintoAMmadebyallnations.
FigureC.
B.OhioandNortheastOhioAMLandscapeandMarketOpportunities
TheNortheastOhioAMLandscape TheAssetMapProjectTeamconsideredthemagnitudeofAMopportunitiesinnortheastOhiofrommultipleperspectivesincludingtooling,materials,andresearchanddevelopment.Ineachcase,theprojectedgrowthopportunitieswerecomparablyoptimistic.
1.Tooling:Thetoolingindustryhasbeenidentifiedasthegreatestopportunityfornear-termAMmarketgrowthinOhioandinparticular,northeastOhio;3DPequipmentOEMsprojectthesame.Aspreviouslynoted,northeastOhiohasmorethan400plasticsprocessingand1,900metalsfabricatingcompanies,withacombinedtotalworkforceof~80,000individuals.Accordingly,theregionaltoolingindustryhasthegreatestpotential
Asset Map of Additive Manufacturing Opportunities in Northeast Ohio 15
forearlyAMadoptionandthegreatestlikelihoodofsparkingsignificanteconomicopportunity.
FigureDbelowillustratesthemagnitudeofimpactthatOhio'sAMtoolingmarketcouldhaveonthestate'smanufacturingeconomy.Asnotedabove,arecentstudysizedtheUSAMtoolingopportunityat$8.8billionin2020.Ohiois2ndintheUSintool,die&moldoutputwith~12percentshare.Thus,weestimateamarketpotentialof>$1billionforAMtoolingproductioninOhioby2020. FigureD:RelativeMagnitudeofAMOpportunitiesforTooling
• $730B-TotalU.S.Marketforplasticsmanufacturing,metalfabricationandpolymer
materialsindustries• $63B-NEOTotalAddressable
Marketforplasticsmanufacturing,metalfabricationandpolymer
• $17B-NEOAvailableMarket:SpecificsegmentsofthenortheastOhioplasticsmanufacturing,metalfabricationandpolymermaterialsindustriesidentifiedbytheprojectteamashavingagoodopportunityforeconomicimpact.
• ObtainableMarket–$1B-Portionoftheavailablemarketthatcan
realisticallybepenetratedbyadditivemanufacturingfortoolingproductioninOhio
by2020.
Sources:4DatafromFirstResearch5,6DatafromMergentIntellect
2. Materials:MaterialsspendingforAMin2015was$765million,atwentypercentincreaseover2014,accordingtoWohlers.TheprimarymaterialsegmentsinAMaremetalsandplastics,alongwithavarietyofcompositematerials,ceramics,sands,andhybrids.
In2015,theaerospaceandmedicaldeviceindustriesweretheprimarydriversinan80percentgrowthinmetalusage,withthatrevenuereachingnearly$88
NEOTotalAddressableMarketforplasticsmanufacturing,metalfabricationandpolymermaterialsindustries
NEOAvailableMarket:SpecificsegmentsoftheNEOplastics manufacturing,metalfabricationandpolymermaterialsindustries identifiedbytheProjectTeamashavingagoodopportunityfor economicimpact.
PortionoftheAvailableMarketthatcanrealisticallybe penetratedbyadditivemanufacturing. -VOCworkandanalysisofassetdatabasewillhelp establisharealisticestimate -Shorttermtoolingopportunity:Wohlershasreportedthat4.7%ofitssurveyrespondents(serviceprovidersandindustrialequipmentmanufacturers)useAMtechnologyfortoolingcomponents
Asset Map of Additive Manufacturing Opportunities in Northeast Ohio 16
million.Byallindications,thesaleofmetalsforAMpurposeswillcontinuetogrowatahealthyratein2016.
Polymermaterialsaccountedformorethan$550million(or71percent)ofallmaterialsdollarsspentin2015.Thisrepresentsanincreaseof20percentover2014.TherangeofpolymersavailableforAMvarybystrength,color,transparency,rigidity,temperature,moistureresistance,andanumberofothercharacteristics,butstillarequitelimitedcomparedtothoseavailablefornon-AMprocesses.
In2015,thefollowingpolymertypesweremostfrequentlyusedintheAMprocess:
• Photopolymersdominatedusagewithnearly$350millioninsales
• Lasersinteredpolymersaccountedfor$191millioninmaterialspending,whichreflectsaone-yearincreaseof25percent
• Polymerfilamentspendingaccountedfor$116million
InnortheastOhio,materialsrepresentalegacystrengthandakeyopportunityforgrowthaspartofthefutureglobalvaluechainforAM.ThenortheastOhioregionhasmorethanfourtimestheconcentrationofmaterialsindustryjobswhencomparedtotherestoftheU.S.Morethan50percentofallmaterialsindustryjobsintheStateofOhioarelocatedinnortheastOhio,and35percentofthosejobsarespecifictothemanufacturingofplastics.Primarymaterialsproducersemployover40,000workersintheregion.
Todate,thatdominanceinmaterials,especiallypolymers,fornortheastOhiohasnottranslatedtoacorrespondingshareinAMmaterials.AkeyreasonforthishasbeentheclosedmaterialsmodelemployedbythelargemachineOEMs,requiringuseoftheirmaterials.ThispositionisprotectedbypatentportfoliosformanyoftheAMpolymersystems,limitingentrybytraditionalmaterialsuppliers.Thesebarriershavestartedtoerodeaspatentsexpire,butstilllimitinnovationintheAMmaterialssector.Creatingopportunitiesfornewproductstoenterthemarketwillrequireasignificantdisruptionintheexistingsupplychain,aswelltheexpirationofexistingpatents.
Industryexpertsagreethatnew,lowercostmaterialsandaccesstoabroaderpaletteofmaterialgradeswillspurmorerapidadoptionofnewAMtechnology.TwostrikingadvancesinAMmachinetechnologywereintroducedin2015,andtogethertheyprovideaglimpseintotheAMmaterialstransformationthatliesahead:theHewlettPackardAMprinterandtheCarbonprinterbothusepolymermaterialsandbothofferopensourceopportunities.Bothsystemspromiseaten-
Asset Map of Additive Manufacturing Opportunities in Northeast Ohio 17
foldincreaseinprintingspeed,whichwillsignificantlyalterthebreakevenvolumeforAMplasticspartproduction.TheseadvancescouldopenupwholenewmarketsectorsforAM.Forexample,CarbonisactivelyworkingintheautomotivesectorwithDelphiinOhioandinconsumergoodswithNike.
HPstatesthatitisopentoallmaterialsuppliers.SincetheselectionofpolymerpowdersusedbytheHPAMprinterissomewhatlimited,northeastOhiopolymercompoundproducerscouldbeabletocapitalizeongrowthopportunities.(CurrentHPmaterialssuppliersincludeEvonik,BASF,ArkemaandLehman&Voss.)
Carbon’smachineisdesignedaroundproprietarythermosetpolyurethanechemistry,butthecompanysaysthatitisseekingpolymerproductionpartnersforthesematerialsaswellasforotherthermosets.
ThematerialsopportunitiescreatedbyHPandCarbonwillhelpdisrupttheclosedsourcingmodelofAMoriginalequipmentmanufacturers,3DSystemsandStratasys,andtherebyaccelerateentryopportunitiesforOhiopolymermaterialscompanies.
TargetsforinnovationinAMmaterials:
• Polymerfilaments:NortheastOhiohasthekeyproductionfacilityfor3DSystemsbusinessinpolymerfilamentproduction,aswellasnotablestart-upsinthisproductgroup.PolymermanufacturerLubrizolhasdevelopednovelTPU(thermoplasticpolyurethane)filamentproductsaswell.Aspatentsexpireinthissegment,collaborationofOhiocompounderswithfilamentproducerscouldpenetrate.
• Compositestructures:ImpossibleObjectsinIllinoishasdevelopeda3DPsystemthatprintscompositestructures,usingmatsofcarbonorglassimpregnatedwithpolymer.Ohiohasstrongcompositematerialassetsthatcouldbefocusedonthisopportunity.
• Glassreinforcedpowders:OwensCorningEuropeoffersglassreinforcedpowdersforuseinSLSprocesses.WithUSoperationsinOhio,thiscouldbeanearlygrowthopportunityinthestate.
3. Research,Development,Engineering,andDesign:InAugust2012,AmericaMakes,theNationalAdditiveManufacturingInnovationInstitute,wasfoundedinYoungstown,Ohio,asapublic-privatepartnershiptoacceleratetheresearchanddevelopment(R&D)ofAMandtosuccessfullytransitiontechnologytotheU.S.manufacturingindustry.AmericaMakes’federalpartnersincludeNSF,NASA,DOD,andDOE,aswellastheDepartmentofEducationandtheDepartmentofCommerce.
Asset Map of Additive Manufacturing Opportunities in Northeast Ohio 18
AsofFebruary2016,AmericaMakesisengagedwithmorethan160memberorganizationsandhasleveragedmorethan$100millioninpublicandprivatefundsforresearchanddevelopprojects.NortheastOhiorepresentsmorethanonethirdoftheentirepublicpost-secondaryeducationsystemintheStateofOhio,includingseveralwithspecificemphasisonsupportingmanufacturingandadditivemanufacturingeducation.AmongtheseareYoungstownStateUniversity,oneofthefoundingmembersofAmericaMakes,theUniversityofAkronwithitsstrengthinpolymers,andCuyahogaCommunityCollege,recipientofa$2.5-millionDepartmentofLaborawardtoestablishAMeducationprograms.Additionally,northeastOhioishometoCaseWesternReserveUniversity,anotherfoundingmemberofAmericaMakesandaworldclassresearchuniversity.ExpandingacrosstheborderintoPennsylvania,theregionalstrengthoftheTechBeltalsoincludesstrong,AM-centricprogramsatCarnegieMellonUniversity,theUniversityofPittsburgh,andRobertMorrisUniversity.
Amongthemostvaluableproductsofthisregionareitsengineeringandtechnologygraduateswhosupportmanufacturingcompaniesacrossthecountryandaroundtheworld.NortheastOhio’sstrengthinthistechnologywillonlycontinuetoaddtothevalueofthearea’sgraduatesandtherateatwhichtheyarepulledoutoftheregiontofilljobsaroundthecountry.Unfortunately,thoughOhioisoneofthemostproductivestatesintermsofcollegedegreespercapita,itranks35thinthenationforresidentswithacollegedegree.Theregion’stalent,particularlythosewithin-demandskillsets,isnotwellretainedwithinthestate.
ThoughnortheastOhiohasahighdensityofmanufacturing,itdoesnotpossessahighproportionoftheassociatedengineering.TheabilitytoincorporateAMprocessesintothesupplychainrequiresauthorityoverdesignandprocessspecifications.Theoverwhelmingmajorityofmanufacturersintheregionaresmall,tieredsupplierswhohavelittleornoinputtodesign.Forthelargecorporationsthatdohaveamanufacturingpresenceintheregion,mostarestrictlymanufacturingarmswithcorporateengineeringheadquarteredoutsidetheregion.
Ananticipatedby-productofAMadoptionwillbeamigrationofengineeringtalentawayfromthecentralcorporatestructureandclosertothepointofmanufacture.Thiswouldbeconsistentwithanexpectedshifttowardgreatercustomization,fasterdesigncycles,andhighercomplexitiesinmanufacturingthatwillbecomeincreasinglycommon.Throughthatevolution,northeastOhiowillcontinuetobeacriticalsupplierofengineeringandtechnicalworkforcetalentaswellasagrowingconsumerofthattalent.
Asset Map of Additive Manufacturing Opportunities in Northeast Ohio 19
4. RevenueandJobGrowthProjections:ThepotentialforAMmarketimpactnationallyissignificant,yetAMproductscurrentlyrepresentlessthanonepercentofallmanufacturedproductsintheU.S.Evena1percentincreaseinmanufacturingoutputduetoAMwouldtranslatetoa$1billionimpactinOhio,asOhioproducesalmost$100billioninmanufacturingoutputandisoneofthetopmanufacturingworkforcestatesinthecountry.Asdetailedabove,theavailablemarketforAMtoolingisexpectedtogrowdramaticallyto$8.8billionintheUSby2020,providinga$1billionopportunityforOhio.Projectionsformaterialsanddirectpartproductionservicesgrowthinthestatemustbemoretemperedintheshortterm,duetothebarrierstoentrydetailedelsewhereinthisreport.Realistically,todayOhioproducesatbest$10-20millionofthe$115millionfilamentsegmentofAMmaterialsrevenue,andalmostnoneoftheremainingsegmentsinmetals,photopolymersandLSpolymerpowders.Thus,onlyafewpercentshareoftheestimated$2.5BtotalAMmaterialsmarketin2020isrealisticforOhio,assumingclosedsystemsandpatentbarrierspersistthroughmostofthattimeframe.Amajoralliancetosupplynewopensourcesystemscouldpossiblyalterthattrajectory.Directpartproductionshareishardertopredict,butcertainlynortheastOhio’ssharetodayisjustafewpercentoftheglobal$1.7billionsegment.
Estimatesofjobsinadditivemanufacturingprovetobedifficultduetothevariabilityofanemergingtechnology,andtheproprietarynatureofAMtechnologies.AreportissuedbytheAmericanJobsProject,“OhioJobsProject,”estimatesOhio’scurrentmarketshareofthe3Dprintersystemmanufacturingand3Dprintingservicesindustriesatapproximately4percent.Thereportarguesthat,ifaconcertedeffortweremadetoexpandthestate’sAMshareto10percentoverthenext15years,Ohiocouldyieldgrowthofover4,400jobsannually,withacorresponding65,000job-yearsgainedoverthenextfifteenyears.Ajobyearisdefinedasonefull-timeequivalentjobforoneyear.InnortheastOhio,thelargenumberofplasticsandmetalsfabricationcompaniessuggestthatthebestopportunityforrealizationofthisjobgrowthisbymoreofthesefirmsadoptingAMfortoolingapplicationsintheshorttermandpartproductionlongerterm.
