TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTE
19.04.23
STI Indicators of Turkey
Devrim YAĞAN
ECO - UIS Regional Workshop on STI IndicatorsTehran
8-10 December 2013
TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTE
19.04.23
Content
• STI Policy
• STI Indicators
• Overview
• Research and Development Activities Survey
• Overview
• Coverage and data collection
• Measurement
• Results
• GBAORD
• Innovation Survey
• Overview
• Coverage and data collection
• Results
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19.04.23
STI Policy
The Supreme Council for Science and Technology (SCST)
National Science, Technology and Innovation Strategy (2011-2016)
Aims to strengthen national R&D and innovation capacities in order to upgrade the industrial structure towards high-technology industries.
TurkStat
Responsible institution to produce R&D, innovation and other related statistics to meet the needs of SCST.
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19.04.23
TurkStat conduct following STI surveys:STI Indicators - Overview
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STI Indicators - Methodological Base
Frascati Manual as the main methodological source for R&D statistics (GERD and GBAORD).
Oslo Manual as the main methodological source and conduct innovation surveys in line with Community Innovation Survey (CIS) of Eurostat.
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19.04.23
Research and Development Activities Survey – GERDCoverage
The survey covers three national sectors:
• Business Enterprises
• Government Sector
• Higher Education Sector
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19.04.23
GERD - Coverage
Business Enterprises Sector
All enterprises that are known to perform R&D or to be potential R&D performers are
covered:
•Enterprises which are known as R&D performers from previous R&D surveys and
from the Structural Business Survey (20+ census, <20 sample),
•Enterprises supported directly by Government Institutions like TUBITAK, Technology
Development Foundation of Turkey, Small and Medium Industry Development
Organization (KOSGEB) etc.
•Enterprises supported indirectly via tax incentives or R&D deductions under the Law
on Supporting Research and Development, no.5746
•Enterprises in Technology Development Zones and Technoparks,
•Top 500 enterprises in industry and services sector separately by turnover and value
added.
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19.04.23
GERD - Coverage
Government Sector
All governmental institutions include:
Central government:
•Public administrations within the scope of general budget
•Special Budget administrations (exclude universities and high technology institutes)
•Regulatory and supervisory agencies
Local administrations:
•Municipalities
Higher Education Sector
All public and private universities and high technology institutions
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19.04.23
GERD – Administrative Data Sources
•Academic personnel database – Higher Education Council
•State universities’ budget data – Ministry of Finance
•State universities’ own funds data – Ministry of Finance
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GERD – Classifications used
•Statistical Classification of Economic Activities in the European Community, Revision 2
(NACE Rev.2)
•The Nomenclature for the Analysis and Comparison of Scientific Programmes and
Budgets (NABS)
•International Standard Classification of Occupations, ISCO
•Fields of Science and Technology (FOS-2007)
•International Standard Classification of Education, ISCED
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19.04.23
GERD – Measurement
Business Enterprises Sector – Data collection process
TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTE
19.04.23
GERD – Measurement
Business Enterprises Sector – Data collection process
Government Sector
Data are collected via postal survey by TurkStat directly from governmental bodies based on their
registers and / or estimations of experts employed in.
TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTE
19.04.23
GERD – Measurement
Higher Education Sector
Gross earningsFrom one public university
From all private universities
FTE x gross earnings
Personnel R&D expenditures
R&D shares of own funds (public universities)
R&D shares of personnel expenditure funded by other
units
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GERD – Dissemination
The results of the survey are published as a news release on TurkStat’s web site annually.
TurkStat publishes following indicators:
•Expenditure on R&D
by sector of performance,
by type of cost,
by source of funds,
by economic activities (only for business enterprises sector),
by Socio-Economic Objectives-NABS (only for government sector),
by fields of sciences (only for higher education sector),
by Classification of Statistical Regions (SR) Level-1,
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GERD – Dissemination
•R&D personnel
by sector of performance,
by occupation,
by qualification.
Accessing micro data:
TurkStat also provides access and usage facility for the micro data of Business Enterprises
Sector R&D and researches in accordance with the legal legislation based on the national
and international researchers demand.
