The Protists Chapter 19.1page 502 - 525
The Fungi Chapter 20Page 528 - 547
(503) What is a protist?Kingdom Protista:1) Most diverse kingdom2) Unicellular and Many multi-cellular3) Microscopic4) Some make own food,_______________
some don’t, __________________What then, do all protists have in common?
They are all ____________EUKARYOTES• membrane
bound organelles
• Nucleus
AUTOTROPHS
HETEROTROPHS
Groups of Protista5) A ______________ is a unicellular animal
like organism.– Moist environments– Very diverse group– All feed on other organism (dead or alive)
They are therefore _______________.
6) Four Diverse Groups– Amoebas (have pseudopodia) – Flagellates (have flagella) – Ciliates (have cilia) – Sporozoans (parasites)
PROTOZOAN
HETEROTROPHS
Amoeba 7) Moves by sending out extensions of the plasma
membrane to move and feed 8) These extensions are called ___________.9) Do not have a cell wall 10) To feed, the pseudopodia surrounds the food
PSEUDOPODIA
Video: amoeba
Amoeba
11) Amoebas can remove excessive water with little pumps called ___________ ________
12) Found in moist environments 13) Amoebas found in the sea are part of the ______14) Plankton is assortment of organisms that float in
oceans and form base of the ocean’s food chain.15) Radiolarians are an important part of plankton too.
16) Most amoebas reproduce by ________________
CONTRACTILE VACUOLES
PLANKTON
ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
Flagellates 17) Get their name because they are protists with one or more ____________. 18) Flagella allow for the protist to move about. 19) Some flagellates are parasites, causing diseases like sleeping sickness. 20) Some protozoa are found in the guts of termites and will digest cellulose as food.
FLAGELLA
Video- dinoflagellates
Zoomastigina – African sleeping sickness (506)21) From bite of tsetse fly (506)22) Cause chills and rashes, infect nerve cells23) Lose consciousness and laps into deep & fatal coma
Chapter 19
Flagellates:
Ciliate What are ciliates?24) Contain _________, hair-like
projections to move from place to place
25) Paramecia are one of the largest unicellular organisms.
26) Use cilia, oral groove, gullet and food vacuole for digestion.
27) Another ciliate: Stentor
CILIA
Paramecium
Stentor
Ciliate
28) Paramecia reproduce asexually and sexually by _____________. In this process paramecia join and exchange genetic material.
29) Also paramecia divide through asexual reproduction, by dividing into two identical daughter cells
Asexual reproduction.
CONJUGATION
Sporozoans 30) Most of the Protist are in the group
Sporozoans, which produce __________.
31) Spores are a reproductive cell with a hard outer coat that produces a new organism without fertilization.
32)All are __________
33) This is the life cycle of malaria, a disease caused by a Sporozoan
through the life cycle of a Mosquito.
SPORES
PARASITES
Reinforcement and Study Guide 19.1Answers page 83. Protists
1. True2. Animal-like, plantlike, and fungus-like3. True4. Animal-like5. Pseudopodia6. Contractile vacuole7. Asexual reproduction8. Flagellates9. Cilia10. Conjugation11. Sporozoans12. Plasmodium13. mosquito
Algae: Plantlike Protists Chapter 19.2 page 510 – 525 Diatoms (below)
Algae: Plantlike Protist 19.2What are algae?
34) Protists that photosynthesize are algae. 35) Algae use chlorophyll to trap energy from sun. 36) Up to 4 kinds of chlorophyll w/ various
pigments. (variety of colors in algae) 37) Can be unicellular or multicellular. 38)_Photosynthesizing algae are called
________________ Diversity of Algae
39) Six phyla of algae 40) Three of phyla (euglenoids, diatoms &
dinoflagellates) are unicellular
PHYTOPLANKTON
Euglenoids (511)What are euglenoids? 41) Have both plant and animal
characteristics.42) Contain chlorophyll & photosynthesize
but don’t have cellulose or cell wall43) Can take in food similar to protozoans44) Have one or more flagella to move toward food or light
videos
Diatoms: The golden algae45) Unicellular photosynthesizing organisms46) Make up a large part of phytoplankton in
fresh and salt water ecosystems47) Shells made of silica (sand) with two
parts48) Contain chlorophyll and carotenoid
(golden-yellow pigment)49) Oil in diatoms helps diatoms float on surface, Will be closer to sunlight
Diatom
Diatom
Diatom
Dinoflagellates (513)50) Have two (2) flagella located in grooves.