Asset Map of Additive Manufacturing Opportunities in Northeast Ohio 20
COMPETITIVEANALYSISIV. COMPETITITVEANALYSIS
A. BenchmarkingNortheastOhioagainstOtherRegions
AcomparisonbetweenAMactivityinnortheastOhioandotherregionsoftheU.S.revealsthattheAMindustryremainsrelativelyfragmented,withnooneregionmonopolizingtheresourcesorproductionatthistime.
Leadingcompetitorsinclude:
1. Pittsburgh:PittsburghisbecominganAMtechnicalhubforseveralreasons,includingaccessibilitytotheexistingresourcesofCarnegieMellonUniversity,theUniversityofPittsburgh,PennStateUniversity(PSU)andAmericaMakes.Theregionboastsstrongassetsinsoftwareandrobotics.Additionally,GEandAlcoahaverecentlyestablishedAMfacilitiesinPittsburgh.Alcoa,inparticular,isusingthestrongmetalsindustryofthetristateregionasanopportunitytoexpanditsAMmetalpowdersproductioninPittsburgh.GivenPittsburgh’sadjacencyandthecomplementaryAMassetsitholdswithnortheastOhio,acollaborativeTechBelt(stretchingfromClevelandtoPittsburgh)strategypresentsobviousbenefits.
2. SanFranciscoBayArea:HPandCarbon,bothinnovatorsofAMmachinery,havecenteredtheirbusinessoperationsintheBayArea.Carbon,citedtheavailabilityofventurecapitalandtalent(software,InternetofThings(IoT)andelectronics)asprimaryreasons.
3. Texas:BecausetheUniversityofTexasatElPaso(UTEP)hasfundamentallystrongAMcomponents,theUniversityhasbeenselectedasthefirstAmericaMakessatellite.AlcoaandEssentium,bothmajorcorporateplayersintheAMspace,havealsoestablishedoperationsinTexas.HardwaremanufacturerEssentiumhasrecentlydevelopedanovelmicrowaveprocess.
4. NewEngland:StrongbiomedicalparticipantsandstartupsaredrawingAMresourcestoNewEngland:examplesincludeVoxel8andtheU.S.headquartersofEOS,amajorGermandirectmetallasersintering(DMLS)machineryleader.
5. Michigan:ThemanufacturinginfrastructurethatdevelopedasaresultoftheautoindustryhasattractedEuropeanAMplayers,includingthreeGerman
Asset Map of Additive Manufacturing Opportunities in Northeast Ohio 21
machinemanufacturingcompanies:Voxeljet,SLMandEnvisiontec,whoseworkincludesthemanufacturingofabiologicalmaterialprinter.
6. NorthandSouthCarolina:Thepresenceof3DSystemsinRockHill,SouthCarolina,alongwithmajorOEMslikeBoeing,BMWandVolvo,havecreatedastrongregionalAMbase.
7. Minneapolis:TheAMmakeupoftheCityofMinneapolisisbenefitingsignificantlyfromtheU.S.headquartersofStratasys,aworldleaderin3DP,aswellasthepresenceoftheRedEyeservicebureauandaconsiderablemedicaltechnologybaseassociatedwithover36biomedicaltechnologiescompanieslocatedwiththecityandastrongpartnershipwiththeUniversityofMinnesota’sMinneapoliscampus.
8. NewYork:In2012,BuffaloManufacturingWorks(previouslyknownastheBuffaloNiagaraInstituteforAdvancedManufacturingCompetitiveness)benefittedfromaninvestmentof$45millionaspartofNewYorkStateGovernorAndrewM.Cuomo’sBuffaloBillionInvestmentDevelopmentPlan.ThatinvestmenthasspurredthedevelopmentofAMfacilities,equipmentandtalentacquisition.In2014,Ohio-basedEWIwasselectedastheoperatingpartnerforBuffaloManufacturingWorks.
Asset Map of Additive Manufacturing Opportunities in Northeast Ohio 22
FigureEbelowillustratesclustersofmajorcommercialAMhardwareandmaterialssuppliersintheU.S.asof2016.ThemaprevealstightclustersinCaliforniaandNewEnglandandloosely-structuredclustersthroughouttheMidwest.ThereappearstobenoclearlinkbetweenhardwareandmaterialsclustersanywhereintheU.S.
FigureE:
MajorCommercialAMClustersinHardwareandMaterials
NortheastOhio'scentrallocationamongtherelativelylooseclusteringofAMassetsintheMidwestregionsuggestsgoodopportunityfornortheastOhiotoestablishitselfasaleaderinprovidingcentralmarketingandoutreachcampaignsfortheentireClevelandtoPittsburghTechBeltregion.Infact,itwasthepreexistingpartnershipswithinthisregionthatledtothefederaldesignationofYoungstown(thegeographiccenterofthisarea)asthehostofAmericaMakes.NortheastOhiocanestablishthisleadershiprolebyinitiatingpartnershipswithneighboringregionsthatoffercomplementaryassets.TheMay2017RAPIDshowthatwillbehostedinPittsburgh,PA,providesonesuchnear-termopportunitytoestablishaunifiedAMpresence.
Asset Map of Additive Manufacturing Opportunities in Northeast Ohio 23
AssetsInventory
NortheastOhioV. ASSETINVENTORY
A. NortheastOhio’sAMSupplyChain
Thestudyidentified~165distinctcompaniesandorganizationsdirectlyinvolvedintheAMsupplychain.TheseassetswerecataloguedashavingdirectinvolvementinspecificsectorsoftheAMsupplychain;35companieswereidentifiedashavinginvolvementinmorethanonesector.Followingisabreakdownofthevaluechainsegmentsidentifiedasaresultoftheexercise:
1. Materials:19companies• polymers• metals• sands• otherinorganicmaterials
Theregion’sAMmaterialsassetsincludeindustryleaders3DSystems,throughitsacquisitionofVillagePlasticsinNorton,andAlcoa,throughitsacquisitionofRTIInternationalMetalsinNiles.LubrizolisanotherpotentialparticipantthroughitsworkonFDMfilaments.Afewstart-upsintheregionarealsomarketingFDMfilaments.
2. Systems/SystemsParts:15companies• 3DPsystemsforindustryandhobbyistuse• manufacturedpartsfor3Dprinters(notnecessarilyAMproduced)
Thefifteenparticipantsinthissegmentincludeseveralstartupcompaniesmanufacturingdesktop3Dprinters.MostnotableoftheseisMakerGearinBeachwood,sellingdesktopsystemsgloballyforseveralyears.LincolnElectricrepresentsasignificantnewentrantinindustrialmetalprinters,throughitspioneeringworkinconjunctionwithCWRUandAmericaMakes.TheregionalsoishometosystempartsproducerssuchasStrangpresse.
3. Design/Engineering:14companies• designingandengineeringservicesspecificto3DP
NortheastOhioboastsstrongdesignandengineeringassetsskilledintheuseofAM.TheseincludedesignhousessuchasNottinghamSpirkandSmartShape,servicebureausRP+MandTheTechnologyHouse,aswellasdesigncapabilities
Asset Map of Additive Manufacturing Opportunities in Northeast Ohio 24
withinlargeregionalmanufacturerssuchasParkerHannifin,Caterpillar,Swagelok,DieboldandTimken.
4. Production:85companies• applicationsincludeprototyping,toolinganddirectpartsproduction• servicebureausproducingforothers• end-usercompaniesandmanufacturersproducingforthemselves
PartsproductionisclearlythestrengthoftheregioninAM,with85companiesidentifiedandprobablymanymorethanthatareyettobedetermined.Theregionishometotwoverygoodservicebureausinrp+mandTheTechnologyHouse.Dozensofmetalfabricators,tool&diemakersandplasticprocessorsareusingAMtodayorwouldliketolearnhowtoapplyittotheirbusinesses.
5. PostProcessing:7companies• processesincludesealing,polishingandpainting• servicebureausandmanufacturersperformingthisin-house• companiesofferingthisasathird-partyservice
PostprocessingisanimportantstepinAMpartproduction.Mostassetsintheregionarewithintheservicebureausandpartmanufacturers.
6. ThirdPartyResearch&Development:18organizations(Thiscountdoesnotincludein-houseR&Dbymanufacturers)• highereducationinstitutions• government-fundedorganizations• industryorganizations
NortheastOhioisexceptionallystronginthisrespectwithAmericaMakesprovidingfundingandstrategicleadershipindevelopmentofmanufacturingtechnologies,andCWRU,YSU,CSUandUAofferingprogramsonAMdesignandengineering.CWRU’sthink[box]isasubstantialdedicatedAMteachingasset,andYSU’sengineeringcurriculumofferssomeofthemostfocusedAMtraininginthecountry.
7. Workforce:19organizations• formaleducation• certification• trainingandprofessionaldevelopment
Asset Map of Additive Manufacturing Opportunities in Northeast Ohio 25
Theregionisalsorichinworkforcedevelopmentprograms,includingadedicatedprogramatCuyahogaCommunityCollege,andnewerAMprogramsatStarkStateandLorainCountycommunitycolleges.
8. ThirdPartyTesting:9companies• testing• measurement• inspection
9. ValueAdded:3companies• value-addedresellersandservicersofequipmentandsystems
10. Sourcing:6companies(Generallynotanin-houseservice)• production“middlemen,”takingtheprototypeorproductiontoanetworkof
manufacturers,producers,designersSoftware,whileaveryimportantcomponentoftheAMvaluechain,appearstobeanunder-representedsectorinnortheastOhio.
FigureFbelowillustratesbypercentagetheassetsthatcompriseeachsupplychainsectorinnortheastOhio.Theregion’sstrengthsareevidentinthesectorsofproduction,materials,designandengineering,R&Dandworkforceopportunities.ThesestrengthswereusedtoguidetheVoice-of-the-Customer(VOC)interviewsandanalysisthatfollowsinSectionVIofthisreport,withastrongfocusonidentificationofusecaseexamplesinpartproduction.
Asset Map of Additive Manufacturing Opportunities in Northeast Ohio 26
B.InvestmentsinNortheastOhio’sAMInfrastructure
Inadditiontovaluechainassets,aregioncanachievecompetitiveadvantagethroughwell-placedinvestmentsininfrastructure.ThemostimportantoftheseinnortheastOhioisthelocationinYoungstownofAmericaMakes,thefederallyfundedNMII.Buildingfromthiscore,theStateofOhioiswell-positionedtogarnersignificanteconomicgainsshoulditleveragetheAMassetsalreadyhousedintheState;andeffectivelyintegratethosetechnologiesintotheexistingmanufacturinginfrastructure.
SeveralexistingstateandregionalinitiativesarealreadyinplaceinOhioasdetailedbelow:
1. EconomicDevelopment:Threeeconomicdevelopmentprograms,theOhioDevelopmentServicesAgency,OhioThirdFrontier(OTF),OhioDepartmentofHigherEducation,andJobsOhiohavebeeninvestingintheadvancementofAMacrosstheState.
2. HybridManufacturing:In2014,theOTF’sAdvancedManufacturingProgram(AMP)providedfundingwhichenabledYBIandYSUtocreateahybridmanufacturingprogramcalledthePrecisionPrintedPartsNetwork;additionally,theYBI’sAcceleratedToolingAdoptionProgram(ATAP)isaresultofthatfunding
[CATEGORYNAME][PERCENTAGE]
[CATEGORYNAME][PERCENTAGE]
[CATEGORYNAME][PERCENTAGE]
[CATEGORYNAME][PERCENTAGE]
(prototypes,parts,tooling)
[CATEGORYNAME][PERCENTAGE]
[CATEGORYNAME][PERCENTAGE]
[CATEGORYNAME][PERCENTAGE]
[CATEGORYNAME][PERCENTAGE]
[CATEGORYNAME][PERCENTAGE]
FIGUREF:NEOVALUECHAINASSETS-STRENGTHS
Asset Map of Additive Manufacturing Opportunities in Northeast Ohio 27
initiative.SimilarinvestmentshavebeenmadeatEWIinColumbusandtheUniversityofDaytonResearchInstitute.
3. MarketingandInformationalMaterials:JobsOhiohassofarhelpedattractAMsupplychainpartnerstotheStatebydevelopingmarketingandinformationalmaterials.
4. DesignandProduction:StatesupportfortheManufacturingExtensionPartnership(MEP)hasenabledMAGNETtobecomearecognizednationalleaderwithintheMEPsystemforAMdesignandproduction.
5. AmericaMakes:TheStateofOhiocommitted$2milliontomatchfundsinvestedbytheU.S.DepartmentofDefensetoestablishAmericaMakes.
6. StartupAMCompanies:StartupAMcompaniesreceivesupportfromtheOTFEntrepreneurialSignatureProgram,andotherJumpStartEntrepreneurialNetworkpartners.
7. FacilitiesandEquipment:FundsfromtheOhioCapitalAppropriationBudgetandAppalachianRegionalCommissionhavebeeninvestedinYBIandYSUtoestablishfacilitiesandpurchaseequipmentthatwilladvanceAMactivitiesinnortheastOhio.
Asset Map of Additive Manufacturing Opportunities in Northeast Ohio 28
VOICE-OF-THE-CUSTOMER
INTERVIEWSVI. VOICE-OF-THE-CUSTOMERINTERVIEWS
ThefuturesuccessofAMinnortheastOhiodependsontheperceptionsofregionalmanufacturingcompaniesasmuchasitdoesonobjectivestatisticalanalysis.