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Results
Business enterprise expenditure on R&D, 2001 and 2011As a percentage of GDP
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Results
Direct government funding of business R&D, 2001 and 2011 (or latest year)As a percentage of R&D performed in the business sector
TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTE
19.04.23
Results
Researchers by sector of employment, 2011 (or latest year)As a percentage of total researchers, FTE
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GBAORDObjective and CoverageGBAORD is an alternative way to evaluate the role of government’s R&D activities. In other
words, this method aims to measure R&D activities financed by government.
GBAORD covers not only government-financed R&D performed in government
establishments but also government-financed R&D in the other three national sectors
(business enterprise, private non-profit, higher education) as well as abroad (including
international organizations).
GBAORD method is based on measuring or estimating Government’s appropriations or
outlays on R&D in related period by using budget data.
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GBAORDObjective and Coverage
This method covers following activities:
• R&D activities realized in government institutions and financed by government,
• R&D activities realized in business sector, private non-profit sector and higher education and financed by government,
• R&D activities realized in abroad and financed by government.
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19.04.23
GBAORDObjective and Coverage
The central government institutions / organizations covered,
• Public administrations within the scope of general budget,
• Special Budget administrations (include universities and high technology
institutes),
• Regulatory and supervisory agencies.
Local governments and State-Owned Enterprises are excluded.
Additionally, The Defence Industry Support Fund is also covered.
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19.04.23
GBAORDData collection
GBAORD is based on mainly budget analysis. Therefore, main data source of this study is
central government budget data.
Data are collected twice in a year:
•The provisional data is based on initial budget appropriations in the Budget Law. This
calculation made on the basis of the initial budget appropriations is called "Estimated
Results".
•The final data is based on actual outlays. This calculation is called "Final Results".
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19.04.23
Innovation SurveyOverviewInnovation statistics is conducted by a questionnaire called “Community Innovation Survey
(CIS)”.
It is a harmonized survey designed to provide information on;
• the innovativeness of sectors by type of enterprises,
•different types of innovation,
•various aspects of the development of an innovation.
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Innovation SurveyOverviewUp to now Turkey has conducted seven CIS in comply with Oslo Manual:
•CIS-2, 1997-1998, launched in 1999
•CIS-3, 1998-2000, launched in 2000
•CIS-4, 2002-2004, launched in 2004 ( As from 2004, survey has been carried out
every two years )
•CIS-2006, 2004-2006, launched in 2007
•CIS-2008, 2006-2008, launched in 2009
•CIS-2010, 2008-2010, launched in 2011
•CIS-2012, 2010-2012, launched in 2013
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Innovation SurveyCoverageThree size classes are used for CIS in Turkey:
•10-49,
•50-249
•250+
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Innovation SurveyCoverageThe core coverage according to NACE Rev 2. for the latest survey conducted in 2013 is as
follows:
•Mining and quarrying (NACE B: 05-09)
•Manufacturing (NACE C: 10-33)
•Electricity, gas steam and air conditioning supply(NACE D: 35)
•Water supply; sewerage, waste management and remediation activities (NACE E: 36-39)
•Wholesale trade, except of motor vehicles and motorcycles (NACE 46)
•Transportation and storage (NACE H: 49-53)
•Information and communication (NACE J: 58-63)
•Financial and insurance activities (NACE K: 64-66)
•Architectural and engineering activities; technical testing and analysis (NACE 71)
•Scientific research and development (NACE 72)
•Advertising and market research (NACE 73)
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Innovation SurveyData collection and classifications
Data is collected by Regional Offices with the help of special web-based program designed
by TurkStat. Authorized personnel of enterprises fill the web-based questionnaire with a
provided password.
Enterprises are classified by country, economic activity (NACE Rev 2), size class and type
of innovation activity.
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19.04.23
Innovation SurveySampling
Stratified random sampling is used according to the economic activities (in accordance with
NACE Rev.2) and size classes.
Weighting method is applied to obtain parameters from the data set resulting from sampling
so as to represent the universe. These parameters include design weights, adjustments for
non-response, external distribution checks and ultimate multiplying factor.
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19.04.23
Innovation SurveyDissemination
The results of the survey are published as a news release on TurkStat’s web site.
With this news release, TurkStat publishes following indicators:
Enterprises with innovation activities
•by size class,
•by sector,
•by type of innovation.
TurkStat also provides access and usage facility for the micro data based on the
national and international researchers demand
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19.04.23
Results
Innovation types by firm size, 2008-2010As a percentage of all SMEs and large firms
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