51) Cell spins slowly as flagella beat.52) Makes up Phytoplankton in salt water.53)Cause _________ , that kill fish, and
shellfish.(513)
RED TIDE
28-12-Dinoflagellate-B.lnk
Dinoflagellates
Red
Tide!
Red Tide
Algae____________ Red Algae (514)
54) The next three phyla of algae has to do with their color: red, brown, and green algae.
55) Red algae are seaweeds. The body of the seaweed is called a ___________. Seaweeds lack roots, stems, and leaves.
56) Red algae can survive deep water because light is absorbed in the green, violet
and blue pigments. Red is the part of light spectrum that can penetrate deep water (below 100m)
THALLUS
Brown Algae (514)57) Brown algae are found in cool ocean water. 58) Many have ____________ that keep bodies
floating near the surface.59)The largest of the brown algae are _________60) Kelp forest are complete ecosystems.
BLADDERS
KELP
Kelp (multicellular seaweed) (514)
61) Looks like plants but is not; no roots, stems or leaves62) Has hold fasts to attach to rock
Chapter 20
Brown Algae (Kelp)
Green Algae 63) Most live in fresh water64) But live in a variety of water; salt water,
snow, tree trunk, fur of animals.
COLONY
65) Unicellular or multicellular. Live in a group of cells that live
together in close association called a
_________.
Volvox
Volvox
Volvox
Green algae reproduction Plant like Protist
66) Reproduce sexually and asexually67) Individual organism breaks into pieces and
each piece forms a new organism. This type of reproduction is called ___________.
68) Life cycles that alternate between individuals that produce spores and individuals that produce gametes are called _____________
69) Alternates between haploid and _________.
FRAGMENTATION
ALTERNATION OF GENERATION
DIPLOID
Forms sex cells Forms body cells
(516)
70) Colonial Green Algae:71) multicellular72) Spirogyra: forms threadlike long
colonies called filaments
Chapter 20-4 Plantlike Protist:
Chapter 20
Red, Brown, & Green Algae
Spirogyra – undergoing conjugation and showing filaments
Internal structure
Alternation of generations
Chapter 20
Mature Cell
+
-
Zygote
Diploid
Zoospores
Meiosis
Haploid
Asexual Reproduction
Sexual Reproduction
An organism’s life cycle alternates between ___________ reproduction and ___________ reproduction
ASEXUAL
SEXUAL
Reinforcement and Study Guide 19.2
1. The characteristic common to all protists is that they are eukaryotic.2. Unicellular protists that are major producers of oxygen in aquatic
ecosystems are phytoplankton.3. Unicellular and multicellular photosynthetic protists are algae.4. Most green, red and brown algae are multicellular.5. Photosynthetic pigments are used to classify algae.6. Algae are classified into six phyla.
7. Phylum Euglenophyta 8. Contractile vacuole9. Nucleus10. Chloroplast11. Flagellum12. Eye spot13. Pellicle14. Mitochondria
Reinforcement and Study Guide 19.2
15. When diatoms that have been reproducing sexually reach about on-fourth of their original size, they reproduce sexually.
16. Dinoflagellates are unicellular algae that all of the above; have two flagella, create red tides, have thick cellulose plates.
17. Red algae are a kind of seaweed having pigments that absorb green, violet, and blue light waves, which allows the algae to photosynthesize in limited light
18. The air bladders of green algae allows the algae to float to surface.19. A green algae that forms colonies is Volvox.20. Some algae have a life cycle that has a pattern called (20)
alternation of generations. These algae alternate between a(n) (21) haploid form that is called the (22) gametophyte because it produces gametes, and a(n) (23) diploid form called the (24) sporophyte. When the haploid gametes fuse, they form a(n) (25) zygote form which the sporophyte develops. Certain cells in the sporophyte undergo (26) meiosis to form haploid (27) spores that develop into gametophytes.
Fungi Chapter 20
What is a fungus? Chapter 20
Characteristics of Fungi:73) Are everywhere74) Grow best in moist, warm environments75)Have cell walls but not of ___________,
like found in plants. Fungi have cell walls of ____________.
CELLULOSE
CHITIN
What is the structure of fungi?76) Most are multicellular and have long
threadlike filaments called _________ 77) Hyphae grow from __________. 78) As hyphae grow they form an network of
filaments called a _______________.
HYPHAE
SPORES
MYCELIUM
79) A germinating fungal spore produces hyphae that branch to for mycelium.