Forthisreason,morethanfiftycompaniescomprisingnortheastOhio'sAMvaluechainwereinterviewedduringthecourseofthisstudy.TheobjectivewastoobtainarelativelycomprehensivepictureofAM'sintegrationintotheregionalmanufacturing,designandtrainingparadigm.Specificinformationregardingeachparticipatingcompany'sperceptionsandapplicationsofAMweregathered,including:familiaritywithorcurrentapplicationsofAM;perceivedbarrierstoadoption;factorsthatwouldenhancebusinessappeal;andpreferredtimelineofintegration.Generalinsightsabouttrainingopportunitiesandend-userneedswerealsoobtained.
BusinessusecasesforeachofnortheastOhio'sAMsupplychainsectorswerealsoobtained,andthepresentationofthosesummariesisincludedinSectionVIIofthisstudy.
A. PartsManufacturers:Voice-of-theCustomerInterviews
Thepartsmanufacturersthatparticipatedintheinterviewprocessconsistedprimarilyofthefollowinggroupsofmetalandplasticprocessors,mostofwhichalsodesignormanufacturetheirowntoolingandfixtures,sincethismanufacturingsectorrepresentssignificantopportunitiesforregionalAMgrowth.Independenttoolanddieshopswerealsocontactedbutnoneagreedtoparticipateintheinterviewprocess.Thetwomajorservicebureausarenotcoveredinthissection,butarecoveredseparatelylaterinthisreport.Thepartsmanufacturersinterviewedincluded:
• Thermoplasticinjectionmoldersdoinghighvolumeproductionofbins,applianceandautomotiveparts,electricalfixtures,standbypower,medicalhousings,telecomcomponentsandhouseholdgoods,andincludingthermoplasticmolderswithintegratedtoolbuilding;
• Thermosetcompoundsandmoldersthatusecompressionandinjectionmoldingforlargepartssuchasbusinessmachines,truckengineandexteriorcomponents,construction,electricalcomponents,appliancepartsandmedicalhousings,andincludingmoldersofsiliconeelastomerparts;
Asset Map of Additive Manufacturing Opportunities in Northeast Ohio 29
• Metalfabricationshopsthatsupplypartsandtoolingprimarilyforautomotive,tires,medicaldevicesandaerospaceapplications.SomeoftheseactassubcontractorstoregionalmachineshopsthatdomoldassemblyandactasdirectsupplierstoOEMs.
1. PartsManufacturers:CurrentAMApplications
• Prototypingistheprimaryuse.FDMmachinesarecommonlyusedtomakedemosforcustomers.Typicalresponsesfromthisindustrygroupinclude:“Engineeringgroupsoftenhaveasmallprinterforprototypes,andsometimesforcustomerpresentation.”They“useFDMinternallytomakeprototypesforshowingdesigntocustomerstogetapproval.”“Weown3Dprinterforprototypingtoconfirmdesignformoldproduction.”“WeuseFDMpartsasamarketingtooltoshowpartsorjustifydesignimprovementstocustomers.”MostmanufacturersseegreatvalueintheuseofAMmachinesforprototyping,shorteningdesigncyclesandimprovingcustomerresponsetonewproductsanddesigns.
• Afterprototyping,toolingandfixturesarethemostcommonshorttermapplications.Internalvalueiscreatedwhencompaniesemploy3DPfortoolingbecauseitcanenhanceproductionefficiencyandsavecost,especiallyondesigniterations.Someapplicationsincludeproducingjigs,fixturesandmoldinserts.Theseusesrequirenocustomerapprovalorqualification,butcreateimmediateROIinproductionefficiency.EventhosecompaniesthatrelycompletelyontraditionalmanufacturingacceptthatvaluecreationwouldresultfromincorporatingAM.Applicationswereidentifiedwithinalltypesofpartmanufacturers.
• MetalAMprocessingmachines(DirectMetalLaserSintering)arenotcommonamongregionalprocessorsduetothehighcapitalcostforentry.TheexistingDMLSmanufacturersintheregionrunstainless,stainlessalloysandAluminum,butnottitanium.Productionpartapplicationexamplesinvolvedpartconsolidationasavaluecreationelement.
• 3Dprintingoftitaniumhasnotbeenadoptedforseveralreasons:inventoryexpense,capitalneededtomodifymachines,needforargontankageandsafetyconcerns.Processorshavenomotivationtojustifytheseexpenses,sincenovolumeapplicationsarereadilyevident.AerospaceindustryapplicationsarenotaccessibleasTier1suppliersarebackwardintegratedandproducetheirown3Dprintedparts.
• Withthisbarriertoaerospaceentry,metalAMprocessorshavebeenmoresuccessfulintoolingapplications.Examplesincludetiremoldsandfixturesformedicaldevicefabrication.Someexpressedaclearinterestinaccessingmoreopportunitiesinbiomedicaluses.
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• AMisnotcurrentlyaviablefinishedpartproductionoptionformostoftheplasticinjectionmoldersthatwereinterviewed,sincetheyengageinthehigh-volumeproductionofrelativelylargepartsforautomotive,appliance,housings,etc.ManyrecognizethevalueofAMtoolinginsmallvolume,highervalueproduction,andwouldliketolearnhowtouseAMtoaccessthisportionofthemarket.SomehaveconsideredtheacquisitionofcompaniesthatengageinAMforthatpurpose.
• CompanieswithlimitedfamiliaritywithAMwantedtolearnmoreaboutprocessesandcapabilitiesfortooling,perhapsthrougheventsofferedatAmericaMakes.
2.PartsManufacturers:BarrierstoAMAdoption
• Mostmoldersoutsourcefullmolddesign/buildduetolowerlaborcostsinChina,thoughregionalmaterialcostsarecomparable.Thesecompaniestypicallydohavein-houseCADcapabilities.
• ThermosetBMC/SMCisglassfilledandabrasive,limitingtheuseofplastictoolinserts.
• LowcomplexitytoolsdonotrequiretheadvantagesofferedbyAM.• Inindustrialapplicationswithslowadoptioncycles,amulti-cavitytoolis
partiallyfinished,limitingtheneedforprototypingtools.• Thermalresistanceisalimitationforthermosettooling,sincemoldshavehot
oilorheatercartridgesandmaintainatemperatureofapproximately300degreesFahrenheit.
• AMpartswithlowdraftanglesrequireasecondaryoperation,sincetheAMfinishwouldbeunacceptable.
• Softtoolingisn’tviableforcomplexinsertsthatincludeslidesorpinsneededbymolders.
• ThesurfacequalityofFDMpartsispoor,makingaluminumabetterandlessexpensivematerialoption.
• Sizeconstraintsareasignificantbarrier,especiallyforthethermosetmoldingoflargehousings.
• MaintainingaworkforcewithnecessarydesignskillsisabarriertoAMintegration.
• AMsolutionsareconsideredexperimentalandthereforenottimeworthybysomecompanyleaders.Employeeswhoareinterestedininnovatingarepressuredtoabandontheirefforts.
• ManydonotunderstandthevaluepropositionandrelevantapplicationsofAMtechnology.
• Misperceptionsexistthatproductionvolumeistoolowandmaterialsaretoosoftfortooling.
Asset Map of Additive Manufacturing Opportunities in Northeast Ohio 31
• Costisabarrierinthemindsofmany.Atleastonemoldergotridofprototypingprintersbecausetheywereunreliableandtooexpensivetomaintain.ThatcompanynowoutsourcesAMtoservicebureausasneeded.
3. PartsManufacturers:EncouragingAMAppeal
• Maximizemachineusagebyincreasingpartproductionapplications,includingthosethatarenot"missioncritical."
• Educateend-users,suchasOEMs,aboutthepotentialofAMcapabilities.• Identifyopportunitiestoengageatinceptionofdesign,sinceredesignisnot
anoptionforqualifiedparts.• MakeconnectionswithdesignandinnovationteamsatlargeregionalOEMs.• EncouragemanagementtoinvestinAMR&Dbysharingpositiveusecases,
showinghowcompetitorsarecuttingcostswithAMapplications,andbyhelpingcompaniesidentifyapplicationsrelevanttotheirproduction.
• IncreasecompetitivenesswiththeAsianmarket,sinceU.S.moldersareturningtoChinafortoolingexpertiseandproducts,ratherthanjustthelowestprice.
• Increasevolumeproduction,arrayofmaterialsandmaterialdurabilityforAMtooling.
• Identifyapplicationsthatjustifythepurchaseofamachine,suchasproductionoflegacypartsfortheautoindustryorsmallrunapplicationsinvolumesofhundreds.
• DemonstrateROI,asmostwouldbeinterestedinexpandingtoolingapplicationsthatarecost-effective.
• ImplementcommonstandardsandimprovedreproducibilityrequiredtoserviceTier1andTier2suppliers.
4. PartsManufacturers:TimelineofIntegration
• ManycompanieshavenoplanstoimplementAMforpartsproduction,buttheywouldliketolearnmoreandwouldconsideradoptingAMprocessesasappropriate.
• Othershaveageneralinterest,butseenoshorttermbenefitstodriveadoption.
• ManywishtoimplementAMnowfortooling,jigs,andfixtureswhereproductionvolumeandsizearefeasible.
• Somecompaniesseeopportunitiesforvaluableapplicationsnow,buttheyarewaitingforevidenceofROI.
Asset Map of Additive Manufacturing Opportunities in Northeast Ohio 32
• OncetheyhavemoreR&Dtime,manycompanieswouldliketoengageinlowvolumeproductionanddesigniterationsformoldinserts.
• Whenproductionvolumeincreasesandmaterialsarehardenough,thosecompaniesalreadyusingAMforprototypingarewillingtoconsiderusingAMfortoolingpurposes.
• Customersarebeginningtoaskaboutapplications,sincetheyhaveseenandtouchedprototypesthatenable“asbuilt”visualization.
B. ServiceBureaus
1.TheTechnologyHouse
1. TTH:CurrentAMApplications• TTHhasbeenusingSLAtechnologysince1996.SLAisusedbytheir
customersforfitandfunction,sometesting,marketingmodelsandshowmodels.TherearehalfadozenapplicationswherethousandsofSLApartsarerunforproductionapplicationsforaerospaceandcommercialproductseveryyear.InternallySLA’sareusedformasterpatternsforSiliconemolds,foundrypatterns,andvisualaidsforCNCmachiningandinjectionmoldingprojects.FDMpatternsarerunforcustomersforfunctionalpartsoutofengineeringgradematerialsaswellaspartsfortesting.TheyuseFDMinternallyforholdingfixtures,QCcheckfixtures,go/no-gogauges,endeffectorsandhandlingfixtures.ThevolumeofcustomerprototypinghasdiminishedsomewhatsincemoreOEMsandprocessorshavepurchasedAMequipment.CustomeruseofSLAmoldinsertsislimitedbecause,whiletheircostisonlyhalfthatofAI-producedinserts,SLA-manufacturedinsertsaremorelikelytofailafterlimiteduse.
2. TTH:BarrierstoAMProductionAdoption• Productionspeedandmaterialsavailabilityarekeybarrierstothebroader
adoptionofAMasproductionparts.SLA,FDM,SLSandDMLSarecurrentlybeingusedinsomeproductionapplicationsandhavebeenfor10+years.
3. TTH:EncouragingAMProductionAdoption
• InSeptemberof2015TTHwasselectedasoneof4betasitesintheUSAforthenewCarbonM1machinerunningtheCLIPtechnology.TTHchosetheprocessbecauseoftherangeofIsotropicproductionqualitymaterialsavailableaswellasthe“injectionmoldedquality”surfacefinishedrightoff
Asset Map of Additive Manufacturing Opportunities in Northeast Ohio 33
themachine.Becauseofthesuccessofthemachineoverthepast10months,TTHhasadded2moreCarbonmachinesforatotalof3.
3. TTH:TimelineforAMProductionIntegration• TTHbelievesthetimelineforproductionintegrationoftheCarbonCLIP
processalongwithothernewertechnologieswithimprovedmaterialcapabilitieshasalreadystarted.Materialsarethekey,asthelackofproductionqualitymaterialsavailableuntilnowhasimpededthegrowthofadditiveintotheproductionarena.TTHsaystheeliminationofdesignrestrictionsisakeyvalueaddforprintingofproductionparts.Designerswillnolongerhavetodesignformanufacturability,butforweightsavingsaswellaspartsconsolidation.AMprovidestheabilitytocreateonepartthatwouldhavebeenmultiplepartassembliesinthepast.Notoolingcostsisanotherbenefittoprintingvsinjectionmolding.Currentlyprintingproductionpartsinplasticsormetalsisaniche,butthecontinuousadvancementofthesenewtechnologiesisallowingnewopportunitiestotakeholdandgrowveryquickly.
2.rp+m
1. rp+m:CurrentAMApplications
rp+misarecognizedmarketleaderinAMpartsproduction,andtheyactivelyadvocateanindustryfocusonhighcomplexityparts,partsintegrationandtheoptimizationofuniquematerialstomaximizethevalueofAM.rp+mpossessesabroadrangeofAMmachines,makingpartsfromplastic,metalandceramic.rp+malsopossessesstrongmaterialdevelopmentresourcesandoffersthisasaservicetotheAMindustry.Asaresult,theirbusinessissplitabout50/50betweenpartsproductionandR&Deffortsintheformofcollaborativeprojects,contractR&Dorconsulting.
2. rp+m:BarrierstoAMUses
• Lessthan5%ofdesignssubmittedtorp+mareoptimizedforAM,andthisresultsinunrealisticcostexpectationsonthepartofcustomers.
• CustomershaveofferedtoselltheirAMmachinestorp+m,complainingofmaintenancecostsandtheneedfordedicatedlaborandmaterialinventory.
Asset Map of Additive Manufacturing Opportunities in Northeast Ohio 34
• Withoversupplyinthemarket,onlinejobshopsarepricedonlytocovercosts.AsignificantnumberofservicebureaushavebeensqueezedoutofthemarketbyintegratedmachineOEM/servicebureaus.Twoyearsagotherewere125servicebureausinU.S.;thatnumberisnowlessthan40.
• ClosedmodelsonmaterialsarealsostiflingAMgrowth.Asoneexample,a4-poundmaterialcanistercostsupto$3,000.Ifamanufacturerchoosestouseanothermaterial,themachinewarrantycanbevoided,whichwouldresultinhighercostsforpartsandlabor.
3. rp+m:EncouragingtheAdoptionofAM
• WhenexistingpatentsexpireornewmachineOEMsofferopensourcing,onebarriertogrowthwillberemovedandthereforeencourageAMadoption.
4. rp+m:TimelineforAMIntegration
• rp+mhasbeeninpartproductionforarangeofusesformanyyears;thecompanyagreesthattoolingisareadymarketandwouldwelcometoolingbusinessfrommoldersandfabricators.
C. OEMs/End-Users:Voice-of-the-CustomerInterviews
ThetwoleadmarketverticalsforAM,biomedicalandaerospace,arecoreindustriesfornortheastOhio,employing>11,000workershere,asshowninfigureG.Theautomotivesector,amajornortheastOhioemployer,representsshorttermAMopportunitiesintoolingaswellasafuturemarketfordirectpartsproductionviaAM.
FigureG.
Asset Map of Additive Manufacturing Opportunities in Northeast Ohio 35
1.Biomedical
NortheastOhioisrichinbiomedicalassets,withworldclasshospitalsthatincludetheClevelandClinic,UniversityHospitals,NEOMEDandAkronChildren’sHospital.TheregionalsoboastsmajorbiomedicaldeviceOEMssuchasSteris,Invacare,GoJo,GEHealthcare,Siemens,andPhilips,aswellasmajorresearchinstitutionsthatincludeCWRU,theUniversityofAkronandtheLernerResearchInstitute.OtherassetsarethevibrantstartupcommunitiesfosteredbyBio-EnterpriseinClevelandandtheAustenBioInnovationInstituteinAkron.
1.Biomedical:CurrentAMApplications• BiomedicalisamarketthatfitswellwithAM,asitprimarilyinvolvessmall
volumeuseswheretoolingcostswouldotherwisebeprohibitive.• Todate,biomedicalusecasesinvolveprototypingandproducingmedical
devices,modelsofbodyparts,pre-surgicalimaging,printingofimplantsandtoolingformedicalresearch.
• AbiomedicalfixtureapplicationistheAMproductionofmetalmandrelsviaDMLSforuseinshapingofNitinol,ashapememorymetal.
• Cleveland-basedstartupOsteoSymbionicsmanufacturescranio-facialimplantsusingAMtoprintPEEKandotherbiologicallycompatiblepolymers.Theseimplantsarepatient-specific,andbuilttomatchscansofthepatient.
• QEDisanortheastOhiocompanythatusesAMtobuildmedicaldevicesforlowvolumeapplications.QEDproducesCAT(computerizedaxialtomography)/MRI(magneticresonanceimaging)coils,whichareusedtoimagespecificbodyparts.QEDusesAMtomanufactureplasticdevicehousings;inthiscasetheeconomicsworkfortheselowvolume,highmarginproducts.
• ClevelandClinic’sLernerResearchInstituteusesAMforavarietyofapplications.Multi-colorObjetprintersareusedtocreatemodelsofbodypartsfrompatientscans.Oneapplicationofthesemodelsistoinformasurgeonbyimagingtheplaquebuildupinapatient’saortaortovisualizethevascularizationinapatientkidney.Anotherapplicationisthereproductionofapatient'svascularsystemtohelpmodelfluidflowforresearchpurposes.Inthefuture,thisworkwillallowthecustomizationofimplantssuchashipsandknees,replacingthelimitedsizesavailabletosurgeonstoday.
• Theabilitytoproduce3DP"cadavers"isthefocusofoneClevelandClinicspinout.Thecadaverscouldbeusedasteachingaidsinmedicalschools,allowingfordisease-specificsimulationsthatcouldbelinkedwiththeabilitytouseactualpatientdataforanenhancedlearningexperience.TheseAM-producedbody
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simulationscouldalsobeusedasteachingaidsandassalestoolsforsurgicalproducts.
2.Biomedical:BarrierstoAMAdoption• Alimitingfactortodayindevelopingmoreadvancedmodelsandimplantsis
theavailabilityoftherangeofmaterialsneededforaccuratesimulationofbodyparts.Forexample,toaccuratelymodelanaorta,themosteffectivematerialswouldsimulateelastin,collagenandmusculature.
• Timetomarketisboundbyregulatoryconsiderations,especiallyinthebiomedicalmarket.
3.Biomedical:EncouragingAMAdoption• AsadvancementsinAMcontinue,futureapplicationswilllikelyincludethe
printingofbiologicalmaterials,scaffoldsforcellgrowth,andbroaderuseinpatient-specificimplants.
2.Aerospace
Globally,theaerospaceindustryhasbeentheleadadopterofAMforfinishedpartproduction,withhundredsofAMpartsincorporatedbyBoeingandAirbus.Thishasbeenasignificantgrowthsectorformetalpartproduction,forbothmissioncriticalandlesscriticalinteriorcomponents.Valuedriversincludeweightreduction,partsconsolidationanddesign-drivenperformanceenhancements.However,AMpartproductionapplicationsinaerospacearelimitedprimarilytoTier1supplierssuchasGE,Alcoa,PrattandAerojet.
1.Aerospace:CurrentAMApplications
• Regionally,mostoftheaerospaceindustryparticipantswereunwillingtograntinterviews,althoughweareawareofuseofAMfortoolingsuchasinvestmentcasting.
• Alcoa,anationalmanufacturerofmetalpowdersandmetalpartsforaerospace,wasgenerousinsharingusecaseexamples.Nationally,AlcoausesAMtocreatevalueinmultipleapplications,someofwhichinclude:o Productionoftitanium,aluminumandnickelpowdersatits
productionfacilityinthePittsburgharea.o MetalpartproductionviaDMLSatitsTexasfacilities,withtheseparts
beingusedthroughouttheaerospaceindustry.Ingeneral,aerospacecompaniesarerecognizingthebenefitsoflowvolumeproduction,
Asset Map of Additive Manufacturing Opportunities in Northeast Ohio 37
weightsavingsandpartsconsolidation.Alcoaisfullyintegratedfrommetalpowderproductionthroughfinishedparts.
o AlcoaalsoproducesfinishedpartsviaplasticSLS.o Softtoolingisusedinternallytoimproveprocesses;oneexampleisa
fixturethatisabletomarrypowderbottlestostoragecontainerso AlcoausesAMtoprototypetooling,suchasinvestmentcastingmolds
aswellasepoxycores.AlcoasaysitsWhitehall,Michiganplantsaves$1millionintoolingcostswhileshorteningleadtimes.
o Theyalsoprototypewindowlinealsandcomplexjoints,reducingthecustomerfeedbackcycleonnewdesigns.
o Alcoahasalsorealizedproductivityimprovementsthroughtheuseof3DPsteelorInconeltooling.Inoneinstance,theyconsolidateda17-piecefixtureintoonepart.ThesetoolingapplicationsarestagedattheirtechnicalcenterinPittsburgh,PA,andthenrolledouttoproductionfacilitiesaroundtheU.S.
o AlcoaisalsoinvestinginhybridprocessessuchasAmpliForge,whichusesAMtocreateapre-formwhichisthenfinishedviaforging.Thisprocessshortensleadtime,increasesfatiguestrengthby20percentandlowersdiecosts.
2.Aerospace:BarrierstoAMAdoption
• Tier1manufacturerscannotaffordtorisktheuseofsubcontractorsfortheproductionofmission/safetycriticalparts.VerificationandvalidationstandardssetbythegovernmentorOEMsareappropriatelystrictonsuchapplications.
• ThecurrentstateofdevelopmentofAMhasinherentmachine-to-machinevariance,materialbatchvariationsandin-houseprocessingknowhow.Asaresult,theTier1manufacturersmaketheirownpartsorlimitsubcontractingonlytokeytrustedsuppliers.Thus,therearecurrentlyveryfewopportunitiesforaservicebureauorTier2manufacturertoentertheAMaerospacesupplychain.
• Post-processingcostsareoftenashighasthebuildcost.• OneregionalaerospacesupplierinvestedinaDMLSmachine,buthas
beenunabletopenetrateaerospaceapplicationsduetotheabovesupplychainconstraints.
3.Aerospace:EncouragingAMAdoption
• Opensourcing,fasterbuildtimesandlesspost-processingwillenhanceindustrygrowth.
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• Educatingend-usersregardingfinishqualityiskeytomanagingexpectationsforcriticalcomponents.
• Assistanceinidentifyingusecaseexampleswithregionalaerospacetiers.
3.AdvancedManufacturing
1.AdvancedManufacturing:CurrentAMApplications
• OEMsarebenefittinggreatlyfromtheshorteneddesigncyclesassociatedwith3DP.OneOEMinparticularsharedthattheyusesixStratasysmachinesofdifferentsizes,andallareusedtorunprototypesfortheirengineeringteam.TheyarenowreadytoupgradetwooftheirmachinestorunUltem,whichwillallowthemtomoveaheadwithsmallvolumeproductionparts.
2.AdvancedManufacturing:EncouragingAMAdoption
• ThoseOEMsinterviewedwouldliketolearnmoreaboutAMtoolingapplicationsandwouldspecificallyliketobeintroducedtoregionalsupplychainpartners.
• MorecompanieswouldengageinAMiftheycouldidentifyaclearROI.• OurworkidentifiedkeyOEMsthathaveAMdesign/engineering
resourcesintheregion,e.g.,LincolnElectric,ParkerHannifin,Diebold,Swagelok,andCaterpillar.ItisclearthatthesearevaluablegrowthassetsfornortheastOhio;attractionofsimilarresourcestonortheastOhioshouldbeakeystrategyforregionalAMgrowth.
D. Materials
Limitedinterviewsofthissupplychainsectorrevealknowledgeableplayerswithgoodcapabilities.
1.Materials:CurrentAMApplications• 3DSystemspurchasedVillagePlasticsinNorton,Ohioin2013,fromwhichit
suppliesFDMfilamentstotheindustry.WhiletheacquisitionofMakerBotbyStratasysresultedinthelossofitsconsumermarket,3DSystemsstillsellstoopensourcesystems,including10ofthelargestfilamentusersintheUS.
• 3DSystemsisalsoworkingwithregionalcompounderstoco-developnewmaterials.ThesecompoundersrunmostlyABS,PLA,HIPSandnylon6.3DSystemswillworkdirectlywithopensourcecompaniesandmaterial
Asset Map of Additive Manufacturing Opportunities in Northeast Ohio 39
suppliers,keepingthetoolingbusinessseparatefromitsproprietaryfilamentgrades.
• AfewstartupsintheregionarealsosupplyingFDMfilament,includingonewithsevenyearsoffilamentextrusionexperience.
• LubrizolhasdevelopedTPUgradesforFDMatitsBrecksvilledevelopmentfacilityandseeksassistanceinsupplychaincollaborations.Theirmaterialsrunwellonopensourcemachines.
• UniversityofAkronhasactiveR&DprogramsonAMmaterials.• InthebroaderTechBeltregion,AdditiveMetalAlloysinNWOhiois
manufacturingmetalpowdersforAM.ThreemajormetalpowdersuppliersarelocatedinthesouthwestPennsylvania/WestVirginiaarea-Alcoa,PurisandCarpenter.
2.Materials:BarrierstoAMAdoption• Metalprintingistooexpensivetosupportin-houseprototyping.• TheclosedmodelonmaterialsfromthemajormachineOEMSisamajor
barriertonewmaterialsdevelopment.• ExistingpatentportfoliosbythemajormachineOEMssupporttheirclosed
materialmodel.• Expensiveconsumablesforindustrialsystemsandlimitedoptionsfor
sourcinglessexpensivematerials.• Asmallandfragmentedmarketlimitsinterestfrommajormaterials
companies.• MachineOEMsdonotunderstandtheimportanceofreproduciblematerials
foraparticularprocessorforthedevelopmentofnewalloys.
3.Materials:EncouragingAMAdoption
• Materialssupplierswouldliketomeetametalprinterintheregionsotheycanexplorethevalueforcomplexparts.Theyareconfidentthatthereisvalueinthissectorandtheybelievetheirengineershavesufficientknowledgeofthetoolsandtheirdesignstoaddvalue.
• TestingtheintegrityofmaterialsandunderstandingROIonindustrialassetswouldencourageadoptionofAMprocesses.
• IdentificationofpotentialuserswouldassistadoptionofAM.• SharedIP,successfulcasestudies,accesstomaterialtestingandbetter
educationamongpotentialend-userswouldallencourageadoption.• Confidenceinthespeed,accessibilityandscalabilityofAMtechnologywould
aidadoption.
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• OpensourcemachineswouldeliminatetimewastedandsignificantlyimpactthepotentialofAMadoption.
• Betterprocesscontrols.• Forsmallbusinesses,betteraccessibilitytoAmericaMakes,theopportunity
toleverageYBI'snetworkingcapabilitiesandtrainingprograms.• RelationshipswithexistingmachineOEMswouldexpandopportunities,since
OEMsarecurrentlyblockingtheabilitytodevelopcustomizedproducts.