(530)
Hypha
Mycelium
Spore
How do fungi get food?80) Fungi can not make their own food, they
are 81) Food is digested ___________ the fungus’s
cells and then food is absorbed by digestive ___________
82) Enzymes break down large food molecules into small food molecules
83) Small food molecules move into the hyphae by Osmosis)
HETEROTROPHS
OUTSIDE
ENZYMES
Reproduction in Fungi
84) Fungi undergo asexual reproduction by pieces of mycelium breaking off called: ______________
85) Another asexual method in which a new individual pinches off from the parent is
__________
FRAGMENTATION
BUDDING
Common BasidiomycotesDiversity is obvious
• Mushrooms, puffballs, stinkhorns, bird’s nests fungi, rust, smut, and bracket fungi.
Another Example of Mutualism: Mycorrhizae and Lichens
86) Mutualism: a symbiotic relationship that benefit both species
87) A fungus that has a symbiotic relationship: a plant and its roots is ______________
88) Fine, threadlike hyphae grow around the plant’s roots without harming the plant. The hyphae maintain water around roots. The fungus receives organic nutrients from the plant.
MYCORRHIZAE
89) A _________ is a symbiotic association between a fungus and _____________.
90) The fungus portion forms a dense web of _________, the algae grows inside the web.
91) The algae provides food for both organisms, the fungus protects the algae from changes in the environment.
92) Often first to colonize an area in __________ succession.
LICHEN
Mutualism: Mycorrhizae and Lichens
GREEN ALGAE
HYPHAE
PRIMARY
Chapter 21 – Fungi
Chapter 21
21 – 2 Classification of Fungi
Mushrooms
Jelly fungi
Bird’s Nest Fungus
Lichens
Fungi page 87-88 Worksheet4. Many fungi are decomposers, which break down organic
substances into raw materials that can be used by other organisms.
5. Fungi use extracellular digestion (outside) to obtain nutrients.
6. Hyphae release digestive enzymes that break down molecules in their food source.
7. Saprophytic are fungi are decomposers.8. Parasitic fungi grow haustoria into host cells and absorb
the cell’s nutrients.9. Fungi reproduce asexually by fragmentation, budding, or
producing spores.10. In fragmentation, pieces of hyphae grow into new mycelia.11. The process of a parent cell undergoing mitosis and
producing a new individual that pinches off, matures, and separates from the parent is called budding.
Fungi page 87-88 Worksheet12. When environmental conditions are right, a spore may
germinate and produce a threadlike hypha that will grow into a mycelium.
13. Some hyphae grow away from the mycelium to produce a spore-containing structure called a sporangium.
14. In most fungi, the structures that support sporangia are the only part of the fungus that can be seen.
15. Fungi may produce spores by mitosis or meiosis.16. Many adaptations of fungi for survival involve spores.17. Sporangia protects spores and keep them from drying out
until they are released.18. A single puffball may produce a cloud containing as many as
1 trillion spores.19. Producing a large number of spores increase a species’
chances of survival.20. Fungal spores can be dispersed by: water, wind, animals
Fungi page 89-90 Worksheet1. 2__ Hyphae called rhizoids penetrate the food, anchor the
mycelium, and absorb nutrients.2. 1__ An asexual spore germinates on a food source and
hyphae begin to grow.3. 5__ Spores are released and another asexual cycle begins.4. 3__ Hyphae called stolons grow across the surface of the
food source and form a mycelium.5. 4__ Special hyphae grow upward to form sporangia that are
filled with asexual spores.
Ascomycotes are also called (6) sac fungi because they produce sexual spores, called, (7) ascospores , in a saclike structure, called a(an) (8) ascus.
During asexual reproduction, Ascomycotes produce spores called (9) conidia.
Fungi page 89-90 Worksheet(10.) Conidiophores , which are elongated hyphae.Morels and truffles are (11) multicellular Ascomycotes that
are edible. Yeasts are (12) unicellular Ascomycotes. (13) Yeasts are used to make beer, wine, and bread. They are also used in genetic research. A(n) (14) vaccine for the disease hepatitis B is produced from rapidly growing (15) yeast cell, which contain spliced human genes.
20. Penicillim is an example of a deuteromycotes.21. A mycorrhiza is a mutualistic relationship between a fungus
and a(n) plant.22. Penicillim is an antibiotic produced by a deuteromycotes.23. Plants that have mycorrhizae associated with their roots
grow larger24. Deuteromycotes make up a division of fungi that have no
known sexual stage
Fungi page 89-90 Worksheet(25) A lichen is a mutualistic relationship between a fungus
and a(n) alga or cyanobacterium.(26) Lichens are pioneer species in all parts of the world.(27) Scientists think that ascomycotes and basiciomycotes evolved from a common ancestor.
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