E. DesignHouses
1. DesignHouses:CurrentAMApplications
• Theregionalcustomdesignstudiosprovideavaluedasset,giventheir20+yearsofexperienceinAMprototyping.
• OnelocaldesignhousecitedanexampleinwhichitproducesAMpartsforalarge,lowvolumehousing.ThepoorqualityFDMfinishisacceptablesincethehousingisinternaltothefinalassembly.TheAMparthasbeendesignedwiththeintentthatitcaneventuallybereplicatedinamoldedpart,oncevolumegrows.
• TheAMdesignassetsatCWRU’s[think]boxandMAGNETprovideadditionaldesignresourcesforprototypingviaAM.
2. DesignHouses:BarrierstoAMAdoption
• Aesthetics,structure,surfacefinishandcostareallbarrierstoadoptionfordesignhouses.
• AMisnotalwayscost-effective.Oneresourcesharedanexampleofapartcosting$10toproduceviaFDM;thecosttocutamoldinChinaforthepartwas$5,000.Thus,forquantitiesgreaterthanafewhundred,thetraditionalapproachwouldprovidebetterqualityandlowerprice.
• Analternativeroutetoprototypingismachinedplasticmodels.
3. DesignHouses:EncouragingAMAdoption
• Nodesignhousefeedbackwasgatheredinresponsetothisquestion.
4. DesignHouses:TimelineforIntegration
• DesignhousesseenoneedtobuytheirownAMassetsbeyondsimpledesktopunits.Iftheyneedbettercapabilityorextendedruns,theyuseservicebureauslikeTTHorrp+mtoprintpartsforthem.
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F. WorkforceTrainingandEducation
1. IndustryTrainingandHiringPractices
AMPositionsinCorporateStructure
• Mostcompaniescontinuetoemploymulti-purposeworkers(cross-trained)sincetheirbusinessvolumeisnotyetsufficienttosupportthehiringoflower-levelproductionworkers.
• AMislargelyperceivedasafree-standingtechnologyratherthanatooltobeintegratedintothebroadermanufacturingenterprise.
• Afewcompanieshirestudentstorunproductionjobsandmanagemachinemaintenanceandprogramming.
SkillNeeds
• InterviewparticipantsgenerallyagreethatdesignskillsarethemostcriticalcomponentoftheAMprocessand,therefore,requirethemostfocusedtrainingandhiringprocesses.Asonerespondentnoted,thekeytoregionalAMsuccessistraininganewwaveofdesignersandhighlyskilledprogrammers.DesignconsiderationsforAM,however,arenotyetuniversallyunderstoodandarenotyetdeeplyintegratedintocurricula.
• CurrentAMhiringneedsareprimarilyintheareaofpost-processingand3Ddesign.
• Designhousesaremostlikelytohireyoung,talenteddesignerswhoaretrainedinAMbutwhomaylackexperienceandcontextforintegrationofthesetechnologiesintothebroadermanufacturingecosystem.
• Studentscomingoutofcurrentprogramsexhibitnarrowviewintothetechnology,coupledwithlimitedcurricularguidanceontheappropriateuseofthisequipmentforreal-worldapplications.Thisleadstostudentswhoareexcitedaboutthetechnologybutpoorlyinformedaboutitspotential.
• OperatortrainingforAMwasnotidentifiedasapriorityneed.
CredentialExpectationsforNewHires
• Somecompaniesseekindividualswithaformaleducation(i.e.engineeringdegree)withintegratedelementsofAM.
• ResponderswouldliketoseenewaccreditedprogramsinManufacturingEngineeringwithanemphasisondigitalmanufacturing.
Asset Map of Additive Manufacturing Opportunities in Northeast Ohio 42
• IndustrieswouldliketobeabletorelyuponnationallyrecognizedcredentialsasawaytovetpotentialemployeeswithAMexpertise.However,nosuitablecredentialhasyetemergedasadefactostandard.
TrainingforIncumbentWorkforce
• TheAMprocesschangestheroleofmachiniststosomedegree,sotheywillneedtoberetrainedinAMskills.
• Manycompanieshavemorematureleadengineerswhoarelessfamiliarwith3DP,managingyoungerengineerswhoaremorefamiliarwiththevaluepropositionof3DP.
• Mostparticipatingcompaniescurrentlyrelyonsimilarandrelativelyinformaltrainingrequirementsincluding:o IndependentprogramsatcompaniessuchasDeloitteandMOOGso MakerFairsandotherindustryeventsandspeakerso OpportunitiesofferedthroughAmericaMakesandYBIo Personalresearcho Hands-onworkexperience,includingtheabilitytodesignandproduce
prototypesusingoff-the-shelfparts• Somenotethattheselimitedtrainingoptionscouldbecomeanissueshould
productionlevelsrampupquickly.
2.CurrentAMEducationalCurricula
ContentandDelivery
• SomeregionalcurriculaarebasedupontheAMBodyofKnowledgeorSMEcurriculumthathasbeendevelopedbytheMilwaukeeSchoolofEngineering.
• EducatorsatalllevelsexhibitlackofbroadfamiliaritywiththebasicAMtechnologiesandunderstandingoftheopportunitiestoincorporatethetechnologiesintocurrentpractice.Thisisarequisiteskilltodevelopappropriatecurricula.
• Currenteducationandtrainingprogramstendtoemphasizeprototypingandtheuseofpolymerextrusionequipmentexclusively(predominantlyMakerBot).
CurricularIntegration
• CurrentAM-specificprogramsoftendonotintegratetobroadercurricula(e.g.mechanicalengineeringorchemicalengineering).
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• AMcoursesatallinstitutionsdonotappeartobeintegratedintothecurrententerpriseframeworkofskillsanddisciplines.Thislimitstheaccessibilityofthetechnologyasanenablingtoolwithrelevancetoabroadrangeofbothtechnicalandnon-technicaldisciplines.
• Discipline-specificcoursesandmaylimitthereachofthetechnologyintothebroaderinstitutionalcurriculum.
• FacultywholackadequatefamiliaritywiththebreadthofbasicAMtechnologiesandsufficientunderstandingoftheopportunitiestoapplythetechnologymaynotappropriatelyintegratethosetechnologiesintoexistingcurricula.Studentsarenotnecessarilyreceivingsuitablecontentandcontext.
• ManyuniversitiesnowoffergraduatelevelcoursesonAM.ThesecoursesprovidebroadintroductionstotheconceptsofAMandprovidestudentswithcontexttoapplyfundamentalknowledgefromwithintheirdisciplinetoAMapplications.
TopicCoverage
• UndergraduatecurriculaincreasinglyincorporatesAM,butareoverwhelminglybasedonconsumer-focuseddesktopmachines(MakerBotsaremostprevalent).Thenarrowviewintothetechnology,coupledwithlimitedcurricularguidanceontheappropriateuseofthisequipmentforreal-worldapplicationsleadstostudentswhoareexcitedaboutthetechnologybutpoorlyinformedaboutitspotential.Thisisnotsimplyattributabletolackofresources.A$2.5-millioninvestmentbytheDepartmentofLaborhasledtoadegreeprogrampatternedaftertheSME/MSOEBodyofKnowledge.Theprogramhasonlypolymerextrusionmachinesandfocusesprincipallyonprototyping.
• CurriculatendtoemphasizeprototypingwithlittleformalincorporationofAMintocoremanufacturingprocessescoursesormanufacturingenterprisesmorebroadly.
• DesignconsiderationsforAMarealsonotyetformallyincludedincurricula.• Designstrategiesarecomplexandinastateofrapidevolution.Process
capabilitiesandlimitationsareprocessspecific.Thus,studentswhohaveaccessonlytoextrusion-basedprocessesmayhavelimitedunderstandingofthebroaderdesigncapabilitiesandlimitationsofAM.
G.EntrepreneurshipandCommercialization
1. EntrepreneurshipandCommercialization:CurrentAMApplications
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• Existingstart-upsinhardwareproductionandcomponentparts,education
andtraining,materialsandproduction.• StrongsupportthroughstatesupportedprogramslikeEntrepreneurial
SignatureProgram,PreSeedFund,etc.
2. EntrepreneurshipandCommercialization:Barriers
• ClosedrelationshipsbetweenOEMsandmaterialssupplierslimitmarketopportunities,particularlyinpolymers.
• OEMsand/ortheiremployeesareriskadverse.• Theabundanceoflowqualitydesktopprintershasresultedinamarketthat
issaturatedandsuspiciousofnewproducts.• Softwarelimitationsreducetheabilityoffiletransfersfromcompaniesto
customersfordownloadingandprintingbecausethereisnowaytocontrolthevolumeofproductsthatwillbeprinted.
• Aneducatedandsophisticatedinvestmentbaseisneeded,butcopyrightandpatentissuesandotheruncertaintieslimitinvestorinterest.
• CompaniesdonotunderstandAMtechnologyoritscapabilities,andmostdonothavestaffsufficientlytrainedtoimplementprocesses.
• Concernsexistabouttheintegrityofprintedpartsandmaterials.• Betterdesignofferingsareneededtoexpandunderstandingofhowto
optimizetheAMprocess.• Moreregionalsupportforentrepreneurial,commercializationand
investmentopportunitiesisnecessary.3. EntrepreneurshipandCommercialization:EncouragingNewStart-Ups
• Betterandlowercostmaterials,bettermachinesandbetterdesigntoolsare
neededforbroaderAMadoption.• Morecasestudiesareneededtomaketheeconomiccasefordirectpart
productionandAMaspartofthemanufacturingprocess.• MorecollaborationisneededbetweenlargebusinesseswithAMcapabilities
andsmallerbusinesseswithout,aswellasbetweenuniversitiesandbusinesses.
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KEYVOCHIGHLIGHTSUMMARIES
Summary:CurrentAMApplicationsamongRegionalCompanies
• PrototypingwasclearlythemostcommonAMapplication.Usecasesspannedmultiplepartsofthesupplychain.Forexample,processorswhoroutinelyuseFDMandSLAsaidtheywereabletomovemorequicklytoproductionbecausetheturnaroundtimeforreceivingfeedbackandgainingcustomerapprovalwasreduced.Likewise,OEMsanddesignfirmshavebroadlyadopteddesktopprintersorFDMmachinesasanengineeringprototypetoolforinternaldesigndevelopmentandasamarketingtooltopresentnewproductconceptstocustomers.LargerOEMssometimeshaveseveralFDMmachinesavailableforthispurpose,whilesmallermanufacturersrelyonlowergradedesktopprinters.Regardless,allcompaniesthatwereinterviewedandthatareengaginginAMwerepositiveaboutaccelerateddesigncycles,relativelyshortROI,andresultingnewbusinesswins.
Summary:BarrierstoAMAdoptionamongRegionalCompanies
• Mostregionalmanufacturersarenarrowlyfocusedonproductionandcostmargins.Theyworkwithinmatureindustriesthathaveaverylowriskthresholdforinnovation.
• Companyleadershipdoesnotalwayssupportinnovation,andtheyarenotmotivatedtoinnovateuntiltheyknowthatacompetitorhassuccessfullyimplementedanewtechnology.Inthatcase,thecompanyleadershipismorewillingtoinvesttimeandefforttoremaincompetitive.
• Anotherbarriertoadoptionisprocessfailure.Whenemployeeswithlimited3DPexperienceareinvolvedinaproject,theyoftenbecomeearlydetractorsifoneormoretrialprocessesfail.Thishesitancyistypicallyaresultofverylimitedpastexperienceandunfamiliaritywithcurrentbestpractices.
Summary:EnhancingAppealofAMAdoptionamongRegionalCompanies
• Notsurprisingly,themajorityofcompaniescouldbepersuadedtoengageinAMinnovationiftheysawevidenceoftheeffectivenessofAMstrategiesandiftheywereconfidentthatthesestrategiescouldbesuccessfullyandcost-effectivelyincorporatedintotheirownproductionprocesses.
Asset Map of Additive Manufacturing Opportunities in Northeast Ohio 46
AMBUSINESSUSECASESVII.BUSINESSUSECASES
CaseStudy:ExtrudedVinylWeldingFixture
Vinylwindowsaretypicallyfabricatedfromthermallyweldedsectionsofvinylextrusions.Theappealofthisprocessisthattheextrusionsareverycosteffectivetoproduceandcanbecuttoanylengthtoallowformanufacturingwindowframesofanysize.Differentextrusionprofilescanaccommodatedifferentstylesandthicknessesofwindows.Inaparticularapplication,amanufacturerdevelopedanextrusionprofileforanewstyleofwindow.Becauseofacombinationoffactors,thedesignhasturnedouttobedifficulttomanufacturereliably.Thermalstressescausetheextrusionstowarpandtheyaredifficulttoalignconsistentlyduringtheweldingprocess.
Thecurrentprocessreliesuponpoorlyfittedwoodenfixturestoalignframecomponentsduringtheweldingprocess.Hardwarestorespringclampsareusedtoaligntheprofilesinthevicinityoftheweld.Thisprocessistime-consumingandunreliable.Overthepastseveralyears,falloutfromtheprocesshasbeenashighas90percent(only10percentofproducedassemblieswereacceptableforsale).Throughimprovementstotheextrusionprocess,thefalloutratehasbeenreducedtoaround70percent.However,withpropertooling,falloutshouldbelessthan10percent.Thecostofweldingfixturesforsimpleextrusionsisapproximately$5,000.Inthiscase,becauseofthecomplexityofthecontours,thecostmaybeexpectedtobesignificantlymore.Traditionaltoolingdoesnotincludespecializedclampinginthevicinityoftheweldsuchaswouldberequiredforthisapplication.Thenecessarytoolingforthisapplicationcouldbemanufacturedfromlow-costpolymericprintingtechniques.Theexpectedsavingswouldbemorethan$4,000incapitaltoolingcosts,anexpected60percentreductioninscraprate.
CaseStudy:BlowMoldingTooling
Aregionaltoolanddieshophasacontracttoproduceblowmoldingtoolingforsmallpolypropylene(PP)bottles.Thefixedpricecontracthasinvolvedmultipledesigniterations,eachchippingawayattheprofitabilityofthejob.Newdesignsaremanufacturedatacostofapproximately$600-$800each.Ifadopted,multiplemoldscanbeproducedfor$200-300each.BecauseofthelowtemperaturesandforcesinvolvedintheblowmoldingprocessforPP,direct-printtoolingoptionsmaybeavailable.Theseoptionswouldallowforsignificantdesignflexibility,fasterturnaround,andanew,highlymarketableserviceofferingforthetoolanddieshop.
Asset Map of Additive Manufacturing Opportunities in Northeast Ohio 47
CaseStudy:ToolandDieShop,PartVisualization
Complexmechanicaldrawingscanbechallengingtoread,evenforveryexperiencedmachinists.Amisinterpretationofadrawingcaneasilyresultinhoursofvaluableembeddedworkbeingruinedasacomponentisincorrectlymachined.Aregionaltoolanddieshophasmitigatedthisriskbyprovidingitsmachinistswithphysical,3-dimensionalrepresentationsofthefinishedcomponenttoaidincorrectinterpretationofthedrawings.Whileitisdifficulttocapturethecostofaccidentsthatmayhavebeenpreventedbythisstrategy,thefewdollarsofcostassociatedwithprintingthesemodelsonalow-cost3Dprinteraretrivialcomparedtothepotentialcostsofruiningajobthatmaybeworthtensofthousandsofdollars.
CaseStudy:AssemblyandInspectionFixturesforHydraulicPumps
Inspectionandservicingofindustrialhydraulicpumpsrequiresunit-specificassemblyaidsandinspectionfixtures.Thesetoolscanbeextremelyexpensive,sometimesasmuchas$30,000perset,andareuniquetoaspecificpumporfamilyofpumps.Thetolerancesformanyofthesefixturesaresurprisinglygenerous,oftenontheorderof0.040”andwellwithinthedimensionaltolerancesachievablewithawidevarietyof3Dprintingtechnologies.Usingsuchtechniques,itisreasonabletoexpectthatproductionofthesetoolsmaybepossibleatafractionofthecurrentcost.
CaseStudy:LaserCuttingTooling
Complexmetalstampingoperationsoftenrequiresubsequenttrimmingoftheexcessmetalfromtheedgesofthepart.Inveryhighvolumeproduction,thistrimmingoperationisoftenperformedbyexpensivetrimmingdies.Inlowervolumeproduction,thecapitalequipmentcostsmaybereducedbyusingmulti-axiscuttinglasers.Inasimilaroperation,lasersmayalsobeusedtoweldtwoormorecomponentstogether.Insuchsetups,thecomplexcontoursofthecomponentsarepreciselylocatedbyfixturingtooling.AnortheastOhiostampingcompanycurrentlybuyssuchfixturesmachinedfromacombinationofwoodandmetal.Atypicalcostforthesefixtureswasestimatedat$6,000.3Dprintedtoolingtoachievethisfunctioncouldbemanufacturedatanestimatedcostof$1,000,an80percentcostsavings.
CaseStudy:OutofProductionParts
Aregionalhydraulicpumpmanufacturerreceivesfrequentrequestsforrepairpartsforhistoricalhydraulicpumps.Thesecomponentshaveoftenbeenoutofproductionfordecadeswithnodocumentationavailable.Thecustomersarenotinterestedinreplacingthepumpwithoneofsimilarperformance.Thevalueoftheapplicationliesinthehistoricalaccuracy,somethingforwhichthecustomeriswillingtopayaconsiderablepremium.Themanufacturerdoesnotpresentlyhaveagoodwaytoservethismarket.However,throughtheuseof3Dscanningandseveralverycosteffectivetechniquesforcreatingcastingsfrom3Dprintedtooling,thisisanunservedmarketthatthemanufacturermaybeabletocapture.
Asset Map of Additive Manufacturing Opportunities in Northeast Ohio 48
CaseStudy:LowVolumeCompressionMolding
Compressionmoldedthermosetpolymersareusedinavarietyofhigh-strengthpolymerapplications.Aregionalmanufactureroftheseproductsisfrequentlyapproachedtoquotecomponentsinlowproductionvolumes.Partsareordinarilymadeinsteeloraluminummolds.Toreducecapitalcosts,prototypeandlowproductionvolumepartsmaybemadeinsingle-cavitymolds.Multi-cavitymoldsaretypicallyusedforhigherproductionvolumes.Thecostofsuchatoolistypically$50k-$100k,whichisprohibitiveforsmallvolumeapplications.Forexample,inonecasethecostoftoolingandproductionwasquotedat$180kfora400partrun.Theprocessinvolvesrelativelyhightemperaturesontheorderof250-300degreesFahrenheit.However,thistemperaturerangeisintheapproximaterangeofsomecommerciallyavailable3Dprintedmaterialsandsomethatarecurrentlyunderdevelopment.Foreseeableapplicationsof3Dprintedtoolshavethepotentialtoreducetoolingcostsinthiscaseby90percentormore,therebyincreasingthepotentialcustomerbaseandincreasingthecompetitivenessofdomestictoolingsuppliersascomparedtooffshoretoolproduction.
CaseStudy:MoldRedesignAssistedby3DPrinting
Thethermoformingmanufacturermadeaninnovativeefforttouse3Dprintingtosolveamanufacturingdefect.Flowpathsaroundaprotrudinginsertwithinanexistingtoolwereleadingtoacosmetic“knitline”defectonthesurfaceofanaestheticallycriticalcomponent.Themetallicinsertscost$5k-$10ktomanufactureandhadsignificantleadtimes.Engineersattemptedtoexploreavarietyofinnovativesolutionstotheproblemusing$500FDMprintedinsertsthatwereinfiltratedwithapolymerresin.Thiseffortwasassistedbyanemployeeonstaffwhohasspecializedknowledgeof3Dprinting.
Hadtheeffortbeensuccessful,itwouldhaveallowedthemanufacturertodemonstratetheabilitytouseprintedtoolingforbothcostsavingsandinnovativeprocessdesign.Unfortunately,thetoolingstucktotheresinandbrokeduringde-molding.Whilethismanufacturerwason-tracktomakingasignificantleapforwardinmanufacturingprocesses,thefailureoftheprocessrevealedseveralchallengestoadoptingthesenewmethodologies.First,mostmanufacturersarenarrowlyfocusedonproductionandcostmargins.Theyworkinmatureindustriesandhaveaverylowriskthresholdforinnovation.Theengineerswhoattemptedthisinnovationwerechastisedforthetimetheyspentonthisideaandweretoldthattheyshouldnotinvestfurthereffortinthisapproach.However,theyadmittedthatiftheyknewthattheapproachwasbeingsuccessfullyimplementedbyacompetitor,theywouldinvestsignificanteffortandtimetoensurethattheyremainedcompetitive.Thesecondchallengewasthatthestaffengineerwhocamefroma3Dprintingbackgroundwasoneoftheprincipaldetractorsoftheeffort.Withinthecompany,heistheresidentexperton3Dprinting.Becausehisscopeofexpertiseislimited,theperspectiveshepresentedtomanagementarenotreflectiveofcurrentandemergingbestpracticesfor3Dprinting.
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Thiscaseservesasanexampleofboththetremendouspotentialfor3Dprintedtoolingapplicationsandsomeoftheunexpectedsourcesofresistancetoexplorationofthetechnology.Themostimpactfulmotivatorforcompaniestoinnovatewillbeacombinationofdemonstratingtheeffectivenessofthesestrategiesandassistingcompaniestoincorporatethestrategiesintotheirownproductionprocesses.
CaseStudy:3DPrintedCenterlessTurningTooling
Aregionalmanufacturerofhigh-precisionpower-transmissioncomponentsusesacenterlessgrindingtechniquetomanufacturethe“shoes”usedtosupportthesurfacethatisbeingground.Ordinarily,theseshoesaremanufacturedfromhighstrengthceramicormetalthatispreciselygroundtomatchthecontouroftheproductionpart.AspartofaninternalR&Deffort,themanufacturerhasexploredtheuseof3Dprintingasanalternativeprocessformanufacturingthesecomponents.Preliminaryresultshaveshownthattheyareabletoproducethesecomponentsatafractionofthepriceofthetraditionalprocesswhileachievingbetterperformanceintheapplication.Asaresult,theconsumableshoesthathadpreviouslybeenimportedfromChinaarenowbeingexportedfromtheUnitedStatestoproductionlocationsaroundtheworldincludingChina.
CaseStudy:FDMPrintedMoldInsert
AspartofasmallprojectthatwasfundedthroughtheUniversityofDayton,aregionalinjectionmoldingcompanyexploredtheuseofFDMprintedinsertsforlowvolumeproduction.ThemoldinsertswereprintedinABSandwereusedtomoldacliptoholdametalcageonaHobartmixer.Severalhundredpartsweresuccessfullymoldedinpolypropylene.Themoldingmaterialwasthenswitchedtoaglass-filledPP.Thehighlyabrasivefilledpolymerdestroyedthetooling,butonlyafter17-18partsweresuccessfullymolded.Thecostofthetoolingwasinsignificantatafewhundreddollarscomparedtothe$20k-$50kthatmightbeexpectedforacomparabletoolinaluminum.
CaseStudy:Prototyping/DesignEnhancementandValidation
Aplasticinjectionmoldingcompanyisfollowingthedevelopmentofthetechnology,butcurrently,theirproductionvolumeistoohighforsuccessfulintegrationintotheirtoolingdevelopment.However,theleadershiprecognizesthelongtermvalueofthetechnologyandhaspersonallylearnedhowtodesignandprintinordertobetterunderstandthefutureapplicationsandopportunities.Currently,thecompanyprintsscalemodelsofproductsforcustomerstovalidatebeforebeginningthetoolingprocess.Byusinganiterativeprocesswiththecustomer,theyhavebeenabletogetbetterdesignsforproductsandmoreaccuratetoolingforproduction.
CaseStudy:TireMoldInserts
Asset Map of Additive Manufacturing Opportunities in Northeast Ohio 50
Ametalfabricationcompanyhadtraditionallymadealuminumtoolingfortireproduction.Astreaddesignsbecamemorecomplex,theyweremadeawarethataGermancompanyhadinvestedinmetalAMtomake“sipes”,smallcomplexsteelinsertspinnedintothealuminumtool.ThelocalmanufacturerinvestedinametalmachineafewyearsagoandnowhastwoAMmachines,supplyingtheseinsertstotiremanufacturersaroundtheglobe.
CaseStudy:MedicalImplants
ACleveland-basedstart-upmanufacturescranio-facialimplantsfromPolyetherketoneketone(PEKK),high-densitypolyethylene(HDPE)andotherpowderedplasticsusingSLS.Thisisagoodexampleofpatient-specificimplants,wheretheprintedpartisbuilttomatchscansofthepatient.TheproximitytoClevelandClinicmadedevelopmentofthisbusinesseasierduetolocalopportunitiestosupportsuchsurgeriesatCCF.
CaseStudy:MedicalDeviceManufacture
Inasimilarinstanceasabove,alocalmanufacturerusesFDMtobuildmedicaldevicehousingsforlowvolumeapplications.Theeconomicsworkfortheselowvolume(lessthanafewhundredparts),highmarginproducts.CostsincludenotonlyAMbutmanyfinishingstepsincludingpainting,butstillislowercostthanbuildingaproductiontool.
CaseStudy:Prototyping
Usecasesforprototypingspanmultiplepartsofthesupplychainandwerethemostcommonapplicationsidentified.ProcessorsuseFDMorSLAroutinelyasatooltodemonstrateprototypedesignstocustomers.Thisenableseasierfeedbackandearlieracceptanceofdesignconcepts,allowingtheprocessortomoveforwardwithtoolapprovalandproduction.Similarly,OEMsanddesignfirmshavebroadlyadopteddesktopprintersorFDMmachinesasanengineeringprototypetoolforinternaldesigndevelopmentandasamarketingtooltopresentnewproductconceptstocustomers.LargerOEMssometimeshaveseveralFDMmachinesforthisuse.Smallermanufacturersmayhaveasinglelowlevelengineeringgradedesktopprinter.Allseemedverysatisfiedwiththereturnonthisinvestmentbothasitacceleratesthedesigncycleandincreasesnewbusinesswins.
Asset Map of Additive Manufacturing Opportunities in Northeast Ohio 51
OutcomesandRecommendationsVII. OUTCOMESANDRECOMMENDATIONS
ThenortheastOhioregionisideallysuitedtobecomeanationalleaderinadditivemanufacturing.Thereisanunusuallyhighconcentrationofuniversitiestrainingdesigntalent,ahistoricallystrongmanufacturingbaseofindustryandworkforce,world-classmaterialsandbiomedicalassets,andagrowingpresenceofinnovatorsandinnovationserviceproviders.TherespectivestrengthsandweaknessesofthenortheastOhioAMclusterareanalyzedinthegraphicbelow:
Drawingonthestrengthsidentifiedintheassetsinventoryandbuildinguponexistingregionalprograms,theAssetMapteamarticulatedavisionforproliferationofAMinnortheastOhio.
A. Vision
By2023,NortheastOhiowillberecognizedasaleaderin:
• designandengineeringforadditivemanufacturing
• theuseofadditivemanufacturingforproductivityenhancements
• AMentrepreneurialinvestmentandgrowth
• AMmaterialsinnovation
Strengths:Universiveswithstrongfocusongrowing3DPdesignersMfgsupplybaseinplasvc&metalfabricavonwithstrongworkforcePresenceofAmericaMakesGrowingentrepreneurnetworkinAMStrongbiomedicalresearchcommunityWorldclasspolymermaterialsassets
Weaknesses:Lackofsowware/IPtalentinivavvesLimitedventurefundingLimitedknowledgebaseinmfgcommunityNomajorAMmachinecompaniesinregionNotenoughOEMdesigncenters
Opportunives:BexerintegravonwithAmericaMakestoinjectIPandprovidedevelopmentresourcesSupportuseofAMasproducvvitytooltoenablereshoreandcomepvvveadvantageforsupplybaseRetain/axractdesigntalent
Threats:OtherstatesmoreproacvveinaxracvngdirectinvestmentDesigncenterslocavngelsewhereinmidwestClosedsystemsinhibitparvcipavonbymaterialssectorLossofdesign/engineeringtalenttootherregions
NEOhioPosivoninAddivve
Manufacturing
Asset Map of Additive Manufacturing Opportunities in Northeast Ohio 52
• theattractionofdirectinvestmentrelatedtothecoreactivitiesofAmericaMakes
B. Goals
Torealizethisvision,theteamhasdefinedfivekeygoalsfortheregion.
1. TheformationofaregionalinnovationclusterthatreliesheavilyonfocusedengagementwithAmericaMakesandthatestablishesnortheastOhioasthenexusofAMintheMidwest.
2. DriveexpandedapplicationsofAMfortooling,fixtures,andenhancedmanufacturingproductivitybymakinginvestmentsintechnicalsupport,capitalequipment,workforcedevelopment,andindustry-basededucationalprograms.
3. UseformaleducationandworkforcetraininginitiativestoboosttheadoptionofAM,andplaceastrongemphasisonthedevelopmentandretentionofdesignandengineeringtalent.
4. Buildoutsupplychainstrengthinthekeymarketverticalsoftheautomotive,biomedicalandaerospaceindustries,includinganattractionstrategyforkeygapsintheexistingsupplychains.
5. EstablishaframeworkthatwillfosterentrepreneurshipandcommercializationofAMsupplychaintechnologies,aswellasthenortheastOhio“maker”community.
C. ImplementationStrategies
Goal#1:TheformationofaregionalinnovationclusterthatreliesheavilyonfocusedengagementwithAmericaMakesandthatestablishesnortheastOhioasthenexusofAMintheMidwest.
ACTION#1:Engagewithstate,federalandlocalresourcestosupportanortheastOhio-basedAMcluster:
(InitiatingWithinYears1-2:Short-TermStart)
• 1.1.A)EstablishanortheastOhio-basedAMinnovationcluster,buildingfromassetsidentifiedinthisstudy
• 1.1.B)IncreaseregionalparticipationinAmericaMakesthroughprogramsthatwilloffsetcostsforOhio-basedbusinessesorprovideothermeansofdirectsupportforOhio-basedoperations.
Asset Map of Additive Manufacturing Opportunities in Northeast Ohio 53
• 1.1.C)Developastate-sponsoredcollaborationwithAmericaMakesthattargetsretentionandattractionofAMdesigncentersforindustrialleaderslikeCaterpillar,ParkerandEaton.
• 1.1.D)IncreaseopportunitieswithintheOTFforequipmentfunding,training,technologytransition,commercialization,entrepreneurshipandotherneeds.
• 1.1.E)ExpandtheFederalResearchNetworkoftheOhioFederalandMilitaryJobsCommissiontoincludeafocusonAMandAmericaMakes.
(InitiatingWithinYears3-4:Mid-TermStart)
• 1.1.F)EstablishanOhio-basedclusterforAMactivitieswithregionalnodes.• 1.1.G)Establishclustermembershipmodeltosupplementgrant-basedcluster
financing.• 1.1.H)Initiateactivitiesthatwillincreasebusinessvisibilityandexpand
opportunitiesforAMOEMs,materialscompanies,andsoftwarecompanieswithintheJobsOhionetworkanditspartnerorganizations.
• 1.1.I)Providematchingfundsforvariousfederalprogramstosupportclusterdevelopment,including:U.S.DepartmentofCommerce'spilotprogramentitled“OneCommerce,"whichisintendedtoestablisheconomicdevelopmentsupportforinstitutesthatarepartoftheNationalNetworkforManufacturingInnovation(NNMI).
o SBIRandSTTRprogramsusedtosupportR&Dandadvancetheindustry’stechnicalcapabilities
o AmericaMakesprojectopportunitiestoadvancetechnology,conductworkforcedevelopmentactivities,promotecommercializationandmore
ACTION#2:LeverageAmericaMakes’technicalexpertise,network,professionalrelationships,supplychainaccess,brandingandotherassetsinordertooptimizetheireconomicimpactontheregion.
(Effortiscurrentlyhappening“Year0”:ImmediateStart)
• 1.2.A)Createacommercializationmodelforstartupsand“scale-ups”.• 1.2.B)Establishnewworkingrelationshipsandpartnershipswitheconomic
developmentorganizations,universitiesandotherregionalAMresources.• 1.2.C)ServeasaconvenerofTBEDsandotherstateandregionalassetsto
createasteeringcommitteeforshapingfutureclusterdevelopment.• 1.2.D)EstablishalowcostaffiliatewithAmericaMakes(comparabletoMEP
models)thatwouldsupportclusteractivities,provideinformationand
Asset Map of Additive Manufacturing Opportunities in Northeast Ohio 54
assistancetocompaniesregardingtechnologytransitionopportunitiesinTechnologyReadinessLevels(TRL)7-10,andserveasaconduittofullmembershipinAmericaMakes.
• 1.2.E)SupportthedevelopmentofAM-focusedindustrygroups.
(InitiatinginYear1-2:Short-TermStart)
• 1.2.F)Actasaninfluencerbyservingasaconnector,networkingorganizationandgeneralresourcetohelpdevelopmarkets,refinetechnology,securebusinessandprovidetechnicaladvice.
• 1.2.G)BuildtechnologytransferprogramsrelativetoAMthatwillextendbeyondAmericaMakes'IPtoincludeotherresearchinstitutions.
• 1.2.H)CreatemechanismstobuildAMcapacitywithinOEMssupplychain.• 1.2.I)Leadprioritizationeffortsofcommontechnicalandworkforceneedsto
ensurethatpublicandprivateinvestmentsaredirectedtoappropriateclusteractivities.
• 1.2.J)EstablishprogramsthatwillgenerateincreasedutilizationoftheInnovationFactoryforindustry-relatededucationandtraining.
(InitiatinginYear3-4:Mid-TermStart)
• 1.2.K)EstablishprotocolstoengagesubjectmatterexpertstoreviewAmericaMakes’IPforcommercialreadinessandthenidentifycommercialpartnerstotaketheproductstomarket.
• 1.2.L)ParticipateintheAmericaMakes’roadmappingandotherprocessesthatdeterminefundingpriorities,aswellasthoseofotherorganizations,(e.g.AirForceResearchLab)toinfluencetopicselectionsincludedinSBIR/STTRBroadAreaAnnouncements).
• 1.2.M)Aggregatecontentandfacilitatesharingofdatafrompartnerstofosterbetterdecision-makingandbusinessusecasemodelsforAM.
(InitiatingWithinYears5-7:Longer-TermStart)
• 1.2.N)CreatemechanismstosharefoundationalIPthatwillbroadlyadvancetechnologywithoutimpingingupontheindividualcommercialopportunities.
ACTION#3:LeveragetherelationshipsandinfrastructureoftheTechBeltregiontomoreeffectivelycompetewithotherregionsintermsoftalent,companyattractionandcommercializationefforts.
(Effortiscurrentlyhappening“Year0”:ImmediateStart)
Asset Map of Additive Manufacturing Opportunities in Northeast Ohio 55
• 1.3.A)MaintainongoingdialoguewiththeSouthwestPennsylvaniaAMclusterregardingbestpractices,benchmarkingandothersharedresources.
• 1.3.B)MaximizeresourcesandvalueoftheMEPnetworkinAMactivitiesthroughouttheregion.
(InitiatinginYear1-2:Short-TermStart)
• 1.3.C)Establisharegionalmarketingpresenceatthe2017RAPIDConference.
(InitiatinginYear3-4:Mid-TermStart)
• 1.3.D)OpenadialoguewithkeyTechnologyBasedEconomicDevelopmentOrganizationsinMichigantogainaccesstoEuropeanAMmachinetransplantsandtheautomotivemarket.
• 1.3.E)IdentifyprojectopportunitiesforregionalsupplychaincollaborationswithTechBeltOEMs&Tier1suppliers.
(InitiatingWithinYears5-7:Longer-TermStart)
• 1.3.F)Developmulti-stateproposalstogarnerfederalsupportforAMclusterbuildingactivities
Goal#2:DriveexpandedapplicationsofAMfortooling,fixturesandenhancedmanufacturingproductivitybymakinginvestmentsintechnicalsupport,capitalequipment,workforcedevelopmentandindustry-basededucationalprograms.
ACTION#1:Establishandscaleprogramstosupporttheintegrationofadditivemanufacturingtechnologiesintotheexistingmanufacturingbaseinordertoincreasetheirglobalcompetitiveness.
(Effortiscurrentlyhappening“Year0”:ImmediateStart)
• 2.1.A.)FullyscaletheAdvancedToolingAccelerationProgram(ATAP),apartnershipbetweenYBI,YSU,andMagnet,topromotetheintegrationofAMfortoolinginnortheastOhiosmallandmediumenterprises(SMEs).
• 2.1.B.)SecurefundingtodeployAMandenablingtechnologiesonabroadscalewithinthenortheastOhiomanufacturingbase.
• 2.1.C)EstablishadatabaseofAMserviceproviders,processesandequipmentintheregion.
(InitiatinginYear1-2:Short-TermStart)
Asset Map of Additive Manufacturing Opportunities in Northeast Ohio 56
• 2.1.D)BuilduponhybridmanufacturingexpertisethatiscurrentlybeingdevelopedwithinYBI’sPrecisionPrintedPartsNetworkinordertofurtherintegrateAMandtraditionalmanufacturingprocesses.
• 2.1.E)Developoutreachcampaigntoregionalmanufacturerstoencourageclusterparticipation.
• 2.1.F)Hosteventsandmeetingstoencouragedeeperunderstandingofthetechnology.
• 2.1.G)LeverageworkstatewidethroughMEPs,JobsOhio,andEntrepreneurialSignatureProgram(ESP)programsasameansofexpandingtheeconomicusecasesanddisseminatinginformationoncurrentindustrialAMapplications.
• 2.1.H)CreatemarketingcampaignsthroughCleveland+topositiontheregionasaleaderinuseofAMtoenhanceproductivity.
• 2.1.I)Establishformallinkagesbetweenexistingregionalassetsincludinguniversities,incubatorsandserviceproviderswiththegoalofcreatingasharedresourceandencouragingtheformationofanecosystemthatincludesmechanicaltesting,materialsformulation,mechanicaldesign,prototyping,fabrication,andpost-processing.
• 2.1.J)CreateprofessionaldevelopmentandmarketingmaterialstopositioneconomicdevelopmentprofessionalstoconductoutreachwithintheindustryregardingthecompetitiveadvantagesassociatedwithAM.
(InitiatinginYear3-4:Mid-TermStart)
• 2.1.K)Developcorecompetencyinreverseengineeringtechniquesandlegalissuesrelatedtothesubject.
• 2.1.L)MarketregionalAMleadershipatnationalandinternationalmanufacturingeventssuchasIMTSandHannoverMesse.
(InitiatingWithinYears5-7:Longer-TermStart)
• 2.1.M)Createtechnicalresourceswithinuniversities,chambersofcommerceandtechbasedeconomicdevelopmentorganizationstohelpcompaniessuccessfullyapplyAMintheirproductionprocesses.
• 2.1.N)Establishafacilityand/ortechnicalresourcetoprovideindependentthirdpartyevaluationofprintersandmaterialstoreducetheriskassociatedwithcapitalinvestments.
Goal#3:UseformaleducationandworkforcetraininginitiativestoboosttheadoptionofAMandplaceastrongemphasisonthedevelopmentandretentionofdesignandengineeringtalent.
Asset Map of Additive Manufacturing Opportunities in Northeast Ohio 57
ACTION#1:SupportthegrowthofAMworkforcetrainingandthedevelopmentanddisseminationofnationallyrecognizedcredentialsforAMprofessionals.
(InitiatinginYear1-2:Short-TermStart)
• 3.1.A)TrainincumbentmanufacturingprofessionalsatalllevelstounderstandAMprocessesandthewaysinwhichthistechnologywillchangecurrenttechnologiesandbusinessmodels.
• 3.1.B)ParticipateintheeffortsofstandardsdevelopmentbodiesandeducationalinstitutionstoadvancethedevelopmentofstandardizedAMcredentialsandrobusttrainingopportunitiesthataddressindustryneedsandopportunities.
(InitiatingWithinYears3-4:Mid-TermStart)
• 3.1.C)Identifyavailablecurriculathatwillbestsupportworkforcedevelopment,includingtechniciantraining,certificationprograms,degreeprograms,andC-leveltraining.
• 3.1.D)Encouragepublicawarenessandpositivemediasupporttoadvancethedevelopmentandimplementationofworkforcetrainingandeducationalprograms.
• 3.1.E)WorkwithStateofOhioWorkforcePolicyBoardtoestablishcommoncurriculaandlearninggoalsforAM-relatedtrainingactivities.
ACTION#2:ExpandinclusionofrelevantAMcontentwithinK-12andpost-secondarydegreeprogramcurricula.
(Effortiscurrentlyhappening“Year0”:ImmediateStart)
• 3.2.A)FosterthedevelopmentofcollegecurriculathatintegrateAMintobothundergraduateandgraduateprogramsacrossarangeofdisciplinesthatextendsbeyondengineeringandthesciences.
(InitiatinginYear1-2:Short-TermStart)
• 3.2.B)ProvidetrainingopportunitiesforeducatorstobecomefamiliarwiththecurrentstateofAM,fundamentalsofAMdesignforAM,andbestpracticesofAMinrelationtotraditionalmanufacturingprocesses.
• 3.2.C)EstablishaformalrelationshipbetweenAmericaMakes,YSU,YBIandotherregionaltraininginstitutestocreateseamlessdeliverysystemsandavoidduplicationofservices.
• 3.2.D)Developandproliferateundergraduatecurriculathatemphasizepractical,real-worldapplicationsofAM,potentiallycoveringthespectrum
Asset Map of Additive Manufacturing Opportunities in Northeast Ohio 58
fromthemakerviewofdesktop3DPthroughcommercialapplicationsofindustrialgradeprinting.
(InitiatinginYear3-4:Mid-TermStart)
• 3.2.E)ProvideindustryengagementopportunitiesforstudentsandfacultytoencourageawarenessofindustryneedsandculturetoensurethatAMclassroomactivitiesalignwithrealworldapplications.
Goal#4:Buildoutsupplychainstrengthinthekeymarketverticalsoftheautomotive,biomedicalandaerospaceindustries,includinganattractionstrategyforkeygapsintheexistingsupplychains.
Materials
ACTION#1:EstablishprogramsthatwilldrivematerialsR&DandadvanceindustrialapplicationsandlowercoststructuresforAM.
(InitiatinginYear1-2:Short-TermStart)
• 4.1.A)Linkmaterialscompaniestoemergingopensourceprintermanufacturers,suchasHPandCarbon.
• 4.1.B)WorkwithAmericaMakestoleverageitsrelationshipswithOEMstosupporttheintegrationofnewmaterialsintothesupplychain.
(InitiatinginYear3-4:Mid-TermStart)
• 4.1.C)ConductadditionalVOCcallsandcustomersurveystodeterminethemostcriticalmaterialsneedsforindustrialapplications.
• 4.1.D)Providemarketdevelopmentsupporttolinkregionalfilamentmanufacturerstoopensourceprintersandcaptiveusers.
• 4.1.E)BuildtiestothemetalpowdermanufacturingbaseintheTechBeltregion.
(InitiatingWithinYears5-7:Longer-TermStart)
• 4.1.F)Createamarketingcampaigntoraiseawarenessofregionalsuppliers.• 4.1.G)ProvidesupportforthesubmissionofSBIRandSTTRproposalsontopics
thatwouldresultincommerciallyviablematerialsprojects.LeveragetherelationshipsthatAmericaMakesanditsmembershaveonafederalleveltohaverelatedtopicsincludedinSBIR/STTRBroadAreaAnnouncements.
Asset Map of Additive Manufacturing Opportunities in Northeast Ohio 59
Biomedical
ACTION#2:Workwiththeexistingclusterorganization,BioEnterprise,tostrengthentheirknowledgeofAMandsupportcollaborationswhereappropriate:
(InitiatinginYear1-2:Short-TermStart)
• 4.2.A)InitiateaseriesofcommunicationforumstoinformBio-EteamofAMopportunitiesinbiomedical.
• 4.2.B)Hostinformationalandnetworkingmeetings,publisharticlesandconductotheroutreachtoraiseawarenessoftheopportunitiesforAMwithinbiomedical.
(InitiatinginYear3-4:Mid-TermStart)
• 4.2.C)Linklargeregionalbiomedicalcompaniestoregionalsupplychainassets.• 4.2.D)Linktheexistingregionalsupplychaininpartsproductiontoresearch
assetsatCCF,UHandtheVAhospitalstohelpcreateabroadermaterialspalettethatisneededformedicalimplantsandpre-surgicalmodels.
• 4.2.E)WorkwithregionalresearchersatUA,CWRUandCCItoidentifyfundingsourcestoestablishstartupsorcreatespin-outsfortheirwork,andprovideamechanismforincubatingtheseinnovationsthroughclusterresources.
(InitiatingWithinYears5-7:Longer-TermStart)
• 4.2.F)Conductattractionprogramsforcompaniesandresearchassetsrelatingtotissueengineering.
• 4.2.G)SupportstartupsandspinoutsfromCCIrelatingtotissueengineering
AerospaceandDefense
ACTION#3:LeveragestatewideresourcesinaerospaceanddefensetocreateAMfocusedattractionandexpansionmechanisms.
(Effortiscurrentlyhappening“Year0”:ImmediateStart)
• 4.3.A)SupporttherolloutofYSU/YBI’sMaturationofAdditiveforLowCostSustainment(MAMLCS)toengageofOhiomanufacturersintheOEMsupplychainthroughthestrategicuseofAM.
(InitiatinginYear1-2:Short-TermStart)
• 4.3.B)EstablishprogramstoleverageAmericaMakes’relationshipswithOEMstofacilitatesupplychaindevelopment.
Asset Map of Additive Manufacturing Opportunities in Northeast Ohio 60
• 4.3.C)UseAmericaMakesrelationshipstofacilitatemoreeffectiveVOCwithexistingregionalTier1s.
• 4.3.D)PartnerwithJobsOhioandTeamNEOtocreateafocusontheattractionofdevelopmentandproductioncentersforOEMsorTier1suppliers.
(InitiatinginYear3-4:Mid-TermStart)
• 4.3.E)PartnerwithOhioAerospaceInstitute(OIA),UniversityofDaytonResearchInstitute(UDRI)andtheAirForceResearchLabs(AFRL),toprobefortoolingandotherapplicationsspecifictoaerospacesupplychainparticipants.
• 4.3.F)IdentifyandsupporttheuseofAMbyregionalTier1s.• 4.3.G)LinkregionalsupplychaintoaerospaceOEMs.
Automotive
ACTION#4:IdentifyAMneedsanddriversintheautomotiveindustryandlinkthemtoacoremanufacturingproductivitystrategy.
(InitiatinginYear1-2:Short-TermStart)
• 4.4.A)PursuefurtherVOCactivitieswithautomotiveOEMsandTier1suppliers,withashort--termfocusontheidentificationoftoolingandfixtureopportunities.
(InitiatinginYear3-4:Mid-TermStart)
• 4.4.B)EstablishbroaderclusterlinkagestoautomotiveOEMsandTier1sandlinkthemtonortheastOhioservicebureausandprocessors.
• SurveyneedsofregionalOEMsandTier1sandlinktosupplychainassets.• 4.4.C)Asnew,fasterAMtechnologiesbecomeavailable,encourageadoption
fordirectpartsproduction.Forexample,CarbonwhoisalreadyinbetatestatTheTechnologyHouse,indicatesthattheyarealreadyindevelopmentofdirectpartsproductionatautomotiveTier1,Delphi.
• 4.4.D)LinktomarketsurveyeffortsbyotherNNMIIs;forexample,NextFlexisidentifyingneedsamongautomotiveandappliancemanufacturers.
Goal#5:EstablishaframeworkthatwillfosterentrepreneurshipandcommercializationofAMsupplychaintechnologies,aswellasthenortheastOhio“maker”community.
ACTION#1:EstablishaculturetosupporttechnologycommercializationandentrepreneurshipinAMtechnologies.
Asset Map of Additive Manufacturing Opportunities in Northeast Ohio 61
(Effortiscurrentlyhappening“Year0”:ImmediateStart)
• 5.1.A)Conductstartupchallengesorbusinessattractionactivitiestoidentifynewsoftware,hardware,andmaterialssolutionsfortheAMindustry.LeverageAmericaMakes,JobsOhio,ESPandotherassetstobringvisibilityandsignificantprizepackagestotheeffort.
• 5.1.B)WorkwithstateagenciesandtheU.S.DepartmentofCommercetoalignresourcesandprogramstosupportentrepreneurshipandtechnologycommercializationinAM,withoutregardtothebusinessstage.
(InitiatinginYear1-2:Short-TermStart)
• 5.1.C)LeveragetherelationshipsofAmericaMakes,theJumpstartEntrepreneurialNetwork,YBI,andotherresourcestoestablishanetworkofangelinvestorsandventurecapitalorganizationswillingtosupportstartupsinthefield.
• 5.1.D)Establishprogramstopromotesuccessfulstateandfederalresearchgrantstodevelopnewintellectualproperty.
(InitiatingWithinYears3-4:Mid-TermStart)
• 5.1.E)Support“MakerSpaces”andotherresourcesthroughouttheregiontoencouragethedevelopmentandcommercializationofbothhigh-techandlow-techproducts.
• 5.1.F)EstablishprotocolstoengageSMEstoreviewAmericaMakes’IPforcommercialreadinessandthenidentifycommercialpartnerstotaketheproductstomarket.
Asset Map of Additive Manufacturing Opportunities in Northeast Ohio 62
BIBLIOGRAPHYIX.BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. BCCResearch,GlobalMarketsfor3DPrinting.(2015,June15).
2. Berger,Roland,AdditiveManufacturing(AM)–OpportunitiesinaDigitizedProduction.(2015,June23).
3. DefenseEnergySystems,LLC.andAssimilogic,LLC.,MahoningValleyUnifiedRegionalAdditiveManufacturingStrategy.(2015.)
4. Gartner,HypeCyclefor3DPrinting.(2015,July27).
5. Gartner,MarketGuidefor3DPrintServiceBureaus.(2015,April16).
6. Gartner,Predicts2016:3DPrintingDisruptsHealthcareandManufacturing.(2015,Nov.23).
7. IDTechEx.3DPrinting2014-2015Technologies,Markets,Players.(2014.)
8. IDTechEx.Applicationsof3DPrinting.(2014.)
9. JanneyCapitalMarkets,TheLandscapeofAM.(2014,Sept.24).
10. Jeffries,3DPrintingOutlook:6Themesfor2016.(2016,January13).
11. Jeffries,FormNext3DPrintingTradeshow:MetalStrongerthanPlastic.(2015,Nov.23).
12. JobsOhio,TheNewFaceofManufacturing.(Accessed2015.)
13. ManufacturingAllianceforProductivityandInnovation,3DPrintingandRegionalManufacturingCompetitiveness:RockStarsof3DPrinting.(2015,March17).
14. McKinsey&Company,AdditiveManufacturingOverview–ReportforJobsOhio2014.(2014.)
15. NationalInstituteofStandards&Technology,CostandCostEffectivenessofAdditiveManufacturing.(December2014).
16. PiperJaffrey,NetworkingTechnologies,3DPrintingandRobotics.(2016,January8).
17. PriceWaterhouseCoopers,3DPrinting–ADoubleEdgedSword–HowCanBusinessesManageTheirRiskWhileSeizingtheOpportunity?(March2015.)
18. PriceWaterhouseCoopers.PrintingandtheNewShapeofEngineering.(2014,June).
19. StratasysQ32015FinancialResultsConferenceCallReport.(2015,November4).
Asset Map of Additive Manufacturing Opportunities in Northeast Ohio 63
20. Stratasys-Oppenheimer,Stratasys-OppenheimerCompanyUpdate.(2015,December).Retrieved2015.
21. USInternationalTradeCommission,AdditiveManufacturingTechnology:PotentialImplicationsforU.S.ManufacturingCompetitiveness,JournalofInternationalCommerceandEconomics.(2014,Sept).
22. Wohlers,WohlersReport2015:3DPrintingandAdditiveManufacturingStateoftheIndustry.(2015).
Asset Map of Additive Manufacturing Opportunities in Northeast Ohio 64
REFERENCEPAGE
INDUSTRYTERMSANDACRONYMSX.INDUSTRYTERMSANDACRONYMS
• 3DP:Three-DimensionalPrinting• AFRL:AirForceResearchLaboratory• AM:AdvancedManufacturing• AM4MC:AdvancedManufacturingForMetalCasting• CAGR:CompoundedAnnualGrowthRate• CAT:ComputerizedAxialTomography• DMLS:DirectMetalLaserSintering• FDM:FusedDepositionModeling• IDC:InternationalDataCorporation• IP:IntellectualProperty• MAMLCS:MaturationofAdvancedManufacturingforLowCostSustainment• MRI:MagneticResonanceImaging• OAI:OhioAerospaceInstitute• OEM:OriginalEquipmentManufacturer• OTF:OhioThirdFrontier• P3N:PrecisionPrintedPartsNetwork• PEKK:Polyetheretherketone• PP:Polypropylene• ROI:ReturnonInvestment• SLA:Stereolithography• SME:SmalltoMediumEnterprise(s)• TPU:ThermoplasticPolyurethane• TTH:TheTechnologyHouse• Tiers:Tier1companiesarethosesuppliercompaniesmostcriticaltoanOEM.Tier2
companiesarethosesuppliercompanieswhichserviceTier1companies.• UDRI:UniversityofDaytonResearchInstitute• UTORNL:UniversityofTennesseeOakRidgeNationalLaboratory
Asset Map of Additive Manufacturing Opportunities in Northeast Ohio 65
XI.APPENDIX:LISTOFAMASSETSINTHENORTHEASTOHIOREGION
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